[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.1] [Page 335] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart A--General Sec. 141.1 Applicability. This part establishes primary drinking water regulations pursuant to section 1412 of the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act (Pub. L. 93-523); and related regulations applicable to public water systems. [[Page 336]] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.2] [Page 336-341] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart A--General Sec. 141.2 Definitions. As used in this part, the term: Act means the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act, Public Law 93-523. Action level, is the concentration of lead or copper in water specified in Sec. 141.80(c) which determines, in some cases, the treatment requirements contained in subpart I of this part that a water system is required to complete. Best available technology or BAT means the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means which the Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated carbon. Coagulation means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and agglomerated into flocs. Community water system means a public water system which serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents. Compliance cycle means the nine-year calendar year cycle during which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010; the third begins January 1, 2011 and ends December 31, 2019. Compliance period means a three-year calendar year period within a compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period runs from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2001. Comprehensive performance evaluation (CPE) is a thorough review and analysis of a treatment plant's performance-based capabilities and associated administrative, operation and maintenance practices. It is conducted to identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant's capability to achieve compliance and emphasizes approaches that can be implemented without significant capital improvements. For purposes of compliance with subpart P of this part, the comprehensive performance evaluation must consist of at least the following components: Assessment of plant performance; evaluation of major unit processes; identification and prioritization of performance limiting factors; assessment of the applicability of comprehensive technical assistance; and preparation of a CPE report. Confluent growth means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete. Contaminant means any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water. Conventional filtration treatment means a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration resulting in substantial particulate removal. Corrosion inhibitor means a substance capable of reducing the corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials, especially lead and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior surface of those materials. CT or CTcalc is the product of "residual disinfectant concentration" (C) in mg/1 determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding "disinfectant contact time" (T) in minutes, i.e., "C" x "T". If a public water system applies disinfectants at more than one point prior to the first customer, it must determine the CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to determine the total percent inactivation or "total inactivation ratio." In determining the total inactivation ratio, the public water system must determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any subsequent disinfection application point(s). "CT<INF>99.9</INF>" is the CT value required for 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts. CT<INF>99.9</INF> for a variety of disinfectants and conditions [[Page 337]] appear in tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of Sec. 141.74(b)(3). [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.129 is the inactivation ratio. The sum of the inactivation ratios, or total inactivation ratio shown as [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.130 is calculated by adding together the inactivation ratio for each disinfection sequence. A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts. Diatomaceous earth filtration means a process resulting in substantial particulate removal in which (1) a precoat cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrance (septum), and (2) while the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the filter cake. Direct filtration means a series of processes including coagulation and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial particulate removal. Disinfectant means any oxidant, including but not limited to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone added to water in any part of the treatment or distribution process, that is intended to kill or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Disinfectant contact time ("T" in CT calculations) means the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual measurement to a point before or at the point where residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where only one "C" is measured, "T" is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at where residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured. Where more than one "C" is measured, "T" is (a) for the first measurement of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the first or only point of disinfectant application to a point before or at the point where the first "C" is measured and (b) for subsequent measurements of "C", the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the previous "C" measurement point to the "C" measurement point for which the particular "T" is being calculated. Disinfectant contact time in pipelines must be calculated based on "plug flow" by dividing the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and storage reservoirs must be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent demonstration. Disinfection means a process which inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents. Disinfection profile is a summary of daily Giardia lamblia inactivation through the treatment plant. The procedure for developing a disinfection profile is contained in Sec. 141.172. Domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem means a coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than one service connection that is limited to the specific service connection from which the coliform-positive sample was taken. Dose equivalent means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation and such factors as account for differences in biological effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU). Effective corrosion inhibitor residual, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, means a concentration sufficient to form a passivating film on the interior walls of a pipe. Enhanced coagulation means the addition of sufficient coagulant for improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by conventional filtration treatment. [[Page 338]] Enhanced softening means the improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by precipitative softening. Filter profile is a graphical representation of individual filter performance, based on continuous turbidity measurements or total particle counts versus time for an entire filter run, from startup to backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment of filter performance while another filter is being backwashed. Filtration means a process for removing particulate matter from water by passage through porous media. First draw sample means a one-liter sample of tap water, collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(2), that has been standing in plumbing pipes at least 6 hours and is collected without flushing the tap. Flocculation means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means. GAC10 means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed contact time of 10 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every 180 days. Ground water under the direct influence of surface water means any water beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia or (for subpart H systems serving at least 10,000 people only) Cryptosporidium, or significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources in accordance with criteria established by the State. The State determination of direct influence may be based on site-specific measurements of water quality and/or documentation of well construction characteristics and geology with field evaluation. Gross alpha particle activity means the total radioactivity due to alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample. Gross beta particle activity means the total radioactivity due to beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample. Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) mean the sum of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition. Halogen means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine. Initial compliance period means the first full three-year compliance period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation, except for contaminants listed at Sec. 141.61(a) (19)-(21), (c) (19)-(33), and Sec. 141.62(b) (11)-(15), initial compliance period means the first full three-year compliance period after promulgation for systems with 150 or more service connections (January 1993-December 1995), and first full three-year compliance period after the effective date of the regulation (January 1996-December 1998) for systems having fewer than 150 service connections. Large water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, means a water system that serves more than 50,000 persons. Lead service line means a service line made of lead which connects the water main to the building inlet and any lead pigtail, gooseneck or other fitting which is connected to such lead line. Legionella means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease. Man-made beta particle and photon emitters means all radionuclides emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS Handbook 69, except the daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235 and uranium-238. Maximum contaminant level means the maximum permissable level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system. Maximum contaminant level goal or MCLG means the maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at [[Page 339]] which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. Maximum contaminant level goals are nonenforceable health goals. Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL) means a level of a disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be exceeded at the consumer's tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse health effects. For chlorine and chloramines, a PWS is in compliance with the MRDL when the running annual average of monthly averages of samples taken in the distribution system, computed quarterly, is less than or equal to the MRDL. For chlorine dioxide, a PWS is in compliance with the MRDL when daily samples are taken at the entrance to the distribution system and no two consecutive daily samples exceed the MRDL. MRDLs are enforceable in the same manner as maximum contaminant levels under Section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of waterborne microbial contaminants. Notwithstanding the MRDLs listed in Sec. 141.65, operators may increase residual disinfectant levels of chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health to address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by circumstances such as distribution line breaks, storm runoff events, source water contamination, or cross-connections. Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG) means the maximum level of a disinfectant added for water treatment at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MRDLGs are nonenforceable health goals and do not reflect the benefit of the addition of the chemical for control of waterborne microbial contaminants. Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential (MTP) means the maximum concentration of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water containing a disinfectant residual after 7 days at a temperature of 25 deg.C or above. Medium-size water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, means a water system that serves greater than 3,300 and less than or equal to 50,000 persons. Near the first service connection means at one of the 20 percent of all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within the distribution system. Non-community water system means a public water system that is not a community water system. A non-community water system is either a "transient non-community water system (TWS)" or a "non-transient non- community water system (NTNCWS)." Non-transient non-community water system or NTNCWS means a public water system that is not a community water system and that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year. Optimal corrosion control treatment, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, means the corrosion control treatment that minimizes the lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while insuring that the treatment does not cause the water system to violate any national primary drinking water regulations. Performance evaluation sample means a reference sample provided to a laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can successfully analyze the sample within limits of performance specified by the Agency. The true value of the concentration of the reference material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the analysis. Person means an individual; corporation; company; association; partnership; municipality; or State, Federal, or tribal agency. Picocurie (pCi) means the quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute. Point of disinfectant application is the point where the disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff. Point-of-entry treatment device is a treatment device applied to the drinking water entering a house or building [[Page 340]] for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or building. Point-of-use treatment device is a treatment device applied to a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap. Public water system means a system for the provision to the public of water for human consumption through pipes or, after August 5, 1998, other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen service connections or regularly serves an average of at least twenty- five individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. Such term includes: any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution facilities under control of the operator of such system and used primarily in connection with such system; and any collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system. Such term does not include any "special irrigation district." A public water system is either a "community water system" or a "noncommunity water system." Rem means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body or any internal organ or organ system. A "millirem (mrem)" is 1/1000 of a rem. Repeat compliance period means any subsequent compliance period after the initial compliance period. Residual disinfectant concentration ("C" in CT calculations) means the concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/l in a representative sample of water. Sanitary survey means an onsite review of the water source, facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance for producing and distributing safe drinking water. Sedimentation means a process for removal of solids before filtration by gravity or separation. Service connection, as used in the definition of public water system, does not include a connection to a system that delivers water by a constructed conveyance other than a pipe if: (1) The water is used exclusively for purposes other than residential uses (consisting of drinking, bathing, and cooking, or other similar uses); (2) The State determines that alternative water to achieve the equivalent level of public health protection provided by the applicable national primary drinking water regulation is provided for residential or similar uses for drinking and cooking; or (3) The State determines that the water provided for residential or similar uses for drinking, cooking, and bathing is centrally treated or treated at the point of entry by the provider, a pass-through entity, or the user to achieve the equivalent level of protection provided by the applicable national primary drinking water regulations. Service line sample means a one-liter sample of water collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(3), that has been standing for at least 6 hours in a service line. Single family structure, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, means a building constructed as a single-family residence that is currently used as either a residence or a place of business. Slow sand filtration means a process involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 m/h) resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms. Small water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, means a water system that serves 3,300 persons or fewer. Special irrigation district means an irrigation district in existence prior to May 18, 1994 that provides primarily agricultural service through a piped water system with only incidental residential or similar use where the system or the residential or similar users of the system comply with the exclusion provisions in section 1401(4)(B)(i)(II) or (III). Standard sample means the aliquot of finished drinking water that is examined for the presence of coliform bacteria. State means the agency of the State or Tribal government which has jurisdiction over public water systems. During any period when a State or Tribal [[Page 341]] government does not have primary enforcement responsibility pursuant to section 1413 of the Act, the term "State" means the Regional Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Subpart H systems means public water systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water as a source that are subject to the requirements of subpart H of this part. Supplier of water means any person who owns or operates a public water system. Surface water means all water which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff. SUVA means Specific Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nanometers (nm), an indicator of the humic content of water. It is a calculated parameter obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV <INF>254</INF>) (in m <SUP1</SUP>) by its concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (in mg/L). System with a single service connection means a system which supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line. Too numerous to count means that the total number of bacterial colonies exceeds 200 on a 47-mm diameter membrane filter used for coliform detection. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) means total organic carbon in mg/L measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical oxidants, or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide, rounded to two significant figures. Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) means the sum of the concentration in milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane [chloroform], dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane and tribromomethane [bromoform]), rounded to two significant figures. Transient non-community water system or TWS means a non-community water system that does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same persons over six months per year. Trihalomethane (THM) means one of the family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure. Uncovered finished water storage facility is a tank, reservoir, or other facility used to store water that will undergo no further treatment except residual disinfection and is open to the atmosphere. Virus means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission. Waterborne disease outbreak means the significant occurrence of acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in treatment, as determined by the appropriate local or State agency. [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 41 FR 28403, July 9, 1976; 44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987; 52 FR 25712, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 37410, Sept. 26, 1988; 54 FR 27526, 27562, June 29, 1989; 56 FR 3578, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26547, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996; 63 FR 23366, Apr. 28, 1998; 63 FR 69463, 69515, Dec. 16, 1998] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.2 was amended by revising the definition heading for "Point-of-entry treatment device" to read "Point-of-entry treatment device (POE)" and by revising the definition heading for "Point-of-use treatment device" to read "Point-of-use treatment device (POU)", effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.3] [Page 341] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart A--General Sec. 141.3 Coverage. This part shall apply to each public water system, unless the public water system meets all of the following conditions: (a) Consists only of distribution and storage facilities (and does not have any collection and treatment facilities); (b) Obtains all of its water from, but is not owned or operated by, a public water system to which such regulations apply: (c) Does not sell water to any person; and (d) Is not a carrier which conveys passengers in interstate commerce. [[Page 342]] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.4] [Page 342] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart A--General Sec. 141.4 Variances and exemptions. (a) Variances or exemptions from certain provisions of these regulations may be granted pursuant to sections 1415 and 1416 of the Act and subpart K of part 142 of this chapter (for small system variances) by the entity with primary enforcement responsibility, except that variances or exemptions from the MCL for total coliforms and variances from any of the treatment technique requirements of subpart H of this part may not be granted. (b) EPA has stayed the effective date of this section relating to the total coliform MCL of Sec. 141.63(a) for systems that demonstrate to the State that the violation of the total coliform MCL is due to a persistent growth of total coliforms in the distribution system rather than fecal or pathogenic contamination, a treatment lapse or deficiency, or a problem in the operation or maintenance of the distribution system. [54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 56 FR 1557, Jan. 15, 1991; 63 FR 43846, Aug. 14, 1998] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.5] [Page 342] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart A--General Sec. 141.5 Siting requirements. Before a person may enter into a financial commitment for or initiate construction of a new public water system or increase the capacity of an existing public water system, he shall notify the State and, to the extent practicable, avoid locating part or all of the new or expanded facility at a site which: (a) Is subject to a significant risk from earthquakes, floods, fires or other disasters which could cause a breakdown of the public water system or a portion thereof; or (b) Except for intake structures, is within the floodplain of a 100- year flood or is lower than any recorded high tide where appropriate records exist. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will not seek to override land use decisions affecting public water systems siting which are made at the State or local government levels. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.6] [Page 342-343] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart A--General Sec. 141.6 Effective dates. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (h) of this section, and in Sec. 141.80(a)(2), the regulations set forth in this part shall take effect on June 24, 1977. (b) The regulations for total trihalomethanes set forth in Sec. 141.12(c) shall take effect 2 years after the date of promulgation of these regulations for community water systems serving 75,000 or more individuals, and 4 years after the date of promulgation for communities serving 10,000 to 74,999 individuals. (c) The regulations set forth in Secs. 141.11 (a), (d) and (e); 141.14(a)(1); 141.14(b)(1)(i); 141.14(b)(2)(i); 141.14(d); 141.21 (a), (c) and (i); 141.22 (a) and (e); 141.23 (a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f); 141.24(a)(3); 141.24 (e) and (f); 141.25(e); 141.27(a); 141.28 (a) and (b); 141.31 (a), (d) and (e); 141.32(b)(3); and 141.32(d) shall take effect immediately upon promulgation. (d) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.41 shall take effect 18 months from the date of promulgation. Suppliers must complete the first round of sampling and reporting within 12 months following the effective date. (e) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.42 shall take effect 18 months from the date of promulgation. All requirements in Sec. 141.42 must be completed within 12 months following the effective date. (f) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.11(c) and Sec. 141.23(g) are effective May 2, 1986. Section 141.23(g)(4) is effective October 2, 1987. (g) The regulations contained in Sec. 141.6, paragraph (c) of the table in 141.12, and 141.62(b)(1) are effective July 1, 1991. The regulations contained in Secs. 141.11(b), 141.23, 141.24, 142.57(b), 143.4(b)(12) and (b)(13), are effective July 30, 1992. The regulations contained in the revisions to Secs. 141.32(e) (16), (25) through (27) and (46); 141.61(c)(16); and 141.62(b)(3) are effective January 1, 1993. The effective date of regulations contained in Sec. 141.61(c) (2), (3), and (4) is postponed. (h) Regulations for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(4) for measuring antimony, beryllium, cyanide, nickel, and thallium are effective August 17, 1992. Regulations for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.24(f)(16) for dichloromethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and 1,1,2-trichloroethane are effective August 17, 1992. Regulations [[Page 343]] for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.24(h)(12) for measuring dalapon, dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, glyphosate, oxamyl, picloram, simazine, benzo(a)pyrene, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD are effective August 17, 1992. The revision to Sec. 141.12(a) promulgated on July 17, 1992 is effective on August 17, 1992. [44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.6 was amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) and adding paragraphs (j) and (k), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001, and paragraph (j) was amended by revising the last sentence. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002, and paragraph (j) was amended by again revising the last sentence. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.6 Effective dates. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (k) of this section, and in Sec. 141.80(a)(2), the regulations set forth in this part shall take effect on June 24, 1977. * * * * * (c) The regulations set forth in Secs. 141.11(d); 141.21(a), (c) and (i); 141.22(a) and (e); 141.23(a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f); 141.24(e) and (f); 141.25(e); 141.27(a); 141.28(a) and (b); 141.31(a), (d) and (e); 141.32(b)(3); and 141.32(d) shall take effect immediately upon promulgation. * * * * * (j) The arsenic maximum contaminant levels (MCL) listed in Sec. 141.62 is effective for the purpose of compliance on January 23, 2006. Requirements relating to arsenic set forth in Secs. 141.23(i)(4), 141.23(k)(3) introductory text, 141.23(k)(3)(ii), 141.51(b), 141.62(b), 141.62(b)(16), 141.62(c), 141.62(d), and 142.62(b) revisions in Appendix A of subpart O for the consumer confidence rule, and Appendices A and B of subpart Q for the public notification rule are effective for the purpose of compliance on January 23, 2006. However, the consumer confidence rule reporting requirements relating to arsenic listed in Sec. 141.154(b) and (f) are effective for the purpose of compliance on February 22, 2002. (k) Regulations set forth in Secs. 141.23(i)(1), 141.23(i)(2), 141.24(f)(15), 141.24(f)(22), 141.24(h)(11), 141.24(h)(20), 142.16(e), 142.16(j), and 142.16(k) are effective for the purpose of compliance on January 22, 2004. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.11] [Page 343-344] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals. (a) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic applies only to community water systems. Compliance with the MCL for arsenic is calculated pursuant to Sec. 141.23. (b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per liter. (c) [Reserved] (d) At the discretion of the State, nitrate levels not to exceed 20 mg/l may be allowed in a non-community water system if the supplier of water demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State that: (1) Such water will not be available to children under 6 months of age; and (2) The non-community water system is meeting the public notification requirements under Sec. 141.209, including continuous posting of the fact that nitrate levels exceed 10 mg/l and the potential health effects of exposure; and (3) Local and State public health authorities will be notified annually of nitrate levels that exceed 10 mg/l; and (4) No adverse health effects shall result. [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 3578, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 56 FR 32113, July 15, 1991; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.11 was amended by revising the second sentence of paragraph (a) and revising paragraph (b), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals. (a) * * * The analyses and determination of compliance with the 0.05 milligrams per liter [[Page 344]] maximum contaminant level for arsenic use the requirements of Sec. 141.23. (b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per liter for community water systems until January 23, 2006. * * * * * [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.11] [Page 343-344] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals. (a) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic applies only to community water systems. Compliance with the MCL for arsenic is calculated pursuant to Sec. 141.23. (b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per liter. (c) [Reserved] (d) At the discretion of the State, nitrate levels not to exceed 20 mg/l may be allowed in a non-community water system if the supplier of water demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State that: (1) Such water will not be available to children under 6 months of age; and (2) The non-community water system is meeting the public notification requirements under Sec. 141.209, including continuous posting of the fact that nitrate levels exceed 10 mg/l and the potential health effects of exposure; and (3) Local and State public health authorities will be notified annually of nitrate levels that exceed 10 mg/l; and (4) No adverse health effects shall result. [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 3578, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 56 FR 32113, July 15, 1991; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.11 was amended by revising the second sentence of paragraph (a) and revising paragraph (b), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals. (a) * * * The analyses and determination of compliance with the 0.05 milligrams per liter [[Page 344]] maximum contaminant level for arsenic use the requirements of Sec. 141.23. (b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per liter for community water systems until January 23, 2006. * * * * * [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.12] [Page 344] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels Sec. 141.12 Maximum contaminant levels for total trihalomethanes. The maximum contaminant level of 0.10 mg/L for total trihalomethanes (the sum of the concentrations of bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane (bromoform), and trichloromethane (chloroform)) applies to subpart H community water systems which serve a population of 10,000 people or more until December 31, 2001. This level applies to community water systems that use only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and serve a population of 10,000 people or more until December 31, 2003. Compliance with the maximum contaminant level for total trihalomethanes is calculated pursuant to Sec. 141.30. After December 31, 2003, this section is no longer applicable. [63 FR 69463, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.13] [Page 344] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels Sec. 141.13 Maximum contaminant levels for turbidity. The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity are applicable to both community water systems and non-community water systems using surface water sources in whole or in part. The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity in drinking water, measured at a representative entry point(s) to the distribution system, are: Editorial Note: At 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, Sec. 141.13 was amended by adding introductory text, effective December 31, 1990. However, introductory text already exists. The recently added text follows. The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date, in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29, 1993, or until filtration is installed, whichever is later. (a) One turbidity unit (TU), as determined by a monthly average pursuant to Sec. 141.22, except that five or fewer turbidity units may be allowed if the supplier of water can demonstrate to the State that the higher turbidity does not do any of the following: (1) Interfere with disinfection; (2) Prevent maintenance of an effective disinfectant agent throughout the distribution system; or (3) Interfere with microbiological determinations. (b) Five turbidity units based on an average for two consecutive days pursuant to Sec. 141.22. [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.15] [Page 344] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels Sec. 141.15 Maximum contaminant levels for radium-226, radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity in community water systems. The following are the maximum contaminant levels for radium-226, radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity: (a) Combined radium-226 and radium-228--5 pCi/1. (b) Gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226 but excluding radon and uranium)--15 pCi/1. [41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976] Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.15 was removed, effective Dec. 8, 2003. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.16] [Page 344-345] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels Sec. 141.16 Maximum contaminant levels for beta particle and photon radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in community water systems. (a) The average annual concentration of beta particle and photon radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal organ greater than 4 millirem/year. (b) Except for the radionuclides listed in Table A, the concentration of man-made radionuclides causing 4 mrem total body or organ dose equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a 2 liter per day drinking water intake [[Page 345]] using the 168 hour data listed in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. If two or more radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ shall not exceed 4 millirem/year. Table A--Average Annual Concentrations Assumed to Produce a Total Body or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr ------------------------------------------------------------------------ pCi per Radionuclide Critical organ liter ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tritium.............................. Total body.............. 20,000 Strontium-90......................... Bone marrow............. 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976] Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.16 was removed, effective Dec. 8, 2003. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.21] [Page 345-352] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.21 Coliform sampling. (a) Routine monitoring. (1) Public water systems must collect total coliform samples at sites which are representative of water throughout the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan. These plans are subject to State review and revision. (2) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for community water systems is based on the population served by the system, as follows: Total Coliform Monitoring Frequency for Community Water Systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Minimum number of Population served samples per month ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 to 1,000 \1\.............................................. 1 1,001 to 2,500............................................... 2 2,501 to 3,300............................................... 3 3,301 to 4,100............................................... 4 4,101 to 4,900............................................... 5 4,901 to 5,800............................................... 6 5,801 to 6,700............................................... 7 6,701 to 7,600............................................... 8 7,601 to 8,500............................................... 9 8,501 to 12,900.............................................. 10 12,901 to 17,200............................................. 15 17,201 to 21,500............................................. 20 21,501 to 25,000............................................. 25 25,001 to 33,000............................................. 30 33,001 to 41,000............................................. 40 41,001 to 50,000............................................. 50 50,001 to 59,000............................................. 60 59,001 to 70,000............................................. 70 70,001 to 83,000............................................. 80 83,001 to 96,000............................................. 90 96,001 to 130,000............................................ 100 130,001 to 220,000........................................... 120 220,001 to 320,000........................................... 150 320,001 to 450,000........................................... 180 450,001 to 600,000........................................... 210 600,001 to 780,000........................................... 240 780,001 to 970,000........................................... 270 970,001 to 1,230,000......................................... 300 1,230,001 to 1,520,000....................................... 330 1,520,001 to 1,850,000....................................... 360 1,850,001 to 2,270,000....................................... 390 2,270,001 to 3,020,000....................................... 420 3,020,001 to 3,960,000....................................... 450 3,960,001 or more............................................ 480 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Includes public water systems which have at least 15 service connections, but serve fewer than 25 persons. If a community water system serving 25 to 1,000 persons has no history of total coliform contamination in its current configuration and a sanitary survey conducted in the past five years shows that the system is supplied solely by a protected groundwater source and is free of sanitary defects, the State may reduce the monitoring frequency specified above, except that in no case may the State reduce the monitoring frequency to less than one sample per quarter. The State must approve the reduced monitoring frequency in writing. (3) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for non-community water systems is as follows: (i) A non-community water system using only ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000 persons or fewer must monitor each calendar quarter that the system provides water to the public, except that the State may reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, if a sanitary survey shows that the system is free of sanitary defects. Beginning June 29, 1994, the State cannot reduce the monitoring frequency for a non-community water [[Page 346]] system using only ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000 persons or fewer to less than once/year. (ii) A non-community water system using only ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2) and serving more than 1,000 persons during any month must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, except the State may reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, for any month the system serves 1,000 persons or fewer. The State cannot reduce the monitoring frequency to less than once/year. For systems using ground water under the direct influence of surface water, paragraph (a)(3)(iv) of this section applies. (iii) A non-community water system using surface water, in total or in part, must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, regardless of the number of persons it serves. (iv) A non-community water system using ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2, must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. The system must begin monitoring at this frequency beginning six months after the State determines that the ground water is under the direct influence of surface water. (4) The public water system must collect samples at regular time intervals throughout the month, except that a system which uses only ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2), and serves 4,900 persons or fewer, may collect all required samples on a single day if they are taken from different sites. (5) A public water system that uses surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2, and does not practice filtration in compliance with Subpart H must collect at least one sample near the first service connection each day the turbidity level of the source water, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(b)(2), exceeds 1 NTU. This sample must be analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. When one or more turbidity measurements in any day exceed 1 NTU, the system must collect this coliform sample within 24 hours of the first exceedance, unless the State determines that the system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control, cannot have the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection. Sample results from this coliform monitoring must be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. (6) Special purpose samples, such as those taken to determine whether disinfection practices are sufficient following pipe placement, replacement, or repair, shall not be used to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. Repeat samples taken pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section are not considered special purpose samples, and must be used to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. (b) Repeat monitoring. (1) If a routine sample is total coliform- positive, the public water system must collect a set of repeat samples within 24 hours of being notified of the positive result. A system which collects more than one routine sample/month must collect no fewer than three repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample found. A system which collects one routine sample/month or fewer must collect no fewer than four repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample found. The State may extend the 24-hour limit on a case-by-case basis if the system has a logistical problem in collecting the repeat samples within 24 hours that is beyond its control. In the case of an extension, the State must specify how much time the system has to collect the repeat samples. (2) The system must collect at least one repeat sample from the sampling tap where the original total coliform-positive sample was taken, and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five service connections upstream and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five service connections downstream of [[Page 347]] the original sampling site. If a total coliform-positive sample is at the end of the distribution system, or one away from the end of the distribution system, the State may waive the requirement to collect at least one repeat sample upstream or downstream of the original sampling site. (3) The system must collect all repeat samples on the same day, except that the State may allow a system with a single service connection to collect the required set of repeat samples over a four-day period or to collect a larger volume repeat sample(s) in one or more sample containers of any size, as long as the total volume collected is at least 400 ml (300 ml for systems which collect more than one routine sample/month). (4) If one or more repeat samples in the set is total coliform- positive, the public water system must collect an additional set of repeat samples in the manner specified in paragraphs (b) (1)-(3) of this section. The additional samples must be collected within 24 hours of being notified of the positive result, unless the State extends the limit as provided in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. The system must repeat this process until either total coliforms are not detected in one complete set of repeat samples or the system determines that the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 has been exceeded and notifies the State. (5) If a system collecting fewer than five routine samples/month has one or more total coliform-positive samples and the State does not invalidate the sample(s) under paragraph (c) of this section, it must collect at least five routine samples during the next month the system provides water to the public, except that the State may waive this requirement if the conditions of paragraph (b)(5) (i) or (ii) of this section are met. The State cannot waive the requirement for a system to collect repeat samples in paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section. (i) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the State, or an agent approved by the State, performs a site visit before the end of the next month the system provides water to the public. Although a sanitary survey need not be performed, the site visit must be sufficiently detailed to allow the State to determine whether additional monitoring and/or any corrective action is needed. The State cannot approve an employee of the system to perform this site visit, even if the employee is an agent approved by the State to perform sanitary surveys. (ii) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the State has determined why the sample was total coliform-positive and establishes that the system has corrected the problem or will correct the problem before the end of the next month the system serves water to the public. In this case, the State must document this decision to waive the following month's additional monitoring requirement in writing, have it approved and signed by the supervisor of the State official who recommends such a decision, and make this document available to the EPA and public. The written documentation must describe the specific cause of the total coliform-positive sample and what action the system has taken and/or will take to correct this problem. The State cannot waive the requirement to collect five routine samples the next month the system provides water to the public solely on the grounds that all repeat samples are total coliform-negative. Under this paragraph, a system must still take at least one routine sample before the end of the next month it serves water to the public and use it to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63, unless the State has determined that the system has corrected the contamination problem before the system took the set of repeat samples required in paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section, and all repeat samples were total coliform-negative. (6) After a system collects a routine sample and before it learns the results of the analysis of that sample, if it collects another routine sample(s) from within five adjacent service connections of the initial sample, and the initial sample, after analysis, is found to [[Page 348]] contain total coliforms, then the system may count the subsequent sample(s) as a repeat sample instead of as a routine sample. (7) Results of all routine and repeat samples not invalidated by the State must be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. (c) Invalidation of total coliform samples. A total coliform- positive sample invalidated under this paragraph (c) does not count towards meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of this section. (1) The State may invalidate a total coliform-positive sample only if the conditions of paragraph (c)(1) (i), (ii), or (iii) of this section are met. (i) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused the total coliform-positive result. (ii) The State, on the basis of the results of repeat samples collected as required by paragraphs (b) (1) through (4) of this section, determines that the total coliform-positive sample resulted from a domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem. The State cannot invalidate a sample on the basis of repeat sample results unless all repeat sample(s) collected at the same tap as the original total coliform-positive sample are also total coliform-positive, and all repeat samples collected within five service connections of the original tap are total coliform-negative (e.g., a State cannot invalidate a total coliform-positive sample on the basis of repeat samples if all the repeat samples are total coliform-negative, or if the public water system has only one service connection). (iii) The State has substantial grounds to believe that a total coliform-positive result is due to a circumstance or condition which does not reflect water quality in the distribution system. In this case, the system must still collect all repeat samples required under paragraphs (b) (1)-(4) of this section, and use them to determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. To invalidate a total coliform-positive sample under this paragraph, the decision with the rationale for the decision must be documented in writing, and approved and signed by the supervisor of the State official who recommended the decision. The State must make this document available to EPA and the public. The written documentation must state the specific cause of the total coliform-positive sample, and what action the system has taken, or will take, to correct this problem. The State may not invalidate a total coliform-positive sample solely on the grounds that all repeat samples are total coliform-negative. (2) A laboratory must invalidate a total coliform sample (unless total coliforms are detected) if the sample produces a turbid culture in the absence of gas production using an analytical method where gas formation is examined (e.g., the Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique), produces a turbid culture in the absence of an acid reaction in the Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test, or exhibits confluent growth or produces colonies too numerous to count with an analytical method using a membrane filter (e.g., Membrane Filter Technique). If a laboratory invalidates a sample because of such interference, the system must collect another sample from the same location as the original sample within 24 hours of being notified of the interference problem, and have it analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. The system must continue to re-sample within 24 hours and have the samples analyzed until it obtains a valid result. The State may waive the 24-hour time limit on a case-by-case basis. (d) Sanitary surveys. (1)(i) Public water systems which do not collect five or more routine samples/month must undergo an initial sanitary survey by June 29, 1994, for community public water systems and June 29, 1999, for non-community water systems. Thereafter, systems must undergo another sanitary survey every five years, except that non- community water systems using only protected and disinfected ground water, as defined by the State, must undergo subsequent sanitary surveys at least every ten years after the initial sanitary survey. The State must review the results of each sanitary survey to determine whether the existing monitoring frequency is adequate and what additional [[Page 349]] measures, if any, the system needs to undertake to improve drinking water quality. (ii) In conducting a sanitary survey of a system using ground water in a State having an EPA-approved wellhead protection program under section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, information on sources of contamination within the delineated wellhead protection area that was collected in the course of developing and implementing the program should be considered instead of collecting new information, if the information was collected since the last time the system was subject to a sanitary survey. (2) Sanitary surveys must be performed by the State or an agent approved by the State. The system is responsible for ensuring the survey takes place. (e) Fecal coliforms/Escherichia coli (E. coli) testing. (1) If any routine or repeat sample is total coliform-positive, the system must analyze that total coliform-positive culture medium to determine if fecal coliforms are present, except that the system may test for E. coli in lieu of fecal coliforms. If fecal coliforms or E. coli are present, the system must notify the State by the end of the day when the system is notified of the test result, unless the system is notified of the result after the State office is closed, in which case the system must notify the State before the end of the next business day. (2) The State has the discretion to allow a public water system, on a case-by-case basis, to forgo fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a total coliform-positive sample if that system assumes that the total coliform-positive sample is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive. Accordingly, the system must notify the State as specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the provisions of Sec. 141.63(b) apply. (f) Analytical methodology. (1) The standard sample volume required for total coliform analysis, regardless of analytical method used, is 100 ml. (2) Public water systems need only determine the presence or absence of total coliforms; a determination of total coliform density is not required. (3) Public water systems must conduct total coliform analyses in accordance with one of the analytical methods in the following table. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Organism Methodology \12\ Citation \1\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Coliforms \2\........................... Total Coliform Fermentation 9221A, B Technique <SUP>3,4,5</SUP>. Total Coliform.................... 9222 Membrane Filter................... A, B, C Technique \6\..................... Presence-Absence.................. 9221 (P-A) Coliform Test \5,7\......... ONPG-MUG Test \8\................. 9223 Colisure Test \9\ E*Colite<Register> Test \10\ m-ColiBlue24<Register> Test \11\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of the following documents listed in footnotes 1, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20408. \1\ Methods 9221 A, B; 9222 A, B, C; 9221 D and 9223 are contained in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition (1992) and 19th edition (1995) American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005; either edition may be used. \2\ The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not exceed 30 hours. Systems are encouraged but not required to hold samples below 10 deg.C during transit. \3\ Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel tests between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false-positive rate and false- negative rate for total coliform, using lactose broth, is less than 10 percent. \4\ If inverted tubes are used to detect gas production, the media should cover these tubes at least one-half to two-thirds after the sample is added. \5\ No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of all total coliform-positive confirmed tubes. \6\ MI agar also may be used. Preparation and use of MI agar is set forth in the article, "New medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliform and Escherichia coli in water" by Brenner, K.P., et al., 1993, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3534-3544. Also available from the Office of Water Resource Center (RC-4100), 401 M. Street SW, Washington, DC 20460, EPA/600/J-99/225. \7\ Six-times formulation strength may be used if the medium is filter-sterilized rather than autoclaved. \8\ The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System. [[Page 350]] \9\ A description of the Colisure Test, Feb 28, 1994, may be obtained from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092. The Colisure Test may be read after an incubation time of 24 hours. \10\ A description of the E*Colite<Register> Test, "Presence/Absence for Coliforms and E. Coli in Water," Dec 21, 1997, is available from Charm Sciences, Inc., 36 Franklin Street, Malden, MA 02148-4120. \11\ A description of the m-ColiBlue24<Register> Test, Aug 17, 1999, is available from the Hach Company, 100 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010. \12\ EPA strongly recommends that laboratories evaluate the false-positive and negative rates for the method(s) they use for monitoring total coliforms. EPA also encourages laboratories to establish false-positive and false-negative rates within their own laboratory and sample matrix (drinking water or source water) with the intent that if the method they choose has an unacceptable false-positive or negative rate, another method can be used. The Agency suggests that laboratories perform these studies on a minimum of 5% of all total coliform-positive samples, except for those methods where verification/confirmation is already required, e.g., the M-Endo and LES Endo Membrane Filter Tests, Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique, and Presence-Absence Coliform Test. Methods for establishing false-positive and negative-rates may be based on lactose fermentation, the rapid test for <greek-b>-galactosidase and cytochrome oxidase, multi-test identification systems, or equivalent confirmation tests. False-positive and false- negative information is often available in published studies and/or from the manufacturer(s). (4) [Reserved] (5) Public water systems must conduct fecal coliform analysis in accordance with the following procedure. When the MTF Technique or Presence-Absence (PA) Coliform Test is used to test for total coliforms, shake the lactose-positive presumptive tube or P-A vigorously and transfer the growth with a sterile 3-mm loop or sterile applicator stick into brilliant green lactose bile broth and EC medium to determine the presence of total and fecal coliforms, respectively. For EPA-approved analytical methods which use a membrane filter, transfer the total coliform-positive culture by one of the following methods: remove the membrane containing the total coliform colonies from the substrate with a sterile forceps and carefully curl and insert the membrane into a tube of EC medium (the laboratory may first remove a small portion of selected colonies for verification), swab the entire membrane filter surface with a sterile cotton swab and transfer the inoculum to EC medium (do not leave the cotton swab in the EC medium), or inoculate individual total coliform-positive colonies into EC Medium. Gently shake the inoculated tubes of EC medium to insure adequate mixing and incubate in a waterbath at 44.5 <plus-minus> 0.2 deg.C for 24 <plus-minus> 2 hours. Gas production of any amount in the inner fermentation tube of the EC medium indicates a positive fecal coliform test. The preparation of EC medium is described in Method 9221E (paragraph 1a) in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992 and in the 19th edition, 1995; either edition may be used. Public water systems need only determine the presence or absence of fecal coliforms; a determination of fecal coliform density is not required. (6) Public water systems must conduct analysis of Escherichia coli in accordance with one of the following analytical methods: (i) EC medium supplemented with 50 <greek-m>g/ml of 4- methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration). EC medium is described in Method 9221 E as referenced in paragraph (f)(5) of this section. MUG may be added to EC medium before autoclaving. EC medium supplemented with 50 <greek-m>g/ml of MUG is commercially available. At least 10 ml of EC medium supplemented with MUG must be used. The inner inverted fermentation tube may be omitted. The procedure for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium supplemented with MUG shall be as specified in paragraph (f)(5) of this section for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium. Observe fluorescence with an ultraviolet light (366 nm) in the dark after incubating tube at 44.5 <plus-minus> 0.2 deg.C for 24 <plus-minus> 2 hours; or (ii) Nutrient agar supplemented with 100 <greek-m>g/ml 4- methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration). Nutrient Agar is described in Method 9221 B (paragraph 3) in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992 and in the 19th edition, 1995; either edition may be used. This test is used to determine if a total coliform-positive sample, as determined by the Membrane Filter Technique or any other method in which a membrane filter is used, contains E. coli. Transfer the membrane filter containing a total coliform colony(ies) to nutrient agar supplemented with 100 <greek-m>g/ml (final concentration) of MUG. After incubating the agar plate at 35 deg.C for 4 hours, observe the colony(ies) under ultraviolet [[Page 351]] light (366 nm) in the dark for fluorescence. If fluorescence is visible, E. coli are present. (iii) Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-MUG) Test, as set forth in the article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from Drinking Water: Comparison with Presence-Absence Techniques" (Edberg et al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 55, pp. 1003-1008, April 1989. (Note: The Autoanalysis Colilert System is an MMO-MUG test). If the MMO-MUG test is total coliform-positive after a 24-hour incubation, test the medium for fluorescence with a 366-nm ultraviolet light (preferably with a 6-watt lamp) in the dark. If fluorescence is observed, the sample is E. coli-positive. If fluorescence is questionable (cannot be definitively read) after 24 hours incubation, incubate the culture for an additional four hours (but not to exceed 28 hours total), and again test the medium for fluorescence. The MMO-MUG Test with hepes buffer in lieu of phosphate buffer is the only approved formulation for the detection of E. coli. (iv) The Colisure Test. A description of the Colisure Test may be obtained from the Millipore Corporation, Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730. (v) The membrane filter method with MI agar, a description of which is cited in footnote 6 to the table in paragraph (f)(3) of this section. (vi) E*Colite<SUP></SUP> Test, a description of which is cited in footnote 10 to the table at paragraph (f)(3) of this section. (vii) m-ColiBlue24<SUP></SUP> Test, a description of which is cited in footnote 11 to the table in paragraph (f)(3) of this section. (7) As an option to paragraph (f)(6)(iii) of this section, a system with a total coliform-positive, MUG-negative, MMO-MUG test may further analyze the culture for the presence of E. coli by transferring a 0.1 ml, 28-hour MMO-MUG culture to EC Medium + MUG with a pipet. The formulation and incubation conditions of EC Medium + MUG, and observation of the results are described in paragraph (f)(6)(i) of this section. (8) The following materials are incorporated by reference in this section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the analytical methods cited in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (18th and 19th editions) may be obtained from the American Public Health Association et al.; 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. Copies of the methods set forth in Microbiological Methods for Monitoring the Environment, Water and Wastes may be obtained from ORD Publications, U.S. EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. Copies of the MMO-MUG Test as set forth in the article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from Drinking Water: Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube Fermentation Method" (Edberg et al.) may be obtained from the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. A description of the Colisure Test may be obtained from the Millipore Corp., Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket; 401 M St., SW.; Washington, DC 20460, or at the Office of the Federal Register; 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC. (g) Response to violation. (1) A public water system which has exceeded the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 must report the violation to the State no later than the end of the next business day after it learns of the violation, and notify the public in accordance with subpart Q. (2) A public water system which has failed to comply with a coliform monitoring requirement, including the sanitary survey requirement, must report the monitoring violation to the State [[Page 352]] within ten days after the system discovers the violation, and notify the public in accordance with subpart Q. [54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 54 FR 30001, July 17, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 56 FR 642, Jan. 8, 1991; 57 FR 1852, Jan. 15, 1992; 57 FR 24747, June 10, 1992; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34085, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67461, Dec. 1, 1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.22] [Page 352] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical requirements. The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date, in writing pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(iii), that filtration is required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29, 1993, or until filtration is installed, whichever is later. (a) Samples shall be taken by suppliers of water for both community and non-community water systems at a representative entry point(s) to the water distribution system at least once per day, for the purposes of making turbidity measurements to determine compliance with Sec. 141.13. If the State determines that a reduced sampling frequency in a non- community will not pose a risk to public health, it can reduce the required sampling frequency. The option of reducing the turbidity frequency shall be permitted only in those public water systems that practice disinfection and which maintain an active residual disinfectant in the distribution system, and in those cases where the State has indicated in writing that no unreasonable risk to health existed under the circumstances of this option. Turbidity measurements shall be made as directed in Sec. 141.74(a)(1). (b) If the result of a turbidity analysis indicates that the maximum allowable limit has been exceeded, the sampling and measurement shall be confirmed by resampling as soon as practicable and preferably within one hour. If the repeat sample confirms that the maximum allowable limit has been exceeded, the supplier of water shall report to the State within 48 hours. The repeat sample shall be the sample used for the purpose of calculating the monthly average. If the monthly average of the daily samples exceeds the maximum allowable limit, or if the average of two samples taken on consecutive days exceeds 5 TU, the supplier of water shall report to the State and notify the public as directed in Secs. 141.31 and subpart Q. (c) Sampling for non-community water systems shall begin within two years after the effective date of this part. (d) The requirements of this Sec. 141.22 shall apply only to public water systems which use water obtained in whole or in part from surface sources. (e) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate enforcement action based upon analytical results or other information compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies. [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57344, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 8998, Mar. 3, 1982; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.23] [Page 352-366] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements. Community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62 in accordance with this section. Non-transient, non-community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62 in accordance with this section. Transient, non-community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the nitrate and nitrite maximum contaminant levels in Secs. 141.11 and 141.62 (as appropriate) in accordance with this section. (a) Monitoring shall be conducted as follows: (1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point) beginning in the initial compliance period. The system shall take each sample at the same sampling [[Page 353]] point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. (2) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system after any application of treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point) beginning in the initial compliance period. The system shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and ground sources. (3) If a system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used). (4) The State may reduce the total number of samples which must be analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five samples are allowed, provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory. (i) If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or equal to one-fifth of the MCL of any inorganic chemical, then a follow- up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite. These samples must be analyzed for the contaminants which exceeded one-fifth of the MCL in the composite sample. Detection limits for each analytical method and MCLs for each inorganic contaminant are the following: Detection Limits for Inorganic Contaminants ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Detection Contaminant MCL (mg/l) Methodology limit (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Antimony.................. 0.006...... Atomic 0.003 Absorption; Furnace. Atomic 0.0008 \5\ Absorption; Platform. ICP-Mass 0.0004 Spectrometry. Hydride-Atomic 0.001 Absorption. Asbestos.................. 7 MFL \1\.. Transmission 0.01 MFL Electron Microscopy. Barium.................... 2.......... Atomic 0.002 Absorption; furnace technique. Atomic 0.1 Absorption; direct aspiration. Inductively 0.002 (0.001) Coupled Plasma. Beryllium................. 0.004...... Atomic 0.0002 Absorption; Furnace. Atomic 0.00002 \5\ Absorption; Platform. Inductively 0.0003 Coupled Plasma \2\. ICP-Mass 0.0003 Spectrometry. Cadmium................... 0.005...... Atomic 0.0001 Absorption; furnace technique. Inductively 0.001 Coupled Plasma. Chromium.................. 0.1........ Atomic 0.001 Absorption; furnace technique. Inductively 0.007 (0.001) Coupled Plasma. Cyanide................... 0.2........ Distillation, 0.02 Spectrophotomet ric \3\. Distillation, 0.005 Automated, Spectrophotomet ric \3\. Distillation, 0.05 Selective Electrode \3\. Distillation, 0.02 Amenable, Spectrophotomet ric \4\. Mercury................... 0.002...... Manual Cold 0.0002 Vapor Technique. Automated Cold 0.0002 Vapor Technique. Nickel.................... xl......... Atomic 0.001 Absorption; Furnace. Atomic 0.0006 \5\ Absorption; Platform. Inductively 0.005 Coupled Plasma \2\. ICP-Mass 0.0005 Spectrometry. Nitrate................... 10 (as N).. Manual Cadmium 0.01 Reduction. Automated 0.01 Hydrazine Reduction. Automated 0.05 Cadmium Reduction. Ion Selective 1 Electrode. Ion 0.01 Chromatography. Nitrite................... 1 (as N)... Spectrophotometr 0.01 ic. Automated 0.05 Cadmium Reduction. Manual Cadmium 0.01 Reduction. Ion 0.004 Chromatography. Selenium.................. 0.05....... Atomic 0.002 Absorption; furnace. Atomic 0.002 Absorption; gaseous hydride. Thallium.................. 0.002...... Atomic 0.001 Absorption; Furnace. [[Page 354]] Atomic 0.0007 \5\ Absorption; Platform. ICP-Mass 0.0003 Spectrometry. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ MFL = million fibers per liter >10 <greek-m>m. \2\ Using a 2X preconcentration step as noted in Method 200.7. Lower MDLs may be achieved when using a 4X preconcentration. \3\ Screening method for total cyanides. \4\ Measures "free" cyanides. \5\ Lower MDLs are reported using stabilized temperature graphite furnace atomic absorption. (ii) If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving <ls-thn-eq>3,300 persons, the State may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample limit is maintained. (iii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling point used in the composite sample are available, the system may use these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the results reported to the State within 14 days after completing analysis of the composite sample, provided the holding time of the sample is not exceeded. (5) The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section: the frequency of monitoring for antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrate shall be in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; and the frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section. (b) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for asbestos specified in Sec. 141.62(b) shall be conducted as follows: (1) Each community and non-transient, non-community water system is required to monitor for asbestos during the first three-year compliance period of each nine-year compliance cycle beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993. (2) If the system believes it is not vulnerable to either asbestos contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe, or both, it may apply to the State for a waiver of the monitoring requirement in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. If the State grants the waiver, the system is not required to monitor. (3) The State may grant a waiver based on a consideration of the following factors: (i) Potential asbestos contamination of the water source, and (ii) The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution and the corrosive nature of the water. (4) A waiver remains in effect until the completion of the three- year compliance period. Systems not receiving a waiver must monitor in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (5) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur. (6) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to source water shall monitor in accordance with the provision of paragraph (a) of this section. (7) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both to its source water supply and corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur. (8) A system which exceeds the maximum contaminant levels as determined in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly beginning in the [[Page 355]] next quarter after the violation occurred. (9) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequency specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section provided the State has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a State make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface (or combined surface/ground) water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples. (10) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990 are generally consistent with the requirements of Sec. 141.23(b), then the State may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993. (c) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels in Sec. 141.62 for antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be as follows: (1) Groundwater systems shall take one sample at each sampling point during each compliance period. Surface water systems (or combined surface/ground) shall take one sample annually at each sampling point. (2) The system may apply to the State for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. States may grant a public water system a waiver for monitoring of cyanide, provided that the State determines that the system is not vulnerable due to lack of any industrial source of cyanide. (3) A condition of the waiver shall require that a system shall take a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during which the waiver is effective shall not exceed one compliance cycle (i.e., nine years). (4) The State may grant a waiver provided surface water systems have monitored annually for at least three years and groundwater systems have conducted a minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one sample shall have been taken since January 1, 1990). Both surface and groundwater systems shall demonstrate that all previous analytical results were less than the maximum contaminant level. Systems that use a new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of monitoring from the new source have been completed. (5) In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the State shall consider: (i) Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring; (ii) The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and (iii) Other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations such as changes in groundwater pumping rates, changes in the system's configuration, changes in the system's operating procedures, or changes in stream flows or characteristics. (6) A decision by the State to grant a waiver shall be made in writing and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The determination may be initiated by the State or upon an application by the public water system. The public water system shall specify the basis for its request. The State shall review and, where appropriate, revise its determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the system submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the system's appropriate monitoring frequency become available. (7) Systems which exceed the maximum contaminant levels as calculated in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred. (8) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequencies specified in paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a State make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples. (d) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non- community; [[Page 356]] and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrate in Sec. 141.62. (1) Community and non-transient, non-community water systems served by groundwater systems shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993; systems served by surface water shall monitor quarterly beginning January 1, 1993. (2) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems, the repeat monitoring frequency for groundwater systems shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The State may allow a groundwater system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently less than the MCL. (3) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems, the State may allow a surface water system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually if all analytical results from four consecutive quarters are 50 percent of the MCL. A surface water system shall return to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is ;50 percent of the MCL. (4) Each transient non-community water system shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993. (5) After the initial round of quarterly sampling is completed, each community and non-transient non-community system which is monitoring annually shall take subsequent samples during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest analytical result. (e) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non- community; and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrite in Sec. 141.62(b). (1) All public water systems shall take one sample at each sampling point in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993 and ending December 31, 1995. (2) After the initial sample, systems where an analytical result for nitrite is 50 percent of the MCL shall monitor at the frequency specified by the State. (3) For community, non-transient, non-community, and transient non- community water systems, the repeat monitoring frequency for any water system shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The State may allow a system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after determining the system is reliably and consistently less than the MCL. (4) Systems which are monitoring annually shall take each subsequent sample during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest analytical result. (f) Confirmation samples: (1) Where the results of sampling for asbestos, antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant level, the State may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two weeks) at the same sampling point. (2) Where nitrate or nitrite sampling results indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant level, the system shall take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of notification of the analytical results of the first sample. Systems unable to comply with the 24-hour sampling requirement must immediately notify persons served by the public water system in accordance with Sec. 141.202 and meet other Tier 1 public notification requirements under Subpart Q of this part. Systems exercising this option must take and analyze a confirmation sample within two weeks of notification of the analytical results of the first sample. (3) If a State-required confirmation sample is taken for any contaminant, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample shall be averaged. The resulting average shall be used to determine the system's compliance in accordance with paragraph (i) of this section. States have the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors. (g) The State may require more frequent monitoring than specified in [[Page 357]] paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section or may require confirmation samples for positive and negative results at its discretion. (h) Systems may apply to the State to conduct more frequent monitoring than the minimum monitoring frequencies specified in this section. (i) Compliance with Secs. 141.11 or 141.62(b) (as appropriate) shall be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each sampling point. (1) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency greater than annual, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium is determined by a running annual average at any sampling point. If the average at any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample below the method detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the purpose of determining the annual average. (2) For systems which are monitoring annually, or less frequently, the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for asbestos, antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium if the level of a contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on the average of the two samples. (3) Compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate and nitrate is determined based on one sample if the levels of these contaminants are below the MCLs. If the levels of nitrate and/or nitrite exceed the MCLs in the initial sample, a confirmation sample is required in accordance with paragraph (f)(2) of this section, and compliance shall be determined based on the average of the initial and confirmation samples. (j) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by the State during each compliance period. (k) Inorganic analysis: (1) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted in accordance with the methods in the following table, or their equivalent as determined by EPA. Criteria for analyzing arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, sodium, and thallium with digestion or directly without digestion, and other analytical test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994. This document also contains approved analytical test methods which remain available for compliance monitoring until July 1, 1996. These methods will not be available for use after July 1, 1996. This document is available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB95-104766, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contaminant and methodology \13\ EPA ASTM \3\ SM \4\ Other ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alkalinity: Titrimetric...................... ........... D1067-92B 2320 B I-1030-85 \5\ Electrometric titration.......... ........... ................... ................... .................. Antimony: ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 Hydride-Atomic Absorption........ ........... D-3697-92 ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B .................. Arsenic\14\: Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B .................. ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... D-2972-93C 3113 B .................. [[Page 358]] Hydride Atomic Absorption........ ........... D-2972-93B 3114 B .................. Asbestos: Transmission Electron Microscopy. \9\ 100.1 ................... ................... .................. Transmission Electron Microscopy. \10\ 100.2 ................... ................... .................. Barium: Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B .................. ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Direct........ ........... ................... 3111 D .................. Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B .................. Beryllium: Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B .................. ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... D3645-93B 3113 B .................. Cadmium: Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... ................... .................. ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B .................. Calcium: EDTA titrimetric................. ........... D511-93A 3500-Ca D Atomic absorption; direct ........... D511-93B 3111 B .................. aspiration. Inductively-coupled plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B .................. Chromium: Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B .................. ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B .................. Copper: Atomic absorption; furnace....... ........... D1688-95C 3113 B .................. Atomic absorption; direct ........... D1688-95A 3111 B .................. aspiration. ICP.............................. \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B .................. ICP--Mass spectrometry........... \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic absorption; platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. Conductivity Conductance............. ........... D1125-95A 2510 B .................. Cyanide: Manual Distillation followed by.. ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN<SUP>-</SUP> C Spectrophotometric, Amenable. ........... D2036-91B 4500-CN<SUP>-</SUP> G Spectrophotometric........... Manual................... ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN<SUP>-</SUP> E I-3300-85 \5\ Semi-automated........... \6\ 335.4 Selective Electrode.............. ........... ................... 4500-CN<SUP>-</SUP> F Fluoride: Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B Manual Distill.; Color. SPADNS... ........... ................... 4500-F<SUP>-</SUP> B, D Manual Electrode................. ........... D1179-93B 4500-F<SUP>-</SUP> C Automated Electrode.............. ........... ................... ................... 380-75WE \11\ Automated Alizarin............... ........... ................... 4500-F<SUP>-</SUP> E 129-71W \11\ Lead: Atomic absorption; furnace....... ........... D3559-95D 3113 B ICP-Mass spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 Atomic absorption; platform...... \2\ 200.9 Differential Pulse Anodic ........... ................... ................... Method 1001 \15\ Stripping Voltammetry. Magnesium: Atomic Absorption................ ........... D 511-93 B 3111 B [[Page 359]] ICP.............................. \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B Complexation Titrimetric Methods. ........... D 511-93 A 3500-Mg E Mercury: Manual, Cold Vapor............... \2\ 245.1 D3223-91 3112 B Automated, Cold Vapor............ \1\ 245.2 ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 Nickel: Inductively Coupled Plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 Atomic Absorption; Direct........ ........... ................... 3111 B Atomic Absorption; Furnace....... ........... ................... 3113 B Nitrate: Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B B-1011 \8\ Automated Cadmium Reduction...... \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> F Ion Selective Electrode.......... ........... ................... 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> D 601 \7\ Manual Cadmium Reduction......... ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> E Nitrite: Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B B-1011 \8\ Automated Cadmium Reduction...... \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> F Manual Cadmium Reduction......... ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO<INF>3-</INF> E Spectrophotometric............... ........... ................... 4500-NO<INF>2-</INF> B Orthophosphate: \12\ Colorimetric, automated, ascorbic \6\ 365.1 ................... 4500-P F acid. Colorimetric, ascorbic acid, ........... D515-88A 4500-P E single reagent. Colorimetric, phosphomolybdate;.. ........... ................... ................... I-1602-85 \5\ automated-segmented flow;.... ........... ................... ................... I-2601-90 \5\ automated discrete........... ........... ................... ................... I-2598-85 \5\ Ion Chromatography............... \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110 B pH: Electrometric.................... \1\ 150.1 D1293-95 4500-H<SUP>+</SUP> B \1\ 150.2 ................... ................... .................. Selenium: Hydride-Atomic Absorption........ ........... D3859-93A 3114 B .................. ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Furance....... ........... D3859-93B 3113 B .................. Silica: Colorimetric, molybdate blue;.... ........... ................... ................... I-1700-85 \5\ automated-segmented flow..... ........... ................... ................... I-2700-85 \5\ Colorimetric..................... ........... D859-95 ................... .................. Molybdosilicate.................. ........... ................... 4500-Si D .................. Heteropoly blue...................... ........... ................... 4500-Si E .................. Automated method for molybdate- ........... ................... 4500-Si F .................. reactive silica. Inductively-coupled plasma....... \3\ 200.7 ................... 3120 B .................. Sodium: Inductively-coupled plasma....... \2\ 200.7 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; direct ........... ................... 3111 B .................. aspiration. Temperature: Thermometric ........... ................... 2550 .................. Thallium: ICP-Mass Spectrometry............ \2\ 200.8 ................... ................... .................. Atomic Absorption; Platform...... \2\ 200.9 ................... ................... .................. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of the following documents listed in footnotes 1-11 and 15 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. [[Page 360]] \1\ "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes", EPA/600/4-79/020, March 1983. Available at NTIS, PB84- 128677. \2\ "Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples--Supplement I", EPA/600/R-94/111, May 1994. Available at NTIS, PB95-125472. \3\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994 and 1996, Vols. 11.01 and 11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials. The previous versions of D1688-95A, D1688-95C (copper), D3559-95D (lead), D1293-95 (pH), D1125-91A (conductivity) and D859-94 (silica) are also approved. These previous versions D1688-90A, C; D3559-90D, D1293- 84, D1125-91A and D859-88, respectively are located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. \4\ 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995, respectively, American Public Health Association; either edition may be used. Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. \5\ Method I-2601-90, Methods for Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-- Determination of Inorganic and Organic Constituents in Water and Fluvial Sediments, Open File Report 93-125, 1993; For Methods I-1030-85; I-1601-85; I-1700-85; I-2598-85; I-2700-85; and I-3300-85 See Techniques of Water Resources Investigation of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter A-1, 3rd ed., 1989; Available from Information Services, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225-0425. \6\ "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples", EPA/600/R-93/100, August 1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-120821. \7\ The procedure shall be done in accordance with the Technical Bulletin 601 "Standard Method of Test for Nitrate in Drinking Water", July 1994, PN 221890-001, Analytical Technology, Inc. Copies may be obtained from ATI Orion, 529 Main Street, Boston, MA 02129. \8\ Method B-1011, "Waters Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion Chromatography," August 1987. Copies may be obtained from Waters Corporation, Technical Services Division, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757. \9\ Method 100.1, "Analytical Method For Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water", EPA/600/4-83/043, EPA, September 1983. Available at NTIS, PB83-260471. \10\ 10 Method 100.2, "Determination of Asbestos Structure Over 10-<greek-m>m In Length In Drinking Water", EPA/600/R-94/134, June 1994. Available at NTIS, PB94-201902. \11\ Industrial Method No. 129-71W, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", December 1972, and Method No. 380- 75WE, "Fluoride in Water and Wastewater", February 1976, Technicon Industrial Systems. Copies may be obtained from Bran & Luebbe, 1025 Busch Parkway, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089. \12\ Unfiltered, no digestion or hydrolysis. \13\ Because MDLs reported in EPA Methods 200.7 and 200.9 were determined using a 2X preconcentration step during sample digestion, MDLs determined when samples are analyzed by direct analysis (i.e., no sample digestion) will be higher. For direct analysis of cadmium and arsenic by Method 200.7, and arsenic by Method 3120 B sample preconcentration using pneumatic nebulization may be required to achieve lower detection limits. Preconcentration may also be required for direct analysis of antimony, lead, and thallium by Method 200.9; antimony and lead by Method 3113 B; and lead by Method D3559-90D unless multiple in-furnace depositions are made. \14\ If ultrasonic nebulization is used in the determination of arsenic by Methods 200.7, 200.8, or SM 3120 B, the arsenic must be in the pentavalent state to provide uniform signal response. For methods 200.7 and 3120 B, both samples and standards must be diluted in the same mixed acid matrix concentration of nitric and hydrochloric acid with the addition of 100 <greek-m>L of 30% hydrogen peroxide per 100ml of solution. For direct analysis of arsenic with method 200.8 using ultrasonic nebulization, samples and standards must contain one mg/L of sodium hypochlorite. \15\ The description for Method Number 1001 for lead is available from Palintest, LTD, 21 Kenton Lands Road, P.O. Box 18395, Erlanger, KY 41018. Or from the Hach Company, P.O. Box 389, Loveland, CO 8053. (2) Sample collection for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, selenium, and thallium under this section shall be conducted using the sample preservation, container, and maximum holding time procedures specified in the following table: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contaminant Preservative \1\ Container \2\ Time \3\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Antimony.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months Asbestos.............................. 4 deg.C.................. P or G................ 48 hours \4\ Barium................................ HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months Beryllium............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months Cadmium............................... HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months Chromium.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months Cyanide............................... 4 deg.C, NaOH............ P or G................ 14 days Fluoride.............................. None...................... P or G................ 1 month Mercury............................... HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 28 days Nickel................................ HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months Nitrate............................... 4 deg.C.................. P or G................ 48 hours \5\ Nitrate-Nitrite \6\................... H\2\SO\4\................. P or G................ 28 days Nitrite............................... 4 deg.C................... P or G................ 48 hours Selenium.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months Thallium.............................. HNO\3\.................... P or G................ 6 months ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ When indicated, samples must be acidified at the time of collection to pH 2 with concentrated acid or adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH > 12. When chilling is indicated the sample must be shipped and stored at 4 deg.C or less. \2\ P=plastic, hard or soft; G=glass, hard or soft. \3\ In all cases samples should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible. Follow additional (if any) information on preservation, containers or holding times that is specified in method. \4\ Instructions for containers, preservation procedures and holding times as specified in Method 100.2 must be adhered to for all compliance analyses including those conducted with Method 100.1. \5\ If the sample is chlorinated, the holding time for an unacidified sample kept at 4 deg.C is extended to 14 days. \6\ Nitrate-Nitrite refers to a measurement of total nitrate. (3) Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by laboratories that have been certified by EPA or the State. Laboratories may conduct sample analysis under provisional certification until January 1, 1996. To receive certification to conduct analyses for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite and [[Page 361]] selenium and thallium, the laboratory must: (i) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the State or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at least once a year. (ii) For each contaminant that has been included in the PE sample and for each method for which the laboratory desires certification achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the following acceptance limits: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant Acceptance limit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Antimony............................ <plus-minus>30 at ;0.006 mg/1 Asbestos............................ 2 standard deviations based on study statistics. Barium.............................. <plus-minus>15% at ;0.15 mg/1 Beryllium........................... <plus-minus>15% at ;0.001 mg/1 Cadmium............................. <plus-minus>20% at ;0.002 mg/1 Chromium............................ <plus-minus>15% at ;0.01 mg/1 Cyanide............................. <plus-minus>25% at ;0.1 mg/1 Fluoride............................ <plus-minus>10% at ;1 to 10 mg/1 Mercury............................. <plus-minus>30% at ;0.0005 mg/1 Nickel.............................. <plus-minus>15% at ;0.01 mg/1 Nitrate............................. <plus-minus>10% at ;0.4 mg/1 Nitrite............................. <plus-minus>15% at ;0.4 mg/1 Selenium............................ <plus-minus>20% at ;0.01 mg/1 Thallium............................ <plus-minus>30% at ;0.002 mg/1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (l) Analyses for the purpose of determining compliance with Sec. 141.11 shall be conducted using the requirements specified in paragraphs (l) through (q) of this section. (1) Analyses for all community water systems utilizing surface water sources shall be completed by June 24, 1978. These analyses shall be repeated at yearly intervals. (2) Analyses for all community water systems utilizing only ground water sources shall be completed by June 24, 1979. These analyses shall be repeated at three-year intervals. (3) For non-community water systems, whether supplied by surface or ground sources, analyses for nitrate shall be completed by December 24, 1980. These analyses shall be repeated at intervals determined by the State. (4) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies. (m) If the result of an analysis made under paragraph (l) of this section indicates that the level of any contaminant listed in Sec. 141.11 exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the supplier of the water shall report to the State within 7 days and initiate three additional analyses at the same sampling point within one month. (n) When the average of four analyses made pursuant to paragraph (m) of this section, rounded to the same number of significant figures as the maximum contaminant level for the substance in question, exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the supplier of water shall notify the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and give notice to the public pursuant to subpart Q. Monitoring after public notification shall be at a frequency designated by the State and shall continue until the maximum contaminant level has not been exceeded in two successive samples or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective. (o) The provisions of paragraphs (m) and (n) of this section notwithstanding, compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrate shall be determined on the basis of the mean of two analyses. When a level exceeding the maximum contaminant level for nitrate is found, a second analysis shall be initiated within 24 hours, and if the mean of the two analyses exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the supplier of water shall report his findings to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and shall notify the public pursuant to subpart Q. (p) For the initial analyses required by paragraph (l) (1), (2) or (3) of this section, data for surface waters acquired within one year prior to the effective date and data for ground waters acquired within 3 years prior to the effective date of this part may be substituted at the discretion of the State. (q) [Reserved] [56 FR 3579, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 33932, 34085, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67461, Dec. 1, 1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7061, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.23 was amended by adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order to the table in paragraph (a)(4)(i) and adding [[Page 362]] endnotes 6, 7 and 8; revising paragraphs (a)(5) and (c) introductory text; adding paragraph (c)(9); revising paragraphs (f)(1), (i)(1), and (i)(2); adding paragraph (i)(4); revising the entries for arsenic in the table in paragraph (k)(1); revising paragraph (k)(2) introductory text; adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order to the table in paragraph (k)(2) and revising footnote 1; revising the last sentence in paragraph (k)(3) introductory text; and adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order to the table in paragraph (k)(3)(ii), effective Mar. 23, 2001, except for the amendments to paragraphs (i)(1) and (i)(2) which are effective Jan. 22, 2004. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements. (a) * * * (4) * * * (i) * * * [[Page 363]] Detection Limits for Inforganic Contaminants -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contaminant MCL (mg/l) Methodology Detection Limit (mg/l) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * Arsenic................................ \6\ 0.01 Atomic Absorption; Furnace.. 0.001 Atomic Absorption; Platform-- \7\ 0.0005 Stabilized Temperature. Atomic Absorption; Gaseous 0.001 Hydride. ICP-Mass Spectrometry....... \8\ 0.0014 * * * * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * \6\ The value for arsenic is effective January 23, 2006. Unit then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L. \7\ The MDL reported for EPA method 200.9 (Atomic Absorption; Platform--Stablized Temperature) was determined using a 2x concentration step during sample digestion. The MDL determined for samples analyzed using direct analyses (i.e., no sample digestion) will be higher. Using multiple depositions, EPA 200.9 is capable of obtaining MDL of 0.0001 mg/L. \8\ Using selective ion monitoring, EPA Method 200.8 (ICP-MS) is capable of obtaining a MDL of 0.0001 mg/L. [[Page 364]] * * * * * (5) The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section: the frequency of monitoring for antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrate shall be in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; and the frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section. * * * * * (c) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels in Sec. 141.62 for antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be as follows: * * * * * (9) All new systems or systems that use a new source of water that begin operation after January 22, 2004 must demonstrate compliance with the MCL within a period of time specified by the State. The system must also comply with the initial sampling frequencies specified by the State to ensure a system can demonstrate compliance with the MCL. Routine and increased monitoring frequencies shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements in this section. * * * * * (f) * * * (1) Where the results of sampling for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant level, the State may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two weeks) at the same sampling point. * * * * * (i) * * * (1) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency greater than annual, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium is determined by a running annual average at any sampling point. If the average at any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample below the method detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the purpose of determining the annual average. If a system fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) will be based on the total number of samples collected. (2) For systems which are monitoring annually, or less frequently, the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium if the level of a contaminant is greater than the MCL. If confirmation samples are required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on the annual average of the initial MCL exceedance and any State-required confirmation samples. If a system fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) will be based on the total number of samples collected. * * * * * (4) Arsenic sampling results will be reported to the nearest 0.001 mg/L. * * * * * (k) * * * (1) * * * [[Page 365]] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contaminant and methodology \13\ EPA ASTM \3\ SM \4\ Other -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * Arsenic \14\: Inductively Coupled Plasma \15\.... \2\ 200.7 .................................. \15\ 3120B .......................... ICP-Mass Spectrometry.............. \2\ 200.8 .................................. .................................. .......................... Atomic Absorption; Platform........ \2\ 200.9 .................................. .................................. .......................... Atomic Absorption; Furnace......... ........... D-2972-93C 3113B .......................... Hydride Atomic Absorption.......... ........... D-2972-93B 3114B .......................... * * * * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * \2\ "Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples-Supplement I", EPA-600/R-94-111, May 1994. Available at NTIS, PB 95-125472. \3\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994 and 1996, Vols. 11.01 and 11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials. The previous versions of D1688-95A, D1688-95C (copper), D3559-95D (lead), D1293-95 (pH), D1125-91A (conductivity) and D859-94 (silica) are also approved. These previous versions D1688- 90A, C; D3559-90D, D1293-84, D1125-91A and D859-88, respectively are located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. \4\ 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995, respectively, American Public Health Association; either edition may be used. Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. * * * * * \13\ Because MDLs reported in EPA Methods 200.7 and 200.9 were determined using a 2X preconcentration step during sample digestion, MDLs determined when samples are analyzed by direct analysis (i.e., no sample digestion) will be higher. For direct analysis of cadmium and arsenic by Method 200.7, and arsenic by Method 3120 B sample preconcentration using pneumatic nebulization may be required to achieve lower detection limits. Preconcentration may also be required for direct analysis of antimony, lead, and thallium by Method 200.9; antimony and lead by Method 3113 B; and lead by Method D3559-90D unless multiple in-furnace depositions are made. \14\ If ultrasonic nebulization is used in the determination of arsenic by Methods 200.7, 200.8, or SM 3120 B, the arsenic must be in the pentavalent state to provide uniform signal response. For methods 200.7 and 3120 B, both samples and standards must be diluted in the same mixed acid matrix concentration of nitric and hydrochloric acid with the addition of 100 <greek-m>L of 30% hydrogen peroxide per 100ml of solution. For direct analysis of arsenic with method 200.8 using ultrasonic nebulization, samples and standards must contain one mg/L of sodium hypochlorite. \15\ After January 23, 2006 analytical methods using the ICP-AES technology, may not be used because the detection limits for these methods are 0.008 mg/ L or higher. This restriction means that the two ICP-AES methods (EPA Method 200.7 and SM 3120 B) approved for use for the MCL of 0.05 mg/L may not be used for compliance determinations for the revised MCL of 0.01 mg/L. However, prior to 2005 systems may have compliance samples analyzed with these less sensitive methods. [[Page 366]] * * * * * (2) Sample collection for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite, selenium, and thallium under this section shall be conducted using the sample preservation, container, and maximum holding time procedures specified in the table below: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contaminant Preservative \1\ Container \2\ Time \3\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * Arsenic............................. Conc HNO<INF>3</INF> to pH 2....... P or G 6 months * * * * * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ For cyanide determinations samples must be adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH 12 at the time off collection. When chilling is indicated the sample must be shipped and stored at 4 deg.C or less. Acidification of nitrate or metals samples may be with a concentrated acid or a dilute (50% by volume) solution of the applicable concentrated acid. Acidification of samples for metals analysis is encouraged and allowed at the laboratory rather than at the time of sampling provided the shipping time and other instructions in Section 8.3 of EPA Methods 200.7 or 200.8 or 200.9 are followed. \2\ P = plastic, hard or soft; G = glass, hard or soft. \3\ In all cases samples should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible. Follow additional (if any) information on preservation, containers or holding times that is specified in method. * * * * * (3) * * * To receive certification to conduct analyses for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite and selenium and thallium, the laboratory must: * * * * * (ii) * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant Acceptance limit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * Arsenic................................. <plus-minus>30 at <gr-thn- eq>0.003 mg/L * * * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.24] [Page 366-375] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.24 Organic chemicals, sampling and analytical requirements. (a)-(d) [Reserved] (e) Analyses for the contaminants in this section shall be conducted using the following EPA methods or their equivalent as approved by EPA. (1) The following documents are incorporated by reference. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. Method 508A and 515.1 are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water, EPA/600/4-88-039, December 1988, Revised, July 1991. Methods 547, 550 and 550.1 are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement I, EPA/600-4-90-020, July 1990. Methods 548.1, 549.1, 552.1 and 555 are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement II, EPA/600/R-92-129, August 1992. Methods 502.2, 504.1, 505, 506, 507, 508, 508.1, 515.2, 524.2 525.2, 531.1, 551.1 and 552.2 are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement III, EPA/600/R-95-131, August 1995. Method 1613 is titled "Tetra-through Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope-Dilution HRGC/HRMS", EPA/821-B-94-005, October 1994. These documents are available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB91-231480, PB91-146027, PB92-207703, PB95-261616 and PB95-104774, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847. Method 6651 shall be followed in accordance with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992 and 19th edition, 1995, American Public Health Association (APHA); either edition may be used. Method 6610 shall be followed in accordance with the Supplement to the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1994 or with the 19th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1995, APHA; either publication may be used. The APHA documents are available from APHA, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. Other required analytical test procedures germane to the conduct of these analyses are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA/600/R-94-173, October 1994, NTIS PB95-104766. EPA Methods 515.3 and 549.2 are available from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL)-Cincinnati, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268. ASTM Method D 5317-93 is [[Page 367]] available in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996, Vol. 11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, or in any edition published after 1993. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant Method \1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Benzene................................... 502.2, 524.2 Carbon tetrachloride 502.2, 524.2, 551.1 Chlorobenzene 502.2, 524.2 1,2-Dichlorobenzene....................... 502.2, 524.2 1,4-Dichlorobenzene....................... 502.2, 524.2 1,2-Dichloroethane........................ 502.2, 524.2 cis-Dichloroethylene...................... 502.2, 524.2 trans-Dichloroethylene.................... 502.2, 524.2 Dichloromethane........................... 502.2, 524.2 1,2-Dichloropropane....................... 502.2, 524.2 Ethylbenzene.............................. 502.2, 524.2 Styrene................................... 502.2, 524.2 Tetrachloroethylene....................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1 1,1,1-Trichloroethane..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1 Trichloroethylene......................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1 Toluene................................... 502.2, 524.2 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.................... 502.2, 524.2 1,1-Dichloroethylene...................... 502.2, 524.2 1,1,2-Trichloroethane..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1 Vinyl chloride............................ 502.2, 524.2 Xylenes (total)........................... 502.2, 524.2 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin)..................... 1613 2,4-D\4\ (as acid, salts and esters)...... 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3, D5317-93 2,4,5-TP \4\ (Silvex)..................... 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3, D5317-93 Alachlor \2\.............................. 507, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Atrazine \2\.............................. 507, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Benzo(a)pyrene............................ 525.2, 550, 550.1 Carbofuran................................ 531.1, 6610 Chlordane................................. 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505 Dalapon................................... 552.1, 515.1, 552.2, 515.3 Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................... 506, 525.2 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate................. 506, 525.2 Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)............... 504.1, 551.1 Dinoseb \4\............................... 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3 Diquat.................................... 549.2 Endothall................................. 548.1 Endrin.................................... 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Ethylene dibromide (EDB).................. 504.1, 551.1 Glyphosate................................ 547, 6651 Heptachlor................................ 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Heptachlor Epoxide........................ 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Hexachlorobenzene......................... 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene................. 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Lindane................................... 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Methoxychlor.............................. 508, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Oxamyl.................................... 531.1, 6610 PCBs \3\ (as decachlorobiphenyl).......... 508A (as Aroclors)......................... 508.1, 508, 525.2, 505 Pentachlorophenol......................... 515.2, 525.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3, D5317-93 Picloram \4\.............................. 515.2, 555, 515.1, 515.3, D5317-93 Simazine \2\.............................. 507, 525.2, 508.1, 505, 551.1 Toxaphene................................. 508, 508.1, 525.2, 505 Total Trihalomethanes..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ For previously approved EPA methods which remain available for compliance monitoring until June 1, 2001, see paragraph (e)(2) of this section. \2\ Substitution of the detector specified in Method 505, 507, 508 or 508.1 for the purpose of achieving lower detection limits is allowed as follows. Either an electron capture or nitrogen phosphorous detector may be used provided all regulatory requirements and quality control criteria are met. \3\ PCBs are qualitatively identified as Aroclors and measured for compliance purposes as decachlorobiphenyl. Users of Method 505 may have more difficulty in achieving the required detection limits than users of Methods 508.1, 525.2 or 508. \4\ Accurate determination of the chlorinated esters requires hydrolysis of the sample as described in EPA Methods 515.1, 515.2, 515.3 and 555, and ASTM Method D 5317-93. (2) The following EPA methods will remain available for compliance monitoring until June 1, 2001. The following documents are incorporated by reference. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. EPA methods 502.2 Rev. 2.0, 505 Rev. 2.0, 507 Rev. 2.0, 508 Rev. 3.0, 531.1 Rev. 3.0 are in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water", December 1988, revised July 1991; methods 506 and 551 are in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement I", July 1990; methods 515.2 Rev. 1.0 and 524.2 Rev. 4.0 are in "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement II," August 1992; and methods 504.1 Rev. 1.0, 508.1 Rev. 1.0, 525.2 Rev.1.0 are available from US EPA NERL, Cincinnati, OH 45268 (f) Beginning with the initial compliance period, analysis of the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) for the purpose of determining compliance with the maximum contaminant level shall be conducted as follows: (1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source, treatment plant, or within the distribution system. (2) Surface water systems (or combined surface/ground) shall take a minimum of one sample at points in the [[Page 368]] distribution system that are representative of each source or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source, treatment plant, or within the distribution system. (3) If the system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is being used). (4) Each community and non-transient non-community water system shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) during each compliance period, beginning in the initial compliance period. (5) If the initial monitoring for contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (8) and the monitoring for the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (9) through (21) as allowed in paragraph (f)(18) has been completed by December 31, 1992, and the system did not detect any contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21), then each ground and surface water system shall take one sample annually beginning with the initial compliance period. (6) After a minimum of three years of annual sampling, the State may allow groundwater systems with no previous detection of any contaiminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) to take one sample during each compliance period. (7) Each community and non-transient non-community ground water system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) may apply to the State for a waiver from the requirements of paragraphs (f)(5) and (f)(6) of this section after completing the initial monitoring. (For purposes of this section, detection is defined as 0.0005 mg/l.) A waiver shall be effective for no more than six years (two compliance periods). States may also issue waivers to small systems for the initial round of monitoring for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. (8) A State may grant a waiver after evaluating the following factor(s): (i) Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or disposal) of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence of the system. If a determination by the State reveals no previous use of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver may be granted. (ii) If previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has been used previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine whether a waiver is granted. (A) Previous analytical results. (B) The proximity of the system to a potential point or non-point source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of chemicals at or near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing, distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities. (C) The environmental persistence and transport of the contaminants. (D) The number of persons served by the public water system and the proximity of a smaller system to a larger system. (E) How well the water source is protected against contamination, such as whether it is a surface or groundwater system. Groundwater systems must consider factors such as depth of the well, the type of soil, and wellhead protection. Surface water systems must consider watershed protection. (9) As a condition of the waiver a groundwater system must take one sample at each sampling point during the time the waiver is effective (i.e., one sample during two compliance periods or six years) and update its vulnerability assessment considering the factors listed in paragraph (f)(8) of this section. Based on this vulnerability assessment the State must reconfirm that the system is non-vulnerable. If the State does not make this reconfirmation within three years of the initial determination, then the waiver is invalidated and the system is required to sample annually as specified in paragraph (5) of this section. (10) Each community and non-transient non-community surface water [[Page 369]] system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) may apply to the State for a waiver from the requirements of (f)(5) of this section after completing the initial monitoring. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Systems meeting this criterion must be determined by the State to be non-vulnerable based on a vulnerability assessment during each compliance period. Each system receiving a waiver shall sample at the frequency specified by the State (if any). (11) If a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) is detected at a level exceeding 0.0005 mg/l in any sample, then: (i) The system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which resulted in a detection. (ii) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement speci fied in paragraph (f)(11)(i) of this section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the State make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples. (iii) If the State determines that the system is reliably and consistently below the MCL, the State may allow the system to monitor annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor during the quarter(s) which previously yielded the highest analytical result. (iv) Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no detection of a contaminant may apply to the State for a waiver as specified in paragraph (f)(7) of this section. (v) Groundwater systems which have detected one or more of the following two-carbon organic compounds: trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cis-1,2- dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, or 1,1-dichloroethylene shall monitor quarterly for vinyl chloride. A vinyl chloride sample shall be taken at each sampling point at which one or more of the two- carbon organic compounds was detected. If the results of the first analysis do not detect vinyl chloride, the State may reduce the quarterly monitoring frequency of vinyl chloride monitoring to one sample during each compliance period. Surface water systems are required to monitor for vinyl chloride as specified by the State. (12) Systems which violate the requirements of Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21), as determined by paragraph (f)(15) of this section, must monitor quarterly. After a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples which show the system is in compliance as specified in paragraph (f)(15) of this section the system and the State determines that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level, the system may monitor at the frequency and times specified in paragraph (f)(11)(iii) of this section. (13) The State may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average is used for the compliance determination as specified by paragraph (f)(15). States have discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation. (14) The State may reduce the total number of samples a system must analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed within 14 days of sample collection. (i) If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or equal to 0.0005 mg/l for any contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a), then a follow-up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite, and be analyzed for that contaminant. (ii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling point used in the composite sample are available, the system may use these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the results reported to [[Page 370]] the State within 14 days after completing analysis of the composite sample, provided the holding time of the sample is not exceeded. (iii) If the population served by the system is > 3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving <ls-thn-eq> 3,300 persons, the State may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5- sample limit is maintained. (iv) Compositing samples prior to GC analysis. (A) Add 5 ml or equal larger amounts of each sample (up to 5 samples are allowed) to a 25 ml glass syringe. Special precautions must be made to maintain zero headspace in the syringe. (B) The samples must be cooled at 4 deg.C during this step to minimize volatilization losses. (C) Mix well and draw out a 5-ml aliquot for analysis. (D) Follow sample introduction, purging, and desorption steps described in the method. (E) If less than five samples are used for compositing, a proportionately small syringe may be used. (v) Compositing samples prior to GC/MS analysis. (A) Inject 5-ml or equal larger amounts of each aqueous sample (up to 5 samples are allowed) into a 25-ml purging device using the sample introduction technique described in the method. (B) The total volume of the sample in the purging device must be 25 ml. (C) Purge and desorb as described in the method. (15) Compliance with Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) shall be determined based on the analytical results obtained at each sampling point. (i) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency greater than annual, compliance is determined by a running annual average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. (ii) If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on the average of two samples. (16) [Reserved] (17) Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by laboratories that are certified by EPA or the State according to the following conditions (laboratories may conduct sample analysis under provisional certification until January 1, 1996): (i) To receive certification to conduct analyses for the contaminants in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) the laboratory must: (A) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the State, or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at least once a year by each method for which the laboratory desires certification. (B) Achieve the quantitative acceptance limits under paragraphs (f)(17)(i)(C) and (D) of this section for at least 80 percent of the regulated organic contaminants included in the PE sample. (C) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of this section that are within <plus-minus>20% of the actual amount of the substances in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.010 mg/l. (D) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of this section that are within <plus-minus>40 percent of the actual amount of the substances in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is less than 0.010 mg/l. (E) Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/l, according to the procedures in appendix B of part 136. (ii) To receive certification to conduct analyses for vinyl chloride, the laboratory must: (A) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the State, or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at least once a year by each method for which the laboratory desires certification. [[Page 371]] (B) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under paragraph (f)(17)(ii)(A) of this section that are within <plus-minus>40 percent of the actual amount of vinyl chloride in the Performance Evaluation sample. (C) Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/l, according to the procedures in appendix B of part 136. (D) Obtain certification for the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(a)(2) through (21). (18) States may allow the use of monitoring data collected after January 1, 1988, required under section 1445 of the Act for purposes of initial monitoring compliance. If the data are generally consistent with the other requirements of this section, the State may use these data (i.e., a single sample rather than four quarterly samples) to satisfy the initial monitoring requirement of paragraph (f)(4) of this section. Systems which use grandfathered samples and did not detect any contaminant listed Sec. 141.61(a)(2) through (21) shall begin monitoring annually in accordance with paragraph (f)(5) of this section beginning with the initial compliance period. (19) States may increase required monitoring where necessary to detect variations within the system. (20) Each certified laboratory must determine the method detection limit (MDL), as defined in appendix B to part 136, at which it is capable of detecting VOCs. The acceptable MDL is 0.0005 mg/l. This concentration is the detection concentration for purposes of this section. (21) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by the State within each compliance period. (g) [Reserved] (h) Analysis of the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c) for the purposes of determining compliance with the maximum contaminant level shall be conducted as follows: \7\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \7\ Monitoring for the contaminants aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone shall be conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.40. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. (2) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at points in the distribution system that are representative of each source or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and ground sources. (3) If the system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is being used). (4) Monitoring frequency: (i) Each community and non-transient non-community water system shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(c) during each compliance period beginning with the initial compliance period. (ii) Systems serving more than 3,300 persons which do not detect a contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the sampling frequency to a minimum of two quarterly samples in one year during each repeat compliance period. (iii) Systems serving less than or equal to 3,300 persons which do not detect a contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the sampling frequency to a minimum of one sample during each repeat compliance period. (5) Each community and non-transient water system may apply to the State for a waiver from the requirement of paragraph (h)(4) of this section. A system must reapply for a waiver for each compliance period. (6) A State may grant a waiver after evaluating the following factor(s): Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or disposal) of the [[Page 372]] contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence of the system. If a determination by the State reveals no previous use of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver may be granted. If previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has been used previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine whether a waiver is granted. (i) Previous analytical results. (ii) The proximity of the system to a potential point or non-point source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of chemicals at or near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing, distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities. Non- point sources include the use of pesticides to control insect and weed pests on agricultural areas, forest lands, home and gardens, and other land application uses. (iii) The environmental persistence and transport of the pesticide or PCBs. (iv) How well the water source is protected against contamination due to such factors as depth of the well and the type of soil and the integrity of the well casing. (v) Elevated nitrate levels at the water supply source. (vi) Use of PCBs in equipment used in the production, storage, or distribution of water (i.e., PCBs used in pumps, transformers, etc.). (7) If an organic contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(c) is detected (as defined by paragraph (h)(18) of this section) in any sample, then: (i) Each system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which resulted in a detection. (ii) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement specified in paragraph (h)(7)(i) of this section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the State make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples. (iii) After the State determines the system is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level the State may allow the system to monitor annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor during the quarter that previously yielded the highest analytical result. (iv) Systems which have 3 consecutive annual samples with no detection of a contaminant may apply to the State for a waiver as specified in paragraph (h)(6) of this section. (v) If monitoring results in detection of one or more of certain related contaminants (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide and heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide), then subsequent monitoring shall analyze for all related contaminants. (8) Systems which violate the requirements of Sec. 141.61(c) as determined by paragraph (h)(11) of this section must monitor quarterly. After a minimum of four quarterly samples show the system is in compliance and the State determines the system is reliably and consistently below the MCL, as specified in paragraph (h)(11) of this section, the system shall monitor at the frequency specified in paragraph (h)(7)(iii) of this section. (9) The State may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average used for the compliance determination as specified by paragraph (h)(11) of this section. States have discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation. (10) The State may reduce the total number of samples a system must analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL. Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed within 14 days of sample collection. (i) If the concentration in the composite sample detects one or more contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c), then a follow-up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite, and be analyzed for that contaminant. [[Page 373]] (ii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling point used in the composite sample are available, the system may use these instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the results reported to the State within 14 days after completion of the composite analysis or before the holding time for the initial sample is exceeded whichever is sooner. (iii) If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within a single system. In systems serving <ls-thn-eq> 3,300 persons, the State may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample limit is maintained. (11) Compliance with Sec. 141.61(c) shall be determined based on the analytical results obtained at each sampling point. (i) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency greater than annual, compliance is determined by a running annual average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any samples below the detection limit shall be calculated as zero for purposes of determining the annual average. (ii) If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on the average of two samples. (12) [Reserved] (13) Analysis for PCBs shall be conducted as follows using the methods in paragraph (e) of this section: (i) Each system which monitors for PCBs shall analyze each sample using either Method 508.1, 525.2, 508 or 505. Users of Method 505 may have more difficulty in achieving the required Aroclor detection limits than users of Methods 508.1, 525.2 or 508. (ii) If PCBs (as one of seven Aroclors) are detected (as designated in this paragraph) in any sample analyzed using Method 505 or 508, the system shall reanalyze the sample using Method 508A to quantitate PCBs (as decachlorobiphenyl). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Detection limit Aroclor (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1016................................................. 0.00008 1221................................................. 0.02 1232................................................. 0.0005 1242................................................. 0.0003 1248................................................. 0.0001 1254................................................. 0.0001 1260................................................. 0.0002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (iii) Compliance with the PCB MCL shall be determined based upon the quantitative results of analyses using Method 508A. (14) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990, are generally consistent with the requirements of Sec. 141.24(h), then the State may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993. (15) The State may increase the required monitoring frequency, where necessary, to detect variations within the system (e.g., fluctuations in concentration due to seasonal use, changes in water source). (16) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies. (17) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by the State within each compliance period. (18) Detection as used in this paragraph shall be defined as greater than or equal to the following concentrations for each contaminant. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Detection Contaminant limit (mg/ l) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alachlor................................................... .0002 Aldicarb................................................... .0005 Aldicarb sulfoxide......................................... .0005 Aldicarb sulfone........................................... .0008 Atrazine................................................... .0001 Benzo[a]pyrene............................................. .00002 Carbofuran................................................. .0009 Chlordane.................................................. .0002 Dalapon.................................................... .001 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)......................... .00002 Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.................................. .0006 Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate................................ .0006 Dinoseb.................................................... .0002 Diquat..................................................... .0004 [[Page 374]] 2,4-D...................................................... .0001 Endothall.................................................. .009 Endrin..................................................... .00001 Ethylene dibromide (EDB)................................... .00001 Glyphosate................................................. .006 Heptachlor................................................. .00004 Heptachlor epoxide......................................... .00002 Hexachlorobenzene.......................................... .0001 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene.................................. .0001 Lindane.................................................... .00002 Methoxychlor............................................... .0001 Oxamyl..................................................... .002 Picloram................................................... .0001 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (as decachlorobiphenyl)... .0001 Pentachlorophenol.......................................... .00004 Simazine................................................... .00007 Toxaphene.................................................. .001 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)...................................... .000000005 2,4,5-TP (Silvex).......................................... .0002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (19) Anaylsis under this section shall only be conducted by laboratories that have received certification by EPA or the State and have met the following conditions: (i) To receive certification to conduct analyses for the contaminants in Sec. 141.61(c) the laboratory must: (A) Analyze Performance Evaluation (PE) samples provided by EPA, the State, or by a third party (with the approval of the State or EPA) at least once a year by each method for which the laboratory desires certification. (B) For each contaminant that has been included in the PE sample achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the following acceptance limits: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant Acceptance limits (percent) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ DBCP...................................... <plus-minus>40 EDB....................................... <plus-minus>40. Alachlor.................................. <plus-minus>45. Atrazine.................................. <plus-minus>45. Benzo[a]pyrene............................ 2 standard deviations. Carbofuran................................ <plus-minus>45. Chlordane................................. <plus-minus>45. Dalapon................................... 2 standard deviations. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................... 2 standard deviations. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate................. 2 standard deviations. Dinoseb................................... 2 standard deviations. Diquat.................................... 2 standard deviations. Endothall................................. 2 standard deviations. Endrin.................................... <plus-minus>30. Glyphosate................................ 2 standard deviations. Heptachlor................................ <plus-minus>45. Heptachlor epoxide........................ <plus-minus>45. Hexachlorobenzene......................... 2 standard deviations. Hexachloro- cyclopentadiene 2 standard deviations. Lindane................................... <plus-minus>45. Methoxychlor.............................. <plus-minus>45. Oxamyl.................................... 2 standard deviations. PCBs (as Decachlorobiphenyl) 0-200. Picloram.................................. 2 standard deviations. Simazine.................................. 2 standard deviations. Toxaphene................................. <plus-minus>45. Aldicarb.................................. 2 standard deviations. Aldicarb sulfoxide........................ 2 standard deviations. Aldicarb sulfone.......................... 2 standard deviations. Pentachlorophenol......................... <plus-minus>50. 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)..................... 2 standard deviations. 2,4-D..................................... <plus-minus>50. 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)......................... <plus-minus>50. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (ii) [Reserved] (Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 2040-0090) [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979; 45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 52 FR 25712, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 5147, Feb. 19, 1988; 53 FR 25110, July 1, 1988; 56 FR 3583, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 30277, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992; 57 FR 31841, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 59 FR 62468, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34085, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67464, Dec. 1, 1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.24 was amended by adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (f)(15) introductory text; revising paragraphs (f)(15)(i) and (f)(15)(ii) and adding new paragraphs (f)(15)(iii) through (f)(15)(v); adding paragraph (f)(22); adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (h)(11) introductory text; revising paragraphs (h)(11)(i) and (h)(11)(ii) and adding new paragraphs (h)(11)(iii) through (h)(11)(v); and adding paragraph (h)(20), effective Mar. 23, 2001, except for the amendments to (f)(15), (h)(11), and (h)(20), which are effective Jan. 22, 2004. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.24 Organic chemicals other than total trihalomethanes, sampling and analytical methods. * * * * * (f) * * * (15) * * * If one sampling point is in violation of an MCL, the system is in violation of the MCL. (i) For systems monitoring more than once per year, compliance with the MCL is determined by a running annual average at each sampling point. (ii) Systems monitoring annually or less frequently whose sample result exceeds the MCL must begin quarterly sampling. The system will not be considered in violation of the MCL until it has completed one year of quarterly sampling. (iii) If any sample result will cause the running annual average to exceed the MCL [[Page 375]] at any sampling point, the system is out of compliance with the MCL immediately. (iv) If a system fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance will be based on the total number of samples collected. (v) If a sample result is less than the detection limit, zero will be used to calculate the annual average. * * * * * (22) All new systems or systems that use a new source of water that begin operation after January 22, 2004 must demonstrate compliance with the MCL within a period of time specified by the State. The system must also comply with the initial sampling frequencies specified by the State to ensure a system can demonstrate compliance with the MCL. Routine and increased monitoring frequencies shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements in this section. * * * * * (h) * * * (11)* * * If one sampling point is in violation of an MCL, the system is in violation of the MCL. (i) For systems monitoring more than once per year, compliance with the MCL is determined by a running annual average at each sampling point. (ii) Systems monitoring annually or less frequently whose sample result exceeds the regulatory detection level as defined by paragraph (h)(18) of this section must begin quarterly sampling. The system will not be considered in violation of the MCL until it has completed one year of quarterly sampling. (iii) If any sample result will cause the running annual average to exceed the MCL at any sampling point, the system is out of compliance with the MCL immediately. (iv) If a system fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance will be based on the total number of samples collected. (v) If a sample result is less than the detection limit, zero will be used to calculate the annual average. * * * * * (20) All new systems or systems that use a new source of water that begin operation after January 22, 2004 must demonstrate compliance with the MCL within a period of time specified by the State. The system must also comply with the initial sampling frequencies specified by the State to ensure a system can demonstrate compliance with the MCL. Routine and increased monitoring frequencies shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements in this section. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.25] [Page 375-378] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.25 Analytical methods for radioactivity. (a) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted to determine compliance with Secs. 141.15 and 141.16 (radioactivity) in accordance with the methods in the following table, or their equivalent determined by EPA in accordance with Sec. 141.27. [[Page 376]] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Reference (method or page number) Contaminant Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EPA\1\ EPA\2\ EPA\3\ EPA\4\ SM\5\ ASTM\6\ USGS\7\ DOE\8\ Other ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Naturally occurring: Gross alpha \11\ and beta..... Evaporation........ 900.0 p 1 00-01 p 1 302, 7110 B....... ................ R-1120-76 ............. ............. Gross alpha \11\.............. Co-precipitation... ...... ............. 00-02 ............. 7110 C............ ................ ................ ............. Radium 226.................. Radon emanation,... 903.1 p 16 Ra-04 p 19 7500-Ra C......... D 3454-91 R-1141-76 Ra-05 N.Y.\9\ Radio chemical..... 903.0 p 13 Ra-03 ............. 304, 305,......... D 2460-90 R-1140-76 ............. ............. 7500-Ra B......... Radium 228.................. Radio chemical..... 904.0 p 24 Ra-05 p 19 304, 7500-Ra D.... ................ R-1142-76 ............. N.Y.\9\ N.J.\10\ Uranium\12\................. Radio chemical..... 908.0 ............. ............. ............. 7500-U B.......... ................ ................ ............. ............. Fluorometric....... 908.1 ............. ............. ............. 7500-U C (17th D2907-91 R-1180-76 U-04 ............. Ed.). R-1181-76 Alpha spectro metry ...... ............. 00-07 p33 7500-U C (18th or D 3972-90 R-1182-76 U-02 ............. 19th Ed.). Laser Phospho ...... ............. ............. ............. .................. D 5174-91 ................ ............. ............. rimetry. Man-made: Radioactive cesium.......... Radio chemical..... 901.0 p 4 ............. ............. 7500-Cs B......... D 2459-72 R-1111-76 ............. ............. Gamma ray 901.1 ............. ............. p 92 7120 (19th Ed.)... D 3649-91 R-1110-76 4.5.2.3 ............. spectrometry. Radioactive iodine.......... Radio chemical..... 902.0 p 6 ............. ............. 7500-I B.......... D3649-91 ................ ............. ............. p 9 7500-I C.......... 7500-I D.......... Gamma ray 901.1 ............. ............. p 92 7120 (19th Ed.)... D 4785-88 ................ 4.5.2.3 spectrometry. Radioactive Strontium 89, 90 Radio chemical..... 905.0 p 29 Sr-04 p. 65 303, 7500-Sr B.... ................ R-1160-76 Sr-01 ............. Sr-02 Tritium..................... Liquid 906.0 p 34 H-02 p. 87 306, 7500-3H B.... D 4107-91 R-1171-76 ............. ............. scintillation. Gamma emitters................ Gamma ray.......... 901.1 ............. ............. p92 7120 (19th Ed.)... D 3649-91 R-1110-76 4.5.2.3 ............. Spectrometry....... 902.0 ............. ............. ............. 7500-Cs B......... D 4785-88 ................ ............. ............. ................. 901.0 ............. ............. ............. 7500-I B.......... ................ ................ ............. ............. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of documents 1 through 10 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. \1\ "Prescribed Procedures for Measurement of Radioactivity in Drinking Water", EPA 600/4-80-032 , August 1980. Available at U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 (Telephone 800-553-6847), PB 80-224744. \2\ "Interim Radiochemical Methodology for Drinking Water", EPA 600/4-75-008(revised), March 1976. Available at NTIS, ibid. PB 253258. \3\ "Radiochemistry Procedures Manual", EPA 520/5-84-006, December 1987. Available at NTIS, ibid. PB 84-215581. \4\ "Radiochemical Analytical Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Samples", March 1979. Available at NTIS, ibid. EMSL LV 053917. \5\ "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater", 13th, 17th, 18th, 19th Editions, 1971, 1989, 1992, 1995. Available at American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. All methods are in the 17th, 18th and 19th editions except 7500-U C Fluorometric Uranium was discontinued after the 17th Edition, 7120 Gamma Emitters is only in the 19th Edition, and 302, 303, 304, 305 and 306 are only in the 13th Edition. \6\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.02, 1994. Available at American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. \7\ "Methods for Determination of Radioactive Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments", Chapter A5 in Book 5 of Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, 1977. Available at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225-0425. \8\ "EML Procedures Manual", 27th Edition, Volume 1, 1990. Available at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 376 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014- 3621. [[Page 377]] \9\ "Determination of Ra-226 and Ra-228 (Ra-02)", January 1980, Revised June 1982. Available at Radiological Sciences Institute Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201. \10\ "Determination of Radium 228 in Drinking Water", August 1980. Available at State of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Environmental Quality, Bureau of Radiation and Inorganic Analytical Services, 9 Ewing Street, Trenton, NJ 08625. \11\ Natural uranium and thorium-230 are approved as gross alpha calibration standards for gross alpha with co-precipitation and evaporation methods; americium-241 is approved with co- precipitation methods. \12\ If uranium (U) is determined by mass, a 0.67 pCi/<greek-m>g of uranium conversion factor must be used. This conservative factor is based on the 1:1 activity ratio of U-234 to U-238 that is characteristic of naturally occurring uranium. [[Page 378]] (b) When the identification and measurement of radionuclides other than those listed in paragraph (a) of this section is required, the following references are to be used, except in cases where alternative methods have been approved in accordance with Sec. 141.27. (1) Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Aqueous Solutions, H. L. Krieger and S. Gold, EPA-R4-73-014. USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1973. (2) HASL Procedure Manual, Edited by John H. Harley. HASL 300, ERDA Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY., 1973. (c) For the purpose of monitoring radioactivity concentrations in drinking water, the required sensitivity of the radioanalysis is defined in terms of a detection limit. The detection limit shall be that concentration which can be counted with a precision of plus or minus 100 percent at the 95 percent confidence level (1.96<greek-s> where <greek-s> is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample). (1) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.15(a) the detection limit shall not exceed 1 pCi/1. To determine compliance with Sec. 141.15(b) the detection limit shall not exceed 3 pCi/1. (2) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.16 the detection limits shall not exceed the concentrations listed in Table B. Table B--Detection Limits for Man-made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Radionuclide Detection limit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tritium................................... 1,000 pCi/1. Strontium-89.............................. 10 pCi/1. Strontium-90.............................. 2 pCi/1. Iodine-131................................ 1 pCi/1. Cesium-134................................ 10 pCi/1. Gross beta................................ 4 pCi/1. Other radionuclides....................... \1/10\ of the applicable limit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) To judge compliance with the maximum contaminant levels listed in Secs. 141.15 and 141.16, averages of data shall be used and shall be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the maximum contaminant level for the substance in question. (e) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate enforcement action based upon analytical results or other information compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies. [41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 62 FR 10173, Mar. 5, 1997] Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.25 was amended by revising paragraphs (a) introductory text, (c)(1), (c)(2) introductory text, and (d), and by redesignating Table B in paragragh (c)(2) as Table C, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.25 Analytical methods for radioactivity. (a) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted to determine compliance with Sec. 141.66 (radioactivity) in accordance with the methods in the following table, or their equivalent determined by EPA in accordance with Sec. 141.27. * * * * * (c) * * * (1) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.66(b), (c), and (e) the detection limit shall not exceed the concentrations in Table B to this paragraph. Table B.--Detection Limits for Gross Alpha Particle Activity, Radium 226, Radium 228, and Uranium ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant Detection limit ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gross alpha particle activity.............. 3 pCi/L. Radium 226................................. 1 pCi/L. Radium 228................................. 1 pCi/L. Uranium.................................... Reserve ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.66(d) the detection limits shall not exceed the concentrations listed in Table C to this paragraph. * * * * * (d) To judge compliance with the maximum contaminant levels listed in Sec. 141.66, averages of data shall be used and shall be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the maximum contaminant level for the substance in question. * * * * * [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.26] [Page 378-383] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.26 Monitoring frequency for radioactivity in community water systems. (a) Monitoring requirements for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226 and radium-228. [[Page 379]] (1) Initial sampling to determine compliance with Sec. 141.15 shall begin within two years of the effective date of these regulations and the analysis shall be completed within three years of the effective date of these regulations. Compliance shall be based on the analysis of an annual composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or the average of the analyses of four samples obtained at quarterly intervals. (i) A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required radium-226 and radium-228 analysis Provided, That the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 pCi/1 at a confidence level of 95 percent (1.65<greek-s> where <greek-s> is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample). In localities where radium-228 may be present in drinking water, it is recommended that the State require radium-226 and/or radium-228 analyses when the gross alpha particle activity exceeds 2 pCi/1. (ii) When the gross alpha particle activity exceeds 5 pCi/1, the same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for radium-226. If the concentration of radium-226 exceeds 3 pCi/1 the same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for radium-228. (2) For the initial analysis required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section, data acquired within one year prior to the effective date of this part may be substituted at the discretion of the State. (3) Suppliers of water shall monitor at least once every four years following the procedure required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. At the discretion of the State, when an annual record taken in conformance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section has established that the average annual concentration is less than half the maximum contaminant levels established by Sec. 141.15, analysis of a single sample may be substituted for the quarterly sampling procedure required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (i) More frequent monitoring shall be conducted when ordered by the State in the vicinity of mining or other operations which may contribute alpha particle radioactivity to either surface or ground water sources of drinking water. (ii) A supplier of water shall monitor in conformance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section within one year of the introduction of a new water source for a community water system. More frequent monitoring shall be conducted when ordered by the State in the event of possible contamination or when changes in the distribution system or treatment processing occur which may increase the concentration of radioactivity in finished water. (iii) A community water system using two or more sources having different concentrations of radioactivity shall monitor source water, in addition to water from a free-flowing tap, when ordered by the State. (iv) Monitoring for compliance with Sec. 141.15 after the initial period need not include radium-228 except when required by the State, Provided, That the average annual concentration of radium-228 has been assayed at least once using the quarterly sampling procedure required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (v) Suppliers of water shall conduct annual monitoring of any community water system in which the radium-226 concentration exceeds 3 pCi/1, when ordered by the State. (4) If the average annual maximum contaminant level for gross alpha particle activity or total radium as set forth in Sec. 141.15 is exceeded, the supplier of a community water system shall give notice to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and notify the public as required by subpart Q. Monitoring at quarterly intervals shall be continued until the annual average concentration no longer exceeds the maximum contaminant level or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective. (b) Monitoring requirements for manmade radioactivity in community water systems. (1) Within two years of the effective date of this part, systems using surface water sources and serving more than 100,000 persons and such other community water systems as are designated by the State shall be monitored for compliance with Sec. 141.16 by analysis of [[Page 380]] a composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. Compliance with Sec. 141.16 may be assumed without further analysis if the average annual concentration of gross beta particle activity is less than 50 pCi/1 and if the average annual concentrations of tritium and strontium-90 are less than those listed in table A, Provided, That if both radionuclides are present the sum of their annual dose equivalents to bone marrow shall not exceed 4 millirem/year. (i) If the gross beta particle activity exceeds 50 pCi/1, an analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents present and the appropriate organ and total body doses shall be calculated to determine compliance with Sec. 141.16. (ii) Suppliers of water shall conduct additional monitoring, as ordered by the State, to determine the concentration of man-made radioactivity in principal watersheds designated by the State. (iii) At the discretion of the State, suppliers of water utilizing only ground waters may be required to monitor for man-made radioactivity. (2) For the initial analysis required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section data acquired within one year prior to the effective date of this part may be substituted at the discretion of the State. (3) After the initial analysis required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section suppliers of water shall monitor at least every four years following the procedure given in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (4) Within two years of the effective date of these regulations the supplier of any community water system designated by the State as utilizing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities shall initiate quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle and iodine-131 radioactivity and annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium. (i) Quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle activity shall be based on the analysis of monthly samples or the analysis of a composite of three monthly samples. The former is recommended. If the gross beta particle activity in a sample exceeds 15 pCi/1, the same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for strontium-89 and cesium-134. If the gross beta particle activity exceeds 50 pCi/1, an analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents present and the appropriate organ and total body doses shall be calculated to determine compliance with Sec. 141.16. (ii) For iodine-131, a composite of five consecutive daily samples shall be analyzed once each quarter. As ordered by the State, more frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in the finished water. (iii) Annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be conducted by means of the analysis of a composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. The latter procedure is recommended. (iv) The State may allow the substitution of environmental surveillance data taken in conjunction with a nuclear facility for direct monitoring of manmade radioactivity by the supplier of water where the State determines such data is applicable to a particular community water system. (5) If the average annual maximum contaminant level for man-made radioactivity set forth in Sec. 141.16 is exceeded, the operator of a community water system shall give notice to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and to the public as required by subpart Q. Monitoring at monthly intervals shall be continued until the concentration no longer exceeds the maximum contaminant level or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective. [41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76745, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.26 was revised, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.26 Monitoring frequency and compliance requirements for radionuclides in community water systems (a) Monitoring and compliance requirements for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, and uranium. (1) Community water systems (CWSs) must conduct initial monitoring to determine [[Page 381]] compliance with Sec. 141.66(b), (c), and (e) by December 31, 2007. For the purposes of monitoring for gross alpha particle activity, radium- 226, radium-228, uranium, and beta particle and photon radioactivity in drinking water, "detection limit" is defined as in Sec. 141.25(c). (i) Applicability and sampling location for existing community water systems or sources. All existing CWSs using ground water, surface water or systems using both ground and surface water (for the purpose of this section hereafter referred to as systems) must sample at every entry point to the distribution system that is representative of all sources being used (hereafter called a sampling point) under normal operating conditions. The system must take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or the State has designated a distribution system location, in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(C) of this section. (ii) Applicability and sampling location for new community water systems or sources. All new CWSs or CWSs that use a new source of water must begin to conduct initial monitoring for the new source within the first quarter after initiating use of the source. CWSs must conduct more frequent monitoring when ordered by the State in the event of possible contamination or when changes in the distribution system or treatment processes occur which may increase the concentration of radioactivity in finished water. (2) Initial monitoring: Systems must conduct initial monitoring for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, and uranium as follows: (i) Systems without acceptable historical data, as defined below, must collect four consecutive quarterly samples at all sampling points before December 31, 2007. (ii) Grandfathering of data: States may allow historical monitoring data collected at a sampling point to satisfy the initial monitoring requirements for that sampling point, for the following situations. (A) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community water system having only one entry point to the distribution system may use the monitoring data from the last compliance monitoring period that began between June 2000 and December 8, 2003. (B) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community water system with multiple entry points and having appropriate historical monitoring data for each entry point to the distribution system may use the monitoring data from the last compliance monitoring period that began between June 2000 and December 8, 2003. (C) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community water system with appropriate historical data for a representative point in the distribution system may use the monitoring data from the last compliance monitoring period that began between June 2000 and December 8, 2003, provided that the State finds that the historical data satisfactorily demonstrate that each entry point to the distribution system is expected to be in compliance based upon the historical data and reasonable assumptions about the variability of contaminant levels between entry points. The State must make a written finding indicating how the data conforms to the these requirements. (iii) For gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226, and radium-228 monitoring, the State may waive the final two quarters of initial monitoring for a sampling point if the results of the samples from the previous two quarters are below the detection limit. (iv) If the average of the initial monitoring results for a sampling point is above the MCL, the system must collect and analyze quarterly samples at that sampling point until the system has results from four consecutive quarters that are at or below the MCL, unless the system enters into another schedule as part of a formal compliance agreement with the State. (3) Reduced monitoring: States may allow community water systems to reduce the future frequency of monitoring from once every three years to once every six or nine years at each sampling point, based on the following criteria. (i) If the average of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant (i.e., gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226, or radium-228) is below the detection limit specified in Table B, in Sec. 141.25(c)(1), the system must collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that sampling point every nine years. (ii) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the average of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant is at or above the detection limit but at or below \1/2\ the MCL, the system must collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that sampling point every six years. For combined radium-226 and radium- 228, the analytical results must be combined. If the average of the combined initial monitoring results for radium-226 and radium-228 is at or above the detection limit but at or below \1/2\ the MCL, the system must collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that sampling point every six years. (iii) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the average of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant is above \1/2\ the MCL but at or below the MCL, the system must collect and analyze at least one sample at that sampling point every three years. For combined radium-226 and radium- [[Page 382]] 228, the analytical results must be combined. If the average of the combined initial monitoring results for radium-226 and radium-228 is above \1/2\ the MCL but at or below the MCL, the system must collect and analyze at least one sample at that sampling point every three years. (iv) Systems must use the samples collected during the reduced monitoring period to determine the monitoring frequency for subsequent monitoring periods (e.g., if a system's sampling point is on a nine year monitoring period, and the sample result is above \1/2\ MCL, then the next monitoring period for that sampling point is three years). (v) If a system has a monitoring result that exceeds the MCL while on reduced monitoring, the system must collect and analyze quarterly samples at that sampling point until the system has results from four consecutive quarters that are below the MCL, unless the system enters into another schedule as part of a formal compliance agreement with the State. (4) Compositing: To fulfill quarterly monitoring requirements for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, or uranium, a system may composite up to four consecutive quarterly samples from a single entry point if analysis is done within a year of the first sample. States will treat analytical results from the composited as the average analytical result to determine compliance with the MCLs and the future monitoring frequency. If the analytical result from the composited sample is greater than \1/2\ MCL, the State may direct the system to take additional quarterly samples before allowing the system to sample under a reduced monitoring schedule. (5) A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required radium-226 measurement provided that the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 pCi/l. A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required uranium measurement provided that the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 15 pCi/l. The gross alpha measurement shall have a confidence interval of 95% (1.65<greek-s>, where <greek-s> is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample) for radium- 226 and uranium. When a system uses a gross alpha particle activity measurement in lieu of a radium-226 and/or uranium measurement, the gross alpha particle activity analytical result will be used to determine the future monitoring frequency for radium-226 and/or uranium. If the gross alpha particle activity result is less than detection, \1/ 2\ the detection limit will be used to determine compliance and the future monitoring frequency. (b) Monitoring and compliance requirements for beta particle and photon radioactivity.To determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels in Sec. 141.66(d) for beta particle and photon radioactivity, a system must monitor at a frequency as follows: (1) Community water systems (both surface and ground water) designated by the State as vulnerable must sample for beta particle and photon radioactivity. Systems must collect quarterly samples for beta emitters and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at each entry point to the distribution system (hereafter called a sampling point), beginning within one quarter after being notified by the State. Systems already designated by the State must continue to sample until the State reviews and either reaffirms or removes the designation. (i) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at a sampling point has a running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 50 pCi/L (screening level), the State may reduce the frequency of monitoring at that sampling point to once every 3 years. Systems must collect all samples required in paragraph (b)(1) of this section during the reduced monitoring period. (ii) For systems in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the State may allow the CWS to utilize environmental surveillance data collected by the nuclear facility in lieu of monitoring at the system's entry point(s), where the State determines if such data is applicable to a particular water system. In the event that there is a release from a nuclear facility, systems which are using surveillance data must begin monitoring at the community water system's entry point(s) in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (2) Community water systems (both surface and ground water) designated by the State as utilizing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities must sample for beta particle and photon radioactivity. Systems must collect quarterly samples for beta emitters and iodine-131 and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at each entry point to the distribution system (hereafter called a sampling point), beginning within one quarter after being notified by the State. Systems already designated by the State as systems using waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities must continue to sample until the State reviews and either reaffirms or removes the designation. (i) Quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle activity shall be based on the analysis of monthly samples or the analysis of a composite of three monthly samples. The former is recommended. (ii) For iodine-131, a composite of five consecutive daily samples shall be analyzed once each quarter. As ordered by the State, more frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in the finished water. [[Page 383]] (iii) Annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be conducted by means of the analysis of a composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. The latter procedure is recommended. (iv) If the gross beta particle activity beta minus the naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at a sampling point has a running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 15 pCi/L, the State may reduce the frequency of monitoring at that sampling point to every 3 years. Systems must collect all samples required in paragraph (b)(2) of this section during the reduced monitoring period. (v) For systems in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the State may allow the CWS to utilize environmental surveillance data collected by the nuclear facility in lieu of monitoring at the system's entry point(s), where the State determines if such data is applicable to a particular water system. In the event that there is a release from a nuclear facility, systems which are using surveillance data must begin monitoring at the community water system's entry point(s) in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this section. (3) Community water systems designated by the State to monitor for beta particle and photon radioactivity can not apply to the State for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in paragraph (b)(1) or (b)(2) of this section. (4) Community water systems may analyze for naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity from the same or equivalent sample used for the gross beta particle activity analysis. Systems are allowed to subtract the potassium-40 beta particle activity value from the total gross beta particle activity value to determine if the screening level is exceeded. The potassium-40 beta particle activity must be calculated by multiplying elemental potassium concentrations (in mg/L) by a factor of 0.82. (5) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity exceeds the screening level, an analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents present in the sample and the appropriate doses must be calculated and summed to determine compliance with Sec. 141.66(d)(1), using the formula in Sec. 141.66(d)(2). Doses must also be calculated and combined for measured levels of tritium and strontium to determine compliance. (6) Systems must monitor monthly at the sampling point(s) which exceed the maximum contaminant level in Sec. 141.66(d) beginning the month after the exceedance occurs. Systems must continue monthly monitoring until the system has established, by a rolling average of 3 monthly samples, that the MCL is being met. Systems who establish that the MCL is being met must return to quarterly monitoring until they meet the requirements set forth in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) or (b)(2)(i) of this section. (c) General monitoring and compliance requirements for radionuclides. (1) The State may require more frequent monitoring than specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, or may require confirmation samples at its discretion. The results of the initial and confirmation samples will be averaged for use in compliance determinations. (2) Each public water systems shall monitor at the time designated by the State during each compliance period. (3) Compliance: Compliance with Sec. 141.66 (b) through (e) will be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each sampling point. If one sampling point is in violation of an MCL, the system is in violation of the MCL. (i) For systems monitoring more than once per year, compliance with the MCL is determined by a running annual average at each sampling point. If the average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of compliance with the MCL. (ii) For systems monitoring more than once per year, if any sample result will cause the running average to exceed the MCL at any sample point, the system is out of compliance with the MCL immediately. (iii) Systems must include all samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of this section in determining compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required. (iv) If a system does not collect all required samples when compliance is based on a running annual average of quarterly samples, compliance will be based on the running average of the samples collected. (v) If a sample result is less than the detection limit, zero will be used to calculate the annual average, unless a gross alpha particle activity is being used in lieu of radium-226 and/or uranium. If the gross alpha particle activity result is less than detection, \1/2\ the detection limit will be used to calculate the annual average. (4) States have the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling or analytic errors. (5) If the MCL for radioactivity set forth in Sec. 141.66 (b) through (e) is exceeded, the operator of a community water system must give notice to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and to the public as required by subpart Q of this part. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.27] [Page 383-384] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.27 Alternate analytical techniques. (a) With the written permission of the State, concurred in by the Administrator of the U.S. EPA, an alternate [[Page 384]] analytical technique may be employed. An alternate technique shall be accepted only if it is substantially equivalent to the prescribed test in both precision and accuracy as it relates to the determination of compliance with any MCL. The use of the alternate analytical technique shall not decrease the frequency of monitoring required by this part. [45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.28] [Page 384] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.28 Certified laboratories. (a) For the purpose of determining compliance with Secs. 141.21 through 141.27, 141.30, 141.40, 141.74 and 141.89, samples may be considered only if they have been analyzed by a laboratory certified by the State except that measurements for alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, disinfectant residual, orthophosphate, pH, silica, temperature and turbidity may be performed by any person acceptable to the State. (b) Nothing in this part shall be construed to preclude the State or any duly designated representative of the State from taking samples or from using the results from such samples to determine compliance by a supplier of water with the applicable requirements of this part. [45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10999, Mar. 12, 1982, as amended at 59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 64 FR 67465, Dec. 1, 1999] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.29] [Page 384] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.29 Monitoring of consecutive public water systems. When a public water system supplies water to one or more other public water systems, the State may modify the monitoring requirements imposed by this part to the extent that the interconnection of the systems justifies treating them as a single system for monitoring purposes. Any modified monitoring shall be conducted pursuant to a schedule specified by the State and concurred in by the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.30] [Page 384-387] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements Sec. 141.30 Total trihalomethanes sampling, analytical and other requirements. (a) Community water system which serve a population of 10,000 or more individuals and which add a disinfectant (oxidant) to the water in any part of the drinking water treatment process shall analyze for total trihalomethanes in accordance with this section. For systems serving 75,000 or more individuals, sampling and analyses shall begin not later than 1 year after the date of promulgation of this regulation. For systems serving 10,000 to 74,999 individuals, sampling and analyses shall begin not later than 3 years after the date of promulgation of this regulation. For the purpose of this section, the minimum number of samples required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number of treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells drawing raw water from a single aquifer may, with the State approval, be considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples. All samples taken within an established frequency shall be collected within a 24-hour period. (b)(1) For all community water systems utilizing surface water sources in whole or in part, and for all community water systems utilizing only ground water sources that have not been determined by the State to qualify for the monitoring requirements of paragraph (c) of this section, analyses for total trihalomethanes shall be performed at quarterly intervals on at least four water samples for each treatment plant used by the system. At least 25 percent of the samples shall be taken at locations within the distribution system reflecting the maximum residence time of the water in the system. The remaining 75 percent shall be taken at representative locations in the distribution system, taking into account number of persons served, different sources of water and different treatment methods employed. The results of all analyses per quarter shall be arithmetically averaged and reported to the State within 30 days of the system's receipt of such results. Results shall also be reported to EPA until such monitoring requirements have been adopted by the State. All samples collected shall be used in the computation of the average, unless the analytical results are invalidated for technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be conducted in accordance with the methods listed in paragraph (e) of this section. [[Page 385]] (2) Upon the written request of a community water system, the monitoring frequency required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be reduced by the State to a minimum of one sample analyzed for TTHMs per quarter taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting the maximum residence time of the water in the system, upon a written determination by the State that the data from at least 1 year of monitoring in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and local conditions demonstrate that total trihalomethane concentrations will be consistently below the maximum contaminant level. (3) If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency prescribed under this paragraph applies, the results from any analysis exceed 0.10 mg/l of TTHMs and such results are confirmed by at least one check sample taken promptly after such results are received, or if the system makes any significant change to its source of water or treatment program, the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, which monitoring shall continue for at least 1 year before the frequency may be reduced again. At the option of the State, a system's monitoring frequency may and should be increased above the minimum in those cases where it is necessary to detect variations of TTHM levels within the distribution system. (c)(1) Upon written request to the State, a community water system utilizing only ground water sources may seek to have the monitoring frequency required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section reduced to a minimum of one sample for maximum TTHM potential per year for each treatment plant used by the system taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system. The system shall submit the results of at least one sample for maximum TTHM potential using the procedure specified in paragraph (g) of this section. A sample must be analyzed from each treatment plant used by the system and be taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting the maximum residence time of the water in the system. The system's monitoring frequency may only be reduced upon a written determination by the State that, based upon the data submitted by the system, the system has a maximum TTHM potential of less than 0.10 mg/l and that, based upon an assessment of the local conditions of the system, the system is not likely to approach or exceed the maximum contaminant level for total TTHMs. The results of all analyses shall be reported to the State within 30 days of the system's receipt of such results. Results shall also be reported to EPA until such monitoring requirements have been adopted by the State. All samples collected shall be used for determining whether the system must comply with the monitoring requirements of paragraph (b) of this section, unless the analytical results are invalidated for technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be conducted in accordance with the methods listed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency prescribed under paragraph (c)(1) of this section applies, the results from any analysis taken by the system for maximum TTHM potential are equal to or greater than 0.10 mg/l, and such results are confirmed by at least one check sample taken promptly after such results are received, the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section and such monitoring shall continue for at least one year before the frequency may be reduced again. In the event of any significant change to the system's raw water or treatment program, the system shall immediately analyze an additional sample for maximum TTHM potential taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system for the purpose of determining whether the system must comply with the monitoring requirements of paragraph (b) of this section. At the option of the State, monitoring frequencies may and should be increased above the minimum in those cases where this is necessary to detect variation of TTHM levels within the distribution system. (d) Compliance with Sec. 141.12 shall be determined based on a running annual [[Page 386]] average of quarterly samples collected by the system as prescribed in paragraph (b)(1) or (2) of this section. If the average of samples covering any 12 month period exceeds the Maximum Contaminant Level, the supplier of water shall report to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and notify the public pursuant to subpart Q. Monitoring after public notification shall be at a frequency designated by the State and shall continue until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective. (e) Sampling and analyses made pursuant to this section shall be conducted by one of the total trihalomethanes methods as directed in Sec. 141.24(e), and the Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA- 600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available from NTIS, PB-104766, or in Sec. 141.131(b). Samples for TTHM shall be dechlorinated upon collection to prevent further production of trihalomethanes, according to the procedures described in the methods, except acidification is not required if only THMs or TTHMs are to be determined. Samples for maximum TTHM potential should not be dechlorinated or acidified, and should be held for seven days at 25 deg.C (or above) prior to analysis. (f) Before a community water system makes any significant modifications to its existing treatment process for the purposes of achieving compliance with Sec. 141.12, such system must submit and obtain State approval of a detailed plan setting forth its proposed modification and those safeguards that it will implement to ensure that the bacteriological quality of the drinking water served by such system will not be adversely affected by such modification. Each system shall comply with the provisions set forth in the State-approved plan. At a minimum, a State approved plan shall require the system modifying its disinfection practice to: (1) Evaluate the water system for sanitary defects and evaluate the source water for biological quality; (2) Evaluate its existing treatment practices and consider improvements that will minimize disinfectant demand and optimize finished water quality throughout the distribution system; (3) Provide baseline water quality survey data of the distribution system. Such data should include the results from monitoring for coliform and fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, standard plate counts at 35 deg.C and 20 deg.C, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen and total organic carbon. Virus studies should be required where source waters are heavily contaminated with sewage effluent; (4) Conduct additional monitoring to assure continued maintenance of optimal biological quality in finished water, for example, when chloramines are introduced as disinfectants or when pre-chlorination is being discontinued. Additional monitoring should also be required by the State for chlorate, chlorite and chlorine dioxide when chlorine dioxide is used. Standard plate count analyses should also be required by the State as appropriate before and after any modifications; (5) Consider inclusion in the plan of provisions to maintain an active disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system at all times during and after the modification. (g) The water sample for determination of maximum total trihalomethane potential is taken from a point in the distribution system that reflects maximum residence time. Procedures for sample collection and handling are given in the methods. No reducing agent is added to "quench" the chemical reaction producing THMs at the time of sample collection. The intent is to permit the level of THM precursors to be depleted and the concentration of THMs to be maximized for the supply being tested. Four experimental parameters affecting maximum THM production are pH, temperature, reaction time and the presence of a disinfectant residual. These parameters are dealt with as follows: Measure the disinfectant residual at the selected sampling point. Proceed only if a measurable disinfectant residual is present. Collect triplicate 40 ml water samples at the pH prevailing at the time of sampling, and prepare a method blank according to the methods. Seal and store these samples together for seven days at 25 deg.C or above. After this time period, [[Page 387]] open one of the sample containers and check for disinfectant residual. Absence of a disinfectant residual invalidates the sample for further analysis. Once a disinfectant residual has been demonstrated, open another of the sealed samples and determine total THM concentration using an approved analytical method. (h) The requirements in paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section apply to subpart H community water systems which serve a population of 10,000 or more until December 31, 2001. The requirements in paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section apply to community water systems which use only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water that add a disinfectant (oxidant) in any part of the treatment process and serve a population of 10,000 or more until December 31, 2003. After December 31, 2003, this section is no longer applicable. [44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979, as amended at 45 FR 15545, 15547, Mar. 11, 1980; 58 FR 41345, Aug. 3, 1993; 59 FR 62469, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34085, June 29, 1995; 63 FR 69464, Dec. 16, 1998; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000; 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.31] [Page 387] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping Sec. 141.31 Reporting requirements. (a) Except where a shorter period is specified in this part, the supplier of water shall report to the State the results of any test measurement or analysis required by this part within (1) The first ten days following the month in which the result is received, or (2) the first ten days following the end of the required monitoring period as stipulated by the State, whichever of these is shortest. (b) Except where a different reporting period is specified in this part, the supplier of water must report to the State within 48 hours the failure to comply with any national primary drinking water regulation (including failure to comply with monitoring requirements) set forth in this part. (c) The supplier of water is not required to report analytical results to the State in cases where a State laboratory performs the analysis and reports the results to the State office which would normally receive such notification from the supplier. (d) The public water system, within 10 days of completing the public notification requirements under Subpart Q of this part for the initial public notice and any repeat notices, must submit to the primacy agency a certification that it has fully complied with the public notification regulations. The public water system must include with this certification a representative copy of each type of notice distributed, published, posted, and made available to the persons served by the system and to the media. (e) The water supply system shall submit to the State within the time stated in the request copies of any records required to be maintained under Sec. 141.33 hereof or copies of any documents then in existence which the State or the Administrator is entitled to inspect pursuant to the authority of section 1445 of the Safe Drinking Water Act or the equivalent provisions of State law. [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.32] [Page 387-409] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping Sec. 141.32 Public notification. The requirements in this section apply until the requirements of Subpart Q of this part are applicable. Public water systems where EPA directly implements the public water system supervision program must comply with the requirements in Subpart Q of this part on October 31, 2000. All other public water systems must comply with the requirements in Subpart Q of this part on May 6, 2002 or on the date the State- adopted rule becomes effective, whichever comes first. (a) Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs). The owner or operator of a public water system which fails to comply with an applicable MCL or treatment technique established by this part or which fails to comply with the requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to a variance or exemption, shall notify persons served by the system as follows: [[Page 388]] (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the owner or operator of a public water system must give notice: (i) By publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in the area served by the system as soon as possible, but in no case later than 14 days after the violation or failure. If the area served by a public water system is not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice shall instead be given by publication in a weekly newspaper of general circulation serving the area; and (ii) By mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill), or by hand delivery, not later than 45 days after the violation or failure. The State may waive mail or hand delivery if it determines that the owner or operator of the public water system in violation has corrected the violation or failure within the 45-day period. The State must make the waiver in writing and within the 45-day period; and (iii) For violations of the MCLs of contaminants or MRDLs of disinfectants that may pose an acute risk to human health, by furnishing a copy of the notice to the radio and television stations serving the area served by the public water system as soon as possible but in no case later than 72 hours after the violation. The following violations are acute violations: (A) Any violations specified by the State as posing an acute risk to human health. (B) Violation of the MCL for nitrate or nitrite as defined in Sec. 141.62 and determined according to Sec. 141.23(i)(3). (C) Violation of the MCL for total coliforms, when fecal coliforms or E. coli are present in the water distribution system, as specified in Sec. 141.63(b). (D) Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak, as defined in Sec. 141.2, in an unfiltered system subject to the requirements of subpart H of this part, after December 30, 1991 (see Sec. 141.71(b)(4)). (E) Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide as defined in Sec. 141.65 and determined according to Sec. 141.133(c)(2). (2) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, following the initial notice given under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the owner or operator of the public water system must give notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the violation or failure exists. (3)(i) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section, the owner or operator of a community water system in an area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general circulation must give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Notice by hand delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than 72 hours after the violation or failure for acute violations (as defined in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section), or 14 days after the violation or failure (for any other violation). Posting must continue for as long as the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three months for as long as the violation or failure exists. (ii) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section, the owner or operator of a non-community water system may give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Notice by hand delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than 72 hours after the violation or failure for acute violations (as defined in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section), or 14 days after the violation or failure (for any other violation). Posting must continue for as long as the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three months for as long as the violation or failure exists. (b) Other violations, variances, exemptions. The owner or operator of a public water system which fails to perform monitoring required by section 1445(a) of the Act (including monitoring required by the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) of this part), fails to comply with a testing procedure established by this part, is subject to a variance granted under section 1415(a)(1)(A) or 1415(a)(2) of the Act, or is subject to an exemption [[Page 389]] under section 1416 of the Act, shall notify persons served by the system as follows: (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this section, the owner or operator of a public water system must give notice within three months of the violation or granting of a variance or exemption by publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in the area served by the system. If the area served by a public water system is not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice shall instead be given by publication in a weekly newspaper of general circulation serving the area. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this section, following the initial notice given under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the owner or operator of the public water system must give notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the violation exists. Repeat notice of the existence of a variance or exemption must be given every three months for as long as the variance or exemption remains in effect. (3)(i) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this section, the owner or operator of a community water system in an area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general circulation must give notice, within three months of the violation or granting of the variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places with the area served by the system. Posting must continue for as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three months for as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect. (ii) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this section, the owner or operator of a non-community water system may give notice, within three months of the violation or the granting of the variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Posting must continue for as long as the violation exists, or a variance or exemption remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three months for as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect. (4) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2), and (b)(3) of this section, the owner or operator of a public water system, at the discretion of the State, may provide less frequent notice for minor monitoring violations as defined by the State, if EPA has approved the State's application for a program revision under Sec. 142.16. Notice of such violations must be given no less frequently than annually. (c) Notice to new billing units. The owner or operator of a community water system must give a copy of the most recent public notice for any outstanding violation of any maximum contaminant level, or any maximum residual disinfectant level, or any treatment technique requirement, or any variance or exemption schedule to all new billing units or new hookups prior to or at the time service begins. (d) General content of public notice. Each notice required by this section must provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation, any potential adverse health effects, the population at risk, the steps that the public water system is taking to correct such violation, the necessity for seeking alternative water supplies, if any, and any preventive measures the consumer should take until the violation is corrected. Each notice shall be conspicuous and shall not contain unduly technical language, unduly small print, or similar problems that frustrate the purpose of the notice. Each notice shall include the telephone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the public water system as a source of additional information concerning the notice. Where appropriate, the notice shall be multi-lingual. (e) Mandatory health effects language. When providing the information on potential adverse health effects required by paragraph (d) of this section in notices of violations of maximum contaminant levels or treatment technique requirements, or notices of the granting or the continued existence of exemptions or variances, or notices of [[Page 390]] failure to comply with a variance or exemption schedule, the owner or operator of a public water system shall include the language specified below for each contaminant. (If language for a particular contaminant is not specified below at the time notice is required, this paragraph does not apply.) (1) Trichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that trichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is a common metal cleaning and dry cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set forth the enforceable drinking water standard for trichloroethylene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (2) Carbon tetrachloride. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbon tetrachloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical was once a popular household cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for carbon tetrachloride at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (3) 1,2-Dichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2- dichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaning fluid for fats, oils, waxes, and resins. It generally gets into drinking water from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (4) Vinyl chloride. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that vinyl chloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of cancer among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard [[Page 391]] for vinyl chloride at 0.002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (5) Benzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a solvent and degreaser of metals. It is also a major component of gasoline. Drinking water contamination generally results from leaking undergound gasoline and petroleum tanks or improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of leukemia among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for benzene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (6) 1,1-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1- dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,1-dichloroethylene at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (7) Para-dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that para- dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is a component of deodorizers, moth balls, and pesticides. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for para-dichlorobenzene at 0.075 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (8) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during [[Page 392]] their working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system. Chemicals which cause adverse effects among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (9) Fluoride. [Note: EPA is not specifying language that must be included in a public notice for a violation of the fluoride maximum contaminant level in this section because Sec. 143.5 of this part includes the necessary information. See paragraph (f) of this section.] (10) Microbiological contaminants (for use when there is a violation of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection in subpart H or subpart P of this part). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of microbiological contaminants are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. If water is inadequately treated, microbiological contaminants in that water may cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set enforceable requirements for treating drinking water to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Treatment such as filtering and disinfecting the water removes or destroys microbiological contaminants. Drinking water which is treated to meet EPA requirements is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe. (11) Total coliforms (To be used when there is a violation of Sec. 141.63(a), and not a violation of Sec. 141.63(b)). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of total coliforms is a possible health concern. Total coliforms are common in the environment and are generally not harmful themselves. The presence of these bacteria in drinking water, however, generally is a result of a problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water, and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable drinking water standard for total coliforms to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard, no more than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during a month can contain these bacteria, except that systems collecting fewer than 40 samples/month that have one total coliform-positive sample per month are not violating the standard. Drinking water which meets this standard is usually not associated with a health risk from disease-causing bacteria and should be considered safe. (12) Fecal Coliforms/E. coli (To be used when there is a violation of Sec. 141.63(b) or both Sec. 141.63 (a) and (b)). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of fecal coliforms or E. coli is a serious health concern. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are generally not harmful themselves, but their presence in drinking water is serious because they usually are associated with sewage or animal wastes. The presence of these bacteria in drinking water is generally a result of a problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water, and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms [[Page 393]] in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable drinking water standard for fecal coliforms and E. coli to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard all drinking water samples must be free of these bacteria. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little or none of this risk and should be considered safe. State and local health authorities recommend that consumers take the following precautions: [To be inserted by the public water system, according to instructions from State or local authorities]. (13) Lead. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lead is a health concern at certain exposure levels. Materials that contain lead have frequently been used in the construction of water supply distribution systems, and plumbing systems in private homes and other buildings. The most commonly found materials include service lines, pipes, brass and bronze fixtures, and solders and fluxes. Lead in these materials can contaminate drinking water as a result of the corrosion that takes place when water comes into contact with those materials. Lead can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans. At relatively low levels of exposure, these effects may include interference with red blood cell chemistry, delays in normal physical and mental development in babies and young children, slight deficits in the attention span, hearing, and learning abilities of children, and slight increases in the blood pressure of some adults. EPA's national primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to optimize corrosion control to minimize lead contamination resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer that have lead concentrations below 15 parts per billion (ppb) in more than 90% of tap water samples (the EPA "action level") have optimized their corrosion control treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove lead in source water is needed. Any water system that continues to exceed the action level after installation of corrosion control and/or source water treatment must eventually replace all lead service lines contributing in excess of 15 (ppb) of lead to drinking water. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also undertake a public education program to inform consumers of ways they can reduce their exposure to potentially high levels of lead in drinking water. (14) Copper. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that copper is a health concern at certain exposure levels. Copper, a reddish-brown metal, is often used to plumb residential and commercial structures that are connected to water distribution systems. Copper contaminating drinking water as a corrosion byproduct occurs as the result of the corrosion of copper pipes that remain in contact with water for a prolonged period of time. Copper is an essential nutrient, but at high doses it has been shown to cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage, and anemia. Persons with Wilson's disease may be at a higher risk of health effects due to copper than the general public. EPA's national primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to install optimal corrosion control to minimize copper contamination resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer that have copper concentrations below 1.3 parts per million (ppm) in more than 90% of tap water samples (the EPA "action level") are not required to install or improve their treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove copper in source water is needed. (15) Asbestos. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that asbestos fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral. Most asbestos fibers in [[Page 394]] drinking water are less than 10 micrometers in length and occur in drinking water from natural sources and from corroded asbestos-cement pipes in the distribution system. The major uses of asbestos were in the production of cements, floor tiles, paper products, paint, and caulking; in transportation-related applications; and in the production of textiles and plastics. Asbestos was once a popular insulating and fire retardent material. Inhalation studies have shown that various forms of asbestos have produced lung tumors in laboratory animals. The available information on the risk of developing gastrointestinal tract cancer associated with the ingestion of asbestos from drinking water is limited. Ingestion of intermediate-range chrysotile asbestos fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length is associated with causing benign tumors in male rats. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for asbestos at 7 million long fibers per liter to reduce the potential risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to asbestos. (16) Barium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that barium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in some aquifers that serve as sources of ground water. It is also used in oil and gas drilling muds, automotive paints, bricks, tiles and jet fuels. It generally gets into drinking water after dissolving from naturally occurring minerals in the ground. This chemical may damage the heart and cardiovascular system, and is associated with high blood pressure in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. In humans, EPA believes that effects from barium on blood pressure should not occur below 2 parts per million (ppm) in drinking water. EPA has set the drinking water standard for barium at 2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to barium. (17) Cadmium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cadmium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Food and the smoking of tobacco are common sources of general exposure. This inorganic metal is a contaminant in the metals used to galvanize pipe. It generally gets into water by corrosion of galvanized pipes or by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney in animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the kidney. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cadmium at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cadmium. (18) Chromium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chromium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in the ground and is often used in the electroplating of metals. It generally gets into water from runoff from old mining operations and improper waste disposal from plating operations. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels. Some humans who were exposed to high levels of this chemical suffered liver and kidney damage, dermatitis and respiratory problems. EPA has set the drinking water standard for chromium at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and [[Page 395]] is considered safe with respect to chromium. (19) Mercury. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that mercury is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is used in electrical equipment and some water pumps. It usually gets into water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney of laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for mercury at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to mercury. (20) Nitrate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrate poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. Nitrate is used in fertilizer and is found in sewage and wastes from human and/or farm animals and generally gets into drinking water from those activities. Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrate is converted to nitrite in the body. Nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child's blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly in infants. In most cases, health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and State health authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 10 parts per million (ppm) for nitrate to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrite at 1 ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity of nitrate and nitrite are additive, EPA has also established a standard for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrate. (21) Nitrite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrite poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in fertilizers and is found in sewage and wastes from humans and/or farm animals and generally gets into drinking water as a result of those activities. While excessive levels of nitrite in drinking water have not been observed, other sources of nitrite have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child's blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly. However, in most cases, health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and State health authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water standard at 1 part per million (ppm) for nitrite to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrate (converted to nitrite in humans) at 10 ppm and for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrite. (22) Selenium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that selenium is a health [[Page 396]] concern at certain high levels of exposure. Selenium is also an essential nutrient at low levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is found naturally in food and soils and is used in electronics, photocopy operations, the manufacture of glass, chemicals, drugs, and as a fungicide and a feed additive. In humans, exposure to high levels of selenium over a long period of time has resulted in a number of adverse health effects, including a loss of feeling and control in the arms and legs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for selenium at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to selenium. (23) Acrylamide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that acrylamide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from acrylamide are sometimes used to treat water supplies to remove particulate contaminants. Acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. Sufficiently large doses of acrylamide are known to cause neurological injury. EPA has set the drinking water standard for acrylamide using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of acrylamide in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to acrylamide. (24) Alachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that alachlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, alachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for alachlor at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to alachlor. (25) Aldicarb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb may leach into ground water after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb. (26) Aldicarb sulfoxide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb sulfoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfoxide in ground water is primarily a breakdown product of aldicarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfoxide may leach into ground water after normal agricultural [[Page 397]] applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfoxide at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfoxide. (27) Aldicarb sulfone. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb sulfone is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfone is formed from the breakdown of aldicarb and is considered for registration as a pesticide under the name aldoxycarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfone may leach into ground water after normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfone at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfone. (28) Atrazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that atrazine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, atrazine may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to affect offspring of rats and the heart of dogs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for atrazine at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to atrazine. (29) Carbofuran. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbofuran is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, carbofuran may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous and reproductive systems of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. Effects on the nervous system are generally rapidly reversible. EPA has set the drinking water standard for carbofuran at 0.04 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to carbofuran. (30) Chlordane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlordane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide used to control termites. Chlordane is not very mobile in soils. It usually gets into drinking water after application near water supply intakes or wells. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for chlordane at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to [[Page 398]] none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to chlordane. (31) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that DBCP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, dibromochloropropane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for DBCP at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to DBCP. (32) o-Dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that o- dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent in the production of pesticides and dyes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and the blood cells of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for o-dichlorobenzene at 0.6 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to o-dichlorobenzene. (33) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cis-1,2- dichloroethylene. (34) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set drinking water standard for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. (35) 1,2-Dichloropropane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2- dichloropropane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic [[Page 399]] chemical is used as a solvent and pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 1,2-dichloropropane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. It may also get into drinking water through improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloropropane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 1,2- dichloropropane. (36) 2,4-D. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4-D is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide and to control algae in reservoirs. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4-D may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 2,4-D at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4-D. (37) Epichlorohydrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that epichlorohydrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from epichlorohydrin are sometimes used in the treatment of water supplies as a flocculent to remove particulates. Epichlorohydrin generally gets into drinking water by improper use of these polymers. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for epichlorohydrin using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of epichlorohydrin in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water as a flocculent to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to epichlorohydrin. (38) Ethylbenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined ethylbenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a major component of gasoline. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking gasoline tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, liver, and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for ethylbenzene at 0.7 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to ethylbenzene. (39) Ethylene dibromide (EDB). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that EDB is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, EDB may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical [[Page 400]] has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for EDB at 0.00005 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to EDB. (40) Heptachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for heptachlor at 0.0004 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to heptachlor. (41) Heptachlor epoxide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor epoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor expoxide may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for heptachlor epoxide at 0.0002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to heptachlor epoxide. (42) Lindane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lindane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, lindane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, nervous system, and immune system of laboratory animals such as rats, mice and dogs exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system and circulatory system. EPA has established the drinking water standard for lindane at 0.0002 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to lindane. (43) Methoxychlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that methoxychlor is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, methoxychlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, nervous system, and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. It has also been shown to produce growth retardation in rats. [[Page 401]] EPA has set the drinking water standard for methoxychlor at 0.04 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to methoxychlor. (44) Monochlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that monochlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for monochlorobenzene at 0.1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to monochlorobenzene. (45) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. These organic chemicals were once widely used in electrical transformers and other industrial equipment. They generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal or leaking electrical industrial equipment. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for PCBs at 0.0005 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to PCBs. (46) Pentachlorophenol. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that pentachlorophenol is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a wood preservative, herbicide, disinfectant, and defoliant. It generally gets into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to produce adverse reproductive effects and to damage the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the liver and kidneys. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for pentachlorophenol at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to pentachlorophenol. (47) Styrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that styrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is commonly used to make plastics and is sometimes a component of resins used for drinking water treatment. Styrene may get into drinking water from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and nervous system in laboratory animals when exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for styrene at 0.1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to styrene. [[Page 402]] (48) Tetrachloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that tetrachloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical has been a popular solvent, particularly for dry cleaning. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for tetrachloroethylene at 0.005 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to tetrachloroethylene. (49) Toluene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toluene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking underground storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver, kidney and nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for toluene at 1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to toluene. (50) Toxaphene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toxaphene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a pesticide widely used on cotton, corn, soybeans, pineapples and other crops. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, toxaphene may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for toxaphene at 0.003 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to toxaphene. (51) 2,4,5-TP. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4,5-TP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4,5-TP may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 2,4,5-TP at 0.05 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4,5-TP. (52) Xylenes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that xylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes and as [[Page 403]] a solvent for pesticides, and as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It usually gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for xylene at 10 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to xylene. (53) Antimony. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that antimony is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often used in the flame retardant industry. It is also used in ceramics, glass, batteries, fireworks and explosives. It may get into drinking water through natural weathering of rock, industrial production, municipal waste disposal or manufacturing processes. This chemical has been shown to decrease longevity, and altered blood levels of cholesterol and glucose in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for antimony at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to antimony. (54) Beryllium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that beryllium is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often used in electrical equipment and electrical components. It generally gets into water from runoff from mining operations, discharge from processing plants and improper waste disposal. Beryllium compounds have been associated with damage to the bones and lungs and induction of cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. There is limited evidence to suggest that beryllium may pose a cancer risk via drinking water exposure. Therefore, EPA based the health assessment on noncancer effects with an extra uncertainty factor to account for possible carcinogenicity. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for beryllium at 0.004 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to beryllium. (55) Cyanide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cyanide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in electroplating, steel processing, plastics, synthetic fabrics and fertilizer products. It usually gets into water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the spleen, brain and liver of humans fatally poisoned with cyanide. EPA has set the drinking water standard for cyanide at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to cyanide. (56) [Reserved] (57) Thallium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that thallium is a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is found naturally in soils and is used in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of glass and alloys. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, liver, brain and intestines [[Page 404]] of laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for thallium at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to thallium. (58) Benzo[a]pyrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzo[a]pyrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Cigarette smoke and charbroiled meats are common source of general exposure. The major source of benzo[a]pyrene in drinking water is the leaching from coal tar lining and sealants in water storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for benzo[a]pyrene at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to benzo[a]pyrene. (59) Dalapon. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dalapon is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used herbicide. It may get into drinking water after application to control grasses in crops, drainage ditches and along railroads. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidney and liver in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dalapon at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dalapon. (60) Dichloromethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used solvent. It is used in the manufacture of paint remover, as a metal degreaser and as an aerosol propellant. It generally gets into drinking water after improper discharge of waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dichloromethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dichloromethane. (61) Di (2-ethylhexyl)adipate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a widely used plasticizer in a variety of products, including synthetic rubber, food packaging materials and cosmetics. It may get into drinking water after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage liver and testes in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate at 0.4 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standards is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate. (62) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a widely used plasticizer, which is primarily used in the production of polyvinyl [[Page 405]] chloride (PVC) resins. It may get into drinking water after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for di(2- ethylhexyl)phthalate at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. (63) Dinoseb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dinoseb is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Dinoseb is a widely used pesticide and generally gets into drinking water after application on orchards, vineyards and other crops. This chemical has been shown to damage the thyroid and reproductive organs in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dinoseb at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dinoseb. (64) Diquat. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that diquat is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract and causes cataract formation in laboratory animals such as dogs and rats exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for diquat at 0.02 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to diquat. (65) Endothall. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that endothall is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for endothall at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to endothall. (66) Endrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that endrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide no longer registered for use in the United States. However, this chemical is persistent in treated soils and accumulates in sediments and aquatic and terrestrial biota. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver, kidney and heart in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for endrin at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to endrin. (67) Glyphosate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that glyphosate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control grasses and weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high [[Page 406]] levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for glyphosate at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to glyphosate. (68) Hexachlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that hexachlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is produced as an impurity in the manufacture of certain solvents and pesticides. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for hexachlorobenzene at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer and other adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to hexachlorobenzene. (69) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pesticides and flame retardants. It may get into water by discharge from production facilities. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and the stomach of laboratory animals when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for hexachlorocyclopentadiene at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to hexachlorocyclopentadiene. (70) Oxamyl. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that oxamyl is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for the control of insects and other pests. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for oxamyl at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to oxamyl. (71) Picloram. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that picloram is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for broadleaf weed control. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water as a result of pesticide application and improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidneys and liver in laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for picloram at 0.5 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to picloram. (72) Simazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that simazine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It may leach into ground water or runs off into surface water after application. This chemical may cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. [[Page 407]] Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for simazine at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to simazine. (73) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a dye carrier and as a precursor in herbicide manufacture. It generally gets into drinking water by discharges from industrial activities. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to several organs, including the adrenal glands. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. (74) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined 1,1,2-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is an intermediate in the production of 1,1- dichloroethylene. It generally gets into water by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and liver of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,1,2- trichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to 1,1,2-trichloroethane. (75) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dioxin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is an impurity in the production of some pesticides. It may get into drinking water by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dioxin at 0.00000003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dioxin. (76) Chlorine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorine is added to drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other disease- causing microorganisms and is also added to provide continuous disinfection throughout the distribution system. Disinfection is required for surface water systems. However, at high doses for extended periods of time, chlorine has been shown to affect blood and the liver in laboratory animals. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chlorine to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking water which meets this EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to chlorine. (77) Chloramines. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chloramines are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chloramines are added to drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms and are also added to provide continuous disinfection throughout the distribution system. Disinfection is required for surface water systems. However, at high doses for extended periods of time, [[Page 408]] chloramines have been shown to affect blood and the liver in laboratory animals. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chloramines to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking water which meets this EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to chloramines. (78) Chlorine dioxide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorine dioxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorine dioxide is used in water treatment to kill bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms and can be used to control tastes and odors. Disinfection is required for surface water systems. However, at high doses, chlorine dioxide-treated drinking water has been shown to affect blood in laboratory animals. Also, high levels of chlorine dioxide given to laboratory animals in drinking water have been shown to cause neurological effects on the developing nervous system. These neurodevelopmental effects may occur as a result of a short-term excessive chlorine dioxide exposure. To protect against such potentially harmful exposures, EPA requires chlorine dioxide monitoring at the treatment plant, where disinfection occurs, and at representative points in the distribution system serving water users. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chlorine dioxide to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Note: In addition to the language in this introductory text of paragraph (e)(78), systems must include either the language in paragraph (e)(78)(i) or (e)(78)(ii) of this section. Systems with a violation at the treatment plant, but not in the distribution system, are required to use the language in paragraph (e)(78)(i) of this section and treat the violation as a nonacute violation. Systems with a violation in the distribution system are required to use the language in paragraph (e)(78)(ii) of this section and treat the violation as an acute violation. (i) The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, and do not include violations within the distribution system serving users of this water supply. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to present consumers. (ii) The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system serving water users. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including pregnant women, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to adverse effects of excessive exposure to chlorine dioxide-treated water. The purpose of this notice is to advise that such persons should consider reducing their risk of adverse effects from these chlorine dioxide violations by seeking alternate sources of water for human consumption until such exceedances are rectified. Local and State health authorities are the best sources for information concerning alternate drinking water. (79) Disinfection byproducts and treatment technique for DBPs. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and requires the disinfection of drinking water. However, when used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants react with naturally-occurring organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA has determined that a number of DBPs are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Certain DBPs, including some trihalomethanes (THMs) and some haloacetic acids (HAAs), have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Other DBPs have been shown to affect the liver and the nervous system, and cause reproductive or developmental effects in laboratory animals. Exposure to certain DBPs may produce similar effects in people. EPA has set standards to limit exposure to THMs, HAAs, and other DBPs. (80) Bromate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that bromate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Bromate is formed as a byproduct of ozone disinfection of drinking water. Ozone reacts with naturally occurring [[Page 409]] bromide in the water to form bromate. Bromate has been shown to produce cancer in rats. EPA has set a drinking water standard to limit exposure to bromate. (81) Chlorite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlorite is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorite is formed from the breakdown of chlorine dioxide, a drinking water disinfectant. Chlorite in drinking water has been shown to affect blood and the developing nervous system. EPA has set a drinking water standard for chlorite to protect against these effects. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of these risks and should be considered safe with respect to chlorite. (f) Public notices for fluoride. Notice of violations of the maximum contaminant level for fluoride, notices of variances and exemptions from the maximum contaminant level for fluoride, and notices of failure to comply with variance and exemption schedules for the maximum contaminant level for fluoride shall consist of the public notice prescribed in Sec. 143.5(b), plus a description of any steps which the system is taking to come into compliance. (g) Public notification by the State. The State may give notice to the public required by this section on behalf of the owner or operator of the public water system if the State complies with the requirements of this section. However, the owner or operator of the public water system remains legally responsible for ensuring that the requirements of this section are met. [52 FR 41546, Oct. 28, 1987, as amended at 54 FR 15188, Apr. 17, 1989; 54 FR 27527, 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 56 FR 3587, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30279, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 31843, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995; 63 FR 69464, 69515, Dec. 16, 1998; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.33] [Page 409] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping Sec. 141.33 Record maintenance. Any owner or operator of a public water system subject to the provisions of this part shall retain on its premises or at a convenient location near its premises the following records: (a) Records of bacteriological analyses made pursuant to this part shall be kept for not less than 5 years. Records of chemical analyses made pursuant to this part shall be kept for not less than 10 years. Actual laboratory reports may be kept, or data may be transferred to tabular summaries, provided that the following information is included: (1) The date, place, and time of sampling, and the name of the person who collected the sample; (2) Identification of the sample as to whether it was a routine distribution system sample, check sample, raw or process water sample or other special purpose sample; (3) Date of analysis; (4) Laboratory and person responsible for performing analysis; (5) The analytical technique/method used; and (6) The results of the analysis. (b) Records of action taken by the system to correct violations of primary drinking water regulations shall be kept for a period not less than 3 years after the last action taken with respect to the particular violation involved. (c) Copies of any written reports, summaries or communications relating to sanitary surveys of the system conducted by the system itself, by a private consultant, or by any local, State or Federal agency, shall be kept for a period not less than 10 years after completion of the sanitary survey involved. (d) Records concerning a variance or exemption granted to the system shall be kept for a period ending not less than 5 years following the expiration of such variance or exemption. (e) Copies of public notices issued pursuant to Subpart Q of this part and certifications made to the primacy agency pursuant to Sec. 141.31 must be kept for three years after issuance. [40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.35] [Page 409-412] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart D--Reporting and Recordkeeping Sec. 141.35 Reporting of unregulated contaminant monitoring results. (a) Does this reporting apply to me? (1) This section applies to any owner or [[Page 410]] operator of a public water system required to monitor for unregulated contaminants under Sec. 141.40. This section requires you to report the results of this monitoring. (2) Exception. You do not need to report results if you are a system serving a population of 10,000 or less, since EPA will arrange for testing and reporting of the results. However, you will still need to comply with consumer confidence reporting and public notification requirements for these results. (b) To whom must I report? You must report the results of unregulated contaminant monitoring to EPA and provide a copy to the State. You must also notify the public of the monitoring results as provided in Subpart O (Consumer Confidence Reports) and Subpart Q (Public Notification) of this part. (c) When must I report monitoring results? You must report the results of unregulated contaminant monitoring within thirty (30) days following the month in which you received the results from the laboratory. EPA will conduct its quality control review of the data for sixty (60) days after you report the data, which will also allow for quality control review by systems and States. After the quality control review, EPA will place the data in the national drinking water contaminant occurrence database at the time of the next database update. Exception: Reporting of monitoring results to EPA received by public water systems prior to June 30, 2001, must occur between July 1 and September 30, 2001. (d) What information must I report? (1) You must provide the following "point of contact" information: name, mailing address, phone number, and e-mail address for: (i) PWS Technical Contact, the person at your PWS that is responsible for the technical aspects of your unregulated contaminant monitoring regulation (UCMR) activities, such as details concerning sampling and reporting; (ii) PWS Official, the person at your PWS that is able to function as the official spokesperson for your UCMR activities; and (iii) Laboratory Contact Person, the person at your laboratory that is able to address questions concerning the analysis that they provided for you. (2) You must update this information if it changes during the course of UCMR implementation. (3) You must report the information specified for data elements 1 through 16 in the following table for each sample. Table 1.--Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Reporting Requirements ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Data Element Definition ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Public Water System (PWS) The code used to identify each PWS. The Identification Number. code begins with the standard two- character postal State abbreviation; the remaining seven characters are unique to each PWS. 2. Public Water System The Sampling point identification number Facility Identification and sampling point type identification Number--Sampling Point must either be static or traceable to Identification Number and previous numbers and type Sampling Point Type identifications throughout the period of Identification. unregulated contaminant monitoring. The Sampling point identification number is a three-part alphanumeric designation, made up of: a. The Public Water System Facility Identification Number is an identification number established by the State, or at the State's discretion the PWS, that is unique to the PWS for an intake for each source of water, a treatment plant, a distribution system, or any other facility associated with water treatment or delivery and provides for the relationship of facilities to each other to be maintained; b. The Sampling Point Identification Number is an identification number established by the State, or at the State's discretion the PWS, that is unique to each PWS facility that identifies the specific sampling point and allows the relationship of the sampling point to other facilities to be maintained; and c. Sampling Point Type Identification is one of following: SR--Untreated water collected at the source of the water system facility. EP--Entry point to the distribution system. MD--midpoint in the distribution system where the disinfectant residual would be expected to be typical for the system such as the location for sampling coliform indicator bacteria as described in 40 CFR 141.21. MR--point of maximum retention is the point located the furthest from the entry point to the distribution system which is approved by the State for trihalomethane (THM) (disinfectant byproducts (DBP)) and/or total coliform sampling. LD--location in the distribution system where the disinfectant residual is the lowest which is approved by the State for THM (DBP) and/or total coliform sampling. 3. Sample Collection Date.... The date the sample is collected reported as 4-digit year, 2-digit month, and 2- digit day. [[Page 411]] 4. Sample Identification An alphanumeric value of up to 15 Number. characters assigned by the laboratory to uniquely identify containers or groups of containers containing water samples collected at the same time and sampling point. 5. Contaminant/Parameter..... The unregulated contaminant or water quality parameter for which the sample is being analyzed. 6. Analytical Results--Sign.. An alphanumeric value indicating whether the sample analysis result was: a. () "less than" means the contaminant was not detected or was detected at a level "less than" the MRL. b. (=) "equal to" means the contaminant was detected at a level "equal to" the value reported in "Analytical Result-- Value." 7. Analytical Result--Value.. The actual numeric value of the analysis for chemical and microbiological results, or the minimum reporting level (MRL) if the analytical result is less than the contaminant's MRL. 8. Analytical Result--Unit of The unit of measurement for the Measure. analytical results reported. [e.g., micrograms per liter, (<greek-m>g/L); colony-forming units per 100 milliliters, (CFU/100 mL), etc.] 9. Analytical Method Number.. The identification number of the analytical method used. 10. Sample Analysis Type..... The type of sample collected. Permitted values include: a. RFS--Raw field sample--untreated sample collected and submitted for analysis under this rule. b. RDS--Raw duplicate field sample-- untreated field sample duplicate collected at the same time and place as the raw field sample and submitted for analysis under this rule. c. TFS--Treated field sample--treated sample collected and submitted for analysis under this rule. d. TDS--Treated duplicate field sample-- treated field sample duplicate collected at the same time and place as the treated field sample and submitted for analysis under this rule. 11. Sample Batch The sample batch identification number Identification Number. consists of three parts: a. Up to a 10-character laboratory identification code assigned by EPA. b. Up to a 15-character code assigned by the laboratory to uniquely identify each extraction or analysis batch. c. The date that the samples contained in each extraction batch extracted or in an analysis batch were analyzed, reported as an 8-digit number in the form 4-digit year, 2-digit month, and 2-digit day. 12. Minimum Reporting Level.. Minimum Reporting Level (MRL) refers to the lowest concentration of an analyte that may be reported. Unregulated contaminant monitoring (UCM) MRLs are established in Sec. 141.40 monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants. 13. Minimum Reporting Level The unit of measure to express the Unit of Measure. concentration, count, or other value of a contaminant level for the Minimum Reporting Level reported. (e.g., <greek- m>g/L, colony forming units/100 mL (CFU/ 100 mL), etc.). 14. Analytical Precision..... Precision is the degree of agreement between two repeated measurements and is monitored through the use of duplicate spiked samples. For purposes of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR), Analytical Precision is defined as the relative percent difference (RPD) between spiked matrix duplicates. The RPD for the spiked matrix duplicates analyzed in the same batch of samples as the analytical result being reported is to be entered in this field. Precision is calculated as Relative Percent Difference (RPD) of spiked matrix duplicates from the mean using: RPD = absolute value of [(X<INF>1</INF>--X<INF>2</INF>) /(X<INF>1</INF> +X<INF>2</INF>)/2 ] x 100%. where: X<INF>1</INF> is the concentration observed in spiked field sample minus the concentration observed in unspiked field sample. X<INF>2</INF> is the concentration observed in duplicate spiked field sample minus the concentration observed in unspiked field sample. 15. Analytical Accuracy...... Accuracy describes how close a result is to the true value measured through the use of spiked field samples. For purposes of unregulated contaminant monitoring, accuracy is defined as the percent recovery of the contaminant in the spiked matrix sample analyzed in the same analytical batch as the sample result being reported and calculated using: % recovery = [(amt. found in spiked sample--amt. found in sample)/amt. spiked] x 100%. 16. Spiking Concentration.... The concentration of method analyte(s) added to a sample to be analyzed for calculating analytical precision and accuracy where the value reported use the same unit of measure reported for Analytical Results. 17. Presence/Absence......... Reserved. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (e) How must I report this information? (1) You must report results from monitoring under this rule using EPA's [[Page 412]] electronic reporting system. For quality control purposes, you must instruct the organization(s) responsible for the analysis of unregulated contaminant samples taken under Sec. 141.40 to enter the results into the reporting system, in the format specified by EPA. You are responsible for reviewing those results and approving the reporting (via the electronic system) of the results to EPA. You must also provide a copy of the results to the State, as directed by the State. (2) If you report more than one set of valid results for the same sampling point and the same sampling event (for example, because you have had more than one organization (e.g., a laboratory) analyze replicate samples collected under Sec. 141.40, or because you have collected multiple samples during a single monitoring event at the same sampling point), EPA will use the highest of the reported values as the official result. (f) Does the laboratory to which I send samples report the results for me? While you must instruct the organization conducting unregulated contaminant analysis (e.g., a laboratory) to enter the results into EPA's electronic reporting system, you are responsible for reviewing and approving the submission of the results to EPA. If the analytical organization or laboratory cannot enter these data for you using EPA's electronic reporting system, then you may explain to EPA in writing the reasons why alternate reporting is necessary and must receive EPA's approval to use an alternate reporting procedure. (g) Can I report previously collected data to meet the testing and reporting requirements for the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.40(a)(3)? Yes, as long as the data meet the specific requirements of Sec. 141.40(a)(3), (4), (5), and Appendix A of Sec. 141.40 and you report the data with the information specified in paragraph (d) of this section. [64 FR 50611, Sept. 17, 1999, as amended at 66 FR 2300, Jan. 11, 2001; 66 FR 27215, May 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.40] [Page 412-427] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and Prohibition on Lead Use Sec. 141.40 Monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants. (a) Requirements for owners and operators of public water systems. (1) Do I have to monitor for unregulated contaminants? (i) Transient systems. If you own or operate a transient non- community water system, you do not have to monitor for unregulated contaminants. (ii) Large systems not purchasing their entire water supply from another system. If you own or operate a wholesale or retail public water system (other than a transient system) that serves more than 10,000 persons, as determined by the State, and do not purchase your entire water supply from another public water system, you must monitor as follows: (A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Screening Surveys. (C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing. (iii) Large systems purchasing their entire water supply from another system. If you own or operate a public water system (other than a transient system) that serves more than 10,000 persons and purchase your entire water supply from a wholesale or retail public water system, you must monitor as follows: (A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that [[Page 413]] have a "sampling location" indicated as "distribution system". (B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location" indicated as "distribution system" if notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Screening Surveys. (C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location" indicated as "distribution system" if notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing. (iv) Small systems not purchasing their entire water supply from another system. If you own or operate a public water system (other than a transient system) that serves 10,000 or fewer persons and do not purchase your entire water supply from another public water system, you must monitor as follows: (A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if you are notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the State Monitoring Plan for small systems. (B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if you are notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Screening Surveys. (C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if you are notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing. (v) Small systems purchasing their entire water supply from another system. If you own or operate a public water system (other than a transient system) that serves 10,000 or fewer persons and purchase your entire water supply from another public water system, you must monitor as follows: (A) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location" indicated as "distribution system" if you are notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the State Monitoring Plan for small systems. (B) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 2 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location" indicated as "distribution system" if you are notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Screening Surveys. (C) You must monitor for the unregulated contaminants on List 3 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, that have a "sampling location" indicated as "distribution system" if you are notified by your State or EPA that you are part of the Pre-Screen Testing. (2) How would I be selected for the monitoring under the State Monitoring Plan, the Screening Surveys, or the Pre-Screen Testing? (i) State Monitoring Plan. Only a representative sample of small systems must monitor for unregulated contaminants. EPA will select a national representative sample of small public water systems in each State through the use of a random number generator. Selection will be weighted by population served within each system water source type (surface or ground water) and system size category (systems serving 25-500, 501- 3,300, and 3,301-10,000 persons). EPA may allocate additional systems to water source types or system size categories to increase the statistical inferential ability for those categories. EPA will also select a small group of systems to be "Index systems." Systems selected as Index systems are required to provide information about their site and operation that will serve to allow extrapolation of their results to other systems of similar size, rather than collecting detailed information at every small system. Each State will have the opportunity to make some modifications to the list of small systems that EPA [[Page 414]] selects. You will be notified by the State or EPA if your system is part of the final State Monitoring Plan. (ii) Screening Surveys. The purpose of the Screening Surveys is to determine the occurrence of contaminants in drinking water or sources of drinking water for which analytical methods have recently been developed for unregulated contaminant monitoring. EPA will select up to 300 systems to participate in each survey by using a random number generator. You will be notified by the State or EPA if your system is selected for monitoring under the Screening Surveys. (iii) Pre-screen Testing. The purpose of Pre-Screen Testing is to determine the occurrence of contaminants for which EPA needs to evaluate new analytical methods in locations where the contaminants are most likely to be found. EPA will select up to 200 systems to participate in this testing after considering the characteristics of the contaminants, precipitation, system operation, and environmental conditions. You will be notified by the State or EPA that your system has been selected for monitoring under the Pre-Screen Testing program. (3) For which contaminants must I monitor? Lists 1, 2 and 3 of unregulated contaminants are listed in the following table: Table 1.--Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List 1--assessment monitoring chemical contaminants ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6-period during 2-CAS registry 3-analytical 4-minimum 5-sampling which 1-contaminant number methods reporting location monitoring level to be completed ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2, 4-dinitrotoluene.................... 121-14-2 EPA Method 525.2 2 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP> m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> 2, 6 dinitrotoluene.................... 606-20-2 EPA Method 525.2 2 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP> m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> Acetochlor............................. 34256-82-1 EPA Method 525.2 2 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP> m>g/L <SUP>o</SUP> DCPA mono-acid degradate <SUP>h</SUP>............. 887-54-7 EPA Method 515.1 1 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> 515.2 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method 515.3 <SUP>i,j</SUP>, EPA Method 515.4 <SUP>k</SUP>, D5317- 93 <SUP>b</SUP>, AOAC 992.32 <SUP>c</SUP> DCPA di-acid degradate <SUP>h</SUP>............... 2136-79-0 EPA Method 515.1 1 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> 515.2 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method 515.3 <SUP>i,j</SUP>, EPA Method 515.4 <SUP>k</SUP>, D5317- 93 <SUP>b</SUP>, AOAC 992.32 <SUP>c</SUP> 4,4'-DDE............................... 72-55-9 EPA Method 508 0.8 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> 508.1 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method 525.2 <SUP>a</SUP>, D5812-96 <SUP>b</SUP>, AOAC 990.06 <SUP>c</SUP> EPTC................................... 759-94-4 EPA Method 507 1 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> 525.2 <SUP>a</SUP>, D5475- 93 <SUP>b</SUP>, AOAC 991.07 <SUP>c</SUP> Molinate............................... 2212-67-1 EPA Method 507 0.9 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> 525.2 <SUP>a</SUP>, D5475- 93 <SUP>b</SUP>, AOAC 991.07 <SUP>c</SUP> [[Page 415]] MTBE................................... 1634-04-4 EPA Method 502.2 5 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a,n</SUP>, SM 6200C m>g/L <SUP>g</SUP> <SUP>d,n</SUP>, EPA Method 524.2 <SUP>a</SUP>, D5790- 95 <SUP>b</SUP>, SM 6210D <SUP>d</SUP>, SM 6200B <SUP>d</SUP> Nitrobenzene........................... 98-95-3 EPA Method 524.2 10 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP>, D5790-95 <SUP>b</SUP>, m>g/L <SUP>g</SUP> SM6210D <SUP>d</SUP>, SM6200B <SUP>d</SUP> Perchlorate............................ 14797-73-0 EPA Method 314.0 4 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>l</SUP> m>g/L <SUP>m</SUP> Terbacil............................... 5902-51-2 EPA Method 507 2 <greek- EPTDS <SUP>f</SUP> 2001-2003 <SUP>a</SUP>, EPA Method m>g/L <SUP>e</SUP> 525.2 <SUP>a</SUP>, D5475- 93 <SUP>b</SUP>, AOAC 991.07 <SUP>c</SUP> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column headings are: \1\--Chemical or microbiological contaminant: the name of the contaminants to be analyzed. \2\--CAS (Chemical Abstract Service Number) Registry No. or Identification Number: a unique number identifying the chemical contaminants. \3\--Analytical Methods: method numbers identifying the methods that must be used to test the contaminants. \4\--Minimum Reporting Level: the value and unit of measure at or above which the concentration or density of the contaminant must be measured using the Approved Analytical Methods. \5\--Sampling Location: the locations within a PWS at which samples must be collected. \6\--Years During Which Monitoring to be Completed: The years during which the sampling and testing are to occur for the indicated contaminant. The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed next in these footnotes. The incorporation by reference of the following documents listed in footnotes b-d, i, k and l was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the following sources. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. <SUP>a</SUP> The version of the EPA methods which you must follow for this Rule are listed at Sec. 141.24 (e). <SUP>b</SUP> Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996, 1998 and 1999, Vol. 11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials. Method D5812-96, "Standard Test Method for Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography", is located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1998 and 1999, Vol. 11.02. Methods D5790-95, "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry"; D5475-93, "Standard Test Method for Nitrogen- and Phosphorus- Containing Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography with a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector"; and D5317-93, "Standard Test Method for Determination of Chlorinated Organic Acid Compounds in Water by Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector" are located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996 and 1998, Vol 11.02. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. <SUP>c</SUP> Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemist) International, Sixteenth Edition, 4th Revision, 1998, Volume I, AOAC International, First Union National Bank Lockbox, PO Box 75198, Baltimore, MD 21275-5198. 800-379-2622. <SUP>d</SUP> SM 6210 D is only found in the 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995, American Public Health Association; either edition may be used. SM 6200 B and 6200 C are only found in the 20th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1998. Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. <SUP>e</SUP> Minimum Reporting Level determined by multiplying by 10 the least sensitive method's detection limit (detection limit =standard deviation times the Student's t value for 99% confidence level with n-1 degrees of freedom), or when available, multiplying by 5 the least sensitive method's estimated detection limit (where the estimated detection limit equals the concentration of compound yielding approximately a 5 to 1 signal to noise ratio or the calculated detection limit, whichever is greater). <SUP>f</SUP> Entry Points to the Distribution System (EPTDS), after treatment, representing each non-emergency water source in use over the twelve-month period of monitoring: this only includes entry points for sources in operation during the months in which sampling is to occur. Sampling must occur at the EPTDS, unless the State has specified other sampling points that are used for compliance monitoring under 40 CFR 141.24 (f)(1), (2), and (3). See 40 CFR 141.40(a)(5)(ii)(C) for a complete explanation of requirements, including the use of source (raw) water sampling points. <SUP>g</SUP> Minimum Reporting Levels (MRL) for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) determined by multiplying either the published detection limit or 0.5 <greek-m>g/L times 10, whichever is greater. The detection limit of 0.5 <greek-m>g/L (0.0005 mg/L) was selected to conform to VOC detection limit requirements of 40 CFR 141.24(f)(17)(E). <SUP>h</SUP> The approved methods do not allow for the identification and quantitation of the individual acids. The single analytical result obtained should be reported as total DCPA mono- and di-acid degradates. <SUP>i</SUP> EPA Method 515.3, "Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Derivatization and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection," Revision 1.0 July 1996. EPA 815-R-00- 014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/ sourcalt.html. [[Page 416]] <SUP>J</SUP> Since EPA Method 515.3 does not include a solvent wash step following hydrolysis, the parent DCPA is not removed prior to analysis, therefore, only non-detect data may be reported using EPA Method 515.3. All samples with results above the MRL must be analyzed by one of the other approved methods. <SUP>k</SUP> EPA Method 515.4, "Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Microextraction, Derivatization and Fast Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection," Revision 1.0, April 2000, EPA .815/B-00/001. Available by requesting a copy from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline within the United States at 800-426-4791 (Hours are Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays, from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Eastern Time). Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/ safewater/methods/sourcalt.html. <SUP>l</SUP> EPA Method 314.0, "Determination of Perchlorate in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography," Revision 1.0, EPA 815-B-99-003, November 1999. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on- line at www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/sourcalt.html. <SUP>m</SUP> MRL was established at a concentration, which is at least \1/4\th the lowest known adverse health concentration, at which acceptable precision and accuracy has been demonstrated in spiked matrix samples. <SUP>n</SUP> Sample preservation techniques and holding times specified in EPA Method 524.2 must be used by laboratories using either EPA Method 502.2 or Standard Methods 6200C. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List 2--screening survey chemical contaminants --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6-Period during which 1-contaminant 2-CAS registry number 3-Analytical methods 4-Minimum reporting 5-sampling location monitoring to be level completed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,2-diphenylhydrazine.............. 122-66-7.............. EPA Method 526 <SUP>a</SUP>...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L..... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. 2001--Selected Systems serving <ls- thn-eq>10,000 persons; 2002--Selected systems serving > 10,000 persons. 2-methyl-phenol.................... 95-48-7............... EPA Method 528 <SUP>b</SUP>...... 1 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>..... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. 2,4-dichlorophenol................. 120-83-2.............. EPA Method 528 <SUP>b</SUP>...... 1 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>..... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. 2,4-dinitrophenol.................. 51-28-5............... EPA Method 528 <SUP>b</SUP>...... 5 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>..... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.............. 88-06-2............... EPA Method 528 <SUP>b</SUP>...... 1 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>..... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. Alachlor ESA....................... Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>............ Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>............ Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>........... Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>........... Reserved <SUP>d</SUP> Diazinon........................... 333-41-5.............. EPA Method 526 <SUP>a</SUP>...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. 2001--Seleected Systems serving <ls- thn-eq>10,000 persons; 2002--Selected systems serving > 10,000 persons. Disulfoton......................... 298-04-4.............. EPA Method 526 <SUP>a</SUP>...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. Diuron............................. 330-54-1.............. EPA Method 532 <SUP>c</SUP>...... 1 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>..... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. Fonofos............................ 944-22-9.............. EPA Method 526 <SUP>a</SUP>...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. Linuron............................ 330-55-2.............. EPA Method 532 <SUP>c</SUP>...... 1 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>..... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. Nitrobenzene....................... 98-95-3............... EPA Method 526 <SUP>a</SUP>...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. Prometon........................... 1610-18-0............. EPA Method 526 <SUP>a</SUP>...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. Same as above. RDX................................ 121-82-4.............. Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>............ Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>........... Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>........... Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>. Terbufos........................... 13071-79-9............ EPA Method 526 <SUP>a</SUP>...... 0.5 <greek-m>g/L <SUP>f</SUP>... EPTDS <SUP>e</SUP>.............. 2001--Selected Systems serving <ls- thn-eq>10,000 persons; 2002-Selected systems serving > 10,000 persons. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List 2--screening survey microbiological contaminants to be sampled after notice of analytical methods availability --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6-period during which 1-contaminant 2-identification 3-analytical methods 4-minimum reporting 5-sampling location monitoring to be number level completed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aeromonas.......................... NA.................... Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>............ Reserved <SUP>d</SUP>........... Distribution System <SUP>g</SUP> 2003 <SUP>h</SUP> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column headings are: <SUP>1</SUP> --Chemical or microbiological contaminant: the name of the contaminants to be analyzed. <SUP>2</SUP> --CAS (Chemical Abstract Service Number) Registry No. or Identification Number: a unique number identifying the chemical contaminants. <SUP>3</SUP> --Analytical Methods: method numbers identifying the methods that must be used to test the contaminants. <SUP>4</SUP> --Minimum Reporting Level: the value and unit of measure at or above which the concentration or density of the contaminant must be measured using the Approved Analytical Methods. <SUP>5</SUP> --Sampling Location: the locations within a PWS at which samples must be collected. <SUP>6</SUP> --Years During Which Monitoring to be Completed: the years during which the sampling and testing are to occur for the indicated contaminant. [[Page 417]] The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed next in these footnotes. The incorporation by reference of the following documents listed in footnotes a-c, was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the following sources. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed in these footnotes. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. <SUP>a</SUP> EPA Method 526, "Determination of Selected Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)," Revision 1.0, June 2000. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/sourcalt.html. <SUP>b</SUP> EPA Method 528, "Determination of Phenols in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/ MS)," Revision 1.0, April 2000. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/ordmeth.htm. <SUP>c</SUP> EPA Method 532, "Determination of Phenylurea Compounds in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection," Revision 1.0, June 2000. EPA 815-R-00-014, "Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1," August 2000. Available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB2000-106981, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll free number is 800-553-6847. Alternatively, the method can be assessed and downloaded directly on-line at www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/sourcalt.html. <SUP>d</SUP> To be specified at a later time. <SUP>e</SUP> Entry Points to the Distribution System (EPTDS), after treatment, representing each non-emergency water source in use over the twelve-month period of monitoring: this only includes entry points for sources in operation during the months in which sampling is to occur. Sampling must occur at the EPTDS, source water sampling points are not permitted for List 2 contaminant monitoring. <SUP>f</SUP> Minimum Reporting Level represents the value of the lowest concentration precision and accuracy determination made during methods development and documented in the method. If method options are permitted, the concentration used was for the least sensitive option. <SUP>g</SUP> Three samples must be taken from the distribution system, which is owned or controlled by the selected PWS. The sample locations must include one sample from a point (MD from Sec. 141.35(d)(3), Table 1) where the disinfectant residual is representative of the distribution system. This sample location may be selected from sample locations which have been previously identified for samples to be analyzed for coliform indicator bacteria. Coliform sample locations encompass a variety of sites including midpoint samples which may contain a disinfectant residual that is typical of the system. Coliform sample locations are described in 40 CFR 141.21. This same approach must be used for the Aeromonas midpoint sample where the disinfectant residual would not have declined and would be typical for the distribution system. Additionally, two samples must be taken from two different locations: the distal or dead-end location in the distribution system (MR from Sec. 141.35(d)(3), Table 1), avoiding disinfectant booster stations, and from a location where previous determinations have indicated the lowest disinfectant residual in the distribution system (LD from Sec. 141.35(d)(3), Table 1). If these two locations of distal and low disinfectant residual sites coincide, then the second sample must be taken at a location between the MD and MR sites. Locations in the distribution system where the disinfectant residual is expected to be low are similar to TTHM sampling points. Sampling locations for TTHMs are described in 63 FR 69468. <SUP>h</SUP> This monitoring period is contingent upon promulgation of the analytical method and minimum reporting level. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List 3--Pre-screen testing radionuclides to be sampled after notice of analytical methods availability --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6-Period during which 1-contaminant 2-CAS registry number 3-Analytical methods 4-Minimum reporting 5-Sampling location monitoring to be level completed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lead-210........................... 14255-04-0............ Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............ Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>........... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>........... Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> Polonium-210....................... 13981-52-7............ Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............ Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>........... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>........... Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 418]] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- List 3--Pre-screen testing microorganisms to be sampled after notice of analytical methods availability --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- 6-Period during which 1-contaminant identification 3-Analytical methods 4-Minimum reporting level 5-Sampling location monitoring to be number completed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cyanobacteria (blue-green Reserved <SUP>a</SUP> Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>.............. Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> algae, other freshwater algae and their toxins). Echoviruses................... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP> Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>.............. Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> Coxsackieviruses.............. Reserved <SUP>a</SUP> Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>.............. Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> Helicobacter pylori........... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP> Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>.............. Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> Microsporidia................. Reserved <SUP>a</SUP> Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>.............. Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> Calciviruses.................. Reserved <SUP>a</SUP> Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>.............. Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> Adenoviruses.................. Reserved <SUP>a</SUP> Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>............... Reserved <SUP>a</SUP>.............. Reserved.<SUP>a</SUP> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Column headings are: 1-Chemical or microbiological contaminant: the name of the contaminants to be analyzed. 2-CAS (Chemical Abstract Service Number) Registry No. or Identification Number: a unique number identifying the chemical contaminants. 3-Analytical Methods: method numbers identifying the methods that must be used to test the contaminants. 4-Minimum Reporting Level: the value and unit of measure at or above which the concentration or density of the contaminant must be measured using the Approved Analytical Methods. 5-Sampling Location: the locations within a PWS at which samples must be collected. 6-Years During Which Monitoring to be Completed: the years during which the sampling and testing are to occur for the indicated contaminant. <SUP>a</SUP> To be determined at a later time. [[Page 419]] (4) What general requirements must I follow for monitoring List 1 contaminants? (i) All systems. You must: (A) Collect samples of the listed contaminants in accordance with paragraph (a)(5) of this section and Appendix A of this section and any other specific instructions provided to you by the State or EPA, (B) Analyze the additional parameters specified below in Table 2. "Water Quality Parameters to be Monitored with UCMR Contaminants" for each relevant contaminant type. You must analyze the parameters for each sampling event of each sampling point, using the method indicated, and report using the data elements 1 through 10 in Table 1, Sec. 141.35(d), Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Reporting Requirements; (C) Review the laboratory testing results to ensure reliability; and (D) Report the results as specified in Sec. 141.35. Table 2.--Water Quality Parameters To Be Monitored with UCMR Contaminants ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Analytical methods ----------------------------------------------------------- Parameter Contaminant type Standard methods EPA method \1\ Other ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH.............................. Microbiological... EPA Method 4500-H<SUP>+</SUP> B......... ASTM D1293-84\3\, 150.1\2\, EPA ASTM D1293-95\3\. Method 150.2\2\. Turbidity....................... Microbiological... EPA Method 180.1 2130 B \4\........ GLI Method 2<SUP>4,6</SUP>. <SUP>4,5</SUP>. Temperature..................... Microbiological... .................. 2550.............. Free Disinfectant Residual...... Microbiological... .................. 4500-Cl D, 4500-Cl ASTM 1253-86\3\ F, 4500-Cl G, 4500-Cl H, 4500- ClO<INF>2</INF> D, 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> E, 4500-O<INF>3</INF> B. Total Disinfectant Residual..... Microbiological... .................. 4500-Cl D, 4500-Cl ASTM D 1253-86 \3\ E,\4\ 4500-Cl F, 4500-Cl G\4\, 4500-Cl I. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed in these footnotes. The incorporation by reference of the following documents was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed in these footnotes. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. \1\ The 18th and 19th Editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995. Methods 2130 B; 2550; 4500-Cl D, E, F, G, H, I; 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D, E; 4500-H<SUP>+</SUP> B; and 4500-O<INF>3</INF> B in the 20th edition Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1998, American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth St. NW, Washington D.C., 20005. \2\ EPA Methods 150.1 and 150.2 are available from US EPA, NERL, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. The identical methods are also in "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," EPA-600/4-79- 020, March 1983, available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Virginia 22161, PB84-128677. (Note: NTIS toll-free number is 800- 553-6847.) \3\ Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Editions 1994, 1996, 1998 and 1999, Volumes 11.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Version D1293-84, "Standard Test Methods for pH of Water" is located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Volumes 11.01. Version D1293- 95, "Standard Test Methods for pH of Water" is located in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1996, 1998 and 1999, Volumes 11.01. \4\ "Technical Notes on Drinking Water," EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994, Available at NTIS, PB95-104766. \5\ "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples," EPA-600/R-93-100, August 1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-121811 \6\ GLI Method 2, "Turbidity," November 2, 1992, Great Lakes Instruments Inc., 8855 North 55th St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223. (ii) Large systems. In addition to paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section, you must arrange for testing of the samples according to the methods specified for each contaminant in Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, and in Appendix A of this section. (iii) Small systems. Unless directed otherwise by the State or EPA, in addition to paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section , you must: (A) Properly receive, store, maintain and use the sampling equipment sent to you from the laboratory designated by EPA; (B) Sample at the times specified by the State or the EPA; (C) Collect and pack samples in accordance with the instructions sent to you by the laboratory designated by EPA; and (D) Send the samples to the laboratory designated by EPA. [[Page 420]] (5) What specific sampling and quality control requirements must I follow for monitoring of List 1 contaminants? (i) All systems. Unless the State or EPA informs you of other sampling arrangements, you must comply with the following requirements: (A) Sample collection and shipping time. If you must ship the samples for testing, you must collect the samples early enough in the day to allow adequate time to send the samples for overnight delivery to the laboratory since some samples must be processed at the laboratory within 30 hours of collection. You must not collect samples on Friday, Saturday or Sunday because sampling on these days would not allow samples to be shipped and received at the laboratory within 30 hours. (B) No compositing of samples. You must not composite (that is, combine, mix or blend) the samples. You must collect, preserve and test each sample separately. (C) Review and reporting of results. After you have received the laboratory results, you must review and confirm the system information and data regarding sample collection and test results. You must report the results as provided in Sec. 141.35. (ii) Large systems. In addition to paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section, you must comply with the following: (A) Timeframe. You must collect the samples in one twelve-month period during the years indicated in column 6 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List. (B) Frequency. You must collect the samples within the timeframe and according to the following frequency specified by contaminant type and water source type: Table 3.--Monitoring Frequency by Contaminant and Water Source Types ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contaminant type Water source type Timeframe Frequency ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chemical........................... Surface water......... Twelve (12) months.... Four quarterly samples taken as follows: Select either the first, second, or third month of a quarter and sample in that same month of each of four (4) consecutive quarters <SUP>a</SUP> to ensure that one of those sampling events occurs during the vulnerable time.<SUP>b</SUP> Ground water.......... Twelve (12) months.... Two (2) times in a year taken as follows: Sample during one (1) month of the vulnerable time <SUP>b</SUP> and during one (1) month five (5) to seven (7) months earlier or later.<SUP>c</SUP> Microbiological.................... Surface and ground Twelve (12) months.... Six (6) times in a year water. taken as follows: Select either the first, second, or third month of a quarter and sample in that same month of each of four (4) consecutive quarters, and sample an additional 2 months during the warmest (vulnerable) quarter of the year.<SUP>d</SUP> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SUP>a</SUP> "Select either the first, second, or third month of a quarter and sample in that same month of each of four (4) consecutive quarters" means that you must monitor during each of the four (4) months of either: January, April, July, October; or February, May, August, November; or March, June, September, December. <SUP>b</SUP> "Vulnerable time" means May 1 through July 31, unless the State or EPA informs you that it has selected a different time period for sampling as your system's vulnerable time. <SUP>c</SUP> "Sample during one (1) month of the vulnerable time and during one (1) month five (5) to seven (7) months earlier or later" means, for example, that if you select May as your "vulnerable time" month to sample, then one (1) month five (5) to seven (7) months earlier would be either October, November or December of the preceding year, and one (1) month five (5) to seven (7) months later would be either, October, November, or December of the same year. <SUP>d</SUP> This means that you must monitor during each of the six (6) months of either: January, April, July, August, September, October; or February, May, July, August, September, November; or March, June, July, August, September, December; unless the State or EPA informs you that a different vulnerable quarter has been selected for your system. (C) Location. You must collect samples at the location specified for each listed contaminant in column 5 of the Table 1, UCMR (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. The sampling location for chemical contaminants must be the entry point to the distribution system or the compliance monitoring point specified by the State or EPA under 40 CFR 141.24 (f)(1), (2), and (3). Except as provided in this paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(C), if the compliance monitoring point as specified by the State is for source (raw) water and any of the contaminants in paragraph (a)(3) of this section are detected, then you must complete the source water monitoring for the indicated timeframe and [[Page 421]] also sample at the entry point to the distribution system representative of the affected source water only for the contaminant(s) found in the source water over the next twelve month timeframe, beginning in the next required monitoring period as indicated in paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(B), Table 3 of this section, even though monitoring might extend beyond the last year indicated in column 6, Period during which monitoring to be completed, in Table 1 of paragraph (a)(3). Exception: If the State or EPA determines that sampling at the entry point to the distribution system is unnecessary because no treatment was instituted between the source water and the distribution system that would affect measurement of the contaminants listed in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, then you do not have to sample at the entry point to the distribution system. Note: The sampling for List 2 chemical contaminants must be at the entry point to the distribution system, as specified in Table 1, List 2. (D) Sampling instructions. You must follow the sampling procedure for the method specified in column 3 of List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for each contaminant. (E) Testing and analytical methods. For each listed contaminant, you must use the analytical method specified in column 3 of List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the minimum reporting levels in column 4 of List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, and the quality control procedures specified in Appendix A of this section. (F) Sampling deviations. If you do not collect a sample according to the procedures specified for a listed contaminant, you must resample within 14 days of observing the occurrence of the error (which may include notification from the laboratory that you must resample) following the procedures specified for the method. (This resampling is not for confirmation sampling but to correct the sampling error.) (G) Testing. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(G)(2) and (3) of this section, you must arrange for the testing of the contaminants identified in List 1 of Table 1 by a laboratory certified under Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis using any of the analytical methods listed in column 3 for each contaminant in List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, whether you use the EPA analytical methods or non-EPA methods listed in List 1 of Table 1. Laboratories are automatically certified for the analysis of UCMR contaminants in List 1 of Table 1 if they are already certified to conduct compliance monitoring for a contaminant included in the same method being approved for UCMR analysis. (2) You must arrange for the testing of Perchlorate as identified in List 1 of Table 1 by a laboratory certified under Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis using an approved ion chromatographic method as listed in Sec. 141.28 and that has analyzed and successfully passed the Performance Testing (PT) Program administered by EPA. (3) You must arrange for the testing of the chemical contaminants identified in List 2 of Table 1 by a laboratory certified under Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis using EPA Method 525.2 if performing UCMR analysis using EPA Methods 526 or 528, or a laboratory certified under Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis using EPA Methods 549.1 or 549.2 if performing UCMR analysis using EPA Method 532. You must arrange for the testing for Aeromonas using the approved method as identified in List 2 of Table 1 by a laboratory which is both certified under Sec. 141.28 for compliance analysis for coliform indicator bacteria using an EPA approved membrane filtration procedure and which also has been granted approval for UCMR monitoring of Aeromonas by successfully passing the Aeromonas Performance Testing (PT) Program administered by EPA. (iii) Small systems that are part of the State Monitoring Plan. Unless directed otherwise by the State or EPA, in addition to paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section, you must comply with the following: [[Page 422]] (A) Timeframe and frequency. You must collect samples at the times specified for you by the State or EPA, within the timeframe specified in paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(A) of this section and according to the frequency specified in paragraph (a)(5)(ii)(B) of this section for the contaminant type and water source type. (B) Location. You must collect samples at the locations specified for you by the State or EPA. (C) Sampling deviations. If you do not collect a sample according to the instructions provided to you for a listed contaminant, then you must report the deviation on the sample reporting form that you send to the laboratory with the samples. You must resample following instructions that you will be sent from EPA's designated laboratory or the State. (D) Sample kits. You must store and maintain the sample collection kits sent to you by EPA's designated laboratory in a secure place until used for sampling. You should read the instructions for each kit when you receive it. If indicated in the kit's instructions, you must freeze the cold packs. The sample kit will include all necessary containers, packing materials and cold packs, instructions for collecting the sample and sample treatment (such as dechlorination or preservation), report forms for each sample, contact name and telephone number for the laboratory, and a prepaid return shipping docket and return address label. If any of the materials listed in the kit's instructions are not included or arrive damaged, you must notify EPA's designated laboratory which sent you the sample collection kits. (E) Sampling instructions. You must comply with the instructions sent to you by the State or EPA concerning the use of containers, collection (how to fill the sample bottle), dechlorination and/or preservation, and sealing and preparing the sample and shipping containers for shipment. You must also comply with the instructions sent to you by EPA's designated laboratory concerning the handling of sample containers for specific contaminants. (F) Duplicate samples. EPA will select systems in the State Monitoring Plan that must collect duplicate samples for quality control. If your system is selected, you will receive two sample kits that you must use. You must use the same sampling protocols for both sets of samples, following the instructions in the duplicate sample kit. (G) Sampling forms. You must completely fill out the sampling forms sent to you by the laboratory, including the data elements 1 through 4 listed in Sec. 141.35(d) for each sample. If EPA requests that you conduct field analysis of water quality parameters specified in paragraph (a)(4)(i)(B) of this section, you must also complete the sampling form to include the information for data elements 5 through 10 listed in Sec. 141.35(d) for each sample. You must sign and date the sampling forms. (H) Sample submission. Once you have collected the samples and completely filled in the sampling forms, you must send the samples and the sampling forms to the laboratory designated in your instructions. (6) What additional requirements must I follow if my system is selected as an Index system? If your system is selected as an Index system in the State Monitoring Plan, you must assist the State or EPA in identifying appropriate sampling locations and provide information on which wells and intakes are in use at the time of sampling, well casing and screen depths (if known) for those wells, and the pumping rate of each well or intake at the time of sampling. (7) What must I do if my system is selected for the Screening Surveys or Pre-Screen Testing? (i) All systems. You must: (A) Analyze the additional parameters specified in paragraph Sec. 141.40(a)(4)(i), Table 2, "Water Quality Parameters to be Monitored with UCMR Contaminants" for each relevant contaminant type. You must analyze the parameters for each sampling event of each sampling point, using the method indicated, and report the results using the data elements 1 through 10 in Table 1, Sec. 141.35(d), Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Reporting requirements; (B) Review the laboratory results to ensure reliability; and (C) Report the results as specified in Sec. 141.35. [[Page 423]] (ii) Large systems. If your system serves over 10,000 persons, you must collect and arrange for testing of the contaminants in List 2 and List 3 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, in accordance with the requirements set out in paragraphs (a)(4) and (5) of this section, with one exception: you must sample only at sampling locations specified in Table 1. You must send the samples to one of the laboratories approved under paragraph (G), this section. You are also responsible for reporting these results as required in Sec. 141.35. (iii) Small systems. If your system serves 10,000 or fewer persons, you must collect samples in accordance with the instructions sent to you by the EPA or State, or, if informed by the EPA or State that the EPA or State will collect the sample, you must assist the State or EPA in identifying the appropriate sampling locations and in taking the samples. EPA will report the results to you and the State. (8) What is a violation of this Rule? (i) Any failure to monitor in accordance with Sec. 141.40(a)(3) through (7) and Appendix A is a monitoring violation. (ii) Any failure to report in accordance with Sec. 141.35 is a reporting violation. (b) Requirements for State and Tribal Participation. (1) How can I, as the director of a State or Tribal drinking water program, participate in unregulated contaminant monitoring, including Assessment Monitoring (which includes the State Monitoring Plan for small systems), the Screening Surveys, and Pre-Screen Testing of all systems? You can enter into a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the EPA that describes your State's or Tribe's activities to: (i) Accept or modify the initial plan. EPA will first specify the systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons by water source and size in an initial State Monitoring Plan for each State using a random number generator. EPA will also generate a replacement list of systems for systems that may not have been correctly specified on the initial plan. This initial State Monitoring Plan will also indicate the year and day, plus or minus two (2) weeks from the day, that each system must monitor for the contaminants in List 1 of Table 1 of this section, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List. EPA will provide you with the initial monitoring plan for your State or Tribe, including systems to be Index systems and those systems to be part of the Screening Surveys. Within sixty (60) days of receiving your State's initial plan, you may notify EPA that you either accept it as your State Monitoring Plan or request to modify the initial plan by removing systems that have closed, merged or are purchasing water from another system and replacing them with other systems. Any purchased water system associated with a non-purchased water system must be added to the State Monitoring Plan if the State determines that its distribution system is the location of the maximum residence time or lowest disinfectant residual of the combined distribution system. In this case, the purchased water system must monitor for the contaminants for which the "distribution system" is identified as the point of "maximum residence time" or "lowest disinfectant residual," depending on the contaminant, and not the community water system selling water to it. You must replace any systems you removed from the initial plan with systems from the replacement list in the order they are listed. Your request to modify the initial plan must include the modified plan and the reasons for the removal and replacement of systems. If you believe that there are reasons other than those previously listed for removing and replacing one or more other systems from the initial plan, you may include those systems and their replacement systems in your request to modify the initial plan. EPA will review your request to modify your State's initial plan. Please note that information about the actual or potential occurrence or non- occurrence of contaminants at a system or a system's vulnerability to contamination is not a basis for removal from or addition to the plan. (ii) Determine an alternate vulnerable time. Within 60 days of receiving the initial State Monitoring Plan, you may also determine that the most vulnerable time of the year for any or all of [[Page 424]] the systems in the plan, and for any of the large systems that must monitor, is some period other than May 1 through July 31. If you make this determination, you must modify the initial plan to indicate the alternate vulnerable time and to which systems the alternate vulnerable time applies. EPA will review these determinations when you submit your request to modify your State's initial monitoring plan to the EPA. You must notify the small system(s) in your final State Monitoring Plan and the large system(s) of the most vulnerable time(s) of the year that you have specified for them to sample for one of their sampling events. You must notify them at least 90 days before their first unregulated contaminant sampling is to occur. You may need to consider the timing of monitoring in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section. (iii) Modify the timing of monitoring. Within sixty (60) days of receiving the initial plan, you may also modify the plan by selecting an alternative year and day, plus or minus two (2) weeks, within the years specified in column 6, List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for monitoring for each system in the initial plan as long as approximately one-third of the systems in the State Plan monitor in each of the three (3) years listed. This monitoring may be coordinated with regulated contaminant compliance monitoring at your discretion. You must send the modified plan to EPA. (iv) Identify alternate sampling points for small systems in the State Monitoring Plan. All systems are required to monitor for the contaminants at the sampling locations specified in column 5, List 1 of Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, unless the State specifies an alternate compliance sampling point as the sampling location. If the compliance sampling points for the small systems in the State Monitoring Plan are different than those specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, then you must indicate these sampling points in the plan. These alternative sampling points must allow proper sampling and testing for the unregulated contaminants. (v) Notify small and large systems of their monitoring responsibilities. You must provide notification to systems in the plan and, where appropriate, the large systems, at least ninety (90) days before sampling must occur. (vi) Provide instructions to systems that are part of the final State Monitoring Plan. You must send a monitoring schedule to each system listed in the State Monitoring Plan and instructions on location, frequency, timing of sampling, use of sampling equipment, and handling and shipment of samples based on these regulations. EPA will provide you with guidance for these instructions. If you perform the sampling or make alternative arrangements for the sampling at the systems in the plan, you must inform EPA at least six (6) months before the first monitoring is to occur and address the alternative monitoring arrangements in the MOA. (vii) Participate in monitoring for the Screening Surveys for small and large systems. Within 120 days prior to sampling, EPA will notify you which systems have been selected to participate in the Screening Surveys, the sampling dates, the designated laboratory for testing, and instructions for sampling. You must review the small systems that EPA selected for the State Monitoring Plan to ensure that the systems are not closed, merged or purchasing water from another system (unless the system is to conduct monitoring for a contaminant with the sampling location specified as "distribution system"), and then make any replacements in the plan, as described in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section. You must notify the selected systems in your State of these Screening Surveys requirements. You must provide the necessary Screening Surveys information to the selected systems at least ninety (90) days prior to the sampling date. (viii) Participate in monitoring for Pre-Screen Testing for small and large systems. You can participate in Pre-Screen Testing in two ways. (A) First, within ninety (90) days of EPA's letter to you concerning initiation of Pre-Screen Testing for specific contaminants, you can identify from five (5) up to twenty-five (25) systems [[Page 425]] in your State that you determine to be representative of the most vulnerable systems to these contaminants, modify your State Monitoring Plan to include these most vulnerable systems if any serve 10,000 or fewer persons, and notify EPA of the addition of these systems to the State Plan. These systems must be selected from all community and non- transient noncommunity water systems. EPA will use the State-identified vulnerable systems to select up to 200 systems nationally to be monitored considering the characteristics of the contaminants, precipitation, system operation, and environmental conditions. (B) Second, within 120 days prior to sampling, EPA will notify you which systems have been selected, sampling dates, the designated laboratory for testing of samples for systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons and approved laboratories for systems serving more than 10,000 persons, and instructions for sampling. You must notify the owners or operators of the selected systems in your State of these Pre-Screen Testing requirements. At least ninety (90) days prior to the sampling date, you must provide the necessary Pre-Screen Testing information to the owners or operators of the selected systems and then inform EPA that you took this action to allow sufficient time for EPA to ensure laboratory readiness. (ix) Revise system's treatment plant location(s) to include latitude and longitude. For reporting to the Safe Drinking Water Information System, EPA already requires reporting of either the latitude and longitude or the street address for the treatment plant location. If the State enters into an MOA, the State must report each system's treatment plant location(s) as latitude and longitude (in addition to street address, if previously reported) by the time of the system's reporting of Assessment Monitoring results to the National Drinking Water Contaminant Occurrence Database. The State may use the latitude and longitude of facilities related to the public water system on the same site, or closely adjacent to the same site as the treatment plant, such as the latitude and longitude of the intake or wellhead/field or the entry point to the distribution system, if such measurements are available. (2) What if I decide not to participate in an MOA? If you decide not to enter into an MOA with EPA to develop the State Monitoring Plan for small systems, the initial monitoring plan that EPA sent you will become the final State Monitoring Plan for your State or Tribe. In that case, you may still notify each public water system of its selection for the plan and instructions for monitoring as long as you notify EPA that you will be undertaking this responsibility at least six (6) months prior to the first unregulated contaminant monitoring. (3) Can I add contaminants to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring List? Yes, the SDWA allows Governors of seven (7) or more States to petition the EPA Administrator to add one or more contaminants to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. The petition must clearly identify the reason(s) for adding the contaminant(s) to the monitoring list in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, including the potential risk to public health, particularly any information that might be available regarding disproportional risks to the health and safety of children, the expected occurrence documented by any available data, any analytical methods known or proposed to be used to test for the contaminant(s), and any other information that could assist the Administrator in determining which contaminants present the greatest public health concern and should, therefore, be included on the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (4) Can I waive monitoring requirements? Only with EPA approval and under very limited conditions. Conditions and procedures for obtaining the only type of waiver available under these regulations are as follows: (i) Application. You may apply to EPA for a State-wide waiver from the unregulated contaminant monitoring requirements for public water systems serving more than 10,000 persons. To apply for such a waiver, you must submit an application to EPA that includes the following information: [[Page 426]] (A) the list of contaminants on the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring List for which you request a waiver, and (B) documentation for each contaminant in your request demonstrating that the contaminants have not been used, applied, stored, disposed of, released, naturally present or detected in the source waters or distribution systems in your State during the past 15 years, and that it does not occur naturally in your State. (ii) Approval. EPA will notify you if EPA agrees to waive monitoring requirements. Appendix A to Sec. 141.40--Quality Control Requirements for Testing All Samples Collected Your system must ensure that the quality control requirements listed below for testing of samples collected and submitted under Sec. 141.40 are followed: (1) Sample Collection/Preservation. Follow the sample collection and preservation requirements for the specified method for each of the contaminants in Table 1, UCMR (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. These requirements specify sample containers, collection, dechlorination, preservation, storage, sample holding time, and extract storage and/or holding time that the laboratory must follow. (2) Detection Limit. Calculate the laboratory detection limit for each contaminant in Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, of paragraph (a)(3) of this section using the appropriate procedure in the specified method with the exception that the contaminant concentration used to fortify reagent water must be less than or equal to the minimum reporting level (MRL) for the contaminants as specified in column 4, Table 1, UCMR (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. The calculated detection limit is equal to the standard deviation times the Student's t value for 99% confidence level with n-1 degrees of freedom. (The detection limit must be less than or equal to one-half of the MRL.) (3) Calibration. Follow the initial calibration requirements as specified in the method utilized. Calibration must be verified initially with a low-level standard at a concentration at or below the MRL for each contaminant. Perform a continuing calibration verification following every 10th sample. The calibration verification must be performed by alternating low-level and mid-level calibration standards. The low-level standard is defined as a concentration at or below the MRL with an acceptance range of <plus-minus>40%. The mid-level standard is in the middle of the calibration range with an acceptance range of <plus-minus>20%. (4) Reagent Blank Analysis. Analyze one laboratory reagent (method) blank per sample set/batch that is treated exactly as a sample. The maximum allowable background concentration is one-half of the MRL for all contaminants. A field reagent blank is required only for EPA Method 524.2 (or equivalent listed methods, D5790.95, SM6210D, and SM6200B). (5) Quality Control Sample. Obtain a quality control sample from an external source to check laboratory performance at least once each quarter. (6) Matrix Spike and Duplicate. Prepare and analyze the sample matrix spike (SMS) for accuracy and matrix spike duplicate (MSD) samples for precision to determine method accuracy and precision for all contaminants in Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. SMS/MSD samples must be prepared and analyzed at a frequency of 5% (or one SMS/MSD set per every 20 samples) or with each sample batch whichever is more frequent. In addition, the SMS/MSD spike concentrations must be alternated between a low-level spike and mid-level spike approximately 50% of the time. (For example: a set of 40 samples will require preparation and analysis of two SMS/MSD sets. The first set must be spiked at either the low- level or mid level, and the second set must be spiked with the other standard, either the low-level or mid-level, whichever was not used for the initial SMS/MSD set). The low-level SMS/MSD spike concentration must be within <plus-minus>20% of the MRL for each contaminant. The mid-level SMS/MSD spike concentration must be within <plus-minus>20% of the mid- level calibration standard for each contaminant, and should represent, where possible, an approximate average concentration observed in previous analyses of that analyte. The spiking concentrations must be reported in the same units of measure as the analytical results. (7) Internal Standard Calibration. As appropriate to a method's requirements to be used, test and obtain an internal standard for the methods for each chemical contaminant in Table 1, Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (1999) List, in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, a pure contaminant of known concentration, for calibration and quantitation purposes. The methods specify the percent recovery or response that you must obtain for acceptance. (8) Method Performance Test. As appropriate to a method's requirements, test for surrogate compounds, a pure contaminant unlikely to be found in any sample, to be used to monitor method performance. The methods specify the percent recovery that you must obtain for acceptance. [[Page 427]] (9) Detection Confirmation. Confirm any chemical contaminant analyzed using a gas chromatographic method and detected above the MRL, by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) methods. If testing resulted in first analyzing the sample extracts via specified gas chromatographic methods, an initial confirmation by a second column dissimilar to the primary column may be performed. If the contaminant detection is confirmed by the secondary column, then the contaminant must be reconfirmed by GC/MS using three (3) specified ion peaks for contaminant identification. Use one of the following confirming techniques: perform single point calibration of the GC/MS system for confirmation purposes only as long as the calibration standard is at a concentration within <plus-minus> 50% of the concentration determined by the initial analysis; or perform a three (3) point calibration with single point daily calibration verification of the GC/MS system regardless of whether that verification standard concentration is within <plus-minus> 50% of sample response. If GC/MS analysis confirms the initial contaminant detection, report results determined from the initial analysis. (10) Reporting. Report the analytical results and other data, with the required data listed in 40 CFR 141.35, Table 1. Report this data electronically to EPA, unless EPA specifies otherwise, and provide a copy to the State. Systems must coordinate with their laboratories for electronic reporting to EPA to ensure proper formatting and timely data submission. (11) Method Defined Quality Control. As appropriate to the method's requirements, perform analysis of Laboratory Fortified Blanks and Laboratory Performance Checks as specified in the method. Each method specifies acceptance criteria for these quality control checks. [64 FR 50612, Sept. 17, 1999, as amended at 65 FR 11382, Mar. 2, 2000; 66 FR 2302, Jan. 11, 2001; 66 FR 27215, May 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.41] [Page 427] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and Prohibition on Lead Use Sec. 141.41 Special monitoring for sodium. (a) Suppliers of water for community public water systems shall collect and analyze one sample per plant at the entry point of the distribution system for the determination of sodium concentration levels; samples must be collected and analyzed annually for systems utilizing surface water sources in whole or in part, and at least every three years for systems utilizing solely ground water sources. The minimum number of samples required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number of treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells drawing raw water from a single aquifer may, with the State approval, be considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples. The supplier of water may be required by the State to collect and analyze water samples for sodium more frequently in locations where the sodium content is variable. (b) The supplier of water shall report to EPA and/or the State the results of the analyses for sodium within the first 10 days of the month following the month in which the sample results were received or within the first 10 days following the end of the required monitoring period as stipulated by the State, whichever of these is first. If more than annual sampling is required the supplier shall report the average sodium concentration within 10 days of the month following the month in which the analytical results of the last sample used for the annual average was received. The supplier of water shall not be required to report the results to EPA where the State has adopted this regulation and results are reported to the State. The supplier shall report the results to EPA where the State has not adopted this regulation. (c) The supplier of water shall notify appropriate local and State public health officials of the sodium levels by written notice by direct mail within three months. A copy of each notice required to be provided by this paragraph shall be sent to EPA and/or the State within 10 days of its issuance. The supplier of water is not required to notify appropriate local and State public health officials of the sodium levels where the State provides such notices in lieu of the supplier. (d) Analyses for sodium shall be conducted as directed in Sec. 141.23(k)(1). [45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980, as amended at 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.42] [Page 427-428] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and Prohibition on Lead Use Sec. 141.42 Special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics. (a)-(c) [Reserved] (d) Community water supply systems shall identify whether the following construction materials are present in their distribution system and report to the State: [[Page 428]] Lead from piping, solder, caulking, interior lining of distribution mains, alloys and home plumbing. Copper from piping and alloys, service lines, and home plumbing. Galvanized piping, service lines, and home plumbing. Ferrous piping materials such as cast iron and steel. Asbestos cement pipe. In addition, States may require identification and reporting of other materials of construction present in distribution systems that may contribute contaminants to the drinking water, such as: Vinyl lined asbestos cement pipe. Coal tar lined pipes and tanks. [45 FR 57346, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10999, Mar. 12, 1982, as amended at 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.43] [Page 428] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and Prohibition on Lead Use Sec. 141.43 Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux. (a) In general--(1) Prohibition. Any pipe, solder, or flux, which is used after June 19, 1986, in the installation or repair of-- (i) Any public water system, or (ii) Any plumbing in a residential or nonresidential facility providing water for human consumption which is connected to a public water system shall be lead free as defined by paragraph (d) of this section. This paragraph (a)(1) shall not apply to leaded joints necessary for the repair of cast iron pipes. (2) [Reserved] (b) State enforcement--(1) Enforcement of prohibition. The requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be enforced in all States effective June 19, 1988. States shall enforce such requirements through State or local plumbing codes, or such other means of enforcement as the State may determine to be appropriate. (2) [Reserved] (c) Penalties. If the Administrator determines that a State is not enforcing the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, as required pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section, the Administrator may withhold up to 5 percent of Federal funds available to that State for State program grants under section 1443(a) of the Act. (d) Definition of lead free. For purposes of this section, the term lead free: (1) When used with respect to solders and flux refers to solders and flux containing not more than 0.2 percent lead; (2) When used with respect to pipes and pipe fittings refers to pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0 percent lead; and (3) When used with respect to plumbing fittings and fixtures intended by the manufacturer to dispense water for human ingestion refers to fittings and fixtures that are in compliance with standards established in accordance with 42 U.S.C. 300g-6(e). [52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987, as amended at 65 FR 2003, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.50] [Page 428-429] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals Sec. 141.50 Maximum contaminant level goals for organic contaminants. (a) MCLGs are zero for the following contaminants: (1) Benzene (2) Vinyl chloride (3) Carbon tetrachloride (4) 1,2-dichloroethane (5) Trichloroethylene (6) Acrylamide (7) Alachlor (8) Chlordane (9) Dibromochloropropane (10) 1,2-Dichloropropane (11) Epichlorohydrin (12) Ethylene dibromide (13) Heptachlor (14) Heptachlor epoxide (15) Pentachlorophenol (16) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (17) Tetrachloroethylene (18) Toxaphene (19) Benzo[a]pyrene (20) Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) (21) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (22) Hexachlorobenzene (23) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) (b) MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated: [[Page 429]] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ MCLG in Contaminant mg/l ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) 1,1-Dichloroethylene..................................... 0.007 (2) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane.................................... 0.20 (3) para-Dichlorobenzene..................................... 0.075 (4) Aldicarb................................................. 0.001 (5) Aldicarb sulfoxide....................................... 0.001 (6) Aldicarb sulfone......................................... 0.001 (7) Atrazine................................................. 0.003 (8) Carbofuran............................................... 0.04 (9) o-Dichlorobenzene........................................ 0.6 (10) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene................................ 0.07 (11) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene.............................. 0.1 (12) 2,4-D................................................... 0.07 (13) Ethylbenzene............................................ 0.7 (14) Lindane................................................. 0.0002 (15) Methoxychlor............................................ 0.04 (16) Monochlorobenzene....................................... 0.1 (17) Styrene................................................. 0.1 (18) Toluene................................................. 1 (19) 2,4,5-TP................................................ 0.05 (20) Xylenes (total)......................................... 10 (21) Dalapon................................................. 0.2 (22) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................................. .4 (23) Dinoseb................................................. .007 (24) Diquat.................................................. .02 (25) Endothall............................................... .1 (26) Endrin.................................................. .002 (27) Glyphosate.............................................. .7 (28) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene............................... .05 (29) Oxamyl (Vydate)......................................... .2 (30) Picloram................................................ .5 (31) Simazine................................................ .004 (32) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.................................. .07 (33) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane................................... .003 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [50 FR 46901, Nov. 13, 1985, as amended at 52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987; 52 FR 25716, July 8, 1987; 56 FR 3592, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.51] [Page 429] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals Sec. 141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants. (a) [Reserved] (b) MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant MCLG (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Antimony...................................... 0.006 Asbestos...................................... 7 Million fibers/liter (longer than 10 <greek- m>m). Barium........................................ 2 Beryllium..................................... .004 Cadmium....................................... 0.005 Chromium...................................... 0.1 Copper........................................ 1.3 Cyanide (as free Cyanide)..................... .2 Fluoride...................................... 4.0 Lead.......................................... zero Mercury....................................... 0.002 Nitrate....................................... 10 (as Nitrogen). Nitrite....................................... 1 (as Nitrogen). Total Nitrate+Nitrite......................... 10 (as Nitrogen). Selenium...................................... 0.05 Thallium...................................... .0005 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [50 FR 47155, Nov. 14, 1985, as amended at 52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987; 56 FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.51 was amended in paragraph (b) in the table by adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order and adding a new endnote, effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the added text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants. * * * * * (b) * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant MCLG (mg/L) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * Arsenic................................... zero \1\ * * * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ This value for arsenic is effective January 23, 2006. Until then, there is no MCLG. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.52] [Page 429] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals Sec. 141.52 Maximum contaminant level goals for microbiological contaminants. MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant MCLG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Giardia lamblia....................... zero (2) Viruses............................... zero (3) Legionella............................ zero (4) Total coliforms (including fecal zero. coliforms and Escherichia coli). (5) Cryptosporidium....................... zero. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [54 FR 27527, 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 63 FR 69515, Dec. 16, 1998] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.53] [Page 429] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals Sec. 141.53 Maximum contaminant level goals for disinfection byproducts. MCLGs for the following disinfection byproducts are as indicated: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ MCLG Disinfection byproduct (mg/L) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bromodichloromethane.......................................... Zero Bromoform..................................................... Zero Bromate....................................................... Zero Dichloroacetic acid........................................... Zero Trichloroacetic acid.......................................... 0.3 Chlorite...................................................... 0.8 Dibromochloromethane.......................................... 0.06 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 34405, May 30, 2000] [[Page 430]] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.54] [Page 430] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals Sec. 141.54 Maximum residual disinfectant level goals for disinfectants. MRDLGs for disinfectants are as follows: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Disinfectant residual MRDLG(mg/L) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chlorine................................ 4 (as Cl <INF>2</INF>). Chloramines............................. 4 (as Cl <INF>2</INF>). Chlorine dioxide........................ 0.8 (as ClO<INF>2</INF>) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.55] [Page 430] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals Sec. 141.55 Maximum contaminant level goals for radionuclides. MCLGs for radionuclides are as indicated in the following table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant MCLG ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228........ Zero. 2. Gross alpha particle activity (excluding Zero. radon and uranium). 3. Beta particle and photon radioactivity.... Zero. 4. Uranium................................... Zero. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.55 was added, effective Dec. 8, 2003. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.60] [Page 430] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels Sec. 141.60 Effective dates. Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000, the heading of subpart G was revised to read "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels", effective Dec. 8, 2003. (a) The effective dates for Sec. 141.61 are as follows: (1) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(8) of Sec. 141.61 is January 9, 1989. (2) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(9) through (a)(18) and (c)(1) through (c)(18) of Sec. 141.61 is July 30, 1992. (3) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(19) through (a)(21), (c)(19) through (c)(25), and (c)(27) through (c)(33) of Sec. 141.61 is January 17, 1994. The effective date of Sec. 141.61(c)(26) is August 17, 1992. (b) The effective dates for Sec. 141.62 are as follows: (1) The effective date of paragraph (b)(1) of Sec. 141.62 is October 2, 1987. (2) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(4) through (b)(10) of Sec. 141.62 is July 30, 1992. (3) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(11) through (b)(15) of Sec. 141.62 is January 17, 1994. [56 FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34324, July 1, 1994] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.60 was amended by adding paragraph (b)(4), effective March 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the added text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.60 Effective dates. * * * * * (b) * * * (4) The effective date for Sec. 141.62(b)(16) is January 23, 2006. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.61] [Page 430-432] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels Sec. 141.61 Maximum contaminant levels for organic contaminants. (a) The following maximum contaminant levels for organic contaminants apply to community and non-transient, non-community water systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CAS No. Contaminant MCL (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) 75-01-4.................. Vinyl chloride....... 0.002 (2) 71-43-2.................. Benzene.............. 0.005 (3) 56-23-5.................. Carbon tetrachloride. 0.005 (4) 107-06-2................. 1,2-Dichloroethane... 0.005 (5) 79-01-6.................. Trichloroethylene.... 0.005 (6) 106-46-7................. para-Dichlorobenzene. 0.075 (7) 75-35-4.................. 1,1-Dichloroethylene. 0.007 (8) 71-55-6.................. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2 (9) 156-59-2................. cis-1,2- 0.07 Dichloroethylene. (10) 78-87-5................. 1,2-Dichloropropane.. 0.005 (11) 100-41-4................ Ethylbenzene......... 0.7 (12) 108-90-7................ Monochlorobenzene.... 0.1 (13) 95-50-1................. o-Dichlorobenzene.... 0.6 [[Page 431]] (14) 100-42-5................ Styrene.............. 0.1 (15) 127-18-4................ Tetrachloroethylene.. 0.005 (16) 108-88-3................ Toluene.............. 1 (17) 156-60-5................ trans-1,2- 0.1 Dichloroethylene. (18) 1330-20-7............... Xylenes (total)...... 10 (19) 75-09-2................. Dichloromethane...... 0.005 (20) 120-82-1................ 1,2,4-Trichloro- .07 benzene. (21) 79-00-5................. 1,1,2-Trichloro- .005 ethane. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies as indicated in the Table below granular activated carbon (GAC), packed tower aeration (PTA), or oxidation (OX) as the best technology treatment technique, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for organic contaminants identified in paragraphs (a) and (c) of this section: BAT for Organic Contaminants Listed in Sec. 141.61 (a) and (c) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CAS No. Contaminant GAC PTA OX ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15972-60-8.................................. Alachlor............................ X ........ ........ 116-06-3.................................... Aldicarb............................ X ........ ........ 1646-88-4................................... Aldicarb sulfone.................... X ........ ........ 1646-87-3................................... Aldicarb sulfoxide.................. X ........ ........ 1912-24-9................................... Atrazine............................ X ........ ........ 71-43-2..................................... Benzene............................. X X ........ 50-32-8..................................... Benzo[a]pyrene...................... X ........ ........ 1563-66-2................................... Carbofuran.......................... X ........ ........ 56-23-5..................................... Carbon tetrachloride................ X X ........ 57-74-9..................................... Chlordane........................... X ........ ........ 75-99-0..................................... Dalapon............................. X ........ ........ 94-75-7..................................... 2,4-D............................... X ........ ........ 103-23-1.................................... Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate........... X X ........ 117-81-7.................................... Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate......... X ........ ........ 96-12-8..................................... Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)......... X X ........ 95-50-1..................................... o-Dichlorobenzene................... X X ........ 106-46-7.................................... para-Dichlorobenzene................ X X ........ 107-06-2.................................... 1,2-Dichloroethane.................. X X ........ 75-35-4..................................... 1,1-Dichloroethylene................ X X ........ 156-59-2.................................... cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene............ X X ........ 156-60-5.................................... trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene.......... X X ........ 75-09-2..................................... Dichloromethane..................... ........ X ........ 78-87-5..................................... 1,2-Dichloropropane................. X X ........ 88-85-7..................................... Dinoseb............................. X ........ ........ 85-00-7..................................... Diquat.............................. X ........ ........ 145-73-3.................................... Endothall........................... X ........ ........ 72-20-8..................................... Endrin.............................. X ........ ........ 100-41-4.................................... Ethylbenzene........................ X X ........ 106-93-4.................................... Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)............ X X ........ 1071-83-6................................... Gylphosate.......................... ........ ........ X 76-44-8..................................... Heptachlor.......................... X ........ ........ 1024-57-3................................... Heptachlor epoxide.................. X ........ ........ 118-74-1.................................... Hexachlorobenzene................... X ........ ........ 77-47-3..................................... Hexachlorocyclopentadiene........... X X ........ 58-89-9..................................... Lindane............................. X ........ ........ 72-43-5..................................... Methoxychlor........................ X ........ ........ 108-90-7.................................... Monochlorobenzene................... X X ........ 23135-22-0.................................. Oxamyl (Vydate)..................... X ........ ........ 87-86-5..................................... Pentachlorophenol................... X ........ ........ 1918-02-1................................... Picloram............................ X ........ ........ 1336-36-3................................... Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)..... X ........ ........ 122-34-9.................................... Simazine............................ X ........ ........ 100-42-5.................................... Styrene............................. X X ........ 1746-01-6................................... 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)............... X ........ ........ 127-18-4.................................... Tetrachloroethylene................. X X ........ 108-88-3.................................... Toluene............................. X X ........ 8001-35-2................................... Toxaphene........................... X ........ ........ 93-72-1..................................... 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)................... X ........ ........ 120-82-1.................................... 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.............. X X ........ 71-55-6..................................... 1,1,1-Trichloroethane............... X X ........ [[Page 432]] 79-00-5..................................... 1,1,2-Trichloroethane............... X X ........ 79-01-6..................................... Trichloroethylene................... X X ........ 75-01-4..................................... Vinyl chloride...................... ........ X ........ 1330-20-7................................... Xylene.............................. X X ........ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) The following maximum contaminant levels for synthetic organic contaminants apply to community water systems and non-transient, non- community water systems: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CAS No. Contaminant MCL (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) 15972-60-8............... Alachlor............. 0.002 (2) 116-06-3................. Aldicarb............. 0.003 (3) 1646-87-3................ Aldicarb sulfoxide... 0.004 (4) 1646-87-4................ Aldicarb sulfone..... 0.002 (5) 1912-24-9................ Atrazine............. 0.003 (6) 1563-66-2................ Carbofuran........... 0.04 (7) 57-74-9.................. Chlordane............ 0.002 (8) 96-12-8.................. Dibromochloropropane. 0.0002 (9) 94-75-7.................. 2,4-D................ 0.07 (10) 106-93-4................. Ethylene dibromide... 0.00005 (11) 76-44-8.................. Heptachlor........... 0.0004 (12) 1024-57-3................ Heptachlor epoxide... 0.0002 (13) 58-89-9.................. Lindane.............. 0.0002 (14) 72-43-5.................. Methoxychlor......... 0.04 (15) 1336-36-3................ Polychlorinated 0.0005 biphenyls. (16) 87-86-5.................. Pentachlorophenol.... 0.001 (17) 8001-35-2................ Toxaphene............ 0.003 (18) 93-72-1.................. 2,4,5-TP............. 0.05 (19) 50-32-8.................. Benzo[a]pyrene....... 0.0002 (20) 75-99-0.................. Dalapon.............. 0.2 (21) 103-23-1................. Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.4 adipate. (22) 117-81-7................. Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.006 phthalate. (23) 88-85-7.................. Dinoseb.............. 0.007 (24) 85-00-7.................. Diquat............... 0.02 (25) 145-73-3................. Endothall............ 0.1 (26) 72-20-8.................. Endrin............... 0.002 (27) 1071-53-6................ Glyphosate........... 0.7 (28) 118-74-1................. Hexacholorbenzene.... 0.001 (29) 77-47-4.................. Hexachlorocyclopentad 0.05 iene. (30) 23135-22-0............... Oxamyl (Vydate)...... 0.2 (31) 1918-02-1................ Picloram............. 0.5 (32) 122-34-9................. Simazine............. 0.004 (33) 1746-01-6................ 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) 3 x 10<SUP>-8</SUP> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [56 FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34324, July 1, 1994] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.62] [Page 432-434] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels Sec. 141.62 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants. (a) [Reserved] (b) The maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants specified in paragraphs (b) (2)-(6), (b)(10), and (b) (11)-(15) of this section apply to community water systems and non-transient, non- community water systems. The maximum contaminant level specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section only applies to community water systems. The maximum contaminant levels specified in (b)(7), (b)(8), and (b)(9) of this section apply to community water systems; non-transient, non-community water systems; and transient non-community water systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant MCL (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) Fluoride.............................. 4.0 (2) Asbestos.............................. 7 Million Fibers/liter (longer than 10 <greek- m>m). (3) Barium................................ 2 (4) Cadmium............................... 0.005 (5) Chromium.............................. 0.1 (6) Mercury............................... 0.002 (7) Nitrate............................... 10 (as Nitrogen) (8) Nitrite............................... 1 (as Nitrogen) (9) Total Nitrate and Nitrite............. 10 (as Nitrogen) [[Page 433]] (10) Selenium............................. 0.05 (11) Antimony............................. 0.006 (12) Beryllium............................ 0.004 (13) Cyanide (as free Cyanide)............ 0.2 (14) [Reserved]........................... ............................ (15) Thallium............................. 0.002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (c) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies the following as the best technology, treatment technique, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants identified in paragraph (b) of this section, except fluoride: BAT for Inorganic Compounds Listed in Section 141.62(B) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chemical Name BAT(s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Antimony................................................ 2,7 Asbestos................................................ 2,3,8 Barium.................................................. 5,6,7,9 Beryllium............................................... 1,2,5,6,7 Cadmium................................................. 2,5,6,7 Chromium................................................ 2,5,6 \2\,7 Cyanide................................................. 5,7,10 Mercury................................................. 2 \1\,4,6 \1\, 7 \1\ Nickel.................................................. 5,6,7 Nitrate................................................. 5,7,9 Nitrite................................................. 5,7 Selenium................................................ 1,2 \3\,6,7,9 Thallium................................................ 1,5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ BAT only if influent Hg concentrations <ls-thn-eq>10<greek-m>g/1. \2\ BAT for Chromium III only. \3\ BAT for Selenium IV only. Key to BATS in Table 1=Activated Alumina 2=Coagulation/Filtration 3=Direct and Diatomite Filtration 4=Granular Activated Carbon 5=Ion Exchange 6=Lime Softening 7=Reverse Osmosis 8=Corrosion Control 9=Electrodialysis 10=Chlorine 11=Ultraviolet [56 FR 3594, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 31847, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34325, July 1, 1994; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7063, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.62 was amended by revising the first sentence of paragraph (b) introductory text; adding a new entry "(16)" for arsenic to the table in paragraph (b); adding a new entry for "Arsenic" in alphabetical order, adding new endnotes 4 and 5, adding a new item 12 and revising items 2 and 6 to list of "Key to BATs in Table" and revising the heading to the table in paragraph (c); and adding paragraph (d), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.62 Maximum Contaminant Levels for inorganic contaminants. * * * * * (b) The maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants specified in paragraphs (b) (2)-(6), (b)(10), and (b) (11)-(16) of this section apply to community water systems and non-transient, non- community water systems. * * * * * * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant MCL (mg/L) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * (16) Arsenic.............................. 0.01 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (c) * * * BAT FOR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS LISTED IN SECTION 141.62(b) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chemical Name BAT(s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * Arsenic \4\............................... 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 \5\ * * * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * * * * \4\ BATs for Arsenic V. Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V. \5\ To obtain high removals, iron to arsenic ratio must be at least 20:1. Key to BATs in Table 1 = Activated Alumina 2 = Coagulation/Filtration (not BAT for systems 500 service connections) * * * * * 5 = Ion Exchange 6 = Lime Softening (not BAT for systems 500 service connections) 7 = Reverse Osmosis * * * * * 9 = Electrodialysis * * * * * 12 = Oxidation/Filtration * * * * * [[Page 434]] (d) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies in the following table the affordable technology, treatment technique, or other means available to systems serving 10,000 persons or fewer for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for arsenic: Small System Compliance Technologies (SSCTs) \1\ for Arsenic \2\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Affordable for listed small Small system compliance technology system categories \3\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Activated Alumina (centralized)........ All size categories. Activated Alumina (Point-of-Use) \4\... All size categories. Coagulation/Filtration \5\............. 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000. Coagulation-assisted Microfiltration... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000. Electrodialysis reversal \6\........... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000. Enhanced coagulation/filtration........ All size categories Enhanced lime softening (pH> 10.5)..... All size categories. Ion Exchange........................... All size categories. Lime Softening \5\..................... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000. Oxidation/Filtration \7\............... All size categories. Reverse Osmosis (centralized) \6\...... 501-3,300, 3,301-10,000. Reverse Osmosis (Point-of-Use) \4\..... All size categories. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Section 1412(b)(4)(E)(ii) of SDWA specifies that SSCTs must be affordable and technically feasible for small systems. \2\ SSCTs for Arsenic V. Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V. \3\ The Act (ibid.) specifies three categories of small systems: (i) those serving 25 or more, but fewer than 501, (ii) those serving more than 500, but fewer than 3,301, and (iii) those serving more than 3,300, but fewer than 10,001. \4\ When POU or POE devices are used for compliance, programs to ensure proper long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must be provided by the water system to ensure adequate performance. \5\ Unlikely to be installed solely for arsenic removal. May require pH adjustment to optimal range if high removals are needed. \6\ Technologies reject a large volume of water--may not be appropriate for areas where water quantity may be an issue. \7\ To obtain high removals, iron to arsenic ratio must be at least 20:1. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.63] [Page 434-435] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels Sec. 141.63 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for microbiological contaminants. (a) The MCL is based on the presence or absence of total coliforms in a sample, rather than coliform density. (1) For a system which collects at least 40 samples per month, if no more than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during a month are total coliform-positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total coliforms. (2) For a system which collects fewer than 40 samples/month, if no more than one sample collected during a month is total coliform- positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total coliforms. (b) Any fecal coliform-positive repeat sample or E. coli-positive repeat sample, or any total coliform-positive repeat sample following a fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive routine sample constitutes a violation of the MCL for total coliforms. For purposes of the public notification requirements in subpart Q, this is a violation that may pose an acute risk to health. (c) A public water system must determine compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section for each month in which it is required to monitor for total coliforms. (d) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for total coliforms in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section: (1) Protection of wells from contamination by coliforms by appropriate placement and construction; (2) Maintenance of a disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system; (3) Proper maintenance of the distribution system including appropriate pipe replacement and repair procedures, main flushing programs, proper operation and maintenance of storage tanks and reservoirs, and continual maintenance of positive water pressure in all parts of the distribution system; (4) Filtration and/or disinfection of surface water, as described in subpart H, or disinfection of ground water using strong oxidants such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or ozone; and (5) For systems using ground water, compliance with the requirements of [[Page 435]] an EPA-approved State Wellhead Protection Program developed and implemented under section 1428 of the SDWA. [54 FR 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.64] [Page 435] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels Sec. 141.64 Maximum contaminant levels for disinfection byproducts. (a) The maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for disinfection byproducts are as follows: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ MCL (mg/ Disinfection byproduct L) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total trihalomethanes (TTHM).................................. 0.080 Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5)................................ 0.060 Bromate....................................................... 0.010 Chlorite...................................................... 1.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) Compliance dates. (1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with this section beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water must comply with this section beginning January 1, 2004. (2) A system that is installing GAC or membrane technology to comply with this section may apply to the State for an extension of up to 24 months past the dates in paragraphs (b)(1) of this section, but not beyond December 31, 2003. In granting the extension, States must set a schedule for compliance and may specify any interim measures that the system must take. Failure to meet the schedule or interim treatment requirements constitutes a violation of a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation. (c) The Administrator, pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for disinfection byproducts identified in paragraph (a) of this section: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Disinfection byproduct Best available technology ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TTHM................................... Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening or GAC10, with chlorine as the primary and residual disinfectant HAA5................................... Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening or GAC10, with chlorine as the primary and residual disinfectant. Bromate................................ Control of ozone treatment process to reduce production of bromate. Chlorite............................... Control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.65] [Page 435-436] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels Sec. 141.65 Maximum residual disinfectant levels. (a) Maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) are as follows: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Disinfectant residual MRDL (mg/L) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chlorine................................ 4.0 (as Cl<INF>2</INF>). Chloramines............................. 4.0 (as Cl<INF>2</INF>). Chlorine dioxide........................ 0.8 (as ClO<INF>2</INF>). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) Compliance dates. (1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with this section beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water must comply with this subpart beginning January 1, 2004. (2) Transient NCWSs. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004. (c) The Administrator, pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum residual disinfectant levels identified in paragraph (a) of this section: control of treatment [[Page 436]] processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels. [63 FR 69465, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.66] [Page 436-438] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum Contaminant Levels and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels Sec. 141.66 Maximum contaminant levels for radionuclides. (a) [Reserved] (b) MCL for combined radium-226 and -228. The maximum contaminant level for combined radium-226 and radium-228 is 5 pCi/L. The combined radium-226 and radium-228 value is determined by the addition of the results of the analysis for radium-226 and the analysis for radium-228. (c) MCL for gross alpha particle activity (excluding radon and uranium). The maximum contaminant level for gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226 but excluding radon and uranium) is 15 pCi/L. (d) MCL for beta particle and photon radioactivity. (1) The average annual concentration of beta particle and photon radioactivity from man- made radionuclides in drinking water must not produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal organ greater than 4 millirem/year (mrem/year). (2) Except for the radionuclides listed in table A, the concentration of man-made radionuclides causing 4 mrem total body or organ dose equivalents must be calculated on the basis of 2 liter per day drinking water intake using the 168 hour data list in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS (National Bureau of Standards) Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of this document are available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS ADA 280 282, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. If two or more radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ shall not exceed 4 mrem/year. Table A.--Average Annual Concentrations Assumed To Produce: a Total Body or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Radionuclide................. Critical organ.... pCi per liter 2. Tritium...................... Total body........ 20,000 3. Strontium-90................. Bone Marrow....... 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (e) MCL for uranium. The maximum contaminant level for uranium is 30 <greek-m>g/L. (f) Compliance dates. (1) Compliance dates for combined radium-226 and -228, gross alpha particle activity, gross beta particle and photon radioactivity, and uranium: Community water systems must comply with the MCLs listed in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section beginning December 8, 2003 and compliance shall be determined in accordance with the requirements of Secs. 141.25 and 141.26. Compliance with reporting requirements for the radionuclides under appendix A to subpart O and appendices A and B to subpart Q is required on December 8, 2003. (g) Best available technologies (BATs) for radionuclides. The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby identifies as indicated in the following table the best technology available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for combined radium-226 and -228, uranium, gross alpha particle activity, and beta particle and photon radioactivity. [[Page 437]] Table B.--BAT for Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228, Uranium, Gross Alpha Particle Activity, and Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Contaminant BAT ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228.. Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening. 2. Uranium............................. Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening, coagulation/ filtration. 3. Gross alpha particle activity Reverse osmosis. (excluding Radon and Uranium). 4. Beta particle and photon Ion exchange, reverse osmosis. radioactivity. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (h) Small systems compliance technologies list for radionuclides. Table C.--List of Small Systems Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides and Limitations to Use ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Limitations Unit technologies (see Operator skill level Raw water quality range and footnotes) required \1\ considerations.\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Ion exchange (IE)................... (<SUP>a</SUP>) Intermediate.............. All ground waters. 2. Point of use (POU \2\) IE........... (<SUP>b</SUP>) Basic..................... All ground waters. 3. Reverse osmosis (RO)................ (<SUP>c</SUP>) Advanced.................. Surface waters usually require pre-filtration. 4. POU\2\ RO........................... (<SUP>b</SUP>) Basic..................... Surface waters usually require pre-filtration. 5. Lime softening...................... (<SUP>d</SUP>) Advanced.................. All waters. 6. Green sand filtration............... (<SUP>e</SUP>) Basic. ............................. 7. Co-precipitation with Barium sulfate (<SUP>f</SUP>) Intermediate to Advanced.. Ground waters with suitable water quality. 8. Electrodialysis/electrodialysis ............ Basic to Intermediate..... All ground waters. reversal. 9. Pre-formed hydrous Manganese oxide (<SUP>g</SUP>) Intermediate.............. All ground waters. filtration. 10. Activated alumina.................. (<SUP>a</SUP>), (<SUP>h</SUP>) Advanced.................. All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency. 11. Enhanced coagulation/filtration.... (<SUP>i</SUP>) Advanced.................. Can treat a wide range of water qualities. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ National Research Council (NRC). Safe Water from Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1997. \2\ A POU, or "point-of-use" technology is a treatment device installed at a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap. POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen tap. See the April 21, 2000 NODA for more details. Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for Radionuclides: <SUP>a</SUP> The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology. <SUP>b</SUP> When POU devices are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must be provided by water utility to ensure proper performance. <SUP>c</SUP> Reject water disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology. See other RO limitations described in the SWTR Compliance Technologies Table. <SUP>d</SUP> The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small surface water systems. <SUP>e</SUP> Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality. <SUP>f</SUP> This technology may be very limited in application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place. <SUP>g</SUP> This technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in place. <SUP>h</SUP> Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an adequately trained operator. <SUP>i</SUP> Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place. Table D.--Compliance Technologies by System Size Category for Radionuclide NPDWR's ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Compliance technologies \1\ for system size categories (population served) Contaminant -------------------------------------------------- 3,300-10,000 25-500 501-3,300 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9. 9. 9. 2. Gross alpha particle activity..... 3, 4................... 3, 4................... 3, 4. 3. Beta particle activity and photon 1, 2, 3, 4............. 1, 2, 3, 4............. 1, 2, 3, 4. activity. 4. Uranium........................... 1, 2, 4, 10, 11........ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11.. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: <SUP>1</SUP> Numbers correspond to those tegies found listed in the table C of 141.66(h). [[Page 438]] [65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 65 FR 76748, Dec. 7, 2000, Sec. 141.66 was added, effective Dec. 8, 2003. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.70] [Page 438] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.70 General requirements. Source: 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, unless otherwise noted. (a) The requirements of this subpart H constitute national primary drinking water regulations. These regulations establish criteria under which filtration is required as a treatment technique for public water systems supplied by a surface water source and public water systems supplied by a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water. In addition, these regulations establish treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for the following contaminants: Giardia lamblia, viruses, heterotrophic plate count bacteria, Legionella, and turbidity. Each public water system with a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must provide treatment of that source water that complies with these treatment technique requirements. The treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating water treatment processes which reliably achieve: (1) At least 99.9 percent (3-log) removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer; and (2) At least 99.99 percent (4-log) removal and/or inactivation of viruses between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer. (b) A public water system using a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water is considered to be in compliance with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section if: (1) It meets the requirements for avoiding filtration in Sec. 141.71 and the disinfection requirements in Sec. 141.72(a); or (2) It meets the filtration requirements in Sec. 141.73 and the disinfection requirements in Sec. 141.72(b). (c) Each public water system using a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must be operated by qualified personnel who meet the requirements specified by the State. (d) Additional requirements for systems serving at least 10,000 people. In addition to complying with requirements in this subpart, systems serving at least 10,000 people must also comply with the requirements in subpart P of this part. [54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.71] [Page 438-440] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.71 Criteria for avoiding filtration. A public water system that uses a surface water source must meet all of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, and is subject to paragraph (c) of this section, beginning December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined, in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is required. A public water system that uses a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must meet all of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section and is subject to paragraph (c) of this section, beginning 18 months after the State determines that it is under the direct influence of surface water, or December 30, 1991, whichever is later, unless the State has determined, in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is required. If the State determines in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii) before December 30, 1991, that filtration is required, the system must have installed filtration and meet the criteria for filtered systems specified in Secs. 141.72(b) and 141.73 by June 29, 1993. Within 18 months of the failure of a system using surface water or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water to meet any one of the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section or after June 29, 1993, [[Page 439]] whichever is later, the system must have installed filtration and meet the criteria for filtered systems specified in Secs. 141.72(b) and 141.73. (a) Source water quality conditions. (1) The fecal coliform concentration must be equal to or less than 20/100 ml, or the total coliform concentration must be equal to or less than 100/100 ml (measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a) (1) and (2) and (b)(1)), in representative samples of the source water immediately prior to the first or only point of disinfectant application in at least 90 percent of the measurements made for the 6 previous months that the system served water to the public on an ongoing basis. If a system measures both fecal and total coliforms, the fecal coliform criterion, but not the total coliform criterion, in this paragraph must be met. (2) The turbidity level cannot exceed 5 NTU (measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (b)(2)) in representative samples of the source water immediately prior to the first or only point of disinfectant application unless: (i) the State determines that any such event was caused by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable; and (ii) as a result of any such event, there have not been more than two events in the past 12 months the system served water to the public, or more than five events in the past 120 months the system served water to the public, in which the turbidity level exceeded 5 NTU. An "event" is a series of consecutive days during which at least one turbidity measurement each day exceeds 5 NTU. (b) Site-specific conditions. (1)(i) The public water system must meet the requirements of Sec. 141.72(a)(1) at least 11 of the 12 previous months that the system served water to the public, on an ongoing basis, unless the system fails to meet the requirements during 2 of the 12 previous months that the system served water to the public, and the State determines that at least one of these failures was caused by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable. (ii) The public water system must meet the requirements of Sec. 141.72(a)(2) at all times the system serves water to the public. (iii) The public water system must meet the requirements of Sec. 141.72(a)(3) at all times the system serves water to the public unless the State determines that any such failure was caused by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable. (iv) The public water system must meet the requirements of Sec. 141.72(a)(4) on an ongoing basis unless the State determines that failure to meet these requirements was not caused by a deficiency in treatment of the source water. (2) The public water system must maintain a watershed control program which minimizes the potential for contamination by Giardia lamblia cysts and viruses in the source water. The State must determine whether the watershed control program is adequate to meet this goal. The adequacy of a program to limit potential contamination by Giardia lamblia cysts and viruses must be based on: the comprehensiveness of the watershed review; the effectiveness of the system's program to monitor and control detrimental activities occurring in the watershed; and the extent to which the water system has maximized land ownership and/or controlled land use within the watershed. At a minimum, the watershed control program must: (i) Characterize the watershed hydrology and land ownership; (ii) Identify watershed characteristics and activities which may have an adverse effect on source water quality; and (iii) Monitor the occurrence of activities which may have an adverse effect on source water quality. The public water system must demonstrate through ownership and/or written agreements with landowners within the watershed that it can control all human activities which may have an adverse impact on the microbiological quality of the source water. The public water system must submit an annual report to the State that identifies any special concerns about the watershed and how they are being handled; describes activities in the watershed that affect water quality; and projects what adverse activities are expected to occur in the future and describes how the public water system [[Page 440]] expects to address them. For systems using a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water, an approved wellhead protection program developed under section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act may be used, if the State deems it appropriate, to meet these requirements. (3) The public water system must be subject to an annual on-site inspection to assess the watershed control program and disinfection treatment process. Either the State or a party approved by the State must conduct the on-site inspection. The inspection must be conducted by competent individuals such as sanitary and civil engineers, sanitarians, or technicians who have experience and knowledge about the operation and maintenance of a public water system, and who have a sound understanding of public health principles and waterborne diseases. A report of the on- site inspection summarizing all findings must be prepared every year. The on-site inspection must indicate to the State's satisfaction that the watershed control program and disinfection treatment process are adequately designed and maintained. The on-site inspection must include: (i) A review of the effectiveness of the watershed control program; (ii) A review of the physical condition of the source intake and how well it is protected; (iii) A review of the system's equipment maintenance program to ensure there is low probability for failure of the disinfection process; (iv) An inspection of the disinfection equipment for physical deterioration; (v) A review of operating procedures; (vi) A review of data records to ensure that all required tests are being conducted and recorded and disinfection is effectively practiced; and (vii) Identification of any improvements which are needed in the equipment, system maintenance and operation, or data collection. (4) The public water system must not have been identified as a source of a waterborne disease outbreak, or if it has been so identified, the system must have been modified sufficiently to prevent another such occurrence, as determined by the State. (5) The public water system must comply with the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 at least 11 months of the 12 previous months that the system served water to the public, on an ongoing basis, unless the State determines that failure to meet this requirement was not caused by a deficiency in treatment of the source water. (6) The public water system must comply with the requirements for trihalomethanes in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30 until December 31, 2001. After December 31, 2001, the system must comply with the requirements for total trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids (five), bromate, chlorite, chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide in subpart L of this part. (c) Treatment technique violations. (1) A system that (i) fails to meet any one of the criteria in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section and/or which the State has determined that filtration is required, in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), and (ii) fails to install filtration by the date specified in the introductory paragraph of this section is in violation of a treatment technique requirement. (2) A system that has not installed filtration is in violation of a treatment technique requirement if: (i) The turbidity level (measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(4) and (b)(2)) in a representative sample of the source water immediately prior to the first or only point of disinfection application exceeds 5 NTU; or (ii) The system is identified as a source of a waterborne disease outbreak. [54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998; 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.72] [Page 440-442] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.72 Disinfection. A public water system that uses a surface water source and does not provide filtration treatment must provide the disinfection treatment specified in paragraph (a) of this section beginning December 30, 1991, unless the State determines that filtration is required in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412 (b)(7)(C)(iii). A public water system that uses a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and does not [[Page 441]] provide filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment specified in paragraph (a) of this section beginning December 30, 1991, or 18 months after the State determines that the ground water source is under the influence of surface water, whichever is later, unless the State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii). If the State has determined that filtration is required, the system must comply with any interim disinfection requirements the State deems necessary before filtration is installed. A system that uses a surface water source that provides filtration treatment must provide the disinfection treatment specified in paragraph (b) of this section beginnng June 29, 1993, or beginning when filtration is installed, whichever is later. A system that uses a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and provides filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment as specified in paragraph (b) of this section by June 29, 1993, or beginning when filtration is installed, whichever is later. Failure to meet any requirement of this section after the applicable date specified in this introductory paragraph is a treatment technique violation. (a) Disinfection requirements for public water systems that do not provide filtration. Each public water system that does not provide filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment as follows: (1) The disinfection treatment must be sufficient to ensure at least 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent (4-log) inactivation of viruses, every day the system serves water to the public, except any one day each month. Each day a system serves water to the public, the public water system must calculate the CT value(s) from the system's treatment parameters, using the procedure specified in Sec. 141.74(b)(3), and determine whether this value(s) is sufficient to achieve the specified inactivation rates for Giardia lamblia cysts and viruses. If a system uses a disinfectant other than chlorine, the system may demonstrate to the State, through the use of a State-approved protocol for on-site disinfection challenge studies or other information satisfactory to the State, that CT<INF>99.9</INF> values other than those specified in tables 2.1 and 3.1 in Sec. 141.74(b)(3) or other operational parameters are adequate to demonstrate that the system is achieving minimum inactivation rates required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (2) The disinfection system must have either (i) redundant components, including an auxiliary power supply with automatic start-up and alarm to ensure that disinfectant application is maintained continuously while water is being delivered to the distribution system, or (ii) automatic shut-off of delivery of water to the distribution system whenever there is less than 0.2 mg/l of residual disinfectant concentration in the water. If the State determines that automatic shut- off would cause unreasonable risk to health or interfere with fire protection, the system must comply with paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section. (3) The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering the distribution system, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and (b)(5), cannot be less than 0.2 mg/l for more than 4 hours. (4)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine dioxide, as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and (b)(6), cannot be undetectable in more than 5 percent of the samples each month, for any two consecutive months that the system serves water to the public. Water in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration less than or equal to 500/ml, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3), is deemed to have a detectable disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this requirement. Thus, the value "V" in the following formula cannot exceed 5 percent in one month, for any two consecutive months. [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.131 where: a=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured; b=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured [[Page 442]] but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured; c=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured; d=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and e=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml. (ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section do not apply to that system. (b) Disinfection requirements for public water systems which provide filtration. Each public water system that provides filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment as follows. (1) The disinfection treatment must be sufficient to ensure that the total treatment processes of that system achieve at least 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation and/or removal of Giardia lamblia cysts and at least 99.99 percent (4-log) inactivation and/or removal of viruses, as determined by the State. (2) The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering the distribution system, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and (c)(2), cannot be less than 0.2 mg/l for more than 4 hours. (3)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine dioxide, as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and (c)(3), cannot be undetectable in more than 5 percent of the samples each month, for any two consecutive months that the system serves water to the public. Water in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration less than or equal to 500/ml, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3), is deemed to have a detectable disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this requirement. Thus, the value "V" in the following formula cannot exceed 5 percent in one month, for any two consecutive months. [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.132 where: a=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured; b=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured; c=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured; d=number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and e=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml. (ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section do not apply. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.73] [Page 442-443] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.73 Filtration. A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water, and does not meet all of the criteria in Sec. 141.71 (a) and (b) for avoiding filtration, must provide treatment consisting of both disinfection, as specified in Sec. 141.72(b), and filtration treatment which complies with the requirements of paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) of this section by June 29, 1993, or within 18 months of the failure to meet any one of the criteria for avoiding filtration in Sec. 141.71 (a) and (b), whichever is later. Failure to meet any requirement of this section after the date specified in this introductory paragraph is a treatment technique violation. (a) Conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration. (1) For systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to 0.5 [[Page 443]] NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1), except that if the State determines that the system is capable of achieving at least 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts at some turbidity level higher than 0.5 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month, the State may substitute this higher turbidity limit for that system. However, in no case may the State approve a turbidity limit that allows more than 1 NTU in more than 5 percent of the samples taken each month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1). (2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1). (3) Beginning January 1, 2002, systems serving at least 10,000 people must meet the turbidity requirements in Sec. 141.173(a). (b) Slow sand filtration. (1) For systems using slow sand filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to 1 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1), except that if the State determines there is no significant interference with disinfection at a higher turbidity level, the State may substitute this higher turbidity limit for that system. (2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1). (c) Diatomaceous earth filtration. (1) For systems using diatomaceous earth filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to 1 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1). (2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1). (d) Other filtration technologies. A public water system may use a filtration technology not listed in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section if it demonstrates to the State, using pilot plant studies or other means, that the alternative filtration technology, in combination with disinfection treatment that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.72(b), consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of viruses. For a system that makes this demonstration, the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section apply. Beginning January 1, 2002, systems serving at least 10,000 people must meet the requirements for other filtration technologies in Sec. 141.173(b). [54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998; 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.74] [Page 443-450] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.74 Analytical and monitoring requirements. (a) Analytical requirements. Only the analytical method(s) specified in this paragraph, or otherwise approved by EPA, may be used to demonstrate compliance with Secs. 141.71, 141.72 and 141.73. Measurements for pH, turbidity, temperature and residual disinfectant concentrations must be conducted by a person approved by the State. Measurement for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and HPC must be conducted by a laboratory certified by the State or EPA to do such analysis. Until laboratory certification criteria are developed for the analysis of fecal coliforms and HPC, any laboratory certified for total coliforms analysis by the State or EPA is deemed certified for fecal coliforms and HPC analysis. The following procedures shall be conducted in accordance with the publications listed in the following section. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the methods published in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater may be obtained from the American Public Health Association et al., 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW., Washington, DC 20005; copies of the Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG Method as set forth in the [[Page 444]] article "National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Esherichia coli from Drinking Water: Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube Fermentation Method" (Edberg et al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 54, pp. 1595-1601, June 1988 (as amended under Erratum, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 54, p. 3197, December, 1988), may be obtained from the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80235; and copies of the Indigo Method as set forth in the article "Determination of Ozone in Water by the Indigo Method" (Bader and Hoigne), may be obtained from Ozone Science & Engineering, Pergamon Press Ltd., Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523. Copies may be inspected at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Room EB15, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460 or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC. (1) Public water systems must conduct analysis of pH and temperature in accordance with one of the methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(1). Public water systems must conduct analysis of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, and turbidity in accordance with one of the following analytical methods and by using analytical test procedures contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA- 600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Organism Methodology Citation \1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total Coliform \2\............. Total Coliform 9221 A, B, C Fermentation Technique \3,4,5\. Total Coliform 9222 A, B, C Membrane Filter Technique \6\. ONPG-MUG Test \7\. 9223 Fecal Coliforms \2\............ Fecal Coliform 9221 E Procedure \8\. Fecal Coliform 9222 D Filter Procedure. Heterotrophic bacteria \2\..... Pour Plate Method. 9215 B Turbidity...................... Nephelometric 2130 B Method. Nephelometric 180.1 \9\ Method. Great Lakes Method 2 \10\ Instruments. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The procedures shall be done in accordance with the documents listed below. The incorporation by reference of the following documents listed in footnotes 1, 6, 7, 9 and 10 was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the documents may be obtained from the sources listed below. Information regarding obtaining these documents can be obtained from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791. Documents may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460 (Telephone: 202-260-3027); or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20408. \1\ Except where noted, all methods refer to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th edition, 1992 and 19th edition, 1995, American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005; either edition may be used. \2\ The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not exceed 8 hours. Systems must hold samples below 10 deg.C during transit. \3\ Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel tests between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false- positive rate and false-negative rate for total coliform, using lactose broth, is less than 10 percent. \4\ Media should cover inverted tubes at least one-half to two-thirds after the sample is added. \5\ No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of all total coliform-positive confirmed tubes. \6\ MI agar also may be used. Preparation and use of MI agar is set forth in the article, "New medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliform and Escherichia coli in water" by Brenner, K.P., et al., 1993, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3534-3544. Also available from the Office of Water Resource Center (RC-4100), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460, EPA 600/J-99/225. \7\ The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System. \8\ A-1 Broth may be held up to three months in a tightly closed screw cap tube at 4 deg.C. \9\ "Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples", EPA/600/R-93/100, August 1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-121811. \10\ GLI Method 2, "Turbidity", November 2, 1992, Great Lakes Instruments, Inc., 8855 North 55th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223. (2) Public water systems must measure residual disinfectant concentrations with one of the analytical methods in the following table. The methods are contained in both the 18th and 19th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992 and 1995; either edition may be used. Other analytical test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94- 173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766. If approved by the State, residual disinfectant concentrations for free chlorine and combined chlorine also may be measured by using DPD colorimetric test kits. Free and total chlorine residuals may be measured continuously by adapting a specified chlorine residual method for [[Page 445]] use with a continuous monitoring instrument provided the chemistry, accuracy, and precision remain same. Instruments used for continuous monitoring must be calibrated with a grab sample measurement at least every five days, or with a protocol approved by the State. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Residual Methodology Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Free Chlorine................. Amperometric 4500-Cl D Titration. DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F Titrimetric. DPD Colorimetric. 4500-Cl G Syringaldazine 4500-Cl H (FACTS). Total Chlorine................ Amperometric 4500-Cl D Titration. Amperometric 4500-Cl E Titration (low level measurement). DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F Titrimetric. DPD Colorimetric. 4500-Cl G Iodometric 4500-Cl I Electrode. Chlorine Dioxide.............. Amperometric 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> C Titration. DPD Method....... 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D Amperometric 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> E Titration. Ozone......................... Indigo Method.... 4500-O<INF>3</INF> B ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) Monitoring requirements for systems that do not provide filtration. A public water system that uses a surface water source and does not provide filtration treatment must begin monitoring, as specified in this paragraph (b), beginning December 31, 1990, unless the State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative monitoring requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place. A public water system that uses a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and does not provide filtration treatment must begin monitoring as specified in this paragraph (b) beginning December 31, 1990, or 6 months after the State determines that the ground water source is under the direct influence of surface water, whichever is later, unless the State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative monitoring requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place. (1) Fecal coliform or total coliform density measurements as required by Sec. 141.71(a)(1) must be performed on representative source water samples immediately prior to the first or only point of disinfectant application. The system must sample for fecal or total coliforms at the following minimum frequency each week the system serves water to the public: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Samples/ System size (persons served) week\1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ :500......................................................... 1 501 to 3,300................................................. 2 3,301 to 10,000.............................................. 3 10,001 to 25,000............................................. 4 >25,000...................................................... 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Must be taken on separate days. Also, one fecal or total coliform density measurement must be made every day the system serves water to the public and the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1 NTU (these samples count towards the weekly coliform sampling requirement) unless the State determines that the system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control, cannot have the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection. (2) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.71(a)(2) must be performed on representative grab samples of source water immediately prior to the first or only point of disinfectant application every four hours (or more frequently) that the system serves water to the public. A public water system may substitute continuous turbidity monitoring for grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous measurement for accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by the State. (3) The total inactivation ratio for each day that the system is in operation must be determined based on the CT<INF>99.9</INF> values in tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of this section, as appropriate. The parameters necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio must be monitored as follows: (i) The temperature of the disinfected water must be measured at least once per day at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling point. (ii) If the system uses chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water must be measured at least once per day at each chlorine residual disinfectant concentration sampling point. [[Page 446]] (iii) The disinfectant contact time(s) ("T") must be determined for each day during peak hourly flow. (iv) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) ("C") of the water before or at the first customer must be measured each day during peak hourly flow. (v) If a system uses a disinfectant other than chlorine, the system may demonstrate to the State, through the use of a State-approved protocol for on-site disinfection challenge studies or other information satisfactory to the State, that CT<INF>99.9</INF> values other than those specified in tables 2.1 and 3.1 in this section other operational parameters are adequate to demonstrate that the system is achieving the minimum inactivation rates required by Sec. 141.72(a)(1). Table 1.1--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 0.5 deg.C or Lower \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH Residual (mg/l) -------------------------------------------------- :6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :0.4......................................................... 137 163 195 237 277 329 390 0.6.......................................................... 141 168 200 239 286 342 407 0.8.......................................................... 145 172 205 246 295 354 422 1.0.......................................................... 148 176 210 253 304 365 437 1.2.......................................................... 152 180 215 259 313 376 451 1.4.......................................................... 155 184 221 266 321 387 464 1.6.......................................................... 157 189 226 273 329 397 477 1.8.......................................................... 162 193 231 279 338 407 489 2.0.......................................................... 165 197 236 286 346 417 500 2.2.......................................................... 169 201 242 297 353 426 511 2.4.......................................................... 172 205 247 298 361 435 522 2.6.......................................................... 175 209 252 304 368 444 533 2.8.......................................................... 178 213 257 310 375 452 543 3.0.......................................................... 181 217 261 316 382 460 552 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature and at the higher pH. Table 1.2--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 5.0 deg.C\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH Free residual (mg/l) -------------------------------------------------- :6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :0.4......................................................... 97 117 139 166 198 236 279 0.6........................................................ 100 120 143 171 204 244 291 0.8........................................................ 103 122 146 175 210 252 301 1.0........................................................ 105 125 149 179 216 260 312 1.2........................................................ 107 127 152 183 221 267 320 1.4........................................................ 109 130 155 187 227 274 329 1.6........................................................ 111 132 158 192 232 281 337 1.8........................................................ 114 135 162 196 238 287 345 2.0........................................................ 116 138 165 200 243 294 353 2.2........................................................ 118 140 169 204 248 300 361 2.4........................................................ 120 143 172 209 253 306 368 2.6........................................................ 122 146 175 213 258 312 375 2.8........................................................ 124 148 178 217 263 318 382 3.0........................................................ 126 151 182 221 268 324 389 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH. Table 1.3--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 10.0 deg.C\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH Free residual (mg/l) -------------------------------------------------- :6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :0.4......................................................... 73 88 104 125 149 177 209 0.6........................................................ 75 90 107 128 153 183 218 0.8........................................................ 78 92 110 131 158 189 226 1.0........................................................ 79 94 112 134 162 195 234 1.2........................................................ 80 95 114 137 166 200 240 1.4........................................................ 82 98 116 140 170 206 247 1.6........................................................ 83 99 119 144 174 211 253 1.8........................................................ 86 101 122 147 179 215 259 2.0........................................................ 87 104 124 150 182 221 265 2.2........................................................ 89 105 127 153 186 225 271 2.4........................................................ 90 107 129 157 190 230 276 2.6........................................................ 92 110 131 160 194 234 281 2.8........................................................ 93 111 134 163 197 239 287 3.0........................................................ 95 113 137 166 201 243 292 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH. Table 1.4--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 15.0 deg.C\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH Free residual (mg/l) -------------------------------------------------- :6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 :9.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :0.4......................................................... 49 59 70 83 99 118 140 0.6........................................................ 50 60 72 86 102 122 146 0.8........................................................ 52 61 73 88 105 126 151 1.0........................................................ 53 63 75 90 108 130 156 1.2........................................................ 54 64 76 92 111 134 160 1.4........................................................ 55 65 78 94 114 137 165 1.6........................................................ 56 66 79 96 116 141 169 1.8........................................................ 57 68 81 98 119 144 173 2.0........................................................ 58 69 83 100 122 147 177 2.2........................................................ 59 70 85 102 124 150 181 2.4........................................................ 60 72 86 105 127 153 184 2.6........................................................ 61 73 88 107 129 156 188 [[Page 447]] 2.8........................................................ 62 74 89 109 132 159 191 3.0........................................................ 63 76 91 111 134 162 195 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH. Table 1.5--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 20 deg.C\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH Free residual (mg/l) -------------------------------------------------- : 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 : 9.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 0.4........................................................ 36 44 52 62 74 89 105 0.6.......................................................... 38 45 54 64 77 92 109 0.8.......................................................... 39 46 55 66 79 95 113 1.0.......................................................... 39 47 56 67 81 98 117 1.2.......................................................... 40 48 57 69 83 100 120 1.4.......................................................... 41 49 58 70 85 103 123 1.6.......................................................... 42 50 59 72 87 105 126 1.8.......................................................... 43 51 61 74 89 108 129 2.0.......................................................... 44 52 62 75 91 110 132 2.2.......................................................... 44 53 63 77 93 113 135 2.4.......................................................... 45 54 65 78 95 115 138 2.6.......................................................... 46 55 66 80 97 117 141 2.8.......................................................... 47 56 67 81 99 119 143 3.0.......................................................... 47 57 68 83 101 122 146 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH. Table 1.6--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 25 deg.C\1\ and Higher ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pH Free residual (mg/l) -------------------------------------------------- : 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 : 9.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 0.4........................................................ 24 29 35 42 50 59 70 0.6.......................................................... 25 30 36 43 51 61 73 0.8.......................................................... 26 31 37 44 53 63 75 1.0.......................................................... 26 31 37 45 54 65 78 1.2.......................................................... 27 32 38 46 55 67 80 1.4.......................................................... 27 33 39 47 57 69 82 1.6.......................................................... 28 33 40 48 58 70 84 1.8.......................................................... 29 34 41 49 60 72 86 2.0.......................................................... 29 35 41 50 61 74 88 2.2.......................................................... 30 35 42 51 62 75 90 2.4.......................................................... 30 36 43 52 63 77 92 2.6.......................................................... 31 37 44 53 65 78 94 2.8.......................................................... 31 37 45 54 66 80 96 3.0.......................................................... 32 38 46 55 67 81 97 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH. Table 2.1--CT Values (CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Chlorine Dioxide and Ozone\1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Temperature --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 ; 25 deg.C 5 deg.C 10 deg.C 15 deg.C 20 deg.C deg.C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chlorine dioxide................................ 63 26 23 19 15 11 Ozone........................................... 2.9 1.9 1.4 0.95 0.72 0.48 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ These CT values achieve greater than 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated temperatures may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature for determining CT<INF>99.9</INF> values between indicated temperatures. [[Page 448]] Table 3.1--CT Values (CT <INF>99.9</INF>) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts By Chloramines\1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Temperature ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 deg.C 5 deg.C 10 deg.C 15 deg.C 20 deg.C 25 deg.C ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3,800 2,200 1,850 1,500 1,100 750 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ These values are for pH values of 6 to 9. These CT values may be assumed to achieve greater than 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses only if chlorine is added and mixed in the water prior to the addition of ammonia. If this condition is not met, the system must demonstrate, based on on-site studies or other information, as approved by the State, that the system is achieving at least 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated temperatures may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT<INF>99.9</INF> value at the lower temperature for determining CT<INF>99.9</INF> values between indicated temperatures. (4) The total inactivation ratio must be calculated as follows: (i) If the system uses only one point of disinfectant application, the system may determine the total inactivation ratio based on either of the following two methods: (A) One inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>) is determined before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow and if the CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> ; 1.0, the 99.9 percent Giardia lamblia inactivation requirement has been achieved; or (B) Successive CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> values, representing sequential inactivation ratios, are determined between the point of disinfectant application and a point before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow. Under this alternative, the following method must be used to calculate the total inactivation ratio: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.133 lamblia inactivation requirement has been achieved. (ii) If the system uses more than one point of disinfectant application before or at the first customer, the system must determine the CT value of each disinfection sequence immediately prior to the next point of disinfectant application during peak hourly flow. The CTcalc/ CT<INF>99.9</INF> value of each sequence and [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.134 must be calculated using the method in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B) of this section to determine if the system is in compliance with Sec. 142.72(a). (iii) Although not required, the total percent inactivation for a system with one or more points of residual disinfectant concentration monitoring may be calculated by solving the following equation: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.135 (5) The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering the distribution system must be monitored continuously, and the lowest value must be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling every 4 hours may be conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than 5 working days following the failure of the equipment, and systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of providing continuous monitoring on an ongoing [[Page 449]] basis at the frequencies prescribed below: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Samples/ System size by population day\1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 500.......................................................... 1 501 to 1,000................................................. 2 1,001 to 2,500............................................... 3 2,501 to 3,300............................................... 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling intervals are subject to State review and approval. If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.2 mg/l in a system using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring, the system must take a grab sample every 4 hours until the residual concentration is equal to or greater than 0.2 mg/l. (6)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21, except that the State may allow a public water system which uses both a surface water source or a ground water source under direct influence of surface water, and a ground water source, to take disinfectant residual samples at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the State determines that such points are more representative of treated (disinfected) water quality within the distribution system. Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, may be measured in lieu of residual disinfectant concentration. (ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions specified by paragraph (a)(3) of this section and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section do not apply to that system. (c) Monitoring requirements for systems using filtration treatment. A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground water source under the influence of surface water and provides filtration treatment must monitor in accordance with this paragraph (c) beginning June 29, 1993, or when filtration is installed, whichever is later. (1) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.73 must be performed on representative samples of the system's filtered water every four hours (or more frequently) that the system serves water to the public. A public water system may substitute continuous turbidity monitoring for grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous measurement for accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by the State. For any systems using slow sand filtration or filtration treatment other than conventional treatment, direct filtration, or diatomaceous earth filtration, the State may reduce the sampling frequency to once per day if it determines that less frequent monitoring is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance. For systems serving 500 or fewer persons, the State may reduce the turbidity sampling frequency to once per day, regardless of the type of filtration treatment used, if the State determines that less frequent monitoring is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance. (2) The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering the distribution system must be monitored continuously, and the lowest value must be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling every 4 hours may be conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than 5 working days following the failure of the equipment, and systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of providing continuous monitoring on an ongoing basis at the frequencies each day prescribed below: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Samples/ System size by population day \1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ <plus-minus>500.............................................. 1 501 to 1,000................................................. 2 1,001 to 2,500............................................... 3 2,501 to 3,300............................................... 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling intervals are subject to State review and approval. If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.2 mg/l in a system using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring, the system must take a grab sample every 4 hours [[Page 450]] until the residual disinfectant concentration is equal to or greater than 0.2 mg/l. (3)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21, except that the State may allow a public water system which uses both a surface water source or a ground water source under direct influence of surface water, and a ground water source to take disinfectant residual samples at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the State determines that such points are more representative of treated (disinfected) water quality within the distribution system. Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, may be measured in lieu of residual disinfectant concentration. (ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions specified by paragraph (a)(3) of this section and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section do not apply to that system. [54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34086, June 29, 1995; 64 FR 67465, Dec. 1, 1999] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.75] [Page 450-453] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.75 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. (a) A public water system that uses a surface water source and does not provide filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the information specified in this paragraph (a) beginning December 31, 1990, unless the State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative reporting requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place. A public water system that uses a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and does not provide filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the information specified in this paragraph (a) beginning December 31, 1990, or 6 months after the State determines that the ground water source is under the direct influence of surface water, whichever is later, unless the State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative reporting requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place. (1) Source water quality information must be reported to the State within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes: (i) The cumulative number of months for which results are reported. (ii) The number of fecal and/or total coliform samples, whichever are analyzed during the month (if a system monitors for both, only fecal coliforms must be reported), the dates of sample collection, and the dates when the turbidity level exceeded 1 NTU. (iii) The number of samples during the month that had equal to or less than 20/100 ml fecal coliforms and/or equal to or less than 100/100 ml total coliforms, whichever are analyzed. (iv) The cumulative number of fecal or total coliform samples, whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the system served water to the public. (v) The cumulative number of samples that had equal to or less than 20/100 ml fecal coliforms or equal to or less than 100/100 ml total coliforms, whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the system served water to the public. (vi) The percentage of samples that had equal to or less than 20/100 ml fecal coliforms or equal to or less than 100/100 ml total coliforms, whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the system served water to the public. (vii) The maximum turbidity level measured during the month, the date(s) of occurrence for any measurement(s) which exceeded 5 NTU, and the date(s) the occurrence(s) was reported to the State. (viii) For the first 12 months of recordkeeping, the dates and cumulative [[Page 451]] number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU, and after one year of recordkeeping for turbidity measurements, the dates and cumulative number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU in the previous 12 months the system served water to the public. (ix) For the first 120 months of recordkeeping, the dates and cumulative number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU, and after 10 years of recordkeeping for turbidity measurements, the dates and cumulative number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU in the previous 120 months the system served water to the public. (2) Disinfection information specified in Sec. 141.74(b) must be reported to the State within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes: (i) For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant concentration in mg/l in water entering the distribution system. (ii) The date and duration of each period when the residual disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system fell below 0.2 mg/l and when the State was notified of the occurrence. (iii) The daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) (in mg/l) and disinfectant contact time(s) (in minutes) used for calculating the CT value(s). (iv) If chlorine is used, the daily measurement(s) of pH of disinfected water following each point of chlorine disinfection. (v) The daily measurement(s) of water temperature in deg.C following each point of disinfection. (vi) The daily CTcalc and CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> values for each disinfectant measurement or sequence and the sum of all CTcalc/ CT<INF>99.9</INF> values ((CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>)) before or at the first customer. (vii) The daily determination of whether disinfection achieves adequate Giardia cyst and virus inactivation, i.e., whether (CTcalc/ CT<INF>99.9</INF>) is at least 1.0 or, where disinfectants other than chlorine are used, other indicator conditions that the State determines are appropriate, are met. (viii) The following information on the samples taken in the distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring pursuant to Sec. 141.72: (A) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured; (B) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured; (C) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured; (D) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where HPC is >500/ml; (E) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml; (F) For the current and previous month the system served water to the public, the value of "V" in the following formula: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.136 where: a=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(A) of this section, b=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(B) of this section, c=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(C) of this section, d=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(D) of this section, and e=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(E) of this section. (G) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(viii) (A)-(F) of this section do not apply to that system. (ix) A system need not report the data listed in paragraphs (a)(2) (i), and (iii)-(vi) of this section if all data listed in paragraphs (a)(2) (i)-(viii) of this section remain on file at the system, and the State determines that: (A) The system has submitted to the State all the information required by [[Page 452]] paragraphs (a)(2) (i)-(viii) of this section for at least 12 months; and (B) The State has determined that the system is not required to provide filtration treatment. (3) No later than ten days after the end of each Federal fiscal year (September 30), each system must provide to the State a report which summarizes its compliance with all watershed control program requirements specified in Sec. 141.71(b)(2). (4) No later than ten days after the end of each Federal fiscal year (September 30), each system must provide to the State a report on the on-site inspection conducted during that year pursuant to Sec. 141.71(b)(3), unless the on-site inspection was conducted by the State. If the inspection was conducted by the State, the State must provide a copy of its report to the public water system. (5)(i) Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease outbreak potentially attributable to that water system has occurred, must report that occurrence to the State as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. (ii) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, the system must consult with the primacy agency as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the exceedance is known, in accordance with the public notification requirements under Sec. 141.203(b)(3). (iii) If at any time the residual falls below 0.2 mg/l in the water entering the distribution system, the system must notify the State as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. The system also must notify the State by the end of the next business day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/l within 4 hours. (b) A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and provides filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the information specified in this paragraph (b) beginning June 29, 1993, or when filtration is installed, whichever is later. (1) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.74(c)(1) must be reported within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes: (i) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month. (ii) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the turbidity limits specified in Sec. 141.73 for the filtration technology being used. (iii) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month which exceed 5 NTU. (2) Disinfection information specified in Sec. 141.74(c) must be reported to the State within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes: (i) For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant concentration in mg/l in water entering the distribution system. (ii) The date and duration of each period when the residual disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system fell below 0.2 mg/l and when the State was notified of the occurrence. (iii) The following information on the samples taken in the distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring pursuant to Sec. 141.72: (A) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured; (B) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is measured; (C) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured; (D) Number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where HPC is >500/ml; (E) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml; (F) For the current and previous month the system serves water to the public, the value of "V" in the following formula: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC15NO91.137 [[Page 453]] where: a=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this section, b=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B) of this section, c=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(C) of this section, d=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(D) of this section, and e=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(E) of this section. (G) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory within the requisite time and temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) (A)-(F) of this section do not apply. (iv) A system need not report the data listed in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section if all data listed in paragraphs (b)(2) (i)-(iii) of this section remain on file at the system and the State determines that the system has submitted all the information required by paragraphs (b)(2) (i)-(iii) of this section for at least 12 months. (3)(i) Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease outbreak potentially attributable to that water system has occurred, must report that occurrence to the State as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. (ii) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, the system must consult with the primacy agency as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the exceedance is known, in accordance with the public notification requirements under Sec. 141.203(b)(3). (iii) If at any time the residual falls below 0.2 mg/l in the water entering the distribution system, the system must notify the State as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. The system also must notify the State by the end of the next business day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/l within 4 hours. [54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.76] [Page 453-454] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.76 Recycle provisions. (a) Applicability. All subpart H systems that employ conventional filtration or direct filtration treatment and that recycle spent filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering processes must meet the requirements in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section. (b) Reporting. A system must notify the State in writing by Decemeber 8, 2003, if the system recycles spent filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering processes. This notification must include, at a minimum, the information specified in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) A plant schematic showing the origin of all flows which are recycled (including, but not limited to, spent filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, and liquids from dewatering processes), the hydraulic conveyance used to transport them, and the location where they are re-introduced back into the treatment plant. (2) Typical recycle flow in gallons per minute (gpm), the highest observed plant flow experienced in the previous year (gpm), design flow for the treatment plant (gpm), and State-approved operating capacity for the plant where the State has made such determinations. (c) Treatment technique requirement. Any system that recycles spent filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering processes must return these flows through the processes of a system's existing conventional or direct filtration system as defined in Sec. 141.2 or at an alternate location approved by the State by June 8, 2004. If capital improvements are required to modify the recycle location to meet this requirement, all capital improvements must be completed no later than June 8, 2006. (d) Recordkeeping. The system must collect and retain on file recycle flow information specified in paragraphs (d)(1) through (6) of this section for review and evaluation by the State beginning June 8, 2004. (1) Copy of the recycle notification and information submitted to the State under paragraph (b) of this section. [[Page 454]] (2) List of all recycle flows and the frequency with which they are returned. (3) Average and maximum backwash flow rate through the filters and the average and maximum duration of the filter backwash process in minutes. (4) Typical filter run length and a written summary of how filter run length is determined. (5) The type of treatment provided for the recycle flow. (6) Data on the physical dimensions of the equalization and/or treatment units, typical and maximum hydraulic loading rates, type of treatment chemicals used and average dose and frequency of use, and frequency at which solids are removed, if applicable. [66 FR 31103, June 8, 2001] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 31103, June 8, 2001, Sec. 141.76 was added to subpart H of part 141, effective Aug. 7, 2001. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.80] [Page 454-455] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.80 General requirements. Source: 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, unless otherwise noted. (a) Applicability and effective dates. (1) The requirements of this subpart I constitute the national primary drinking water regulations for lead and copper. Unless otherwise indicated, each of the provisions of this subpart applies to community water systems and non-transient, non- community water systems (hereinafter referred to as "water systems" or "systems"). (2) The requirements set forth in Secs. 141.86 to 141.91 shall take effect on July 7, 1991. The requirements set forth in Secs. 141.80 to 141.85 shall take effect on December 7, 1992. (b) Scope. These regulations establish a treatment technique that includes requirements for corrosion control treatment, source water treatment, lead service line replacement, and public education. These requirements are triggered, in some cases, by lead and copper action levels measured in samples collected at consumers' taps. (c) Lead and copper action levels. (1) The lead action level is exceeded if the concentration of lead in more than 10 percent of tap water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.86 is greater than 0.015 mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" lead level is greater than 0.015 mg/L). (2) The copper action level is exceeded if the concentration of copper in more than 10 percent of tap water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.86 is greater than 1.3 mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" copper level is greater than 1.3 mg/L). (3) The 90th percentile lead and copper levels shall be computed as follows: (i) The results of all lead or copper samples taken during a monitoring period shall be placed in ascending order from the sample with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest concentration. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number, ascending by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample with the lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample with the highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number of samples taken. (ii) The number of samples taken during the monitoring period shall be multiplied by 0.9. (iii) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded by the calculation in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) is the 90th percentile contaminant level. (iv) For water systems serving fewer than 100 people that collect 5 samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile is computed by taking the average of the highest and second highest concentrations. (d) Corrosion control treatment requirements. (1) All water systems shall install and operate optimal corrosion control treatment as defined in Sec. 141.2. (2) Any water system that complies with the applicable corrosion control treatment requirements specified by the State under Secs. 141.81 and 141.82 shall be deemed in compliance with the treatment requirement contained in paragraph (d)(1) of this section. (e) Source water treatment requirements. Any system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall implement all applicable source water treatment [[Page 455]] requirements specified by the State under Sec. 141.83. (f) Lead service line replacement requirements. Any system exceeding the lead action level after implementation of applicable corrosion control and source water treatment requirements shall complete the lead service line replacement requirements contained in Sec. 141.84. (g) Public education requirements. Any system exceeding the lead action level shall implement the public education requirements contained in Sec. 141.85. (h) Monitoring and analytical requirements. Tap water monitoring for lead and copper, monitoring for water quality parameters, source water monitoring for lead and copper, and analyses of the monitoring results under this subpart shall be completed in compliance with Secs. 141.86, 141.87, 141.88, and 141.89. (i) Reporting requirements. Systems shall report to the State any information required by the treatment provisions of this subpart and Sec. 141.90. (j) Recordkeeping requirements. Systems shall maintain records in accordance with Sec. 141.91. (k) Violation of national primary drinking water regulations. Failure to comply with the applicable requirements of Secs. 141.80- 141.91, including requirements established by the State pursuant to these provisions, shall constitute a violation of the national primary drinking water regulations for lead and/or copper. [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.81] [Page 455-457] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.81 Applicability of corrosion control treatment steps to small, medium-size and large water systems. (a) Systems shall complete the applicable corrosion control treatment requirements described in Sec. 141.82 by the deadlines established in this section. (1) A large system (serving >50,000 persons) shall complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph (d) of this section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph (b)(2) or (b)(3) of this section. (2) A small system (serving <ls-thn-eq>3300 persons) and a medium- size system (serving >3,300 and <ls-thn-eq>50,000 persons) shall complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph (e) of this section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph (b)(1), (b)(2), or (b)(3) of this section. (b) A system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control and is not required to complete the applicable corrosion control treatment steps identified in this section if the system satisfies one of the criteria specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this section. Any such system deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph, and which has treatment in place, shall continue to operate and maintain optimal corrosion control treatment and meet any requirements that the State determines appropriate to ensure optimal corrosion control treatment is maintained. (1) A small or medium-size water system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control if the system meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.86. (2) Any water system may be deemed by the State to have optimized corrosion control treatment if the system demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State that it has conducted activities equivalent to the corrosion control steps applicable to such system under this section. If the State makes this determination, it shall provide the system with written notice explaining the basis for its decision and shall specify the water quality control parameters representing optimal corrosion control in accordance with Sec. 141.82(f). Water systems deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph shall operate in compliance with the State-designated optimal water quality control parameters in accordance with Sec. 141.82(g) and continue to conduct lead and copper tap and water quality parameter sampling in accordance with Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d), respectively. A system shall provide the State with the following information in order to support a determination under this paragraph: (i) The results of all test samples collected for each of the water quality parameters in Sec. 141.82(c)(3). [[Page 456]] (ii) A report explaining the test methods used by the water system to evaluate the corrosion control treatments listed in Sec. 141.82(c)(1), the results of all tests conducted, and the basis for the system's selection of optimal corrosion control treatment; (iii) A report explaining how corrosion control has been installed and how it is being maintained to insure minimal lead and copper concentrations at consumers' taps; and (iv) The results of tap water samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 at least once every six months for one year after corrosion control has been installed. (3) Any water system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control if it submits results of tap water monitoring conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.86 and source water monitoring conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.88 that demonstrates for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods that the difference between the 90th percentile tap water lead level computed under Sec. 141.80(c)(3), and the highest source water lead concentration is less than the Practical Quantitation Level for lead specified in Sec. 141.89(a)(1)(ii). (i) Those systems whose highest source water lead level is below the Method Detection Limit may also be deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph if the 90th percentile tap water lead level is less than or equal to the Practical Quantitation Level for lead for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. (ii) Any water system deemed to have optimized corrosion control in accordance with this paragraph shall continue monitoring for lead and copper at the tap no less frequently than once every three calendar years using the reduced number of sites specified in Sec. 141.86(c) and collecting the samples at times and locations specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(4)(iv). Any such system that has not conducted a round of monitoring pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d) since September 30, 1997, shall complete a round of monitoring pursuant to this paragraph no later than September 30, 2000. (iii) Any water system deemed to have optimized corrosion control pursuant to this paragraph shall notify the State in writing pursuant to Sec. 141.90(a)(3) of any change in treatment or the addition of a new source. The State may require any such system to conduct additional monitoring or to take other action the State deems appropriate to ensure that such systems maintain minimal levels of corrosion in the distribution system. (iv) As of July 12, 2001, a system is not deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph, and shall implement corrosion control treatment pursuant to paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section unless it meets the copper action level. (v) Any system triggered into corrosion control because it is no longer deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph shall implement corrosion control treatment in accordance with the deadlines in paragraph (e) of this section. Any such large system shall adhere to the schedule specified in that paragraph for medium-size systems, with the time periods for completing each step being triggered by the date the system is no longer deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph. (c) Any small or medium-size water system that is required to complete the corrosion control steps due to its exceedance of the lead or copper action level may cease completing the treatment steps whenever the system meets both action levels during each of two consecutive monitoring periods conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86 and submits the results to the State. If any such water system thereafter exceeds the lead or copper action level during any monitoring period, the system (or the State, as the case may be) shall recommence completion of the applicable treatment steps, beginning with the first treatment step which was not previously completed in its entirety. The State may require a system to repeat treatment steps previously completed by the system where the State determines that this is necessary to implement properly the treatment requirements of this section. The State shall notify the system in writing of such a determination and explain the basis for its decision. The requirement for any small- or medium-size system to implement corrosion control treatment steps in accordance with paragraph (e) of [[Page 457]] this section (including systems deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph (b)(1) of this section) is triggered whenever any small- or medium-size system exceeds the lead or copper action level. (d) Treatment steps and deadlines for large systems. Except as provided in paragraph (b) (2) and (3) of this section, large systems shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps (described in the referenced portions of Secs. 141.82, 141.86, and 141.87) by the indicated dates. (1) Step 1: The system shall conduct initial monitoring (Sec. 141.86(d)(1) and Sec. 141.87(b)) during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by January 1, 1993. (2) Step 2: The system shall complete corrosion control studies (Sec. 141.82(c)) by July 1, 1994. (3) Step 3: The State shall designate optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) by January 1, 1995. (4) Step 4: The system shall install optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(e)) by January 1, 1997. (5) Step 5: The system shall complete follow-up sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and Sec. 141.87(c)) by January 1, l998. (6) Step 6: The State shall review installation of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(f)) by July 1, 1998. (7) Step 7: The system shall operate in compliance with the State- specified optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(g)) and continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d)). (e) Treatment Steps and deadlines for small and medium-size systems. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, small and medium- size systems shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps (described in the referenced portions of Secs. 141.82, 141.86 and 141.87) by the indicated time periods. (1) Step 1: The system shall conduct initial tap sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(1) and Sec. 141.87(b)) until the system either exceeds the lead or copper action level or becomes eligible for reduced monitoring under Sec. 141.86(d)(4). A system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall recommend optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(a)) within six months after it exceeds one of the action levels. (2) Step 2: Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead or copper action level, the State may require the system to perform corrosion control studies (Sec. 141.82(b)). If the State does not require the system to perform such studies, the State shall specify optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) within the following timeframes: (i) For medium-size systems, within 18 months after such system exceeds the lead or copper action level, (ii) For small systems, within 24 months after such system exceeds the lead or copper action level. (3) Step 3: If the State requires a system to perform corrosion control studies under step 2, the system shall complete the studies (Sec. 141.82(c)) within 18 months after the State requires that such studies be conducted. (4) Step 4: If the system has performed corrosion control studies under step 2, the State shall designate optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) within 6 months after completion of step 3. (5) Step 5: The system shall install optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(e)) within 24 months after the State designates such treatment. (6) Step 6: The system shall complete follow-up sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and Sec. 141.87(c)) within 36 months after the State designates optimal corrosion control treatment. (7) Step 7: The State shall review the system's installation of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(f)) within 6 months after completion of step 6. (8) Step 8: The system shall operate in compliance with the State- designated optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(g)) and continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d)). [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 33862, June 30, 1994; 65 FR 2004, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.82] [Page 457-460] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.82 Description of corrosion control treatment requirements. Each system shall complete the corrosion control treatment requirements described below which are applicable to such system under Sec. 141.81. [[Page 458]] (a) System recommendation regarding corrosion control treatment. Based upon the results of lead and copper tap monitoring and water quality parameter monitoring, small and medium-size water systems exceeding the lead or copper action level shall recommend installation of one or more of the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section which the system believes constitutes optimal corrosion control for that system. The State may require the system to conduct additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec. 141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the system's recommendation. (b) State decision to require studies of corrosion control treatment (applicable to small and medium-size systems). The State may require any small or medium-size system that exceeds the lead or copper action level to perform corrosion control studies under paragraph (c) of this section to identify optimal corrosion control treatment for the system. (c) Performance of corrosion control studies. (1) Any public water system performing corrosion control studies shall evaluate the effectiveness of each of the following treatments, and, if appropriate, combinations of the following treatments to identify the optimal corrosion control treatment for that system: (i) Alkalinity and pH adjustment; (ii) Calcium hardness adjustment; and (iii) The addition of a phosphate or silicate based corrosion inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective residual concentration in all test tap samples. (2) The water system shall evaluate each of the corrosion control treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, metal coupon tests, partial-system tests, or analyses based on documented analogous treatments with other systems of similar size, water chemistry and distribution system configuration. (3) The water system shall measure the following water quality parameters in any tests conducted under this paragraph before and after evaluating the corrosion control treatments listed above: (i) Lead; (ii) Copper; (iii) pH; (iv) Alkalinity; (v) Calcium; (vi) Conductivity; (vii) Orthophosphate (when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used); (viii) Silicate (when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used); (ix) Water temperature. (4) The water system shall identify all chemical or physical constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion control treatment and document such constraints with at least one of the following: (i) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment processes when used by another water system with comparable water quality characteristics; and/or (ii) Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely affects other water quality treatment processes. (5) The water system shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals used for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatment processes. (6) On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each evaluation, the water system shall recommend to the State in writing the treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate constitutes optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The water system shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along with all supporting documentation specified in paragraphs (c) (1) through (5) of this section. (d) State designation of optimal corrosion control treatment. (1) Based upon consideration of available information including, where applicable, studies performed under paragraph (c) of this section and a system's recommended treatment alternative, the State shall either approve the corrosion control treatment option recommended by the system, or designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this [[Page 459]] section. When designating optimal treatment the State shall consider the effects that additional corrosion control treatment will have on water quality parameters and on other water quality treatment processes. (2) The State shall notify the system of its decision on optimal corrosion control treatment in writing and explain the basis for this determination. If the State requests additional information to aid its review, the water system shall provide the information. (e) Installation of optimal corrosion control. Each system shall properly install and operate throughout its distribution system the optimal corrosion control treatment designated by the State under paragraph (d) of this section. (f) State review of treatment and specification of optimal water quality control parameters. The State shall evaluate the results of all lead and copper tap samples and water quality parameter samples submitted by the water system and determine whether the system has properly installed and operated the optimal corrosion control treatment designated by the State in paragraph (d) of this section. Upon reviewing the results of tap water and water quality parameter monitoring by the system, both before and after the system installs optimal corrosion control treatment, the State shall designate: (1) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each entry point to the distribution system; (2) A minimum pH value, measured in all tap samples. Such value shall be equal to or greater than 7.0, unless the State determines that meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control; (3) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for the inhibitor, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples, that the State determines is necessary to form a passivating film on the interior walls of the pipes of the distribution system; (4) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control treatment, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples; (5) If calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for calcium, measured in all tap samples. The values for the applicable water quality control parameters listed above shall be those that the State determines to reflect optimal corrosion control treatment for the system. The State may designate values for additional water quality control parameters determined by the State to reflect optimal corrosion control for the system. The State shall notify the system in writing of these determinations and explain the basis for its decisions. (g) Continued operation and monitoring. All systems optimizing corrosion control shall continue to operate and maintain optimal corrosion control treatment, including maintaining water quality parameters at or above minimum values or within ranges designated by the State under paragraph (f) of this section, in accordance with this paragraph for all samples collected under Sec. 141.87(d) through (f). Compliance with the requirements of this paragraph shall be determined every six months, as specified under Sec. 141.87(d). A water system is out of compliance with the requirements of this paragraph for a six- month period if it has excursions for any State-specified parameter on more than nine days during the period. An excursion occurs whenever the daily value for one or more of the water quality parameters measured at a sampling location is below the minimum value or outside the range designated by the State. Daily values are calculated as follows. States have discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation. (1) On days when more than one measurement for the water quality parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall be the average of all results collected during the day regardless of whether they are collected through continuous monitoring, grab sampling, or a combination of both. If EPA has approved an alternative formula under Sec. 142.16 of this [[Page 460]] chapter in the State's application for a program revision submitted pursuant to Sec. 142.12 of this chapter, the State's formula shall be used to aggregate multiple measurements taken at a sampling point for the water quality parameter in lieu of the formula in this paragraph. (2) On days when only one measurement for the water quality parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall be the result of that measurement. (3) On days when no measurement is collected for the water quality parameter at the sampling location, the daily value shall be the daily value calculated on the most recent day on which the water quality parameter was measured at the sample site. (h) Modification of State treatment decisions. Upon its own initiative or in response to a request by a water system or other interested party, a State may modify its determination of the optimal corrosion control treatment under paragraph (d) of this section or optimal water quality control parameters under paragraph (f) of this section. A request for modification by a system or other interested party shall be in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate, and provide supporting documentation. The State may modify its determination where it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the system continues to optimize corrosion control treatment. A revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new treatment requirements, explain the basis for the State's decision, and provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment modifications. (i) Treatment decisions by EPA in lieu of the State. Pursuant to the procedures in Sec. 142.19, the EPA Regional Administrator may review treatment determinations made by a State under paragraphs (d), (f), or (h) of this section and issue federal treatment determinations consistent with the requirements of those paragraphs where the Regional Administrator finds that: (1) A State has failed to issue a treatment determination by the applicable deadlines contained in Sec. 141.81, (2) A State has abused its discretion in a substantial number of cases or in cases affecting a substantial population, or (3) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be indefensible in an expected Federal enforcement action taken against a system. [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 65 FR 2004, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.83] [Page 460-461] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.83 Source water treatment requirements. Systems shall complete the applicable source water monitoring and treatment requirements (described in the referenced portions of paragraph (b) of this section, and in Secs. 141.86, and 141.88) by the following deadlines. (a) Deadlines for completing source water treatment steps--(1) Step 1: A system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall complete lead and copper source water monitoring (Sec. 141.88(b)) and make a treatment recommendation to the State (Sec. 141.83(b)(1)) within 6 months after exceeding the lead or copper action level. (2) Step 2: The State shall make a determination regarding source water treatment (Sec. 141.83(b)(2)) within 6 months after submission of monitoring results under step 1. (3) Step 3: If the State requires installation of source water treatment, the system shall install the treatment (Sec. 141.83(b)(3)) within 24 months after completion of step 2. (4) Step 4: The system shall complete follow-up tap water monitoring (Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and source water monitoring (Sec. 141.88(c)) within 36 months after completion of step 2. (5) Step 5: The State shall review the system's installation and operation of source water treatment and specify maximum permissible source water levels (Sec. 141.83(b)(4)) within 6 months after completion of step 4. (6) Step 6: The system shall operate in compliance with the State- specified maximum permissible lead and copper source water levels (Sec. 141.83(b)(4)) and continue source water monitoring (Sec. 141.88(d)). (b) Description of source water treatment requirements--(1) System treatment recommendation. Any system which exceeds the lead or copper action level shall recommend in writing to the State the installation and operation of [[Page 461]] one of the source water treatments listed in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. A system may recommend that no treatment be installed based upon a demonstration that source water treatment is not necessary to minimize lead and copper levels at users' taps. (2) State determination regarding source water treatment. The State shall complete an evaluation of the results of all source water samples submitted by the water system to determine whether source water treatment is necessary to minimize lead or copper levels in water delivered to users' taps. If the State determines that treatment is needed, the State shall either require installation and operation of the source water treatment recommended by the system (if any) or require the installation and operation of another source water treatment from among the following: Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening or coagulation/filtration. If the State requests additional information to aid in its review, the water system shall provide the information by the date specified by the State in its request. The State shall notify the system in writing of its determination and set forth the basis for its decision. (3) Installation of source water treatment. Each system shall properly install and operate the source water treatment designated by the State under paragraph (b)(2) of this section. (4) State review of source water treatment and specification of maximum permissible source water levels. The State shall review the source water samples taken by the water system both before and after the system installs source water treatment, and determine whether the system has properly installed and operated the source water treatment designated by the State. Based upon its review, the State shall designate the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering the distribution system. Such levels shall reflect the contaminant removal capability of the treatment properly operated and maintained. The State shall notify the system in writing and explain the basis for its decision. (5) Continued operation and maintenance. Each water system shall maintain lead and copper levels below the maximum permissible concentrations designated by the State at each sampling point monitored in accordance with Sec. 141.88. The system is out of compliance with this paragraph if the level of lead or copper at any sampling point is greater than the maximum permissible concentration designated by the State. (6) Modification of State treatment decisions. Upon its own initiative or in response to a request by a water system or other interested party, a State may modify its determination of the source water treatment under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, or maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering the distribution system under paragraph (b)(4) of this section. A request for modification by a system or other interested party shall be in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate, and provide supporting documentation. The State may modify its determination where it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the system continues to minimize lead and copper concentrations in source water. A revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new treatment requirements, explain the basis for the State's decision, and provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment modifications. (7) Treatment decisions by EPA in lieu of the State. Pursuant to the procedures in Sec. 142.19, the EPA Regional Administrator may review treatment determinations made by a State under paragraphs (b) (2), (4), or (6) of this section and issue Federal treatment determinations consistent with the requirements of those paragraphs where the Administrator finds that: (i) A State has failed to issue a treatment determination by the applicable deadlines contained in Sec. 141.83(a), (ii) A state has abused its discretion in a substantial number of cases or in cases affecting a substantial population, or (iii) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be indefensible in an expected Federal enforcement action taken against a system. [[Page 462]] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.84] [Page 462-463] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.84 Lead service line replacement requirements. (a) Systems that fail to meet the lead action level in tap samples taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d)(2), after installing corrosion control and/or source water treatment (whichever sampling occurs later), shall replace lead service lines in accordance with the requirements of this section. If a system is in violation of Sec. 141.81 or Sec. 141.83 for failure to install source water or corrosion control treatment, the State may require the system to commence lead service line replacement under this section after the date by which the system was required to conduct monitoring under Sec. 141.86(d)(2) has passed. (b) A water system shall replace annually at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system. The initial number of lead service lines is the number of lead lines in place at the time the replacement program begins. The system shall identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system, including an identification of the portion(s) owned by the system, based on a materials evaluation, including the evaluation required under Sec. 141.86(a) and relevant legal authorities (e.g., contracts, local ordinances) regarding the portion owned by the system. The first year of lead service line replacement shall begin on the date the action level was exceeded in tap sampling referenced in paragraph (a) of this section. (c) A system is not required to replace an individual lead service line if the lead concentration in all service line samples from that line, taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(3), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/L. (d) A water system shall replace that portion of the lead service line that it owns. In cases where the system does not own the entire lead service line, the system shall notify the owner of the line, or the owner's authorized agent, that the system will replace the portion of the service line that it owns and shall offer to replace the owner's portion of the line. A system is not required to bear the cost of replacing the privately-owned portion of the line, nor is it required to replace the privately-owned portion where the owner chooses not to pay the cost of replacing the privately-owned portion of the line, or where replacing the privately-owned portion would be precluded by State, local or common law. A water system that does not replace the entire length of the service line also shall complete the following tasks. (1) At least 45 days prior to commencing with the partial replacement of a lead service line, the water system shall provide notice to the resident(s) of all buildings served by the line explaining that they may experience a temporary increase of lead levels in their drinking water, along with guidance on measures consumers can take to minimize their exposure to lead. The State may allow the water system to provide notice under the previous sentence less than 45 days prior to commencing partial lead service line replacement where such replacement is in conjunction with emergency repairs. In addition, the water system shall inform the resident(s) served by the line that the system will, at the system's expense, collect a sample from each partially-replaced lead service line that is representative of the water in the service line for analysis of lead content, as prescribed under Sec. 141.86(b)(3), within 72 hours after the completion of the partial replacement of the service line. The system shall collect the sample and report the results of the analysis to the owner and the resident(s) served by the line within three business days of receiving the results. Mailed notices post-marked within three business days of receiving the results shall be considered "on time." (2) The water system shall provide the information required by paragraph (d)(1) of this section to the residents of individual dwellings by mail or by other methods approved by the State. In instances where multi-family dwellings are served by the line, the water system shall have the option to post the information at a conspicuous location. (e) The State shall require a system to replace lead service lines on a shorter schedule than that required by this section, taking into account the number of lead service lines in the system, where such a shorter replacement [[Page 463]] schedule is feasible. The State shall make this determination in writing and notify the system of its finding within 6 months after the system is triggered into lead service line replacement based on monitoring referenced in paragraph (a) of this section. (f) Any system may cease replacing lead service lines whenever first draw samples collected pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(2) meet the lead action level during each of two consecutive monitoring periods and the system submits the results to the State. If first draw tap samples collected in any such system thereafter exceeds the lead action level, the system shall recommence replacing lead service lines pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section. (g) To demonstrate compliance with paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, a system shall report to the State the information specified in Sec. 141.90(e). [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992, as amended at 65 FR 2005, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.85] [Page 463-469] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.85 Public education and supplemental monitoring requirements. A water system that exceeds the lead action level based on tap water samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall deliver the public education materials contained in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section in accordance with the requirements in paragraph (c) of this section. (a) Content of written public education materials. (1) Community water systems. A community water system shall include the following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public education program. Systems may delete information pertaining to lead service lines, upon approval by the State, if no lead service lines exist anywhere in the water system service area. Public education language at paragraphs (a)(1)(iv)(B)(5) and (a)(1)(iv)(D)(2) of this section may be modified regarding building permit record availability and consumer access to these records, if approved by the State. Systems may also continue to utilize pre-printed materials that meet the public education language requirements in 40 CFR 141.85, effective November 6, 1991, and contained in the 40 CFR, parts 100 to 149, edition revised as of July 1, 1991. Any additional information presented by a system shall be consistent with the information below and be in plain English that can be understood by lay people. (i) Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and [insert name of water supplier] are concerned about lead in your drinking water. Although most homes have very low levels of lead in their drinking water, some homes in the community have lead levels above the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under Federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by [insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your system]. This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace the portion of each lead service line that we own if the line contributes lead concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation please give us a call at [insert water system's phone number]. This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water. (ii) Health effects of lead. Lead is a common metal found throughout the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food, certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body. Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead contamination--like dirt and dust--that rarely affect an adult. It is important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make sure they only put food in their mouths. [[Page 464]] (iii) Lead in drinking water. (A) Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of a person's total exposure to lead. (B) Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to join copper pipe, brass and chrome plated brass faucets, and in some cases, pipes made of lead that connect your house to the water main (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of faucets, pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%. (C) When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or later in the afternoon after returning from work or school, can contain fairly high levels of lead. (iv) Steps you can take in the home to reduce exposure to lead in drinking water. (A) Despite our best efforts mentioned earlier to control water corrosivity and remove lead from the water supply, lead levels in some homes or buildings can be high. To find out whether you need to take action in your own home, have your drinking water tested to determine if it contains excessive concentrations of lead. Testing the water is essential because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in drinking water. Some local laboratories that can provide this service are listed at the end of this booklet. For more information on having your water tested, please call [insert phone number of water system]. (B) If a water test indicates that the drinking water drawn from a tap in your home contains lead above 15 ppb, then you should take the following precautions: (1) Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six hours. The longer water resides in your home's plumbing the more lead it may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet until the water gets noticeably colder, usually about 15-30 seconds. If your house has a lead service line to the water main, you may have to flush the water for a longer time, perhaps one minute, before drinking. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of your home's plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your family's health. It usually uses less than one or two gallons of water and costs less than [insert a cost estimate based on flushing two times a day for 30 days] per month. To conserve water, fill a couple of bottles for drinking water after flushing the tap, and whenever possible use the first flush water to wash the dishes or water the plants. If you live in a high-rise building, letting the water flow before using it may not work to lessen your risk from lead. The plumbing systems have more, and sometimes larger pipes than smaller buildings. Ask your landlord for help in locating the source of the lead and for advice on reducing the lead level. (2) Try not to cook with, or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need hot water, draw water from the cold tap and heat it on the stove. (3) Remove loose lead solder and debris from the plumbing materials installed in newly constructed homes, or homes in which the plumbing has recently been replaced, by removing the faucet strainers from all taps and running the water from 3 to 5 minutes. Thereafter, periodically remove the strainers and flush out any debris that has accumulated over time. (4) If your copper pipes are joined with lead solder that has been installed illegally since it was banned in 1986, [[Page 465]] notify the plumber who did the work and request that he or she replace the lead solder with lead-free solder. Lead solder looks dull gray, and when scratched with a key looks shiny. In addition, notify your State [insert name of department responsible for enforcing the Safe Drinking Water Act in your State] about the violation. (5) Determine whether or not the service line that connects your home or apartment to the water main is made of lead. The best way to determine if your service line is made of lead is by either hiring a licensed plumber to inspect the line or by contacting the plumbing contractor who installed the line. You can identify the plumbing contractor by checking the city's record of building permits which should be maintained in the files of the [insert name of department that issues building permits]. A licensed plumber can at the same time check to see if your home's plumbing contains lead solder, lead pipes, or pipe fittings that contain lead. The public water system that delivers water to your home should also maintain records of the materials located in the distribution system. If the service line that connects your dwelling to the water main contributes more than 15 ppb to drinking water, after our comprehensive treatment program is in place, we are required to replace the portion of the line we own. If the line is only partially owned by the [insert the name of the city, county, or water system that owns the line], we are required to provide the owner of the privately- owned portion of the line with information on how to replace the privately-owned portion of the service line, and offer to replace that portion of the line at the owner's expense. If we replace only the portion of the line that we own, we also are required to notify you in advance and provide you with information on the steps you can take to minimize exposure to any temporary increase in lead levels that may result from the partial replacement, to take a follow-up sample at our expense from the line within 72 hours after the partial replacement, and to mail or otherwise provide you with the results of that sample within three business days of receiving the results. Acceptable replacement alternatives include copper, steel, iron, and plastic pipes. (6) Have an electrician check your wiring. If grounding wires from the electrical system are attached to your pipes, corrosion may be greater. Check with a licensed electrician or your local electrical code to determine if your wiring can be grounded elsewhere. DO NOT attempt to change the wiring yourself because improper grounding can cause electrical shock and fire hazards. (C) The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in your drinking water. However, if a water test indicates that the drinking water coming from your tap contains lead concentrations in excess of 15 ppb after flushing, or after we have completed our actions to minimize lead levels, then you may want to take the following additional measures: (1) Purchase or lease a home treatment device. Home treatment devices are limited in that each unit treats only the water that flows from the faucet to which it is connected, and all of the devices require periodic maintenance and replacement. Devices such as reverse osmosis systems or distillers can effectively remove lead from your drinking water. Some activated carbon filters may reduce lead levels at the tap, however all lead reduction claims should be investigated. Be sure to check the actual performance of a specific home treatment device before and after installing the unit. (2) Purchase bottled water for drinking and cooking. (D) You can consult a variety of sources for additional information. Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and provide you with information about the health effects of lead. State and local government agencies that can be contacted include: (1) [insert the name of city or county department of public utilities] at [insert phone number] can provide you with information about your community's water supply, and a list of local laboratories that have been certified by EPA for testing water quality; [[Page 466]] (2) [insert the name of city or county department that issues building permits] at [insert phone number] can provide you with information about building permit records that should contain the names of plumbing contractors that plumbed your home; and (3) [insert the name of the State Department of Public Health] at [insert phone number] or the [insert the name of the city or county health department] at [insert phone number] can provide you with information about the health effects of lead and how you can have your child's blood tested. (E) The following is a list of some State approved laboratories in your area that you can call to have your water tested for lead. [Insert names and phone numbers of at least two laboratories]. (2) Non-transient non-community water systems. A non-transient non- community water system shall either include the text specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section or shall include the following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public education program. Water systems may delete information pertaining to lead service lines upon approval by the State if no lead service lines exist anywhere in the water system service area. Any additional information presented by a system shall be consistent with the information below and be in plain English that can be understood by lay people. (i) Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and [insert name of water supplier] are concerned about lead in your drinking water. Some drinking water samples taken from this facility have lead levels above the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under Federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by [insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your system]. This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace the portion of each lead service line that we own if the line contributes lead concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation please give us a call at [insert water system's phone number]. This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect yourself by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water. (ii) Health effects of lead. Lead is found throughout the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food, certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body. Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead contamination--like dirt and dust--that rarely affect an adult. It is important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make sure they only put food in their mouths. (iii) Lead in drinking water. (A) Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of a person's total exposure to lead. (B) Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to join copper pipe, brass and chrome-plated brass faucets, and in some cases, pipes made of lead that connect houses and buildings to water mains (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of faucets, [[Page 467]] pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%. (C) When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or later in the afternoon if the water has not been used all day, can contain fairly high levels of lead. (iv) Steps you can take to reduce exposure to lead in drinking water. (A) Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six hours. The longer water resides in plumbing the more lead it may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet for about 15-30 seconds. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of the plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your health. It usually uses less than one gallon of water. (B) Do not cook with, or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need hot water, draw water from the cold tap and then heat it. (C) The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in your drinking water. However, if you are still concerned, you may wish to use bottled water for drinking and cooking. (D) You can consult a variety of sources for additional information. Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and provide you with information about the health effects of lead. State and local government agencies that can be contacted include: (1) [insert the name or title of facility official if appropriate] at [insert phone number] can provide you with information about your facility's water supply; and (2) [insert the name or title of the State Department of Public Health] at [insert phone number] or the [insert the name of the city or county health department] at [insert phone number] can provide you with information about the health effects of lead. (b) Content of broadcast materials. A water system shall include the following information in all public service announcements submitted under its lead public education program to television and radio stations for broadcasting: (1) Why should everyone want to know the facts about lead and drinking water? Because unhealthy amounts of lead can enter drinking water through the plumbing in your home. That's why I urge you to do what I did. I had my water tested for [insert free or $ per sample]. You can contact the [insert the name of the city or water system] for information on testing and on simple ways to reduce your exposure to lead in drinking water. (2) To have your water tested for lead, or to get more information about this public health concern, please call [insert the phone number of the city or water system]. (c) Delivery of a public education program. (1) In communities where a significant proportion of the population speaks a language other than English, public education materials shall be communicated in the appropriate language(s). (2) A community water system that exceeds the lead action level on the basis of tap water samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86, and that is not already repeating public education tasks pursuant to paragraph (c)(3), (c)(7), or (c)(8), of this section, shall, within 60 days: (i) Insert notices in each customer's water utility bill containing the information in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, along with the following alert on the water bill itself in large print: "SOME HOMES IN THIS COMMUNITY HAVE ELEVATED LEAD LEVELS IN THEIR DRINKING WATER. LEAD CAN POSE A SIGNIFICANT RISK TO YOUR HEALTH. PLEASE READ THE ENCLOSED NOTICE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION." A community water system having a billing cycle that does not include a billing within 60 days of exceeding the action level, or that cannot insert information in the water utility bill without making major changes to its billing system, may use [[Page 468]] a separate mailing to deliver the information in paragraph (a)(1) of this section as long as the information is delivered to each customer within 60 days of exceeding the action level. Such water systems shall also include the "alert" language specified in this paragraph. (ii) Submit the information in paragraph (a)(1) of this section to the editorial departments of the major daily and weekly newspapers circulated throughout the community. (iii) Deliver pamphlets and/or brochures that contain the public education materials in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(1)(iv) of this section to facilities and organizations, including the following: (iv) Submit the public service announcement in paragraph (b) of this section to at least five of the radio and television stations with the largest audiences that broadcast to the community served by the water system. (3) A community water system shall repeat the tasks contained in paragraphs (c)(2) (i), (ii) and (iii) of this section every 12 months, and the tasks contained in paragraphs (c)(2)(iv) of this section every 6 months for as long as the system exceeds the lead action level. (4) Within 60 days after it exceeds the lead action level (unless it already is repeating public education tasks pursuant to paragraph (c)(5) of this section), a non-transient non-community water system shall deliver the public education materials specified by paragraph (a)(1) of this section or the public education materials specified by paragraph (a)(2) of this section as follows: (i) Post informational posters on lead in drinking water in a public place or common area in each of the buildings served by the system; and (ii) Distribute informational pamphlets and/or brochures on lead in drinking water to each person served by the non-transient non-community water system. The State may allow the system to utilize electronic transmission in lieu of or combined with printed materials as long as it achieves at least the same coverage. (5) A non-transient non-community water system shall repeat the tasks contained in paragraph (c)(4) of this section at least once during each calendar year in which the system exceeds the lead action level. (6) A water system may discontinue delivery of public education materials if the system has met the lead action level during the most recent six-month monitoring period conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86. Such a system shall recommence public education in accordance with this section if it subsequently exceeds the lead action level during any monitoring period. (7) A community water system may apply to the State, in writing, (unless the State has waived the requirement for prior State approval) to use the text specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section in lieu of the text in paragraph (a)(1) of this section and to perform the tasks listed in paragraphs (c)(4) and (c)(5) of this section in lieu of the tasks in paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section if: (i) The system is a facility, such as a prison or a hospital, where the population served is not capable of or is prevented from making improvements to plumbing or installing point of use treatment devices; and (ii) The system provides water as part of the cost of services provided and does not separately charge for water consumption. (8)(i) A community water system serving 3,300 or fewer people may omit the task contained in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section. As long as it distributes notices containing the information contained in paragraph (a)(1) of this section to every household served by the system, such systems may further limit their public education programs as follows: (A) Systems serving 500 or fewer people may forego the task contained in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section. Such a system may limit the distribution of the public education materials required under paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section to facilities and organizations served by the system that are most likely to be visited regularly by pregnant women and children, unless it is notified by the State in writing that it must make a broader distribution. (B) If approved by the State in writing, a system serving 501 to 3,300 people may omit the task in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section and/or limit the [[Page 469]] distribution of the public education materials required under paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section to facilities and organizations served by the system that are most likely to be visited regularly by pregnant women and children. (ii) A community water system serving 3,300 or fewer people that delivers public education in accordance with paragraph (c)(8)(i) of this section shall repeat the required public education tasks at least once during each calendar year in which the system exceeds the lead action level. (d) Supplemental monitoring and notification of results. A water system that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall offer to sample the tap water of any customer who requests it. The system is not required to pay for collecting or analyzing the sample, nor is the system required to collect and analyze the sample itself. [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992; 65 FR 2005, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.86] [Page 469-476] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.86 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in tap water. (a) Sample site location. (1) By the applicable date for commencement of monitoring under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, each water system shall complete a materials evaluation of its distribution system in order to identify a pool of targeted sampling sites that meets the requirements of this section, and which is sufficiently large to ensure that the water system can collect the number of lead and copper tap samples required in paragraph (c) of this section. All sites from which first draw samples are collected shall be selected from this pool of targeted sampling sites. Sampling sites may not include faucets that have point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment devices designed to remove inorganic contaminants. (2) A water system shall use the information on lead, copper, and galvanized steel that it is required to collect under Sec. 141.42(d) of this part [special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics] when conducting a materials evaluation. When an evaluation of the information collected pursuant to Sec. 141.42(d) is insufficient to locate the requisite number of lead and copper sampling sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, the water system shall review the sources of information listed below in order to identify a sufficient number of sampling sites. In addition, the system shall seek to collect such information where possible in the course of its normal operations (e.g., checking service line materials when reading water meters or performing maintenance activities): (i) All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the building department(s) which indicate the plumbing materials that are installed within publicly and privately owned structures connected to the distribution system; (ii) All inspections and records of the distribution system that indicate the material composition of the service connections that connect a structure to the distribution system; and (iii) All existing water quality information, which includes the results of all prior analyses of the system or individual structures connected to the system, indicating locations that may be particularly susceptible to high lead or copper concentrations. (3) The sampling sites selected for a community water system's sampling pool ("tier l sampling sites") shall consist of single family structures that: (i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or contain lead pipes; and/or (ii) Are served by a lead service line. When multiple-family residences comprise at least 20 percent of the structures served by a water system, the system may include these types of structures in its sampling pool. (4) Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with "tier 2 sampling sites", consisting of buildings, including multiple-family residences that: (i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or contain lead pipes; and/or (ii) Are served by a lead service line. (5) Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 and tier 2 sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with "tier 3 sampling sites", consisting of single family structures that [[Page 470]] contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. A community water system with insufficient tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with representative sites throughout the distribution system. For the purpose of this paragraph, a representative site is a site in which the plumbing materials used at that site would be commonly found at other sites served by the water system. (6) The sampling sites selected for a non-transient noncommunity water system ("tier l sampling sites") shall consist of buildings that: (i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or contain lead pipes; and/or (ii) Are served by a lead service line. (7) A non-transient non-community water system with insufficient tier 1 sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph (a)(6) of this section shall complete its sampling pool with sampling sites that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. If additional sites are needed to complete the sampling pool, the non- transient non-community water system shall use representative sites throughout the distribution system. For the purpose of this paragraph, a representative site is a site in which the plumbing materials used at that site would be commonly found at other sites served by the water system. (8) Any water system whose distribution system contains lead service lines shall draw 50 percent of the samples it collects during each monitoring period from sites that contain lead pipes, or copper pipes with lead solder, and 50 percent of the samples from sites served by a lead service line. A water system that cannot identify a sufficient number of sampling sites served by a lead service line shall collect first-draw samples from all of the sites identified as being served by such lines. (b) Sample collection methods. (1) All tap samples for lead and copper collected in accordance with this subpart, with the exception of lead service line samples collected under Sec. 141.84(c) and samples collected under paragraph (b)(5) of this section, shall be first-draw samples. (2) Each first-draw tap sample for lead and copper shall be one liter in volume and have stood motionless in the plumbing system of each sampling site for at least six hours. First-draw samples from residential housing shall be collected from the cold water kitchen tap or bathroom sink tap. First-draw samples from a nonresidential building shall be one liter in volume and shall be collected at an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. Non-first-draw samples collected in lieu of first-draw samples pursuant to paragraph (b)(5) of this section shall be one liter in volume and shall be collected at an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. First-draw samples may be collected by the system or the system may allow residents to collect first-draw samples after instructing the residents of the sampling procedures specified in this paragraph. To avoid problems of residents handling nitric acid, acidification of first-draw samples may be done up to 14 days after the sample is collected. After acidification to resolubilize the metals, the sample must stand in the original container for the time specified in the approved EPA method before the sample can be analyzed. If a system allows residents to perform sampling, the system may not challenge, based on alleged errors in sample collection, the accuracy of sampling results. (3) Each service line sample shall be one liter in volume and have stood motionless in the lead service line for at least six hours. Lead service line samples shall be collected in one of the following three ways: (i) At the tap after flushing the volume of water between the tap and the lead service line. The volume of water shall be calculated based on the interior diameter and length of the pipe between the tap and the lead service line; (ii) Tapping directly into the lead service line; or (iii) If the sampling site is a building constructed as a single- family residence, allowing the water to run until there is a significant change in temperature which would be indicative of water that has been standing in the lead service line. [[Page 471]] (4) A water system shall collect each first draw tap sample from the same sampling site from which it collected a previous sample. If, for any reason, the water system cannot gain entry to a sampling site in order to collect a follow-up tap sample, the system may collect the follow-up tap sample from another sampling site in its sampling pool as long as the new site meets the same targeting criteria, and is within reasonable proximity of the original site. (5) A non-transient non-community water system, or a community water system that meets the criteria of Secs. 141.85(c)(7)(i) and (ii), that does not have enough taps that can supply first-draw samples, as defined in Sec. 141.2, may apply to the State in writing to substitute non- first-draw samples. Such systems must collect as many first-draw samples from appropriate taps as possible and identify sampling times and locations that would likely result in the longest standing time for the remaining sites. The State has the discretion to waive the requirement for prior State approval of non-first-draw sample sites selected by the system, either through State regulation or written notification to the system. (c) Number of samples. Water systems shall collect at least one sample during each monitoring period specified in paragraph (d) of this section from the number of sites listed in the first column ("standard monitoring") of the table in this paragraph. A system conducting reduced monitoring under paragraph (d)(4) of this section shall collect at least one sample from the number of sites specified in the second column ("reduced monitoring") of the table in this paragraph during each monitoring period specified in paragraph (d)(4) of this section. Such reduced monitoring sites shall be representative of the sites required for standard monitoring. States may specify sampling locations when a system is conducting reduced monitoring. The table is as follows: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Number of Number of sites sites System size (number of people served) (standard (reduced monitoring) monitoring) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >100,000...................................... 100 50 10,001 to 100,000............................. 60 30 3,301 to 10,000............................... 40 20 501 to 3,300.................................. 20 10 101 to 500.................................... 10 5 <ls-thn-eq>100................................ 5 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) Timing of monitoring--(1) Initial tap sampling. The first six-month monitoring period for small, medium-size and large systems shall begin on the following dates: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ First six-month monitoring System size (No. people served) period begins on ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >50,000............................... January 1, 1992. 3,301 to 50,000....................... July 1, 1992. <ls-thn-eq>3,300...................... July 1, 1993. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (i) All large systems shall monitor during two consecutive six-month periods. (ii) All small and medium-size systems shall monitor during each six-month monitoring period until: (A) The system exceeds the lead or copper action level and is therefore required to implement the corrosion control treatment requirements under Sec. 141.81, in which case the system shall continue monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(2) of this section, or (B) The system meets the lead and copper action levels during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods, in which case the system may reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section. (2) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control and source water treatment. (i) Any large system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.81(d)(4) shall monitor during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in Sec. 141.81(d)(5). (ii) Any small or medium-size system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.81(e)(5) shall monitor during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in Sec. 141.81(e)(6). (iii) Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.83(a)(3) shall monitor during two [[Page 472]] consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in Sec. 141.83(a)(4). (3) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values for optimal corrosion control. After the State specifies the values for water quality control parameters under Sec. 141.82(f), the system shall monitor during each subsequent six-month monitoring period, with the first monitoring period to begin on the date the State specifies the optimal values under Sec. 141.82(f). (4) Reduced monitoring. (i) A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods may reduce the number of samples in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, and reduce the frequency of sampling to once per year. (ii) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods may reduce the frequency of monitoring to once per year and reduce the number of lead and copper samples in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section if it receives written approval from the State. The State shall review monitoring, treatment, and other relevant information submitted by the water system in accordance with Sec. 141.90, and shall notify the system in writing when it determines the system is eligible to commence reduced monitoring pursuant to this paragraph. The State shall review, and where appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number and frequency of tap sampling becomes available. (iii) A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead and copper action levels during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper from annually to once every three years. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency of monitoring from annually to once every three years if it receives written approval from the State. The State shall review monitoring, treatment, and other relevant information submitted by the water system in accordance with Sec. 141.90, and shall notify the system in writing when it determines the system is eligible to reduce the frequency of monitoring to once every three years. The State shall review, and where appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number and frequency of tap sampling becomes available. (iv) A water system that reduces the number and frequency of sampling shall collect these samples from representative sites included in the pool of targeted sampling sites identified in paragraph (a) of this section. Systems sampling annually or less frequently shall conduct the lead and copper tap sampling during the months of June, July, August, or September unless the State has approved a different sampling period in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section. (A) The State, at its discretion, may approve a different period for conducting the lead and copper tap sampling for systems collecting a reduced number of samples. Such a period shall be no longer than four consecutive months and must represent a time of normal operation where the highest levels of lead are most likely to occur. For a non-transient non-community water system that does not operate during the months of June through September, and for which the period of normal operation where the highest levels of lead are most likely to occur is not known, the State shall designate a period that represents a time of normal operation for the system. (B) Systems monitoring annually, that have been collecting samples during the months of June through September and that receive State approval to alter their sample collection period under paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section, must collect their next round of samples during a time period that ends no later than 21 months after the [[Page 473]] previous round of sampling. Systems monitoring triennially that have been collecting samples during the months of June through September, and receive State approval to alter the sampling collection period as per paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section, must collect their next round of samples during a time period that ends no later than 45 months after the previous round of sampling. Subsequent rounds of sampling must be collected annually or triennially, as required by this section. Small systems with waivers, granted pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section, that have been collecting samples during the months of June through September and receive State approval to alter their sample collection period under paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section must collect their next round of samples before the end of the 9-year period. (v) Any water system that demonstrates for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods that the tap water lead level computed under Sec. 141.80(c)(3) is less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the tap water copper level computed under Sec. 141.80(c)(3) is less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L may reduce the number of samples in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section and reduce the frequency of sampling to once every three calendar years. (vi)(A) A small or medium-size water system subject to reduced monitoring that exceeds the lead or copper action level shall resume sampling in accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this section and collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (c) of this section. Such a system shall also conduct water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec. 141.87(b), (c) or (d) (as appropriate) during the monitoring period in which it exceeded the action level. Any such system may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in paragraph (c) of this section after it has completed two subsequent consecutive six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section and/or may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either paragraph (d)(4)(iii) or (d)(4)(v) of this section. (B) Any water system subject to the reduced monitoring frequency that fails to operate at or above the minimum value or within the range of values for the water quality parameters specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) for more than nine days in any six-month period specified in Sec. 141.87(d) shall conduct tap water sampling for lead and copper at the frequency specified in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (c) of this section, and shall resume monitoring for water quality parameters within the distribution system in accordance with Sec. 141.87(d). Such a system may resume reduced monitoring for lead and copper at the tap and for water quality parameters within the distribution system under the following conditions: (1) The system may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in paragraph (c) of this section after it has completed two subsequent six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of paragraph (d)(4)(ii) of this section and the system has received written approval from the State that it is appropriate to resume reduced monitoring on an annual frequency. (2) The system may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper at the tap at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either paragraph (d)(4)(iii) or (d)(4)(v) of this section and the system has received written approval from the State that it is appropriate to resume triennial monitoring. (3) The system may reduce the number of water quality parameter tap water samples required in accordance with Sec. 141.87(e)(1) and the frequency with which it collects such samples in accordance with Sec. 141.87(e)(2). Such a system may not resume triennial monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap until it demonstrates, in accordance with the requirements of [[Page 474]] Sec. 141.87(e)(2), that it has re-qualified for triennial monitoring. (vii) Any water system subject to a reduced monitoring frequency under paragraph (d)(4) of this section that either adds a new source of water or changes any water treatment shall inform the State in writing in accordance with Sec. 141.90(a)(3). The State may require the system to resume sampling in accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this section and collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (c) of this section or take other appropriate steps such as increased water quality parameter monitoring or re-evaluation of its corrosion control treatment given the potentially different water quality considerations. (e) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the system and the State in making any determinations (i.e., calculating the 90th percentile lead or copper level) under this subpart. (f) Invalidation of lead or copper tap water samples. A sample invalidated under this paragraph does not count toward determining lead or copper 90th percentile levels under Sec. 141.80(c)(3) or toward meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. (1) The State may invalidate a lead or copper tap water sample at least if one of the following conditions is met. (i) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused erroneous results. (ii) The State determines that the sample was taken from a site that did not meet the site selection criteria of this section. (iii) The sample container was damaged in transit. (iv) There is substantial reason to believe that the sample was subject to tampering. (2) The system must report the results of all samples to the State and all supporting documentation for samples the system believes should be invalidated. (3) To invalidate a sample under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, the decision and the rationale for the decision must be documented in writing. States may not invalidate a sample solely on the grounds that a follow-up sample result is higher or lower than that of the original sample. (4) The water system must collect replacement samples for any samples invalidated under this section if, after the invalidation of one or more samples, the system has too few samples to meet the minimum requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. Any such replacement samples must be taken as soon as possible, but no later than 20 days after the date the State invalidates the sample or by the end of the applicable monitoring period, whichever occurs later. Replacement samples taken after the end of the applicable monitoring period shall not also be used to meet the monitoring requirements of a subsequent monitoring period. The replacement samples shall be taken at the same locations as the invalidated samples or, if that is not possible, at locations other than those already used for sampling during the monitoring period. (g) Monitoring waivers for small systems. Any small system that meets the criteria of this paragraph may apply to the State to reduce the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper under this section to once every nine years (i.e., a "full waiver") if it meets all of the materials criteria specified in paragraph (g)(1) of this section and all of the monitoring criteria specified in paragraph (g)(2) of this section. If State regulations permit, any small system that meets the criteria in paragraphs (g)(1) and (2) of this section only for lead, or only for copper, may apply to the State for a waiver to reduce the frequency of tap water monitoring to once every nine years for that contaminant only (i.e., a "partial waiver"). (1) Materials criteria. The system must demonstrate that its distribution system and service lines and all drinking water supply plumbing, including plumbing conveying drinking water within all residences and buildings connected to the system, are free of lead- containing materials and/or copper-containing materials, as those terms are defined in this paragraph, as follows: [[Page 475]] (i) Lead. To qualify for a full waiver, or a waiver of the tap water monitoring requirements for lead (i.e., a "lead waiver"), the water system must provide certification and supporting documentation to the State that the system is free of all lead-containing materials, as follows: (A) It contains no plastic pipes which contain lead plasticizers, or plastic service lines which contain lead plasticizers; and (B) It is free of lead service lines, lead pipes, lead soldered pipe joints, and leaded brass or bronze alloy fittings and fixtures, unless such fittings and fixtures meet the specifications of any standard established pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 300g-6(e) (SDWA section 1417(e)). (ii) Copper. To qualify for a full waiver, or a waiver of the tap water monitoring requirements for copper (i.e., a "copper waiver"), the water system must provide certification and supporting documentation to the State that the system contains no copper pipes or copper service lines. (2) Monitoring criteria for waiver issuance. The system must have completed at least one 6-month round of standard tap water monitoring for lead and copper at sites approved by the State and from the number of sites required by paragraph (c) of this section and demonstrate that the 90th percentile levels for any and all rounds of monitoring conducted since the system became free of all lead-containing and/or copper-containing materials, as appropriate, meet the following criteria. (i) Lead levels. To qualify for a full waiver, or a lead waiver, the system must demonstrate that the 90th percentile lead level does not exceed 0.005 mg/L. (ii) Copper levels. To qualify for a full waiver, or a copper waiver, the system must demonstrate that the 90th percentile copper level does not exceed 0.65 mg/L. (3) State approval of waiver application. The State shall notify the system of its waiver determination, in writing, setting forth the basis of its decision and any condition of the waiver. As a condition of the waiver, the State may require the system to perform specific activities (e.g., limited monitoring, periodic outreach to customers to remind them to avoid installation of materials that might void the waiver) to avoid the risk of lead or copper concentration of concern in tap water. The small system must continue monitoring for lead and copper at the tap as required by paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section, as appropriate, until it receives written notification from the State that the waiver has been approved. (4) Monitoring frequency for systems with waivers. (i) A system with a full waiver must conduct tap water monitoring for lead and copper in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(iv) of this section at the reduced number of sampling sites identified in paragraph (c) of this section at least once every nine years and provide the materials certification specified in paragraph (g)(1) of this section for both lead and copper to the State along with the monitoring results. (ii) A system with a partial waiver must conduct tap water monitoring for the waived contaminant in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(iv) of this section at the reduced number of sampling sites specified in paragraph (c) of this section at least once every nine years and provide the materials certification specified in paragraph (g)(1) of this section pertaining to the waived contaminant along with the monitoring results. Such a system also must continue to monitor for the non-waived contaminant in accordance with requirements of paragraph (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section, as appropriate. (iii) If a system with a full or partial waiver adds a new source of water or changes any water treatment, the system must notify the State in writing in accordance with Sec. 141.90(a)(3). The State has the authority to require the system to add or modify waiver conditions (e.g., require recertification that the system is free of lead- containing and/or copper-containing materials, require additional round(s) of monitoring), if it deems such modifications are necessary to address treatment or source water changes at the system. (iv) If a system with a full or partial waiver becomes aware that it is no [[Page 476]] longer free of lead-containing or copper-containing materials, as appropriate, (e.g., as a result of new construction or repairs), the system shall notify the State in writing no later than 60 days after becoming aware of such a change. (5) Continued eligibility. If the system continues to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (g)(4) of this section, the waiver will be renewed automatically, unless any of the conditions listed in paragraph (g)(5)(i) through (g)(5)(iii) of this section occurs. A system whose waiver has been revoked may re-apply for a waiver at such time as it again meets the appropriate materials and monitoring criteria of paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of this section. (i) A system with a full waiver or a lead waiver no longer satisfies the materials criteria of paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section or has a 90th percentile lead level greater than 0.005 mg/L. (ii) A system with a full waiver or a copper waiver no longer satisfies the materials criteria of paragraph (g)(1)(ii) of this section or has a 90th percentile copper level greater than 0.65 mg/L. (iii) The State notifies the system, in writing, that the waiver has been revoked, setting forth the basis of its decision. (6) Requirements following waiver revocation. A system whose full or partial waiver has been revoked by the State is subject to the corrosion control treatment and lead and copper tap water monitoring requirements, as follows: (i) If the system exceeds the lead and/or copper action level, the system must implement corrosion control treatment in accordance with the deadlines specified in Sec. 141.81(e), and any other applicable requirements of this subpart. (ii) If the system meets both the lead and the copper action level, the system must monitor for lead and copper at the tap no less frequently than once every three years using the reduced number of sample sites specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (7) Pre-existing waivers. Small system waivers approved by the State in writing prior to April 11, 2000 shall remain in effect under the following conditions: (i) If the system has demonstrated that it is both free of lead- containing and copper-containing materials, as required by paragraph (g)(1) of this section and that its 90th percentile lead levels and 90th percentile copper levels meet the criteria of paragraph (g)(2) of this section, the waiver remains in effect so long as the system continues to meet the waiver eligibility criteria of paragraph (g)(5) of this section. The first round of tap water monitoring conducted pursuant to paragraph (g)(4) of this section shall be completed no later than nine years after the last time the system has monitored for lead and copper at the tap. (ii) If the system has met the materials criteria of paragraph (g)(1) of this section but has not met the monitoring criteria of paragraph (g)(2) of this section, the system shall conduct a round of monitoring for lead and copper at the tap demonstrating that it meets the criteria of paragraph (g)(2) of this section no later than September 30, 2000. Thereafter, the waiver shall remain in effect as long as the system meets the continued eligibility criteria of paragraph (g)(5) of this section. The first round of tap water monitoring conducted pursuant to paragraph (g)(4) of this section shall be completed no later than nine years after the round of monitoring conducted pursuant to paragraph (g)(2) of this section. [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 32113, July 15, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992; as amended at 65 FR 2007, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.87] [Page 476-481] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.87 Monitoring requirements for water quality parameters. All large water systems, and all small- and medium-size systems that exceed the lead or copper action level shall monitor water quality parameters in addition to lead and copper in accordance with this section. The requirements of this section are summarized in the table at the end of this section. (a) General requirements--(1) Sample collection methods. (i) Tap samples shall be representative of water quality throughout the distribution system taking into account the number of persons served, the different sources of water, the different treatment methods employed by the system, and seasonal [[Page 477]] variability. Tap sampling under this section is not required to be conducted at taps targeted for lead and copper sampling under Sec. 141.86(a). [Note: Systems may find it convenient to conduct tap sampling for water quality parameters at sites used for coliform sampling under 40 CFR 141.21.] (ii) Samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution system shall be from locations representative of each source after treatment. If a system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used). (2) Number of samples. (i) Systems shall collect two tap samples for applicable water quality parameters during each monitoring period specified under paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section from the following number of sites. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ No. of sites for water System size (No. people served) quality parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >100,000................................................ 25 10,001-100,000.......................................... 10 3,301 to 10,000......................................... 3 501 to 3,300............................................ 2 101 to 500.............................................. 1 :100.................................................... 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (ii) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, systems shall collect two samples for each applicable water quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system during each monitoring period specified in paragraph (b) of this section. During each monitoring period specified in paragraphs (c)-(e) of this section, systems shall collect one sample for each applicable water quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system. (b) Initial sampling All large water systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters as specified below at taps and at each entry point to the distribution system during each six-month monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(1). All small and medium- size systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters at the locations specified below during each six-month monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(1) during which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level. (1) At taps: (i) pH; (ii) Alkalinity; (iii) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used; (iv) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used; (v) Calcium; (vi) Conductivity; and (vii) Water temperature. (2) At each entry point to the distribution system: all of the applicable parameters listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (c) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control. Any large system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.81(d)(4) shall measure the water quality parameters at the locations and frequencies specified below during each six-month monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(2)(i). Any small or medium-size system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment shall conduct such monitoring during each six-month monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(2)(ii) in which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level. (1) At taps, two samples for: (i) pH; (ii) Alkalinity; (iii) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used; (iv) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used; (v) Calcium, when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, at each entry point to the distribution system, at least one sample no less frequently than every two weeks (biweekly) for: (i) pH; (ii) When alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the chemical used to adjust alkalinity, and the alkalinity concentration; and (iii) When a corrosion inhibitor is used as part of optimal corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the inhibitor used, and the concentration [[Page 478]] of orthophosphate or silica (whichever is applicable). (3) Any ground water system can limit entry point sampling described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section to those entry points that are representative of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the system. If water from untreated ground water sources mixes with water from treated ground water sources, the system must monitor for water quality parameters both at representative entry points receiving treatment and representative entry points receiving no treatment. Prior to the start of any monitoring under this paragraph, the system shall provide to the State written information identifying the selected entry points and documentation, including information on seasonal variability, sufficient to demonstrate that the sites are representative of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the system. (d) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values for optimal corrosion control. After the State specifies the values for applicable water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment under Sec. 141.82(f), all large systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section and determine compliance with the requirements of Sec. 141.82(g) every six months with the first six-month period to begin on the date the State specifies the optimal values under Sec. 141.82(f). Any small or medium-size system shall conduct such monitoring during each six-month period specified in this paragraph in which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level. For any such small and medium- size system that is subject to a reduced monitoring frequency pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d)(4) at the time of the action level exceedance, the end of the applicable six-month period under this paragraph shall coincide with the end of the applicable monitoring period under Sec. 141.86(d)(4). Compliance with State-designated optimal water quality parameter values shall be determined as specified under Sec. 141.82(g). (e) Reduced monitoring. (1) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods under paragraph (d) of this section shall continue monitoring at the entry point(s) to the distribution system as specified in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Such system may collect two tap samples for applicable water quality parameters from the following reduced number of sites during each six-month monitoring period. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Reduced No. of sites for System size (No. of people served) water quality parameters ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >100,000................................................ 10 10,001 to 100,000....................................... 7 3,301 to 10,000......................................... 3 501 to 3,300............................................ 2 101 to 500.............................................. 1 :100.................................................... 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2)(i) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency with which it collects the number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in this paragraph (e)(1) of this section from every six months to annually. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during three consecutive years of annual monitoring under this paragraph may reduce the frequency with which it collects the number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in paragraph (e)(1) from annually to every three years. (ii) A water system may reduce the frequency with which it collects tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section to every three years if it demonstrates during two consecutive monitoring periods that its tap water lead level at the 90th percentile is less than or equal to the PQL for lead specified in Sec. 141.89 (a)(1)(ii), that its tap water copper level at the 90th percentile is less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L for copper in Sec. 141.80(c)(2), and that it also has maintained the range of values [[Page 479]] for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f). (3) A water system that conducts sampling annually shall collect these samples evenly throughout the year so as to reflect seasonal variability. (4) Any water system subject to the reduced monitoring frequency that fails to operate at or above the minimum value or within the range of values for the water quality parameters specified by the State in Sec. 141.82(f) for more than nine days in any six-month period specified in Sec. 141.82(g) shall resume distribution system tap water sampling in accordance with the number and frequency requirements in paragraph (d) of this section. Such a system may resume annual monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section after it has completed two subsequent consecutive six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of that paragraph and/or may resume triennial monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either paragraph (e)(2)(i) or (e)(2)(ii) of this section. (f) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the system and the State in making any determinations (i.e., determining concentrations of water quality parameters) under this section or Sec. 141.82. [[Page 480]] Summary of Monitoring Requirements for Water Quality Parameters \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monitoring period Parameters \2\ Location Frequency ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Initial monitoring................ pH, alkalinity, Taps and at entry point(s) Every 6 months. orthophosphate or silica to distribution system. \3\, calcium, conductivity, temperature. After installation of corrosion pH, alkalinity, Taps...................... Every 6 months. control. orthophosphate or silica \3\, calcium \4\. pH, alkalinity, dosage Entry point(s) to No less frequently rate and concentration distribution system \6\. than every two (if alkalinity adjusted weeks. as part of corrosion control), inhibitor dosage rate and inhibitor residual \5\. After State specifies parameter pH, alkalinity, Taps...................... Every 6 months. values for optimal corrosion orthophosphate or silica control. \3\, calcium \4\. pH, alkalinity dosage rate Entry point(s) to No less frequently and concentration (if distribution system \6\. than every two alkalinity adjusted as weeks. part of corrosion control), inhibitor dosage rate and inhibitor residual \5\. Reduced monitoring................ pH, alkalinity, Taps...................... Every 6 months, orthophosphate or silica annually \7\ or \3\, calcium \4\. every 3 years \8\; reduced number of sites. pH, alkalinity dosage rate Entry point(s) to No less frequently and concentration (if distribution system \6\. than every two alkalinity adjusted as weeks. part of corrosion control), inhibitor dosage rate and inhibitor residual \5\. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Table is for illustrative purposes; consult the text of this section for precise regulatory requirements. \2\ Small and medium-size systems have to monitor for water quality parameters only during monitoring periods in which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level. \3\ Orthophosphate must be measured only when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used. Silica must be measured only when an inhibitor containing silicate compound is used. \4\ Calcium must be measured only when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control. \5\ Inhibitor dosage rates and inhibitor residual concentrations (orthophosphate or silica) must be measured only when an inhibitor is used. \6\ Ground water systems may limit monitoring to representative locations throughout the system. \7\ Water systems may reduce frequency of monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap from every six months to annually if they have maintained the range of values for water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control during 3 consecutive years of monitoring. \8\ Water systems may further reduce the frequency of monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap from annually to once every 3 years if they have maintained the range of values for water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control during 3 consecutive years of annual monitoring. Water systems may accelerate to triennial monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap if they have maintained 90th percentile lead levels less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L, 90th percentile copper levels less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L, and the range of water quality parameters designated by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) as representing optimal corrosion control during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods. [[Page 481]] [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992, as amended at 59 FR 33862, June 30, 1994; 65 FR 2010, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.88] [Page 481-482] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.88 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in source water. (a) Sample location, collection methods, and number of samples. (1) A water system that fails to meet the lead or copper action level on the basis of tap samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall collect lead and copper source water samples in accordance with the following requirements regarding sample location, number of samples, and collection methods: (i) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). The system shall take one sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. (ii) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system after any application of treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). The system shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. Note to paragraph (a)(1)(ii): For the purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include systems with a combination of surface and ground sources. (iii) If a system draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used). (iv) The State may reduce the total number of samples which must be analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Compositing of samples must be done by certified laboratory personnel. Composite samples from a maximum of five samples are allowed, provided that if the lead concentration in the composite sample is greater than or equal to 0.001 mg/L or the copper concentration is greater than or equal to 0.160 mg/L, then either: (A) A follow-up sample shall be taken and analyzed within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite; or (B) If duplicates of or sufficient quantities from the original samples from each sampling point used in the composite are available, the system may use these instead of resampling. (2) Where the results of sampling indicate an exceedance of maximum permissible source water levels established under Sec. 141.83(b)(4), the State may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two weeks) at the same sampling point. If a State-required confirmation sample is taken for lead or copper, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample shall be averaged in determining compliance with the State-specified maximum permissible levels. Any sample value below the detection limit shall be considered to be zero. Any value above the detection limit but below the PQL shall either be considered as the measured value or be considered one-half the PQL. (b) Monitoring frequency after system exceeds tap water action level. Any system which exceeds the lead or copper action level at the tap shall collect one source water sample from each entry point to the distribution system within six months after the exceedance. (c) Monitoring frequency after installation of source water treatment. Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.83(a)(3) shall collect an additional source water sample from each entry point to the distribution system during two consecutive six- month monitoring periods by the deadline specified in Sec. 141.83(a)(4). (d) Monitoring frequency after State specifies maximum permissible source water levels or determines that source water treatment is not needed. (1) A system shall monitor at the frequency specified below in cases where the State specifies maximum permissible [[Page 482]] source water levels under Sec. 141.83(b)(4) or determines that the system is not required to install source water treatment under Sec. 141.83(b)(2). (i) A water system using only groundwater shall collect samples once during the three-year compliance period (as that term is defined in Sec. 141.2) in effect when the applicable State determination under paragraph (d)(1) of this section is made. Such systems shall collect samples once during each subsequent compliance period. (ii) A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface and groundwater) shall collect samples once during each year, the first annual monitoring period to begin on the date on which the applicable State determination is made under paragraph (d)(1) of this section. (2) A system is not required to conduct source water sampling for lead and/or copper if the system meets the action level for the specific contaminant in tap water samples during the entire source water sampling period applicable to the system under paragraph (d)(1) (i) or (ii) of this section. (e) Reduced monitoring frequency. (1) A water system using only ground water may reduce the monitoring frequency for lead and copper in source water to once during each nine-year compliance cycle (as that term is defined in Sec. 141.2) if the system meets one of the following criteria: (i) The system demonstrates that finished drinking water entering the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the State in Sec. 141.83(b)(4) during at least three consecutive compliance periods under paragraph (d)(1) of this section; or (ii) The State has determined that source water treatment is not needed and the system demonstrates that, during at least three consecutive compliance periods in which sampling was conducted under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the concentration of lead in source water was less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the concentration of copper in source water was less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L. (2) A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface water and ground water) may reduce the monitoring frequency in paragraph (d)(1) of this section to once during each nine-year compliance cycle (as that term is defined in Sec. 141.2) if the system meets one of the following criteria: (i) The system demonstrates that finished drinking water entering the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the State in Sec. 141.83(b)(4) for at least three consecutive years; or (ii) The State has determined that source water treatment is not needed and the system demonstrates that, during at least three consecutive years, the concentration of lead in source water was less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the concentration of copper in source water was less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L. (3) A water system that uses a new source of water is not eligible for reduced monitoring for lead and/or copper until concentrations in samples collected from the new source during three consecutive monitoring periods are below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the State in Sec. 141.83(a)(5). [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788 and 28789, June 29, 1992, as amended at 65 FR 2012, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.89] [Page 482-483] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.89 Analytical methods. (a) Analyses for lead, copper, pH, conductivity, calcium, alkalinity, orthophosphate, silica, and temperature shall be conducted with the methods in Sec. 141.23(k)(1). (1) Analyses for alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, orthophosphate, pH, silica, and temperature may be performed by any person acceptable to the State. Analyses under this section for lead and copper shall only be conducted by laboratories that have been certified by EPA or the State. To obtain certification to conduct analyses for lead and copper, laboratories must: (i) Analyze Performance Evaluation samples, which include lead and copper, provided by or acceptable to EPA or the State at least once a year by each method for which the laboratory desires certification; and [[Page 483]] (ii) Achieve quantitative acceptance limits as follows: (A) For lead: <plus-minus>30 percent of the actual amount in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.005 mg/L. The Practical Quantitation Level, or PQL for lead is 0.005 mg/L. (B) For Copper: <plus-minus>10 percent of the actual amount in the Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.050 mg/L. The Practical Quantitation Level, or PQL for copper is 0.050 mg/L. (iii) Achieve the method detection limit for lead of 0.001 mg/L according to the procedures in appendix B of part 136 of this title. This need only be accomplished if the laboratory will be processing source water composite samples under Sec. 141.88(a)(1)(iii). (iv) Be currently certified by EPA or the State to perform analyses to the specifications described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. (2) States have the authority to allow the use of previously collected monitoring data for purposes of monitoring, if the data were collected and analyzed in accordance with the requirements of this subpart. (3) All lead and copper levels measured between the PQL and MDL must be either reported as measured or they can be reported as one-half the PQL specified for lead and copper in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section. All levels below the lead and copper MDLs must be reported as zero. (4) All copper levels measured between the PQL and the MDL must be either reported as measured or they can be reported as one-half the PQL (0.025 mg/L). All levels below the copper MDL must be reported as zero. (b) [Reserved] [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 28789, June 29, 1992; 57 FR 31847, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 33863, June 30, 1994; 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994; 64 FR 67466, Dec. 1, 1999; 65 FR 2012, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.90] [Page 483-486] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.90 Reporting requirements. All water systems shall report all of the following information to the State in accordance with this section. (a) Reporting requirements for tap water monitoring for lead and copper and for water quality parameter monitoring. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(1)(viii) of this section, a water system shall report the information specified below for all tap water samples specified in Sec. 141.86 and for all water quality parameter samples specified in Sec. 141.87 within the first 10 days following the end of each applicable monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86 and Sec. 141.87 (i.e., every six months, annually, every 3 years, or every 9 years): (i) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including the location of each site and the criteria under Sec. 141.86(a) (3), (4), (5), (6), and/or (7) under which the site was selected for the system's sampling pool; (ii) Documentation for each tap water lead or copper sample for which the water system requests invalidation pursuant to Sec. 141.86(f)(2); (iii) [Reserved] (iv) The 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each monitoring period (calculated in accordance with Sec. 141.80(c)(3)), unless the State calculates the system's 90th percentile lead and copper levels under paragraph (h) of this section; (v) With the exception of initial tap sampling conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d)(1), the system shall designate any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why sampling sites have changed; (vi) The results of all tap samples for pH, and where applicable, alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, temperature, and orthophosphate or silica collected under Sec. 141.87 (b)-(e); (vii) The results of all samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution system for applicable water quality parameters under Sec. 141.87 (b)-(e); (viii) A water system shall report the results of all water quality parameter samples collected under Sec. 141.87(c) through (f) during each six-month monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.87(d) within the first 10 days following the end of the monitoring period unless the State has specified a more frequent reporting requirement. (2) For a non-transient non-community water system, or a community [[Page 484]] water system meeting the criteria of Secs. 141.85(c)(7)(i) and (ii), that does not have enough taps that can provide first-draw samples, the system must either: (i) Provide written documentation to the State identifying standing times and locations for enough non-first-draw samples to make up its sampling pool under Sec. 141.86(b)(5) by the start of the first applicable monitoring period under Sec. 141.86(d) that commences after April 11, 2000, unless the State has waived prior State approval of non- first-draw sample sites selected by the system pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(5); or (ii) If the State has waived prior approval of non-first-draw sample sites selected by the system, identify, in writing, each site that did not meet the six-hour minimum standing time and the length of standing time for that particular substitute sample collected pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(5) and include this information with the lead and copper tap sample results required to be submitted pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section. (3) No later than 60 days after the addition of a new source or any change in water treatment, unless the State requires earlier notification, a water system deemed to have optimized corrosion control under Sec. 141.81(b)(3), a water system subject to reduced monitoring pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d)(4), or a water system subject to a monitoring waiver pursuant to Sec. 141.86(g), shall send written documentation to the State describing the change. In those instances where prior State approval of the treatment change or new source is not required, water systems are encouraged to provide the notification to the State beforehand to minimize the risk the treatment change or new source will adversely affect optimal corrosion control. (4) Any small system applying for a monitoring waiver under Sec. 141.86(g), or subject to a waiver granted pursuant to Sec. 141.86(g)(3), shall provide the following information to the State in writing by the specified deadline: (i) By the start of the first applicable monitoring period in Sec. 141.86(d), any small water system applying for a monitoring waiver shall provide the documentation required to demonstrate that it meets the waiver criteria of Secs. 141.86(g)(1) and (2). (ii) No later than nine years after the monitoring previously conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86(g)(2) or Sec. 141.86(g)(4)(i), each small system desiring to maintain its monitoring waiver shall provide the information required by Secs. 141.86(g)(4)(i) and (ii). (iii) No later than 60 days after it becomes aware that it is no longer free of lead-containing and/or copper-containing material, as appropriate, each small system with a monitoring waiver shall provide written notification to the State, setting forth the circumstances resulting in the lead-containing and/or copper-containing materials being introduced into the system and what corrective action, if any, the system plans to remove these materials. (iv) By October 10, 2000, any small system with a waiver granted prior to April 11, 2000 and that has not previously met the requirements of Sec. 141.86(g)(2) shall provide the information required by that paragraph. (5) Each ground water system that limits water quality parameter monitoring to a subset of entry points under Sec. 141.87(c)(3) shall provide, by the commencement of such monitoring, written correspondence to the State that identifies the selected entry points and includes information sufficient to demonstrate that the sites are representative of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the system. (b) Source water monitoring reporting requirements. (1) A water system shall report the sampling results for all source water samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.88 within the first 10 days following the end of each source water monitoring period (i.e., annually, per compliance period, per compliance cycle) specified in Sec. 141.88. (2) With the exception of the first round of source water sampling conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.88(b), the system shall specify any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why the sampling point has changed. (c) Corrosion control treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable [[Page 485]] dates under Sec. 141.81, systems shall report the following information: (1) For systems demonstrating that they have already optimized corrosion control, information required in Sec. 141.81(b) (2) or (3). (2) For systems required to optimize corrosion control, their recommendation regarding optimal corrosion control treatment under Sec. 141.82(a). (3) For systems required to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control treatments under Sec. 141.82(c), the information required by that paragraph. (4) For systems required to install optimal corrosion control designated by the State under Sec. 141.82(d), a letter certifying that the system has completed installing that treatment. (d) Source water treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable dates in Sec. 141.83, systems shall provide the following information to the State: (1) If required under Sec. 141.83(b)(1), their recommendation regarding source water treatment; (2) For systems required to install source water treatment under Sec. 141.83(b)(2), a letter certifying that the system has completed installing the treatment designated by the State within 24 months after the State designated the treatment. (e) Lead service line replacement reporting requirements. Systems shall report the following information to the State to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of Sec. 141.84: (1) Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in Sec. 141.84(a), the system shall demonstrate in writing to the State that it has conducted a material evaluation, including the evaluation in Sec. 141.86(a), to identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system, and shall provide the State with the system's schedule for replacing annually at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system. (2) Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in Sec. 141.84(a), and every 12 months thereafter, the system shall demonstrate to the State in writing that the system has either: (i) Replaced in the previous 12 months at least 7 percent of the initial lead service lines (or a greater number of lines specified by the State under Sec. 141.84(e)) in its distribution system, or (ii) Conducted sampling which demonstrates that the lead concentration in all service line samples from an individual line(s), taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(3), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/ L. In such cases, the total number of lines replaced and/or which meet the criteria in Sec. 141.84(c) shall equal at least 7 percent of the initial number of lead lines identified under paragraph (a) of this section (or the percentage specified by the State under Sec. 141.84(e)). (3) The annual letter submitted to the State under paragraph (e)(2) of this section shall contain the following information: (i) The number of lead service lines scheduled to be replaced during the previous year of the system's replacement schedule; (ii) The number and location of each lead service line replaced during the previous year of the system's replacement schedule; (iii) If measured, the water lead concentration and location of each lead service line sampled, the sampling method, and the date of sampling. (4) Any system which collects lead service line samples following partial lead service line replacement required by Sec. 141.84 shall report the results to the State within the first ten days of the month following the month in which the system receives the laboratory results, or as specified by the State. States, at their discretion may eliminate this requirement to report these monitoring results. Systems shall also report any additional information as specified by the State, and in a time and manner prescribed by the State, to verify that all partial lead service line replacement activities have taken place. (f) Public education program reporting requirements. (1) Any water system that is subject to the public education requirements in Sec. 141.85 shall, within ten days after the end of each period in which the system is required to perform public education tasks in accordance with Sec. 141.85(c), send written documentation to the State that contains: [[Page 486]] (i) A demonstration that the system has delivered the public education materials that meet the content requirements in Sec. 141.85(a) and (b) and the delivery requirements in Sec. 141.85(c); and (ii) A list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television stations, and facilities and organizations to which the system delivered public education materials during the period in which the system was required to perform public education tasks. (2) Unless required by the State, a system that previously has submitted the information required by paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section need not resubmit the information required by paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section, as long as there have been no changes in the distribution list and the system certifies that the public education materials were distributed to the same list submitted previously. (g) Reporting of additional monitoring data. Any system which collects sampling data in addition to that required by this subpart shall report the results to the State within the first ten days following the end of the applicable monitoring period under Secs. 141.86, 141.87 and 141.88 during which the samples are collected. (h) Reporting of 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations where the State calculates a system's 90th percentile concentrations. A water system is not required to report the 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each monitoring period, as required by paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section if: (1) The State has previously notified the water system that it will calculate the water system's 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations, based on the lead and copper tap results submitted pursuant to paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this section, and has specified a date before the end of the applicable monitoring period by which the system must provide the results of lead and copper tap water samples; (2) The system has provided the following information to the State by the date specified in paragraph (h)(1) of this section: (i) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including the location of each site and the criteria under Sec. 141.86(a)(3), (4), (5), (6), and/or (7) under which the site was selected for the system's sampling pool, pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section; and (ii) An identification of sampling sites utilized during the current monitoring period that were not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and an explanation why sampling sites have changed; and (3) The State has provided the results of the 90th percentile lead and copper calculations, in writing, to the water system before the end of the monitoring period. [56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28789, June 29, 1992, as amended at 59 FR 33864, June 30, 1994; 65 FR 2012, Jan. 12, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.91] [Page 486] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper Sec. 141.91 Recordkeeping requirements. Any system subject to the requirements of this subpart shall retain on its premises original records of all sampling data and analyses, reports, surveys, letters, evaluations, schedules, State determinations, and any other information required by Secs. 141.81 through 141.88. Each water system shall retain the records required by this section for no fewer than 12 years. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.100] [Page 486-487] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart J--Use of Non-Centralized Treatment Devices Sec. 141.100 Criteria and procedures for public water systems using point-of-entry devices. Source: 52 FR 25716, July 8, 1987, unless otherwise noted. (a) Public water systems may use point-of-entry devices to comply with maximum contaminant levels only if they meet the requirements of this section. (b) It is the responsibility of the public water system to operate and maintain the point-of-entry treatment system. (c) The public water system must develop and obtain State approval for a monitoring plan before point-of-entry devices are installed for compliance. Under the plan approved by the State, point-of-entry devices must provide health protection equivalent to central water treatment. "Equivalent" means that the water would meet all national [[Page 487]] primary drinking water regulations and would be of acceptable quality similar to water distributed by a well-operated central treatment plant. In addition to the VOCs, monitoring must include physical measurements and observations such as total flow treated and mechanical condition of the treatment equipment. (d) Effective technology must be properly applied under a plan approved by the State and the microbiological safety of the water must be maintained. (1) The State must require adequate certification of performance, field testing, and, if not included in the certification process, a rigorous engineering design review of the point-of-entry devices. (2) The design and application of the point-of-entry devices must consider the tendency for increase in heterotrophic bacteria concentrations in water treated with activated carbon. It may be necessary to use frequent backwashing, post-contactor disinfection, and Heterotrophic Plate Count monitoring to ensure that the microbiological safety of the water is not compromised. (e) All consumers shall be protected. Every building connected to the system must have a point-of-entry device installed, maintained, and adequately monitored. The State must be assured that every building is subject to treatment and monitoring, and that the rights and responsibilities of the public water system customer convey with title upon sale of property. [52 FR 25716, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 25111, July 1, 1988] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.101] [Page 487] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart J--Use of Non-Centralized Treatment Devices Sec. 141.101 Use of bottled water. Public water systems shall not use bottled water to achieve compliance with an MCL. Bottled water may be used on a temporary basis to avoid unreasonable risk to health. [63 FR 31934, June 11, 1998] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.110] [Page 487] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart K--Treatment Techniques Sec. 141.110 General requirements. Source: 56 FR 3594, Jan. 30, 1991, unless otherwise noted. The requirements of subpart K of this part constitute national primary drinking water regulations. These regulations establish treatment techniques in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for specified contaminants. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.111] [Page 487] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart K--Treatment Techniques Sec. 141.111 Treatment techniques for acrylamide and epichlorohydrin. Each public water system must certify annually in writing to the State (using third party or manufacturer's certification) that when acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the levels specified as follows: Acrylamide=0.05% dosed at 1 ppm (or equivalent) Epichlorohydrin=0.01% dosed at 20 ppm (or equivalent) Certifications can rely on manufacturers or third parties, as approved by the State. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.130] [Page 487-488] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Sec. 141.130 General requirements. (a) The requirements of this subpart L constitute national primary drinking water regulations. (1) The regulations in this subpart establish criteria under which community water systems (CWSs) and nontransient, noncommunity water systems (NTNCWSs) which add a chemical disinfectant to the water in any part of the drinking water treatment process must modify their practices to meet MCLs and MRDLs in Secs. 141.64 and 141.65, respectively, and must meet the treatment technique requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors in Sec. 141.135. (2) The regulations in this subpart establish criteria under which transient NCWSs that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must modify their practices to meet the MRDL for chlorine dioxide in Sec. 141.65. [[Page 488]] (3) EPA has established MCLs for TTHM and HAA5 and treatment technique requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors to limit the levels of known and unknown disinfection byproducts which may have adverse health effects. These disinfection byproducts may include chloroform; bromodichloromethane; dibromochloromethane; bromoform; dichloroacetic acid; and trichloroacetic acid. (b) Compliance dates. (1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. Unless otherwise noted, systems must comply with the requirements of this subpart as follows. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons must comply with this subpart beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water must comply with this subpart beginning January 1, 2004. (2) Transient NCWSs. Subpart H systems serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with any requirements for chlorine dioxide in this subpart beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with any requirements for chlorine dioxide in this subpart beginning January 1, 2004. (c) Each CWS and NTNCWS regulated under paragraph (a) of this section must be operated by qualified personnel who meet the requirements specified by the State and are included in a State register of qualified operators. (d) Control of disinfectant residuals. Notwithstanding the MRDLs in Sec. 141.65, systems may increase residual disinfectant levels in the distribution system of chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health, to address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by circumstances such as, but not limited to, distribution line breaks, storm run-off events, source water contamination events, or cross- connection events. [63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.131] [Page 488-491] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Sec. 141.131 Analytical requirements. (a) General. (1) Systems must use only the analytical method(s) specified in this section, or otherwise approved by EPA for monitoring under this subpart, to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this subpart. These methods are effective for compliance monitoring February 16, 1999. (2) The following documents are incorporated by reference. The Director of the Federal Register approves this incorporation by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460, or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington DC. EPA Method 552.1 is in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water- Supplement II, USEPA, August 1992, EPA/600/R-92/129 (available through National Information Technical Service (NTIS), PB92-207703). EPA Methods 502.2, 524.2, 551.1, and 552.2 are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water-Supplement III, USEPA, August 1995, EPA/600/R-95/131. (available through NTIS, PB95-261616). EPA Method 300.0 is in Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples, USEPA, August 1993, EPA/600/R-93/100. (available through NTIS, PB94-121811). EPA Method 300.1 is titled USEPA Method 300.1, Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography, Revision 1.0, USEPA, 1997, EPA/600/R-98/118 (available through NTIS, PB98-169196); also available from: Chemical Exposure Research Branch, Microbiological & Chemical Exposure Assessment Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, Fax Number: 513-569-7757, Phone number: 513-569-7586. Standard Methods 4500-Cl D, 4500-Cl E, 4500-Cl F, 4500-Cl G, 4500-Cl H, 4500-Cl I, 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D, 4500- ClO<INF>2</INF> E, 6251 B, and 5910 B shall be followed in accordance [[Page 489]] with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition, American Public Health Association, 1995; copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Standard Methods 5310 B, 5310 C, and 5310 D shall be followed in accordance with the Supplement to the 19th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, 1996; copies may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. ASTM Method D 1253-86 shall be followed in accordance with the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996 edition; copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohoken, PA 19428. (b) Disinfection byproducts. (1) Systems must measure disinfection byproducts by the methods (as modified by the footnotes) listed in the following table: Approved Methods for Disinfection Byproduct Compliance Monitoring -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byproduct measured \1\ Methodology \2\ EPA method Standard method ------------------------------------------------------- TTHM HAA5 Chlorite \4\ Bromate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P&T/GC/ElCD & PID......................... \3\502.2 X P&T/GC/MS................................. 524.2 X LLE/GC/ECD................................ 551.1 X LLE/GC/ECD................................ 6251 B X SPE/GC/ECD................................ 552.1 X LLE/GC/ECD................................ 552.2 X Amperometric Titration.................... 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> E X IC........................................ 300.0 X IC........................................ 300.1 X X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ X indicates method is approved for measuring specified disinfection byproduct. \2\ P&T = purge and trap; GC = gas chromatography; ElCD = electrolytic conductivity detector; PID = photoionization detector; MS = mass spectrometer; LLE = liquid/liquid extraction; ECD = electron capture detector; SPE = solid phase extractor; IC = ion chromatography. \3\ If TTHMs are the only analytes being measured in the sample, then a PID is not required. \4\ Amperometric titration may be used for routine daily monitoring of chlorite at the entrance to the distribution system, as prescribed in Sec. 141.132(b)(2)(i)(A). Ion chromatography must be used for routine monthly monitoring of chlorite and additional monitoring of chlorite in the distribution system, as prescribed in Sec. 141.132(b)(2)(i)(B) and (b)(2)(ii). (2) Analysis under this section for disinfection byproducts must be conducted by laboratories that have received certification by EPA or the State, except as specified under paragraph (b)(3) of this section. To receive certification to conduct analyses for the contaminants in Sec. 141.64(a), the laboratory must carry out annual analyses of performance evaluation (PE) samples approved by EPA or the State. In these analyses of PE samples, the laboratory must achieve quantitative results within the acceptance limit on a minimum of 80% of the analytes included in each PE sample. The acceptance limit is defined as the 95% confidence interval calculated around the mean of the PE study data between a maximum and minimum acceptance limit of +/-50% and +/-15% of the study mean. (3) A party approved by EPA or the State must measure daily chlorite samples at the entrance to the distribution system. (c) Disinfectant residuals. (1) Systems must measure residual disinfectant concentrations for free chlorine, combined chlorine (chloramines), and chlorine dioxide by the methods listed in the following table: [[Page 490]] Approved Methods for Disinfectant Residual Compliance Monitoring -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Residual Measured \1\ ------------------------------------------------------- Methodology Standard method ASTM method Free Combined Total Chlorine chlorine chlorine chlorine dioxide -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Amperometric Titration.............. 4500-Cl D D 1253-86 X X X Low Level Amperometric Titration.... 4500-Cl E X DPD Ferrous Titrimetric............. 4500-Cl F X X X DPD Colorimetric.................... 4500-Cl G X X X Syringaldazin e (FACTS)............. 4500-Cl H X Iodometric Electrode................ 4500-Cl I X DPD................................. 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> D X Amperometric Method II.............. 4500-ClO<INF>2</INF> E X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ X indicates method is approved for measuring specified disinfectant residual. (2) If approved by the State, systems may also measure residual disinfectant concentrations for chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide by using DPD colorimetric test kits. (3) A party approved by EPA or the State must measure residual disinfectant concentration. (d) Additional analytical methods. Systems required to analyze parameters not included in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section must use the following methods. A party approved by EPA or the State must measure these parameters. (1) Alkalinity. All methods allowed in Sec. 141.89(a) for measuring alkalinity. (2) Bromide. EPA Method 300.0 or EPA Method 300.1. (3) Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Standard Method 5310 B (High- Temperature Combustion Method) or Standard Method 5310 C (Persulfate- Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method) or Standard Method 5310 D (Wet-Oxidation Method). TOC samples may not be filtered prior to analysis. TOC samples must either be analyzed or must be acidified to achieve pH less than 2.0 by minimal addition of phosphoric or sulfuric acid as soon as practical after sampling, not to exceed 24 hours. Acidified TOC samples must be analyzed within 28 days. (4) Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance (SUVA). SUVA is equal to the UV absorption at 254nm (UV<INF>254</INF>) (measured in m-\1\ divided by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (measured as mg/L). In order to determine SUVA, it is necessary to separately measure UV<INF>254</INF> and DOC. When determining SUVA, systems must use the methods stipulated in paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section to measure DOC and the method stipulated in paragraph (d)(4)(ii) of this section to measure UV<INF>254</INF>. SUVA must be determined on water prior to the addition of disinfectants/oxidants by the system. DOC and UV<INF>254</INF> samples used to determine a SUVA value must be taken at the same time and at the same location. (i) Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). Standard Method 5310 B (High- Temperature Combustion Method) or Standard Method 5310 C (Persulfate- Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method) or Standard Method 5310 D (Wet-Oxidation Method). Prior to analysis, DOC samples must be filtered through a 0.45 <greek-m>m pore-diameter filter. Water passed through the filter prior to filtration of the sample must serve as the filtered blank. This filtered blank must be analyzed using procedures identical to those used for analysis of the samples and must meet the following criteria: DOC 0.5 mg/L. DOC samples must be filtered through the 0.45 <greek-m>m pore-diameter filter prior to acidification. DOC samples must either be analyzed or must be acidified to achieve pH less than 2.0 by minimal addition of phosphoric or sulfuric acid as soon as practical after sampling, not to exceed 48 hours. Acidified DOC samples must be analyzed within 28 days. [[Page 491]] (ii) Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nm (UV<INF>254</INF>). Method 5910 B (Ultraviolet Absorption Method). UV absorption must be measured at 253.7 nm (may be rounded off to 254 nm). Prior to analysis, UV<INF>254</INF> samples must be filtered through a 0.45 <greek-m>m pore-diameter filter. The pH of UV<INF>254</INF> samples may not be adjusted. Samples must be analyzed as soon as practical after sampling, not to exceed 48 hours. (5) pH. All methods allowed in Sec. 141.23(k)(1) for measuring pH. [63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.132] [Page 491-494] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Sec. 141.132 Monitoring requirements. (a) General requirements. (1) Systems must take all samples during normal operating conditions. (2) Systems may consider multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer as one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of TTHM and HAA5 samples required, with State approval in accordance with criteria developed under Sec. 142.16(h)(5) of this chapter. (3) Failure to monitor in accordance with the monitoring plan required under paragraph (f) of this section is a monitoring violation. (4) Failure to monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the system's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with MCLs or MRDLs. (5) Systems may use only data collected under the provisions of this subpart or subpart M of this part to qualify for reduced monitoring. (b) Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproducts. (1) TTHMs and HAA5. (i) Routine monitoring. Systems must monitor at the frequency indicated in the following table: Routine Monitoring Frequency for TTHM and HAA5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimum monitoring Sample location in the distribution Type of system frequency system ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subpart H system serving at least 10,000 Four water samples per At least 25 percent of all samples persons. quarter per treatment collected each quarter at locations plant. representing maximum residence time. Remaining samples taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system and representing the entire distribution system, taking into account number of persons served, different sources of water, and different treatment methods.\1\ Subpart H system serving from 500 to One water sample per Locations representing maximum residence 9,999 persons. quarter per treatment time.\1\ plant. Subpart H system serving fewer than 500 One sample per year per Locations representing maximum residence persons. treatment plant during time.\1\ If the sample (or average of month of warmest water annual samples, if more than one sample temperature. is taken) exceeds the MCL, the system must increase monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per quarter, taken at a point reflecting the maximum residence time in the distribution system, until the system meets criteria in paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section. System using only ground water not under One water sample per Locations representing maximum residence direct influence of surface water using quarter per treatment time.\1\ chemical disinfectant and serving at plant \2\. least 10,000 persons. System using only ground water not under One sample per year per Locations representing maximum residence direct influence of surface water using treatment plant \2\ during time.\1\ If the sample (or average of chemical disinfectant and serving fewer month of warmest water annual samples, if more than one sample than 10,000 persons. temperature. is taken) exceeds the MCL, the system must increase monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per quarter, taken at a point reflecting the maximum residence time in the distribution system, until the system meets criteria in paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25 percent of all samples collected each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system. \2\ Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples required, with State approval in accordance with criteria developed under Sec. 142.16(h)(5) of this chapter. [[Page 492]] (ii) Systems may reduce monitoring, except as otherwise provided, in accordance with the following table: Reduced Monitoring Frequency for TTHM and HAA5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- You may reduce monitoring if you have monitored at If you are a . . . least one year and your . . To this level . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subpart H system serving at least 10,000 TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per persons which has a source water annual eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 quarter at distribution system location average TOC level, before any annual average <ls-thn- reflecting maximum residence time. treatment, <ls-thn-eq>4.0 mg/L. eq>0.030 mg/L. Subpart H system serving from 500 to TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per year 9,999 persons which has a source water eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 at distribution system location annual average TOC level, before any annual average <ls-thn- reflecting maximum residence time during treatment, <ls-thn-eq>4.0 mg/L. eq>0.030 mg/L. month of warmest water temperature. NOTE: Any Subpart H system serving fewer than 500 persons may not reduce its monitoring to less than one sample per treatment plant per year. System using only ground water not under TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per year direct influence of surface water using eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 at distribution system location chemical disinfectant and serving at annual average <ls-thn- reflecting maximum residence time during least 10,000 persons. eq>0.030 mg/L. month of warmest water temperature System using only ground water not under TTHM annual average <ls-thn- One sample per treatment plant per three direct influence of surface water using eq>0.040 mg/L and HAA5 year monitoring cycle at distribution chemical disinfectant and serving fewer annual average <ls-thn- system location reflecting maximum than 10,000 persons. eq>0.030 mg/L for two residence time during month of warmest consecutive years OR TTHM water temperature, with the three-year annual average <ls-thn- cycle beginning on January 1 following eq>0.020 mg/L and HAA5 quarter in which system qualifies for annual average <ls-thn- reduced monitoring. eq>0.015 mg/L for one year. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (iii) Systems that do not meet these levels must resume monitoring at the frequency identified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section (minimum monitoring frequency column) in the quarter immediately following the monitoring period in which the system exceeds 0.060 mg/L or 0.045 mg/L for TTHM or HAA5 respectively. For systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and serving fewer than 10,000 persons, if either the TTHM annual average is >0.080 mg/L or the HAA5 annual average is >0.060 mg/L, the system must go to the increased monitoring identified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section (sample location column) in the quarter immediately following the monitoring period in which the system exceeds 0.080 mg/L or 0.060 mg/L for TTHMs or HAA5 respectively. (iv) Systems on increased monitoring may return to routine monitoring if, after at least one year of monitoring their TTHM annual average is <ls-thn-eq>0.060 mg/L and their HAA5 annual average is <ls-thn-eq>0.045 mg/L. (v) The State may return a system to routine monitoring at the State's discretion. (2) Chlorite. Community and nontransient noncommunity water systems using chlorine dioxide, for disinfection or oxidation, must conduct monitoring for chlorite. (i) Routine monitoring. (A) Daily monitoring. Systems must take daily samples at the entrance to the distribution system. For any daily sample that exceeds the chlorite MCL, the system must take additional samples in the distribution system the following day at the locations required by paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, in addition to the sample required at the entrance to the distribution system. (B) Monthly monitoring. Systems must take a three-sample set each month in the distribution system. The system must take one sample at each of the following locations: near the first customer, at a location representative of average residence time, and at a location reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system. Any additional routine sampling must be [[Page 493]] conducted in the same manner (as three-sample sets, at the specified locations). The system may use the results of additional monitoring conducted under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section to meet the requirement for monitoring in this paragraph. (ii) Additional monitoring. On each day following a routine sample monitoring result that exceeds the chlorite MCL at the entrance to the distribution system, the system is required to take three chlorite distribution system samples at the following locations: as close to the first customer as possible, in a location representative of average residence time, and as close to the end of the distribution system as possible (reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system). (iii) Reduced monitoring. (A) Chlorite monitoring at the entrance to the distribution system required by paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section may not be reduced. (B) Chlorite monitoring in the distribution system required by paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section may be reduced to one three- sample set per quarter after one year of monitoring where no individual chlorite sample taken in the distribution system under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section has exceeded the chlorite MCL and the system has not been required to conduct monitoring under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section. The system may remain on the reduced monitoring schedule until either any of the three individual chlorite samples taken quarterly in the distribution system under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section exceeds the chlorite MCL or the system is required to conduct monitoring under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, at which time the system must revert to routine monitoring. (3) Bromate. (i) Routine monitoring. Community and nontransient noncommunity systems using ozone, for disinfection or oxidation, must take one sample per month for each treatment plant in the system using ozone. Systems must take samples monthly at the entrance to the distribution system while the ozonation system is operating under normal conditions. (ii) Reduced monitoring. Systems required to analyze for bromate may reduce monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the system demonstrates that the average source water bromide concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly bromide measurements for one year. The system may remain on reduced bromate monitoring until the running annual average source water bromide concentration, computed quarterly, is equal to or greater than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly measurements. If the running annual average source water bromide concentration is 0.05 mg/L, the system must resume routine monitoring required by paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section. (c) Monitoring requirements for disinfectant residuals. (1) Chlorine and chloramines. (i) Routine monitoring. Community and nontransient noncommunity water systems that use chlorine or chloramines must measure the residual disinfectant level in the distribution system at the same point in the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21. Subpart H systems may use the results of residual disinfectant concentration sampling conducted under Sec. 141.74(b)(6)(i) for unfiltered systems or Sec. 141.74(c)(3)(i) for systems which filter, in lieu of taking separate samples. (ii) Reduced monitoring. Monitoring may not be reduced. (2) Chlorine dioxide. (i) Routine monitoring. Community, nontransient noncommunity, and transient noncommunity water systems that use chlorine dioxide for disinfection or oxidation must take daily samples at the entrance to the distribution system. For any daily sample that exceeds the MRDL, the system must take samples in the distribution system the following day at the locations required by paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, in addition to the sample required at the entrance to the distribution system. (ii) Additional monitoring. On each day following a routine sample monitoring result that exceeds the MRDL, the system is required to take three chlorine dioxide distribution system samples. If chlorine dioxide or chloramines are used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system, or if [[Page 494]] chlorine is used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system and there are no disinfection addition points after the entrance to the distribution system (i.e., no booster chlorination), the system must take three samples as close to the first customer as possible, at intervals of at least six hours. If chlorine is used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system and there are one or more disinfection addition points after the entrance to the distribution system (i.e., booster chlorination), the system must take one sample at each of the following locations: as close to the first customer as possible, in a location representative of average residence time, and as close to the end of the distribution system as possible (reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system). (iii) Reduced monitoring. Chlorine dioxide monitoring may not be reduced. (d) Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors (DBPP). (1) Routine monitoring. Subpart H systems which use conventional filtration treatment (as defined in Sec. 141.2) must monitor each treatment plant for TOC no later than the point of combined filter effluent turbidity monitoring and representative of the treated water. All systems required to monitor under this paragraph (d)(1) must also monitor for TOC in the source water prior to any treatment at the same time as monitoring for TOC in the treated water. These samples (source water and treated water) are referred to as paired samples. At the same time as the source water sample is taken, all systems must monitor for alkalinity in the source water prior to any treatment. Systems must take one paired sample and one source water alkalinity sample per month per plant at a time representative of normal operating conditions and influent water quality. (2) Reduced monitoring. Subpart H systems with an average treated water TOC of less than 2.0 mg/L for two consecutive years, or less than 1.0 mg/L for one year, may reduce monitoring for both TOC and alkalinity to one paired sample and one source water alkalinity sample per plant per quarter. The system must revert to routine monitoring in the month following the quarter when the annual average treated water TOC 2.0 mg/L. (e) Bromide. Systems required to analyze for bromate may reduce bromate monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the system demonstrates that the average source water bromide concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly measurements for one year. The system must continue bromide monitoring to remain on reduced bromate monitoring. (f) Monitoring plans. Each system required to monitor under this subpart must develop and implement a monitoring plan. The system must maintain the plan and make it available for inspection by the State and the general public no later than 30 days following the applicable compliance dates in Sec. 141.130(b). All Subpart H systems serving more than 3300 people must submit a copy of the monitoring plan to the State no later than the date of the first report required under Sec. 141.134. The State may also require the plan to be submitted by any other system. After review, the State may require changes in any plan elements. The plan must include at least the following elements. (1) Specific locations and schedules for collecting samples for any parameters included in this subpart. (2) How the system will calculate compliance with MCLs, MRDLs, and treatment techniques. (3) If approved for monitoring as a consecutive system, or if providing water to a consecutive system, under the provisions of Sec. 141.29, the sampling plan must reflect the entire distribution system. [63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3776, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.133] [Page 494-496] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Sec. 141.133 Compliance requirements. (a) General requirements. (1) Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the system fails to monitor for TTHM, HAA5, or bromate, this failure to monitor will be treated as a monitoring violation for the entire period covered by the annual average. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the system failure to monitor makes it [[Page 495]] impossible to determine compliance with MRDLs for chlorine and chloramines, this failure to monitor will be treated as a monitoring violation for the entire period covered by the annual average. (2) All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of this subpart must be included in determining compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required. (3) If, during the first year of monitoring under Sec. 141.132, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of that system to exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter. (b) Disinfection byproducts--(1) TTHMs and HAA5. (i) For systems monitoring quarterly, compliance with MCLs in Sec. 141.64 must be based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic averages of all samples collected by the system as prescribed by Sec. 141.132(b)(1). (ii) For systems monitoring less frequently than quarterly, systems demonstrate MCL compliance if the average of samples taken that year under the provisions of Sec. 141.132(b)(1) does not exceed the MCLs in Sec. 141.64. If the average of these samples exceeds the MCL, the system must increase monitoring to once per quarter per treatment plant and such a system is not in violation of the MCL until it has completed one year of quarterly monitoring, unless the result of fewer than four quarters of monitoring will cause the running annual average to exceed the MCL, in which case the system is in violation at the end of that quarter. Systems required to increase monitoring frequency to quarterly monitoring must calculate compliance by including the sample which triggered the increased monitoring plus the following three quarters of monitoring. (iii) If the running annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the MCL, the system is in violation of the MCL and must notify the public pursuant to Sec. 141.32 or Sec. 141.202, whichever is effective for your system, in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. (iv) If a PWS fails to complete four consecutive quarters of monitoring, compliance with the MCL for the last four-quarter compliance period must be based on an average of the available data. (2) Bromate. Compliance must be based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of monthly samples (or, for months in which the system takes more than one sample, the average f all samples taken during the month) collected by the system as prescribed by Sec. 141.132(b)(3). If the average of samples covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the MCL, the system is in violation of the MCL and must notify the public pursuant to subpart Q, in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. If a PWS fails to complete 12 consecutive months' monitoring, compliance with the MCL for the last four-quarter compliance period must be based on an average of the available data. (3) Chlorite. Compliance must be based on an arithmetic average of each three sample set taken in the distribution system as prescribed by Sec. 141.132(b)(2)(i)(B) and Sec. 141.132(b)(2)(ii). If the arithmetic average of any three sample set exceeds the MCL, the system is in violation of the MCL and must notify the public pursuant to subpart Q, in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. (c) Disinfectant residuals. (1) Chlorine and chloramines. (i) Compliance must be based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of monthly averages of all samples collected by the system under Sec. 141.132(c)(1). If the average covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the MRDL, the system is in violation of the MRDL and must notify the public pursuant to subpart Q, in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. (ii) In cases where systems switch between the use of chlorine and chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance must be determined by including together all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance. Reports submitted pursuant to Sec. 141.134 must clearly indicate which residual disinfectant was analyzed for each sample. [[Page 496]] (2) Chlorine dioxide. (i) Acute violations. Compliance must be based on consecutive daily samples collected by the system under Sec. 141.132(c)(2). If any daily sample taken at the entrance to the distribution system exceeds the MRDL, and on the following day one (or more) of the three samples taken in the distribution system exceed the MRDL, the system is in violation of the MRDL and must take immediate corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below the MRDL and must notify the public pursuant to the procedures for acute health risks in subpart Q in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. Failure to take samples in the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system will also be considered an MRDL violation and the system must notify the public of the violation in accordance with the provisions for acute violations under subpart Q in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. (ii) Nonacute violations. Compliance must be based on consecutive daily samples collected by the system under Sec. 141.132(c)(2). If any two consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the distribution system exceed the MRDL and all distribution system samples taken are below the MRDL, the system is in violation of the MRDL and must take corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below the MRDL at the point of sampling and will notify the public pursuant to the procedures for nonacute health risks in subpart Q in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. Failure to monitor at the entrance to the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system is also an MRDL violation and the system must notify the public of the violation in accordance with the provisions for nonacute violations under Sec. 141.32(e)(78) in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. (d) Disinfection byproduct precursors (DBPP). Compliance must be determined as specified by Sec. 141.135(c). Systems may begin monitoring to determine whether Step 1 TOC removals can be met 12 months prior to the compliance date for the system. This monitoring is not required and failure to monitor during this period is not a violation. However, any system that does not monitor during this period, and then determines in the first 12 months after the compliance date that it is not able to meet the Step 1 requirements in Sec. 141.135(b)(2) and must therefore apply for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, is not eligible for retroactive approval of alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements as allowed pursuant to Sec. 141.135(b)(3) and is in violation. Systems may apply for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements any time after the compliance date. For systems required to meet Step 1 TOC removals, if the value calculated under Sec. 141.135(c)(1)(iv) is less than 1.00, the system is in violation of the treatment technique requirements and must notify the public pursuant to Sec. 141.32, in addition to reporting to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.134. [63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000; 65 FR 40521, June 30, 2000; 66 FR 3777, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.134] [Page 496-498] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Sec. 141.134 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. (a) Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently must report to the State within 10 days after the end of each quarter in which samples were collected, notwithstanding the provisions of Sec. 141.31. Systems required to sample less frequently than quarterly must report to the State within 10 days after the end of each monitoring period in which samples were collected. (b) Disinfection byproducts. Systems must report the information specified in the following table: [[Page 497]] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ If you are a * * * You must report * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) System monitoring for TTHMs and (i) The number of samples taken HAA5 under the requirements of Sec. during the last quarter. 141.132(b) on a quarterly or more (ii) The location, date, and frequent basis. result of each sample taken during the last quarter. (iii) The arithmetic average of all samples taken in the last quarter. (iv) The annual arithmetic average of the quarterly arithmetic averages of this section for the last four quarters. (v) Whether, based on Sec. 141.133(b)(1), the MCL was violated. (2) System monitoring for TTHMs and (i) The number of samples taken HAA5 under the requirements of Sec. during the last year. 141.132(b) less frequently than (ii) The location, date, and quarterly (but as least annually). result of each sample taken during the last monitoring period. (iii) The arithmetic average of all samples taken over the last year. (iv) Whether, based on Sec. 141.133(b)(1), the MCL was violated. (3) System monitoring for TTHMs and (i) The location, date, and HAA5 under the requriements of Sec. result of each sample taken 141.132(b) less frequently than (ii) Whether, based on Sec. annually. 141.133(b)(1), the MCL was violated. (4) System monitoring for chlorite (i) The number of entry point under the requirements of Sec. samples taken each month for 141.132(b). the last 3 months. (ii) The location, date, and result of each sample (both entry point and distribution system) taken during the last quarter. (iii) For each month in the reporting period, the arithmetic average of all samples taken in each three samples set taken in the distribution system. (iv) Whether, based on Sec. 141.133(b)(3), the MCL was violated, in which month, and how many times it was violated each month. (5) System monitoring for bromate under (i)The number of samples taken the requirements of Sec. 141.132(b). during the last quarter. (ii)The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last quarter. (iii) The arithmetic average of the monthly arithmetic averages of all samples taken in the last year. (iv) Whether, based on Sec. 141.133(b)(2), the MCL was violated. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the MCL was exceeded, in lieu of having the system report that information (c) Disinfectants. Systems must report the information specified in the following table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ If you are a * * * You must report * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) System monitoring for chlorine or (i) The number of samples taken chloramines under the requirements of during each month of the last Sec. 141.132(c). quarter. (ii) The month arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month for the last 12 months. (iii) The arithmetic average of the monthly averages for the last 12 months. (iv) Whether, based on Sec. 141.133(c)(1), the MRD was violated. (2) System monitoring for chlorine (i) The dates, result, and dioxide under the requirements of Sec. locations of samples taken 141.132(c). during the last quarter. (ii) Whether, based on Sec. 141.133(c)(2), the MRDL was violated. (iii) Whether the MRDL was exceeded in any two consecutive daily samples and whether the resulting violation was acuate or nonacute. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the MRDL was exceeded, in lieu of having the system report that information. (d) Disinfection byproduct precursors and enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening. Systems must report the information specified in the following table: [[Page 498]] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ If you are a... You must report...\1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) System monitoring monthly or (i) The number of paired quarterly for TOC under the (source water and treated requirements of Sec. 141.132(d) and water) samples taken during required to meet the enhanced the last quarter. coagulation or enhanced softening (ii) The location, date, and requirements in Sec. 141.135(b)(2) or results of each paired sample (3). and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter. (iii) For each month in the reporting period that paired samples were taken, the arithmetic average of the percent reduction of TOC for each paired sample and the required TOC percent removal. (iv) Calculations for determining compliance with the TOC percent removal requirements, as provided in Sec. 141.135(c)(1). (v) Whether the system is in compliance with the enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening percent removal requirements in Sec. 141.135(b) for the last four quarters. (2) System monitoring monthly or (i) The alternative compliance quarterly for TOC under the criterion that the system is requirements of Sec. 141.132(d) and using. meeting one or more of the alternative compliance criteria in Sec. 141.135(a)(2) or (3). (ii) The number of paired samples taken during the last quarter. (iii) The location, date, and result of each paired sample and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter. (iv) The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water TOC for systems meeting a criterion in Secs. 141.135(a)(2)(i) or (iii) or of treated water TOC for systems meeting the criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(2)(ii). (v) The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(2)(v) or of treated water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(2)(vi). (vi) The running annual average of source water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(2)(iii) and of treated water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(3)(i). (vii) The running annual average for both TTHM and HAA5 for systems meeting the criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(2)(iii) or (iv). (viii) The running annual average of the amount of magnesium hardness removal (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>, in mg/L) for systems meeting the criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(3)(ii). (ix) Whether the system is in compliance with the particular alternative compliance criterion in Sec. 141.135(a)(2) or (3). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the treatment technique was met, in lieu of having the system report that information. [63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3778, Jan. 16, 2001; 66 FR 9903, Feb. 12, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.135] [Page 498-501] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart L--Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfection Byproducts, and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors Sec. 141.135 Treatment technique for control of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. (a) Applicability. (1) Subpart H systems using conventional filtration treatment (as defined in Sec. 141.2 ) must operate with enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening to achieve the TOC percent removal levels specified in paragraph (b) of this section unless the system meets at least one of the alternative compliance criteria listed in paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section. (2) Alternative compliance criteria for enhanced coagulation and enhanced softening systems. Subpart H systems using conventional filtration treatment may use the alternative compliance criteria in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) through (vi) of this section to comply with this section in lieu of complying with paragraph (b) of this section. Systems must still comply with monitoring requirements in Sec. 141.132(d). (i) The system's source water TOC level, measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a running annual average. (ii) The system's treated water TOC level, measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a running annual average. (iii) The system's source water TOC level, measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 4.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a running annual [[Page 499]] average; the source water alkalinity, measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(1), is greater than 60 mg/L (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), calculated quarterly as a running annual average; and either the TTHM and HAA5 running annual averages are no greater than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively; or prior to the effective date for compliance in Sec. 141.130(b), the system has made a clear and irrevocable financial commitment not later than the effective date for compliance in Sec. 141.130(b) to use of technologies that will limit the levels of TTHMs and HAA5 to no more than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively. Systems must submit evidence of a clear and irrevocable financial commitment, in addition to a schedule containing milestones and periodic progress reports for installation and operation of appropriate technologies, to the State for approval not later than the effective date for compliance in Sec. 141.130(b). These technologies must be installed and operating not later than June 30, 2005. Failure to install and operate these technologies by the date in the approved schedule will constitute a violation of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. (iv) The TTHM and HAA5 running annual averages are no greater than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively, and the system uses only chlorine for primary disinfection and maintenance of a residual in the distribution system. (v) The system's source water SUVA, prior to any treatment and measured monthly according to Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m, calculated quarterly as a running annual average. (vi) The system's finished water SUVA, measured monthly according to Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m, calculated quarterly as a running annual average. (3) Additional alternative compliance criteria for softening systems. Systems practicing enhanced softening that cannot achieve the TOC removals required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section may use the alternative compliance criteria in paragraphs (a)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section in lieu of complying with paragraph (b) of this section. Systems must still comply with monitoring requirements in Sec. 141.132(d). (i) Softening that results in lowering the treated water alkalinity to less than 60 mg/L (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), measured monthly according to Sec. 141.131(d)(1) and calculated quarterly as a running annual average. (ii) Softening that results in removing at least 10 mg/L of magnesium hardness (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), measured monthly and calculated quarterly as an annual running average. (b) Enhanced coagulation and enhanced softening performance requirements. (1) Systems must achieve the percent reduction of TOC specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section between the source water and the combined filter effluent, unless the State approves a system's request for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (2) Required Step 1 TOC reductions, indicated in the following table, are based upon specified source water parameters measured in accordance with Sec. 141.131(d). Systems practicing softening are required to meet the Step 1 TOC reductions in the far-right column (Source water alkalinity >120 mg/L) for the specified source water TOC: Step 1 Required Removal of TOC by Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Softening for Subpart H Systems Using Conventional Treatment <SUP>1</SUP> <SUP>2</SUP> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Source-water alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO <INF>3</INF> (in precentages) Source-water TOC, mg/L ----------------------------------------- 0-60 >60-120 >120 <SUP>3</SUP> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >2.0-4.0...................... 35.0 25.0 15.0 >4.0-8.0...................... 45.0 35.0 25.0 >8.0.......................... 50.0 40.0 30.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Systems meeting at least one of the conditions in paragraph (a)(2)(i)-(vi) of this section are not required to operate with enhanced coagulation. \2\ Softening system meeting one of the alternative compliance criteria in paragraph (a)(3) of this section are not required to operate with enhanced softening. \3\ System practicing softening must meet the TOC removal requirements in this column. [[Page 500]] (3) Subpart H conventional treatment systems that cannot achieve the Step 1 TOC removals required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section due to water quality parameters or operational constraints must apply to the State, within three months of failure to achieve the TOC removals required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for approval of alternative minimum TOC (Step 2) removal requirements submitted by the system. If the State approves the alternative minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, the State may make those requirements retroactive for the purposes of determining compliance. Until the State approves the alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, the system must meet the Step 1 TOC removals contained in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. (4) Alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements. Applications made to the State by enhanced coagulation systems for approval of alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under paragraph (b)(3) of this section must include, at a minimum, results of bench- or pilot-scale testing conducted under paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section. The submitted bench- or pilot-scale testing must be used to determine the alternate enhanced coagulation level. (i) Alternate enhanced coagulation level is defined as coagulation at a coagulant dose and pH as determined by the method described in paragraphs (b)(4)(i) through (v) of this section such that an incremental addition of 10 mg/L of alum (or equivalent amount of ferric salt) results in a TOC removal of <ls-thn-eq> 0.3 mg/L. The percent removal of TOC at this point on the "TOC removal versus coagulant dose" curve is then defined as the minimum TOC removal required for the system. Once approved by the State, this minimum requirement supersedes the minimum TOC removal required by the table in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. This requirement will be effective until such time as the State approves a new value based on the results of a new bench- and pilot-scale test. Failure to achieve State-set alternative minimum TOC removal levels is a violation of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. (ii) Bench- or pilot-scale testing of enhanced coagulation must be conducted by using representative water samples and adding 10 mg/L increments of alum (or equivalent amounts of ferric salt) until the pH is reduced to a level less than or equal to the enhanced coagulation Step 2 target pH shown in the following table: Enhanced Coagulation Step 2 target pH ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO<INF>3</INF>) Target pH ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0-60....................................................... 5.5 >60-120.................................................... 6.3 >120-240................................................... 7.0 >240....................................................... 7.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (iii) For waters with alkalinities of less than 60 mg/L for which addition of small amounts of alum or equivalent addition of iron coagulant drives the pH below 5.5 before significant TOC removal occurs, the system must add necessary chemicals to maintain the pH between 5.3 and 5.7 in samples until the TOC removal of 0.3 mg/L per 10 mg/L alum added (or equivalant addition of iron coagulant) is reached. (iv) The system may operate at any coagulant dose or pH necessary (consistent with other NPDWRs) to achieve the minimum TOC percent removal approved under paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (v) If the TOC removal is consistently less than 0.3 mg/L of TOC per 10 mg/L of incremental alum dose at all dosages of alum (or equivalant addition of iron coagulant), the water is deemed to contain TOC not amenable to enhanced coagulation. The system may then apply to the State for a waiver of enhanced coagulation requirements. (c) Compliance calculations. (1) Subpart H systems other than those identified in paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this section must comply with requirements contained in paragraph (b)(2) or (b)(3) of this section. Systems must calculate compliance quarterly, beginning after the system has collected 12 months of data, by determining an annual average using the following method: (i) Determine actual monthly TOC percent removal, equal to: [[Page 501]] (1--(treated water TOC/source water TOC)) x 100 (ii) Determine the required monthly TOC percent removal (from either the table in paragraph (b)(2) of this section or from paragraph (b)(3) of this section). (iii) Divide the value in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section by the value in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section. (iv) Add together the results of paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section for the last 12 months and divide by 12. (v) If the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iv) of this section is less than 1.00, the system is not in compliance with the TOC percent removal requirements. (2) Systems may use the provisions in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (v) of this section in lieu of the calculations in paragraph (c)(1)(i) through (v) of this section to determine compliance with TOC percent removal requirements. (i) In any month that the system's treated or source water TOC level, measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L, the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (ii) In any month that a system practicing softening removes at least 10 mg/L of magnesium hardness (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (iii) In any month that the system's source water SUVA, prior to any treatment and measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is <ls-thn-eq>2.0 L/mg-m, the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (iv) In any month that the system's finished water SUVA, measured according to Sec. 141.131(d)(4), is <ls-thn-eq>2.0 L/mg-m, the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (v) In any month that a system practicing enhanced softening lowers alkalinity below 60 mg/L (as CaCO<INF>3</INF>), the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (3) Subpart H systems using conventional treatment may also comply with the requirements of this section by meeting the criteria in paragraph (a)(2) or (3) of this section. (d) Treatment technique requirements for DBP precursors. The Administrator identifies the following as treatment techniques to control the level of disinfection byproduct precursors in drinking water treatment and distribution systems: For Subpart H systems using conventional treatment, enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening. [63 FR 69466, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.151] [Page 501-502] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports Sec. 141.151 Purpose and applicability of this subpart. Source: 63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, unless otherwise noted. (a) This subpart establishes the minimum requirements for the content of annual reports that community water systems must deliver to their customers. These reports must contain information on the quality of the water delivered by the systems and characterize the risks (if any) from exposure to contaminants detected in the drinking water in an accurate and understandable manner. (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sec. 141.3, this subpart applies only to community water systems. (c) For the purpose of this subpart, customers are defined as billing units or service connections to which water is delivered by a community water system. [[Page 502]] (d) For the purpose of this subpart, detected means: at or above the levels prescribed by Sec. 141.23(a)(4) for inorganic contaminants, at or above the levels prescribed by Sec. 141.24(f)(7) for the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(a), at or above the level prescribed by Sec. 141.24(h)(18) for the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c), and at or above the levels prescribed by Sec. 141.25(c) for radioactive contaminants. (e) A State that has primary enforcement responsibility may adopt by rule, after notice and comment, alternative requirements for the form and content of the reports. The alternative requirements must provide the same type and amount of information as required by Secs. 141.153 and 141.154, and must be designed to achieve an equivalent level of public information and education as would be achieved under this subpart. (f) For purpose of Secs. 141.154 and 141.155 of this subpart, the term "primacy agency" refers to the State or tribal government entity that has jurisdiction over, and primary enforcement responsibility for, public water systems, even if that government does not have interim or final primary enforcement responsibility for this rule. Where the State or tribe does not have primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems, the term "primacy agency" refers to the appropriate EPA regional office. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.152] [Page 502] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports Sec. 141.152 Effective dates. (a) The regulations in this subpart shall take effect on September 18, 1998. (b) Each existing community water system must deliver its first report by October 19, 1999, its second report by July 1, 2000, and subsequent reports by July 1 annually thereafter. The first report must contain data collected during, or prior to, calendar year 1998 as prescribed in Sec. 141.153(d)(3). Each report thereafter must contain data collected during, or prior to, the previous calendar year. (c) A new community water system must deliver its first report by July 1 of the year after its first full calendar year in operation and annually thereafter. (d) A community water system that sells water to another community water system must deliver the applicable information required in Sec. 141.153 to the buyer system: (1) No later than April 19, 1999, by April 1, 2000, and by April 1 annually thereafter or (2) On a date mutually agreed upon by the seller and the purchaser, and specifically included in a contract between the parties. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.153] [Page 502-506] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports Sec. 141.153 Content of the reports. (a) Each community water system must provide to its customers an annual report that contains the information specified in this section and Sec. 141.154. (b) Information on the source of the water delivered: (1) Each report must identify the source(s) of the water delivered by the community water system by providing information on: (i) The type of the water: e.g., surface water, ground water; and (ii) The commonly used name (if any) and location of the body (or bodies) of water. (2) If a source water assessment has been completed, the report must notify consumers of the availability of this information and the means to obtain it. In addition, systems are encouraged to highlight in the report significant sources of contamination in the source water area if they have readily available information. Where a system has received a source water assessment from the primacy agency, the report must include a brief summary of the system's susceptibility to potential sources of contamination, using language provided by the primacy agency or written by the operator. (c) Definitions. (1) Each report must include the following definitions: (i) Maximum Contaminant Level Goal or MCLG: The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety. (ii) Maximum Contaminant Level or MCL: The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology. (2) A report for a community water system operating under a variance or an exemption issued under Sec. 1415 or 1416 [[Page 503]] of SDWA must include the following definition: Variances and Exemptions: State or EPA permission not to meet an MCL or a treatment technique under certain conditions. (3) A report that contains data on contaminants that EPA regulates using any of the following terms must include the applicable definitions: (i) Treatment Technique: A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water. (ii) Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow. (iii) Maximum residual disinfectant level goal or MRDLG: The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants. (iv) Maximum residual disinfectant level or MRDL: The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants. (d) Information on Detected Contaminants. (1) This sub-section specifies the requirements for information to be included in each report for contaminants subject to mandatory monitoring (except Cryptosporidium). It applies to: (i) Contaminants subject to a MCL, action level, maximum residual disinfectant level, or treatment technique (regulated contaminants). (ii) Contaminants for which monitoring is required by Sec. 141.40 (unregulated contaminants); and (iii) Disinfection by-products or microbial contaminants for which monitoring is required by Secs. 141.142 and 141.143, except as provided under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and which are detected in the finished water. (2) The data relating to these contaminants must be displayed in one table or in several adjacent tables. Any additional monitoring results which a community water system chooses to include in its report must be displayed separately. (3) The data must be derived from data collected to comply with EPA and State monitoring and analytical requirements during calendar year 1998 for the first report and subsequent calendar years thereafter except that: (i) Where a system is allowed to monitor for regulated contaminants less often than once a year, the table(s) must include the date and results of the most recent sampling and the report must include a brief statement indicating that the data presented in the report are from the most recent testing done in accordance with the regulations. No data older than 5 years need be included. (ii) Results of monitoring in compliance with Secs. 141.142 and 141.143 need only be included for 5 years from the date of last sample or until any of the detected contaminants becomes regulated and subject to routine monitoring requirements, whichever comes first. (4) For detected regulated contaminants (listed in appendix A to this subpart), the table(s) must contain: (i) The MCL for that contaminant expressed as a number equal to or greater than 1.0 (as provided in appendix A to this subpart); (ii) The MCLG for that contaminant expressed in the same units as the MCL; (iii) If there is no MCL for a detected contaminant, the table must indicate that there is a treatment technique, or specify the action level, applicable to that contaminant, and the report must include the definitions for treatment technique and/or action level, as appropriate, specified in paragraph(c)(3) of this section; (iv) For contaminants subject to an MCL, except turbidity and total coliforms, the highest contaminant level used to determine compliance with an NPDWR and the range of detected levels, as follows: (A) When compliance with the MCL is determined annually or less frequently: The highest detected level at any sampling point and the range of detected levels expressed in the same units as the MCL. (B) When compliance with the MCL is determined by calculating a running annual average of all samples taken at a sampling point: the highest average of any of the sampling points and the [[Page 504]] range of all sampling points expressed in the same units as the MCL. (C) When compliance with the MCL is determined on a system-wide basis by calculating a running annual average of all samples at all sampling points: the average and range of detection expressed in the same units as the MCL. Note to paragraph (d)(4)(iv): When rounding of results to determine compliance with the MCL is allowed by the regulations, rounding should be done prior to multiplying the results by the factor listed in appendix A of this subpart; (v) For turbidity. (A) When it is reported pursuant to Sec. 141.13: The highest average monthly value. (B) When it is reported pursuant to the requirements of Sec. 141.71: the highest monthly value. The report should include an explanation of the reasons for measuring turbidity. (C) When it is reported pursuant to Secs. 141.73 or 141.173: The highest single measurement and the lowest monthly percentage of samples meeting the turbidity limits specified in Secs. 141.73 or 141.173 for the filtration technology being used. The report should include an explanation of the reasons for measuring turbidity; (vi) For lead and copper: the 90th percentile value of the most recent round of sampling and the number of sampling sites exceeding the action level; (vii) For total coliform: (A) The highest monthly number of positive samples for systems collecting fewer than 40 samples per month; or (B) The highest monthly percentage of positive samples for systems collecting at least 40 samples per month; (viii) For fecal coliform: The total number of positive samples; and (ix) The likely source(s) of detected contaminants to the best of the operator's knowledge. Specific information regarding contaminants may be available in sanitary surveys and source water assessments, and should be used when available to the operator. If the operator lacks specific information on the likely source, the report must include one or more of the typical sources for that contaminant listed in appendix A to this subpart that is most applicable to the system. (5) If a community water system distributes water to its customers from multiple hydraulically independent distribution systems that are fed by different raw water sources, the table should contain a separate column for each service area and the report should identify each separate distribution system. Alternatively, systems could produce separate reports tailored to include data for each service area. (6) The table(s) must clearly identify any data indicating violations of MCLs, MRDLs, or treatment techniques, and the report must contain a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation including: the length of the violation, the potential adverse health effects, and actions taken by the system to address the violation. To describe the potential health effects, the system must use the relevant language of appendix A to this subpart. (7) For detected unregulated contaminants for which monitoring is required (except Cryptosporidium), the table(s) must contain the average and range at which the contaminant was detected. The report may include a brief explanation of the reasons for monitoring for unregulated contaminants. (e) Information on Cryptosporidium, radon, and other contaminants: (1) If the system has performed any monitoring for Cryptosporidium, including monitoring performed to satisfy the requirements of Sec. 141.143, which indicates that Cryptosporidium may be present in the source water or the finished water, the report must include: (i) A summary of the results of the monitoring; and (ii) An explanation of the significance of the results. (2) If the system has performed any monitoring for radon which indicates that radon may be present in the finished water, the report must include: (i) The results of the monitoring; and (ii) An explanation of the significance of the results. (3) If the system has performed additional monitoring which indicates the presence of other contaminants in the [[Page 505]] finished water, EPA strongly encourages systems to report any results which may indicate a health concern. To determine if results may indicate a health concern, EPA recommends that systems find out if EPA has proposed an NPDWR or issued a health advisory for that contaminant by calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). EPA considers detects above a proposed MCL or health advisory level to indicate possible health concerns. For such contaminants, EPA recommends that the report include: (i) The results of the monitoring; and (ii) An explanation of the significance of the results noting the existence of a health advisory or a proposed regulation. (f) Compliance with NPDWR. In addition to the requirements of Sec. 141.153(d)(6), the report must note any violation that occurred during the year covered by the report of a requirement listed below, and include a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation, any potential adverse health effects, and the steps the system has taken to correct the violation. (1) Monitoring and reporting of compliance data; (2) Filtration and disinfection prescribed by subpart H of this part. For systems which have failed to install adequate filtration or disinfection equipment or processes, or have had a failure of such equipment or processes which constitutes a violation, the report must include the following language as part of the explanation of potential adverse health effects: Inadequately treated water may contain disease- causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. (3) Lead and copper control requirements prescribed by subpart I of this part. For systems that fail to take one or more actions prescribed by Secs. 141.80(d), 141.81, 141.82, 141.83 or 141.84, the report must include the applicable language of appendix A to this subpart for lead, copper, or both. (4) Treatment techniques for Acrylamide and Epichlorohydrin prescribed by subpart K of this part. For systems that violate the requirements of subpart K of this part, the report must include the relevant language from appendix A to this subpart. (5) Recordkeeping of compliance data. (6) Special monitoring requirements prescribed by Secs. 141.40 and 141.41; and (7) Violation of the terms of a variance, an exemption, or an administrative or judicial order. (g) Variances and Exemptions. If a system is operating under the terms of a variance or an exemption issued under Sec. 1415 or 1416 of SDWA, the report must contain: (1) An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption; (2) The date on which the variance or exemption was issued; (3) A brief status report on the steps the system is taking to install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption; and (4) A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review, or renewal, of the variance or exemption. (h) Additional information: (1) The report must contain a brief explanation regarding contaminants which may reasonably be expected to be found in drinking water including bottled water. This explanation may include the language of paragraphs (h)(1) (i) through (iii) or systems may use their own comparable language. The report also must include the language of paragraph (h)(1)(iv) of this section. (i) The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally-occurring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity. (ii) Contaminants that may be present in source water include: (A) Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock operations, and wildlife. [[Page 506]] (B) Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can be naturally-occurring or result from urban stormwater runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or farming. (C) Pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and residential uses. (D) Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, which are by-products of industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, and septic systems. (E) Radioactive contaminants, which can be naturally-occurring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities. (iii) In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, EPA prescribes regulations which limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. FDA regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water which must provide the same protection for public health. (iv) Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk. More information about contaminants and potential health effects can be obtained by calling the Environmental Protection Agency's Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). (2) The report must include the telephone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the community water system as a source of additional information concerning the report. (3) In communities with a large proportion of non-English speaking residents, as determined by the Primacy Agency, the report must contain information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the report or contain a telephone number or address where such residents may contact the system to obtain a translated copy of the report or assistance in the appropriate language. (4) The report must include information (e.g., time and place of regularly scheduled board meetings) about opportunities for public participation in decisions that may affect the quality of the water. (5) The systems may include such additional information as they deem necessary for public education consistent with, and not detracting from, the purpose of the report. [63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, as amended at 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998; 64 FR 34733, June 29, 1999; 65 FR 26022, May 4, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.154] [Page 506-507] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports Sec. 141.154 Required additional health information. (a) All reports must prominently display the following language: Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. EPA/CDC guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). (b) A system which detects arsenic at levels above 25 "<greek-m>g/ l, but below the MCL: (1) Must include in its report a short informational statement about arsenic, using language such as: EPA is reviewing the drinking water standard for arsenic because of special concerns that it may not be stringent enough. Arsenic is a naturally-occurring mineral known to cause cancer in humans at high concentrations. (2) May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the Primacy Agency. (c) A system which detects nitrate at levels above 5 mg/l, but below the MCL: (1) Must include a short informational statement about the impacts of nitrate on children using language such as: Nitrate in drinking water at levels above 10 ppm is a health risk for infants of less than six months of age. High nitrate levels in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. Nitrate [[Page 507]] levels may rise quickly for short periods of time because of rainfall or agricultural activity. If you are caring for an infant you should ask advice from your health care provider. (2) May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the Primacy Agency. (d) Systems which detect lead above the action level in more than 5%, and up to and including 10%, of homes sampled: (1) Must include a short informational statement about the special impact of lead on children using language such as: Infants and young children are typically more vulnerable to lead in drinking water than the general population. It is possible that lead levels at your home may be higher than at other homes in the community as a result of materials used in your home's plumbing. If you are concerned about elevated lead levels in your home's water, you may wish to have your water tested and flush your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using tap water. Additional information is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). (2) May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the Primacy Agency. (e) Community water systems that detect TTHM above 0.080 mg/l, but below the MCL in Sec. 141.12, as an annual average, monitored and calculated under the provisions of Sec. 141.30, must include health effects language for TTHMs prescribed by appendix A. [63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, as amended at 63 FR 69475, Dec. 16, 1998; 64 FR 34733, June 29, 1999; 65 FR 26023, May 4, 2000] Effective Date Note: At 66 FR 7064, Jan. 22, 2001, Sec. 141.154 was amended by revising paragraph (b) and adding paragraph (f), effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Sec. 141.154 Required additional health information. * * * * * (b) Ending in the report due by July 1, 2001, a system which detects arsenic at levels above 0.025 mg/L, but below the 0.05 mg/L, and beginning in the report due by July 1, 2002, a system that detects arsenic above 0.005 mg/L and up to and including 0.01 mg/L: (1) Must include in its report a short informational statement about arsenic, using language such as: While your drinking water meets EPA's standard for arsenic, it does contain low levels of arsenic. EPA's standard balances the current understanding of arsenic's possible health effects against the costs of removing arsenic from drinking water. EPA continues to research the health effects of low levels of arsenic, which is a mineral known to cause cancer in humans at high concentrations and is linked to other health effects such as skin damage and circulatory problems. (2) May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the Primacy Agency. * * * * * (f) Beginning in the report due by July 1, 2002 and ending January 22, 2006, a community water system that detects arsenic above 0.01 mg/L and up to and including 0.05 mg/L must include the arsenic health effects language prescribed by Appendix A to Subpart O. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.155] [Page 507-524] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart O--Consumer Confidence Reports Sec. 141.155 Report delivery and recordkeeping. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, each community water system must mail or otherwise directly deliver one copy of the report to each customer. (b) The system must make a good faith effort to reach consumers who do not get water bills, using means recommended by the primacy agency. EPA expects that an adequate good faith effort will be tailored to the consumers who are served by the system but are not bill-paying customers, such as renters or workers. A good faith effort to reach consumers would include a mix of methods appropriate to the particular system such as: Posting the reports on the Internet; mailing to postal patrons in metropolitan areas; advertising the availability of the report in the news media; publication in a local newspaper; posting in public places such as cafeterias or lunch rooms of public buildings; delivery of multiple copies for distribution by single-biller customers such as apartment buildings or large private employers; delivery to community organizations. (c) No later than the date the system is required to distribute the report to [[Page 508]] its customers, each community water system must mail a copy of the report to the primacy agency, followed within 3 months by a certification that the report has been distributed to customers, and that the information is correct and consistent with the compliance monitoring data previously submitted to the primacy agency. (d) No later than the date the system is required to distribute the report to its customers, each community water system must deliver the report to any other agency or clearinghouse identified by the primacy agency. (e) Each community water system must make its reports available to the public upon request. (f) Each community water system serving 100,000 or more persons must post its current year's report to a publicly-accessible site on the Internet. (g) The Governor of a State or his designee, or the Tribal Leader where the tribe has met the eligibility requirements contained in Sec. 142.72 for the purposes of waiving the mailing requirement, can waive the requirement of paragraph (a) of this section for community water systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons. In consultation with the tribal government, the Regional Administrator may waive the requirement of Sec. 141.155(a) in areas in Indian country where no tribe has been deemed eligible. (1) Such systems must: (i) Publish the reports in one or more local newspapers serving the area in which the system is located; (ii) Inform the customers that the reports will not be mailed, either in the newspapers in which the reports are published or by other means approved by the State; and (iii) Make the reports available to the public upon request. (2) Systems serving 500 or fewer persons may forego the requirements of paragraphs (g)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section if they provide notice at least once per year to their customers by mail, door-to-door delivery or by posting in an appropriate location that the report is available upon request. (h) Any system subject to this subpart must retain copies of its Consumer Confidence Report for no less than 3 years. [63 FR 44526, Aug. 19, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 26023, May 4, 2000] Appendix A to Subpart O of Part 141--Regulated Contaminants [[Page 509]] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Traditional MCL To convert for Major sources in Health effects Contaminant (units) in mg/L CCR, multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG drinking water language -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Microbiological contaminants: Total Coliform Bacteria.... MCL: (systems ................. MCL: (systems 0................. Naturally present in Coliforms are that collect <gr- that collect <gr- the environment. bacteria that are thn-eq>40 thn-eq>40 naturally present samples/month) samples/month) in the environment 5% of monthly 5% of monthly and are used as an samples are samples are indicator that positive; positive; other, potentially- (systems that (systems that harmful, bacteria collect 40 collect 40 may be present. samples/month) 1 samples/month) 1 Coliforms were positive monthly positive monthly found in more sample. sample. samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems. Fecal coliform and E. coli. 0................ ................. 0................ 0................. Human and animal Fecal coliforms and fecal waste. E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely- compromised immune systems. Total organic carbon (ppm). TT............... ................. TT............... N/A............... Naturally present in Total organic carbon the environment. (TOC) has no health effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection by products. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous system effects, and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer. [[Page 510]] Turbidity (NTU)............ TT............... ................. TT............... N/A............... Soil runoff......... Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease- causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. Radioactive contaminants: Beta/photon emitters (mrem/ 4 mrem/yr........ ................. 4................ N/A............... Decay of natural and Certain minerals are yr). man-made deposits. radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Alpha emitters (pCi/l)..... 15 pCi/l......... ................. 15............... N/A............... Erosion of natural Certain minerals are deposits. radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Combined radium (pCi/l).... 5 pCi/l.......... --............... 5................ N/A............... Erosion of natural Some people who deposits. drink water containing radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer Inorganic contaminants: Antimony (ppb)............. .006............. 1000............. 6................ 6................. Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water refineries; fire containing antimony retardants; well in excess of ceramics; the MCL over many electronics; solder. years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar. [[Page 511]] Arsenic (ppb).............. .05.............. 1000............. 50............... N/A............... Erosion of natural Some people who deposits; Runoff drink water from orchards; containing arsenic Runoff from glass in excess of the and electronics MCL over many years production wastes. could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Asbestos (MFL)............. 7 MFL............ ................. 7................ 7................. Decay of asbestos Some people who cement water mains; drink water Erosion of natural containing asbestos deposits. in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps. Barium (ppm)............... 2................ ................. 2................ 2................. Discharge of Some people who drilling wastes; drink water Discharge from containing barium metal refineries; in excess of the Erosion of natural MCL over many years deposits. could experience an increase in their blood pressure. Beryllium (ppb)............ .004............. 1000............. 4................ 4................. Discharge from metal Some people who refineries and coal- drink water burning factories; containing Discharge from beryllium well in electrical, excess of the MCL aerospace, and over many years defense industries. could develop intestinal lesions Cadmium (ppb).............. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 5................. Corrosion of Some people who galvanized pipes; drink water Erosion of natural containing cadmium deposits; Discharge in excess of the from metal MCL over many years refineries; Runoff could experience from waste kidney damage. batteries and paints. Chromium (ppb)............. .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from steel Some people who use and pulp mills; water containing Erosion of natural chromium well in deposits. excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis. Copper (ppm)............... AL=1.3........... ................. AL=1.3........... 1.3............... Corrosion of Copper is an household plumbing essential nutrient, systems; Erosion of but some people who natural deposits; drink water Leaching from wood containing copper preservatives. in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor. [[Page 512]] Cyanide (ppb).............. .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Discharge from steel/ Some people who metal factories; drink water Discharge from containing cyanide plastic and well in excess of fertilizer the MCL over many factories. years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid. Fluoride (ppm)............. 4................ ................. 4................ 4................. Erosion of natural Some people who deposits; Water drink water additive which containing fluoride promotes strong in excess of the teeth; Discharge MCL over many years from fertilizer and could get bone aluminum factories. disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the MCL or more may cause mottling of children's teeth, usually in children less than nine years old. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining and/or pitting of the teeth, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums. Lead (ppb)................. AL=.015.......... 1000............. AL=15............ 0................. Corrosion of Infants and children household plumbing who drink water systems; Erosion of containing lead in natural deposits. excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure. Mercury [inorganic] (ppb).. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 2................. Erosion of natural Some people who deposits; Dis drink water charge from containing refineries and inorganic mercury factories; Runoff well in excess of from landfills; the MCL over many Runoff from years could cropland. experience kidney damage. Nitrate (ppm).............. 10............... ................. 10............... 10................ Runoff from Infants below the fertilizer use; age of six months Leaching from who drink water septic tanks, sew containing nitrate age; Erosion of in excess of the natural deposits. MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. [[Page 513]] Nitrite (ppm).............. 1................ ................. 1................ 1................. Runoff from Infants below the fertilizer use; age of six months Leaching from who drink water septic tanks, sew containing nitrite age; Erosion of in excess of the natural deposits. MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. Selenium (ppb)............. .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Discharge from Selenium is an petroleum and metal essential nutrient. refineries; Erosion However, some of natural people who drink deposits; Discharge water containing from mines. selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation. Thallium (ppb)............. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0.5............... Leaching from ore- Some people who processing sites; drink water Discharge from containing thallium electronics, glass, in excess of the and drug factories. MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver. Synthetic organic contaminants including pesticides and herbicides: 2,4-D (ppb)................ .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water row crops. containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands. 2,4,5-TP [Silvex](ppb)..... .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Residue of banned Some people who herbicide. drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. Acrylamide................. TT............... ................. TT............... 0................. Added to water Some people who during sewage/ drink water wastewater containing high treatment. levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. [[Page 514]] Alachlor (ppb)............. .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water row crops. containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Atrazine (ppb)............. .003............. 1000............. 3................ 3................. Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water row crops. containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties. Benzo(a)pyrene [PAH] .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Leaching from Some people who (nanograms/l). linings of water drink water storage tanks and containing distribution lines. benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Carbofuran (ppb)........... .04.............. 1000............. 40............... 40................ Leaching of soil Some people who fumigant used on drink water rice and alfalfa. containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or reproductive systems. Chlordane (ppb)............ .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Residue of banned Some people who termiticide. drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Dalapon (ppb).............. .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water rights of way. containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes. Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate .4............... 1000............. 400.............. 400............... Discharge from Some people who (ppb). chemical factories. drink water containing di (2- ethylhexyl) adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience general toxic effects or reproductive difficulties. [[Page 515]] Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate .006............. 1000............. 6................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who (ppb). rubber and chemical drink water factories. containing di (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Dibromochloropropane (ppt). .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Runoff/leaching from Some people who soil fumigant used drink water on soybeans, containing DBCP in cotton, pineapples, excess of the MCL and orchards. over many years could experience reproductive problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Dinoseb (ppb).............. .007............. 1000............. 7................ 7................. Runoff from Some people who herbicide used on drink water soybeans and containing dinoseb vegetables. well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. Diquat (ppb)............... .02.............. 1000............. 20............... 20................ Runoff from Some people who herbicide use. drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts. Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq) .00000003........ 1,000,000, 000... 30............... 0................. Emissions from waste Some people who incineration and drink water other combustion; containing dioxin Discharge from in excess of the chemical factories. MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Endothall (ppb)............ .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Runoff from Some people who herbicide use. drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines. Endrin (ppb)............... .002............. 1000............. 2................ 2................. Residue of banned Some people who insecticide. drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. Epichlorohydrin............ TT............... ................. TT............... 0................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories; An containing high impurity of some levels of water treatment epichlorohydrin chemicals. over a long period of time could experience stomach problems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. [[Page 516]] Ethylene dibromide (ppt)... .00005........... 1,000,000........ 50............... 0................. Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water refineries. containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Glyphosate (ppb)........... .7............... 1000............. 700.............. 700............... Runoff from Some people who herbicide use. drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties. Heptachlor (ppt)........... .0004............ 1,000,000........ 400.............. 0................. Residue of banned Some people who pesticide. drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)... .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 0................. Breakdown of Some people who heptachlor. drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Hexachlorobenzene (ppb).... .001............. 1000............. 1................ 0................. Discharge from metal Some people who refineries and drink water agricultural containing chemical factories. hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene .05.............. 1000............. 50............... 50................ Discharge from Some people who (ppb). chemical factories. drink water containing hexachlorocyclopent adiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or stomach. Lindane (ppt).............. .0002............ 1,000,000........ 200.............. 200............... Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water cattle, lumber, containing lindane gardens. in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver. [[Page 517]] Methoxychlor (ppb)......... .04.............. 1000............. 40............... 40................ Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water fruits, vegetables, containing alfalfa, livestock. methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. Oxamyl [Vydate] (ppb)...... .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water apples, potatoes containing oxamyl and tomatoes. in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects. PCBs [Polychlorinated .0005............ 1,000,000........ 500.............. 0................. Runoff from Some people who biphenyls] (ppt). landfills; drink water Discharge of waste containing PCBs in chemicals. excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Pentachlorophenol (ppb).... .001............. 1000............. 1................ 0................. Discharge from wood Some people who preserving drink water factories. containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Picloram (ppb)............. .5............... 1000............. 500.............. 500............... Herbicide runoff.... Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. Simazine (ppb)............. .004............. 1000............. 4................ 4................. Herbicide runoff.... Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood. Toxaphene (ppb)............ .003............. 1000............. 3................ 0................. Runoff/leaching from Some people who insecticide used on drink water cotton and cattle. containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. [[Page 518]] Volatile organic contaminants: Benzene (ppb).............. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who factories; Leaching drink water from gas storage containing benzene tanks and landfills. in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Bromate (ppb).............. .010............. 1000............. 10............... 0................. By-product of Some people who drinking water drink water chlorination. containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Carbon tetrachloride (ppb). .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who chemical plants and drink water other industrial containing carbon activities. tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Chloramines (ppm).......... MRDL = 4......... ................. MRDL = 4......... MRDLG = 4......... Water additive used Some people who use to control microbes. water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia. Chlorine (ppm)............. MRDL = 4......... ................. MRDL = 4......... MRDLG = 4......... Water additive used Some people who use to control microbes. water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort. [[Page 519]] Chlorite (ppm)............. 1................ ................. 1................ 0.8............... By-product of Some infants and drinking water young children who chlorination. drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia. Chloride dioxide (ppb)..... MRDL = .8........ 1000............. MRDL = 800....... MRDLG = 800....... Water additive used Some infants and to control microbes. young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Chlorobenzene (ppb)........ .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who chemical and drink water agricultural containing chemical factories. chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb).... .6............... 1000............. 600.............. 600............... Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing o- dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems. p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb).... .075............. 1000............. 75............... 75................ Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing p- dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood. 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,2- dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb). .007............. 1000............. 7................ 7................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,1- dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. [[Page 520]] cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Discharge from Some people who (ppb). industrial chemical drink water factories. containing cis-1,2- dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who (ppb). industrial chemical drink water factories. containing trans- 1,2- dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. Dichloromethane (ppb)...... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who pharmaceutical and drink water chemical factories. containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb).. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,2- dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Ethylbenzene (ppb)......... .7............... 1000............. 700.............. 700............... Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water refineries. containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. Haloacetic Acids (HAA) .060............. 1000............. 60............... N/A............... By-product of Some people who (ppb). drinking water drink water disinfection. containing haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Styrene (ppb).............. .1............... 1000............. 100.............. 100............... Discharge from Some people who rubber and plastic drink water factories; Leaching containing styrene from landfills. well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system. Tetrachloroethylene (ppb).. .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from Some people who factories and dry drink water cleaners. containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. [[Page 521]] 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene .07.............. 1000............. 70............... 70................ Discharge from Some people who (ppb). textile-finishing drink water factories. containing 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb) .2............... 1000............. 200.............. 200............... Discharge from metal Some people who degreasing sites drink water and other factories. containing 1,1,1- trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb) .005............. 1000............. 5................ 3................. Discharge from Some people who industrial chemical drink water factories. containing 1,1,2- trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems. Trichloroethylene (ppb).... .005............. 1000............. 5................ 0................. Discharge from metal Some people who degreasing sites drink water and other factories. containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. TTHMs [Total 0.10/.080........ 1000............. 100/80........... N/A............... By-product of Some people who trihalomethanes] (ppb). drinking water drink water chlorination. containing trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Toluene (ppm).............. 1................ ................. 1................ 1................. Discharge from Some people who petroleum factories. drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver. Vinyl Chloride (ppb)....... .002............. 1000............. 2................ 0................. Leaching from PVC Some people who piping; Discharge drink water from plastics containing vinyl factories. chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. [[Page 522]] Xylenes (ppm).............. 10............... ................. 10............... 10................ Discharge from Some people who petroleum drink water factories; containing xylenes Discharge from in excess of the chemical factories. MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key: AL=Action Level MCL=Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG=Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MFL=million fibers per liter MRDL=Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level MRDLG=Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal mrem/year=millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body) N/A=Not Applicable NTU=Nephelometric Turbidity Units (a measure of water clarity) pCi/l=picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity) ppm=parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/l) ppb=parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (<greek-m>g/l) ppt=parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter ppq=parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter TT=Treatment Technique [65 FR 26024, May 4, 2000] [[Page 523]] Effective Date Note 1: At 65 FR 76749, Dec. 7, 2000, the table in appendix A to subpart O was amended under the heading "Radioactive contaminants" by revising the entries for "Beta/photon emitters (mrem/ yr)", "Alpha emitters (pCi/l)", and "Combined radium (pCi/l)" and adding a new entry for "Uranium (pCi/L)", effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added entries are set forth as follows: Appendix A to Subpart O--Regulated Contaminants -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Traditional MCL in To convert for CCR, Major sources in Health effects Contaminant units mg/L multiply by MCL in CCR units MCLG drinking water language -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * Radioactive contaminants: Beta/photon emitters (mrem/ 4 mrem/yr........... -................... 4................... 0........ Decay of natural Certain minerals yr). and man-made are radioactive deposits. and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta particle and photon radioactivity in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Alpha emitters (pCi/L)....... 15 pCi/L............ -................... 15.................. 0........ Erosion of natural Certain minerals deposits. are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Combined radium (pCi/L)...... 5 pCi/L............. -................... 5................... 0........ Erosion of natural Some people who deposits. drink water containing radium- 226 or -228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. Uranium (pCi/L).............. 30 <greek-m>g/L..... -................... 30.................. 0........ Erosion of natural Some people who deposits. drink water containing uranium in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity. * * * * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Effective Date Note 2: At 66 FR 7064, Jan. 22, 2001, Appendix A to Subpart O was amended by revising the entry for arsenic under "Inorganic contaminants:" and adding an endnote, effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Appendix A to Subpart O--Regulated Contaminants [[Page 524]] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To convert Traditional for CCR, MCL in CCR Major Sources in drinking Contaminant (units) MCL in mg/ multiply units MCLG water Health effects language L by -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * Inorganic contaminants: * * * * * * * Arsenic (ppb)........................ \1\ 0.01 1000 \1\ 10 \1\ 0 Erosion of natural deposits; Some people who drink water Runoff from orchards; containing arsenic in Runoff from glass and excess of the MCL over electronics production many years could wastes. experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. * * * * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * 1. These arsenic values are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L and there is no MCLG. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.170] [Page 524] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.170 General requirements. Source: 63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, unless otherwise noted. (a) The requirements of this subpart P constitute national primary drinking water regulations. These regulations establish requirements for filtration and disinfection that are in addition to criteria under which filtration and disinfection are required under subpart H of this part. The requirements of this subpart are applicable to subpart H systems serving at least 10,000 people, beginning January 1, 2002 unless otherwise specified in this subpart. The regulations in this subpart establish or extend treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for the following contaminants: Giardia lamblia, viruses, heterotrophic plate count bacteria, Legionella, Cryptosporidium, and turbidity. Each subpart H system serving at least 10,000 people must provide treatment of its source water that complies with these treatment technique requirements and are in addition to those identified in Sec. 141.70. The treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating water treatment processes which reliably achieve: (1) At least 99 percent (2-log) removal of Cryptosporidium between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer for filtered systems, or Cryptosporidium control under the watershed control plan for unfiltered systems. (2) Compliance with the profiling and benchmark requirements under the provisions of Sec. 141.172. (b) A public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart is considered to be in compliance with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section if: (1) It meets the requirements for avoiding filtration in Secs. 141.71 and 141.171 and the disinfection requirements in Secs. 141.72 and 141.172; or (2) It meets the applicable filtration requirements in either Sec. 141.73 or Sec. 141.173 and the disinfection requirements in Secs. 141.72 and 141.172. (c) Systems are not permitted to begin construction of uncovered finished water storage facilities beginning February 16, 1999. [63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001] [[Page 525]] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.171] [Page 525] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.171 Criteria for avoiding filtration. In addition to the requirements of Sec. 141.71, a public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart that does not provide filtration must meet all of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. (a) Site-specific conditions. In addition to site-specific conditions in Sec. 141.71(b), systems must maintain the watershed control program under Sec. 141.71(b)(2) to minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts in the source water. The watershed control program must, for Cryptosporidium: (1) Identify watershed characteristics and activities which may have an adverse effect on source water quality; and (2) Monitor the occurrence of activities which may have an adverse effect on source water quality. (b) During the onsite inspection conducted under the provisions of Sec. 141.71(b)(3), the State must determine whether the watershed control program established under Sec. 141.71(b)(2) is adequate to limit potential contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts. The adequacy of the program must be based on the comprehensiveness of the watershed review; the effectiveness of the system's program to monitor and control detrimental activities occurring in the watershed; and the extent to which the water system has maximized land ownership and/or controlled land use within the watershed. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.172] [Page 525-528] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.172 Disinfection profiling and benchmarking. (a) Determination of systems required to profile. A public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart must determine its TTHM annual average using the procedure in paragraph (a)(1) of this section and its HAA5 annual average using the procedure in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. The annual average is the arithmetic average of the quarterly averages of four consecutive quarters of monitoring. (1) The TTHM annual average must be the annual average during the same period as is used for the HAA5 annual average. (i) Those systems that collected data under the provisions of subpart M (Information Collection Rule) must use the results of the samples collected during the last four quarters of required monitoring under Sec. 141.142. (ii) Those systems that use "grandfathered" HAA5 occurrence data that meet the provisions of paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section must use TTHM data collected at the same time under the provisions of Secs. 141.12 and 141.30. (iii) Those systems that use HAA5 occurrence data that meet the provisions of paragraph (a)(2)(iii)(A) of this section must use TTHM data collected at the same time under the provisions of Secs. 141.12 and 141.30. (2) The HAA5 annual average must be the annual average during the same period as is used for the TTHM annual average. (i) Those systems that collected data under the provisions of subpart M (Information Collection Rule) must use the results of the samples collected during the last four quarters of required monitoring under Sec. 141.142. (ii) Those systems that have collected four quarters of HAA5 occurrence data that meets the routine monitoring sample number and location requirements for TTHM in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30 and handling and analytical method requirements of Sec. 141.142(b)(1) may use those data to determine whether the requirements of this section apply. (iii) Those systems that have not collected four quarters of HAA5 occurrence data that meets the provisions of either paragraph (a)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section by March 16, 1999 must either: (A) Conduct monitoring for HAA5 that meets the routine monitoring sample number and location requirements for TTHM in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30 and handling and analytical method requirements of Sec. 141.142(b)(1) to determine the HAA5 annual average and whether the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section apply. This monitoring must be completed so that the applicability determination can be made no later than March 31, 2000, or (B) Comply with all other provisions of this section as if the HAA5 monitoring had been conducted and the results required compliance with paragraph (b) of this section. [[Page 526]] (3) The system may request that the State approve a more representative annual data set than the data set determined under paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section for the purpose of determining applicability of the requirements of this section. (4) The State may require that a system use a more representative annual data set than the data set determined under paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section for the purpose of determining applicability of the requirements of this section. (5) The system must submit data to the State on the schedule in paragraphs (a)(5)(i) through (v) of this section. (i) Those systems that collected TTHM and HAA5 data under the provisions of subpart M (Information Collection Rule), as required by paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(2)(i) of this section, must submit the results of the samples collected during the last 12 months of required monitoring under Sec. 141.142 not later than December 31, 1999. (ii) Those systems that have collected four consecutive quarters of HAA5 occurrence data that meets the routine monitoring sample number and location for TTHM in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30 and handling and analytical method requirements of Sec. 141.142(b)(1), as allowed by paragraphs (a)(1)(ii) and (a)(2)(ii) of this section, must submit those data to the State not later than April 16, 1999. Until the State has approved the data, the system must conduct monitoring for HAA5 using the monitoring requirements specified under paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section. (iii) Those systems that conduct monitoring for HAA5 using the monitoring requirements specified by paragraphs (a)(1)(iii) and (a)(2)(iii)(A) of this section, must submit TTHM and HAA5 data not later than March 31, 2000. (iv) Those systems that elect to comply with all other provisions of this section as if the HAA5 monitoring had been conducted and the results required compliance with this section, as allowed under paragraphs (a)(2)(iii)(B) of this section, must notify the State in writing of their election not later than December 31, 1999. (v) If the system elects to request that the State approve a more representative annual data set than the data set determined under paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, the system must submit this request in writing not later than December 31, 1999. (6) Any system having either a TTHM annual average 0.064 mg/L or an HAA5 annual average 0.048 mg/L during the period identified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section must comply with paragraph (b) of this section. (b) Disinfection profiling. (1) Any system that meets the criteria in paragraph (a)(6) of this section must develop a disinfection profile of its disinfection practice for a period of up to three years. (2) The system must monitor daily for a period of 12 consecutive calendar months to determine the total logs of inactivation for each day of operation, based on the CT99.9 values in Tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of Sec. 141.74(b), as appropriate, through the entire treatment plant. This system must begin this monitoring not later than April 1, 2000. As a minimum, the system with a single point of disinfectant application prior to entrance to the distribution system must conduct the monitoring in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section. A system with more than one point of disinfectant application must conduct the monitoring in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section for each disinfection segment. The system must monitor the parameters necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio, using analytical methods in Sec. 141.74(a), as follows: (i) The temperature of the disinfected water must be measured once per day at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow. (ii) If the system uses chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water must be measured once per day at each chlorine residual disinfectant concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow. (iii) The disinfectant contact time(s) ("T") must be determined for each day during peak hourly flow. (iv) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) ("C") of the water before or at the first customer and prior to [[Page 527]] each additional point of disinfection must be measured each day during peak hourly flow. (3) In lieu of the monitoring conducted under the provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section to develop the disinfection profile, the system may elect to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section. In addition to the monitoring conducted under the provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section to develop the disinfection profile, the system may elect to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section. (i) A PWS that has three years of existing operational data may submit those data, a profile generated using those data, and a request that the State approve use of those data in lieu of monitoring under the provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section not later than March 31, 2000. The State must determine whether these operational data are substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section. These data must also be representative of Giardia lamblia inactivation through the entire treatment plant and not just of certain treatment segments. Until the State approves this request, the system is required to conduct monitoring under the provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section. (ii) In addition to the disinfection profile generated under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a PWS that has existing operational data may use those data to develop a disinfection profile for additional years. Such systems may use these additional yearly disinfection profiles to develop a benchmark under the provisions of paragraph (c) of this section. The State must determine whether these operational data are substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section. These data must also be representative of inactivation through the entire treatment plant and not just of certain treatment segments. (4) The system must calculate the total inactivation ratio as follows: (i) If the system uses only one point of disinfectant application, the system may determine the total inactivation ratio for the disinfection segment based on either of the methods in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(A) or (b)(4)(i)(B) of this section. (A) Determine one inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>) before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow. (B) Determine successive CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF> values, representing sequential inactivation ratios, between the point of disinfectant application and a point before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow. Under this alternative, the system must calculate the total inactivation ratio by determining (CTcalc/ CT<INF>99.9</INF>) for each sequence and then adding the (CTcalc/ CT<INF>99.9</INF>) values together to determine (<greek-S> (CTcalc/ CT<INF>99.9</INF>)). (ii) If the system uses more than one point of disinfectant application before the first customer, the system must determine the CT value of each disinfection segment immediately prior to the next point of disinfectant application, or for the final segment, before or at the first customer, during peak hourly flow. The (CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>) value of each segment and (<greek-S>(CTcalc/CT<INF>99.9</INF>)) must be calculated using the method in paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section. (iii) The system must determine the total logs of inactivation by multiplying the value calculated in paragraph (b)(4)(i) or (ii) of this section by 3.0. (5) A system that uses either chloramines or ozone for primary disinfection must also calculate the logs of inactivation for viruses using a method approved by the State. (6) The system must retain disinfection profile data in graphic form, as a spreadsheet, or in some other format acceptable to the State for review as part of sanitary surveys conducted by the State. (c) Disinfection benchmarking. (1) Any system required to develop a disinfection profile under the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section and that decides to make a significant change to its disinfection practice must consult with the State prior to making such change. Significant changes to disinfection practice are: (i) Changes to the point of disinfection; (ii) Changes to the disinfectant(s) used in the treatment plant; [[Page 528]] (iii) Changes to the disinfection process; and (iv) Any other modification identified by the State. (2) Any system that is modifying its disinfection practice must calculate its disinfection benchmark using the procedure specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (ii) of this section. (i) For each year of profiling data collected and calculated under paragraph (b) of this section, the system must determine the lowest average monthly Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year of profiling data. The system must determine the average Giardia lamblia inactivation for each calendar month for each year of profiling data by dividing the sum of daily Giardia lamblia of inactivation by the number of values calculated for that month. (ii) The disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly average value (for systems with one year of profiling data) or average of lowest monthly average values (for systems with more than one year of profiling data) of the monthly logs of Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year of profiling data. (3) A system that uses either chloramines or ozone for primary disinfection must also calculate the disinfection benchmark for viruses using a method approved by the State. (4) The system must submit information in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) through (iii) of this section to the State as part of its consultation process. (i) A description of the proposed change; (ii) The disinfection profile for Giardia lamblia (and, if necessary, viruses) under paragraph (b) of this section and benchmark as required by paragraph (c)(2) of this section; and (iii) An analysis of how the proposed change will affect the current levels of disinfection. [63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.173] [Page 528] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.173 Filtration. A public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart that does not meet all of the criteria in this subpart and subpart H of this part for avoiding filtration must provide treatment consisting of both disinfection, as specified in Sec. 141.72(b), and filtration treatment which complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section or Sec. 141.73 (b) or (c) by December 31, 2001. (a) Conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration. (1) For systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(a) and (c). (2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must at no time exceed 1 NTU, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(a) and (c). (3) A system that uses lime softening may acidify representative samples prior to analysis using a protocol approved by the State. (b) Filtration technologies other than conventional filtration treatment, direct filtration, slow sand filtration, or diatomaceous earth filtration. A public water system may use a filtration technology not listed in paragraph (a) of this section or in Sec. 141.73(b) or (c) if it demonstrates to the State, using pilot plant studies or other means, that the alternative filtration technology, in combination with disinfection treatment that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.72(b), consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of viruses, and 99 percent removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the State approves the use of the filtration technology. For each approval, the State will set turbidity performance requirements that the system must meet at least 95 percent of the time and that the system may not exceed at any time at a level that consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts, 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of viruses, and 99 percent removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. [63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 65 FR 20313, Apr. 14, 2000; 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001] [[Page 529]] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.174] [Page 529] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.174 Filtration sampling requirements. (a) Monitoring requirements for systems using filtration treatment. In addition to monitoring required by Sec. 141.74, a public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart that provides conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration must conduct continuous monitoring of turbidity for each individual filter using an approved method in Sec. 141.74(a) and must calibrate turbidimeters using the procedure specified by the manufacturer. Systems must record the results of individual filter monitoring every 15 minutes. (b) If there is a failure in the continuous turbidity monitoring equipment, the system must conduct grab sampling every four hours in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than five working days following the failure of the equipment. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.175] [Page 529-530] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart P--Enhanced Filtration and Disinfection Sec. 141.175 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. In addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements in Sec. 141.75, a public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart that provides conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration must report monthly to the State the information specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section beginning January 1, 2002. In addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements in Sec. 141.75, a public water system subject to the requirements of this subpart that provides filtration approved under Sec. 141.173(b) must report monthly to the State the information specified in paragraph (a) of this section beginning January 1, 2002. The reporting in paragraph (a) of this section is in lieu of the reporting specified in Sec. 141.75(b)(1). (a) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.173 must be reported within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported includes: (1) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month. (2) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the turbidity limits specified in Sec. 141.173(a) or (b). (3) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month which exceed 1 NTU for systems using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration, or which exceed the maximum level set by the State under Sec. 141.173(b). (b) Systems must maintain the results of individual filter monitoring taken under Sec. 141.174 for at least three years. Systems must report that they have conducted individual filter turbidity monitoring under Sec. 141.174 within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Systems must report individual filter turbidity measurement results taken under Sec. 141.174 within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public only if measurements demonstrate one or more of the conditions in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section. Systems that use lime softening may apply to the State for alternative exceedance levels for the levels specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section if they can demonstrate that higher turbidity levels in individual filters are due to lime carryover only and not due to degraded filter performance. (1) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart, the system must report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the system must either produce a filter profile for the filter within 7 days of the exceedance (if the system is not able to identify an obvious reason for the abnormal filter performance) and report that the profile has been produced or report the obvious reason for the exceedance. (2) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 0.5 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at the end of the first four hours of continuous filter operation after the filter has been backwashed or otherwise taken offline, the system must report the filter number, the turbidity, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the system must [[Page 530]] either produce a filter profile for the filter within 7 days of the exceedance (if the system is not able to identify an obvious reason for the abnormal filter performance) and report that the profile has been produced or report the obvious reason for the exceedance. (3) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any time in each of three consecutive months, the system must report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the system must conduct a self-assessment of the filter within 14 days of the exceedance and report that the self-assessment was conducted. The self assessment must consist of at least the following components: assessment of filter performance; development of a filter profile; identification and prioritization of factors limiting filter performance; assessment of the applicability of corrections; and preparation of a filter self- assessment report. (4) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 2.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any time in each of two consecutive months, the system must report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the system must arrange for the conduct of a comprehensive performance evaluation by the State or a third party approved by the State no later than 30 days following the exceedance and have the evaluation completed and submitted to the State no later than 90 days following the exceedance. (c) Additional reporting requirements. (1) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 1 NTU in representative samples of filtered water in a system using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration, the system must inform the State as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day. (2) If at any time the turbidity in representative samples of filtered water exceeds the maximum level set by the State under Sec. 141.173(b) for filtration technologies other than conventional filtration treatment, direct filtration, slow sand filtration, or diatomaceous earth filtration, the system must inform the State as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day. [63 FR 69516, Dec. 16, 1998, as amended at 66 FR 3779, Jan. 16, 2001] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.201] [Page 530-531] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.201 General public notification requirements. Source: 65 FR 26035, May 4, 2000, unless otherwise noted. Public water systems in States with primacy for the public water system supervision (PWSS) program must comply with the requirements in this subpart no later than May 6, 2002 or on the date the State-adopted rule becomes effective, whichever comes first. Public water systems in jurisdictions where EPA directly implements the PWSS program must comply with the requirements in this subpart on October 31, 2000. Prior to these dates, public water systems must continue to comply with the public notice requirements in Sec. 141.32 of this part. The term "primacy agency" is used in this subpart to refer to either EPA or the State or the Tribe in cases where EPA, the State, or the Tribe exercises primary enforcement responsibility for this subpart. (a) Who must give public notice? Each owner or operator of a public water system (community water systems, non-transient non-community water systems, and transient non-community water systems) must give notice for all violations of national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWR) and for other situations, as listed in Table 1. The term "NPDWR violations" is used in this subpart to include violations of the maximum contaminant level (MCL), maximum residual disinfection level (MRDL), treatment technique (TT), monitoring requirements, and testing procedures in this part 141. Appendix A to this subpart identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation requiring a public notice. [[Page 531]] ._______________________________________________________________________ Table 1 to Sec. 141.201.--Violation Categories and Other Situations Requiring a Public Notice ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) NPDWR violations: (i) Failure to comply with an applicable maximum contaminant level (MCL) or maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL). (ii) Failure to comply with a prescribed treatment technique (TT). (iii) Failure to perform water quality monitoring, as required by the drinking water regulations. (iv) Failure to comply with testing procedures as prescribed by a drinking water regulation. (2) Variance and exemptions under sections 1415 and 1416 of SDWA: (i) Operation under a variance or an exemption. (ii) Failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule that has been set under a variance or exemption. (3) Special public notices: (i) Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak or other waterborne emergency. (ii) Exceedance of the nitrate MCL by non-community water systems (NCWS), where granted permission by the primacy agency under 141.11(d) of this part. (iii) Exceedance of the secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for fluoride. (iv) Availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring data. (v) Other violations and situations determined by the primacy agency to require a public notice under this subpart, not already listed in Appendix A. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) What type of public notice is required for each violation or situation? Public notice requirements are divided into three tiers, to take into account the seriousness of the violation or situation and of any potential adverse health effects that may be involved. The public notice requirements for each violation or situation listed in Table 1 of this section are determined by the tier to which it is assigned. Table 2 of this section provides the definition of each tier. Appendix A of this part identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation. ._______________________________________________________________________ Table 2 to Sec. 141.201.--Definition of Public Notice Tiers ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Tier 1 public notice--required for NPDWR violations and situations with significant potential to have serious adverse effects on human health as a result of short-term exposure. (2) Tier 2 public notice--required for all other NPDWR violations and situations with potential to have serious adverse effects on human health. (3) Tier 3 public notice--required for all other NPDWR violations and situations not included in Tier 1 and Tier 2. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (c) Who must be notified? (1) Each public water system must provide public notice to persons served by the water system, in accordance with this subpart. Public water systems that sell or otherwise provide drinking water to other public water systems (i.e., to consecutive systems) are required to give public notice to the owner or operator of the consecutive system; the consecutive system is responsible for providing public notice to the persons it serves. (2) If a public water system has a violation in a portion of the distribution system that is physically or hydraulically isolated from other parts of the distribution system, the primacy agency may allow the system to limit distribution of the public notice to only persons served by that portion of the system which is out of compliance. Permission by the primacy agency for limiting distribution of the notice must be granted in writing. (3) A copy of the notice must also be sent to the primacy agency, in accordance with the requirements under Sec. 141.31(d). [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.202] [Page 531-533] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.202 Tier 1 Public Notice--Form, manner, and frequency of notice. (a) Which violations or situations require a Tier 1 public notice? Table 1 of this section lists the violation categories and other situations requiring a Tier 1 public notice. Appendix A to this subpart identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation. [[Page 532]] ._______________________________________________________________________ Table 1 to Sec. 141.202.--Violation Categories and Other Situations Requiring a Tier 1 Public Notice ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Violation of the MCL for total coliforms when fecal coliform or E. coli are present in the water distribution system (as specified in Sec. 141.63(b)), or when the water system fails to test for fecal coliforms or E. coli when any repeat sample tests positive for coliform (as specified in Sec. 141.21(e)); (2) Violation of the MCL for nitrate, nitrite, or total nitrate and nitrite, as defined in Sec. 141.62, or when the water system fails to take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of the first sample showing an exceedance of the nitrate or nitrite MCL, as specified in Sec. 141.23(f)(2); (3) Exceedance of the nitrate MCL by non-community water systems, where permitted to exceed the MCL by the primacy agency under Sec. 141.11(d), as required under Sec. 141.209; (4) Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide, as defined in Sec. 141.65(a), when one or more samples taken in the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the MRDL at the entrance of the distribution system exceed the MRDL, or when the water system does not take the required samples in the distribution system, as specified in Sec. 141.133(c)(2)(i); (5) Violation of the turbidity MCL under Sec. 141.13(b), where the primacy agency determines after consultation that a Tier 1 notice is required or where consultation does not take place within 24 hours after the system learns of the violation; (6) Violation of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) or Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule (IESWTR) treatment technique requirement resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit (as identified in Appendix A), where the primacy agency determines after consultation that a Tier 1 notice is required or where consultation does not take place within 24 hours after the system learns of the violation; (7) Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak, as defined in Sec. 141.2, or other waterborne emergency (such as a failure or significant interruption in key water treatment processes, a natural disaster that disrupts the water supply or distribution system, or a chemical spill or unexpected loading of possible pathogens into the source water that significantly increases the potential for drinking water contamination); (8) Other violations or situations with significant potential to have serious adverse effects on human health as a result of short-term exposure, as determined by the primacy agency either in its regulations or on a case-by-case basis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) When is the Tier 1 public notice to be provided? What additional steps are required? Public water systems must: (1) Provide a public notice as soon as practical but no later than 24 hours after the system learns of the violation; (2) Initiate consultation with the primacy agency as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the public water system learns of the violation or situation, to determine additional public notice requirements; and (3) Comply with any additional public notification requirements (including any repeat notices or direction on the duration of the posted notices) that are established as a result of the consultation with the primacy agency. Such requirements may include the timing, form, manner, frequency, and content of repeat notices (if any) and other actions designed to reach all persons served. (c) What is the form and manner of the public notice? Public water systems must provide the notice within 24 hours in a form and manner reasonably calculated to reach all persons served. The form and manner used by the public water system are to fit the specific situation, but must be designed to reach residential, transient, and non-transient users of the water system. In order to reach all persons served, water systems are to use, at a minimum, one [[Page 533]] or more of the following forms of delivery: (1) Appropriate broadcast media (such as radio and television); (2) Posting of the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the area served by the water system; (3) Hand delivery of the notice to persons served by the water system; or (4) Another delivery method approved in writing by the primacy agency. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.203] [Page 533-534] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.203 Tier 2 Public Notice--Form, manner, and frequency of notice. (a) Which violations or situations require a Tier 2 public notice? Table 1 of this section lists the violation categories and other situations requiring a Tier 2 public notice. Appendix A to this subpart identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation. ._______________________________________________________________________ Table 1 to Sec. 141.203.--Violation Categories and Other Situations Requiring a Tier 2 Public Notice (1) All violations of the MCL, MRDL, and treatment technique requirements, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec. 141.202(a) or where the primacy agency determines that a Tier 1 notice is required; (2) Violations of the monitoring and testing procedure requirements, where the primacy agency determines that a Tier 2 rather than a Tier 3 public notice is required, taking into account potential health impacts and persistence of the violation; and (3) Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of any variance or exemption in place. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) When is the Tier 2 public notice to be provided? (1) Public water systems must provide the public notice as soon as practical, but no later than 30 days after the system learns of the violation. If the public notice is posted, the notice must remain in place for as long as the violation or situation persists, but in no case for less than seven days, even if the violation or situation is resolved. The primacy agency may, in appropriate circumstances, allow additional time for the initial notice of up to three months from the date the system learns of the violation. It is not appropriate for the primacy agency to grant an extension to the 30-day deadline for any unresolved violation or to allow across-the-board extensions by rule or policy for other violations or situations requiring a Tier 2 public notice. Extensions granted by the primacy agency must be in writing. (2) The public water system must repeat the notice every three months as long as the violation or situation persists, unless the primacy agency determines that appropriate circumstances warrant a different repeat notice frequency. In no circumstance may the repeat notice be given less frequently than once per year. It is not appropriate for the primacy agency to allow less frequent repeat notice for an MCL violation under the Total Coliform Rule or a treatment technique violation under the Surface Water Treatment Rule or Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. It is also not appropriate for the primacy agency to allow through its rules or policies across-the- board reductions in the repeat notice frequency for other ongoing violations requiring a Tier 2 repeat notice. Primacy agency determinations allowing repeat notices to be given less frequently than once every three months must be in writing. (3) For the turbidity violations specified in this paragraph, public water systems must consult with the primacy agency as soon as practical but no later than 24 hours after the public water system learns of the violation, to determine whether a Tier 1 public notice under Sec. 141.202(a) is required to protect public health. When consultation does not take place within the 24-hour period, the water system must distribute a Tier 1 notice of the violation within the next 24 hours (i.e., no later than 48 hours after the system learns of the violation), following the requirements under Sec. 141.202(b) and (c). Consultation with the primacy agency is required for: (i) Violation of the turbidity MCL under Sec. 141.13(b); or (ii) Violation of the SWTR or IESWTR treatment technique requirement resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit. [[Page 534]] (c) What is the form and manner of the Tier 2 public notice? Public water systems must provide the initial public notice and any repeat notices in a form and manner that is reasonably calculated to reach persons served in the required time period. The form and manner of the public notice may vary based on the specific situation and type of water system, but it must at a minimum meet the following requirements: (1) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing, community water systems must provide notice by: (i) Mail or other direct delivery to each customer receiving a bill and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the public water system; and (ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons regularly served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. Such persons may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers, university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper; delivery of multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large private employers); posting in public places served by the system or on the Internet; or delivery to community organizations. (2) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing, non- community water systems must provide notice by: (i) Posting the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the distribution system frequented by persons served by the system, or by mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where known); and (ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons served by the system if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. Such persons may include those served who may not see a posted notice because the posted notice is not in a location they routinely pass by. Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to customers; use of E-mail to notify employees or students; or, delivery of multiple copies in central locations (e.g., community centers). [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.204] [Page 534-535] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.204 Tier 3 Public Notice--Form, manner, and frequency of notice. (a) Which violations or situations require a Tier 3 public notice? Table 1 of this section lists the violation categories and other situations requiring a Tier 3 public notice. Appendix A to this subpart identifies the tier assignment for each specific violation or situation. ._______________________________________________________________________ Table 1 to Sec. 141.204.--Violation Categories and Other Situations Requiring a Tier 3 Public Notice ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Monitoring violations under 40 CFR part 141, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec. 141.202(a) or where the primacy agency determines that a Tier 2 notice is required; (2) Failure to comply with a testing procedure established in 40 CFR part 141, except where a Tier 1 notice is required under Sec. 141.202(a)) or where the primacy agency determines that a Tier 2 notice is required; (3) Operation under a variance granted under Section 1415 or an exemption granted under Section 1416 of the Safe Drinking Water Act; (4) Availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring results, as required under Sec. 141.207; and (5) Exceedance of the fluoride secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL), as required under Sec. 141.208. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) When is the Tier 3 public notice to be provided? (1) Public water systems must provide the public notice not later than one year after the public water system learns of the violation or situation or begins operating under a variance or exemption. Following the initial notice, the public water system must repeat the notice annually for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other situation persists. If the public [[Page 535]] notice is posted, the notice must remain in place for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other situation persists, but in no case less than seven days (even if the violation or situation is resolved). (2) Instead of individual Tier 3 public notices, a public water system may use an annual report detailing all violations and situations that occurred during the previous twelve months, as long as the timing requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section are met. (c) What is the form and manner of the Tier 3 public notice? Public water systems must provide the initial notice and any repeat notices in a form and manner that is reasonably calculated to reach persons served in the required time period. The form and manner of the public notice may vary based on the specific situation and type of water system, but it must at a minimum meet the following requirements: (1) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing, community water systems must provide notice by: (i) Mail or other direct delivery to each customer receiving a bill and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the public water system; and (ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons regularly served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. Such persons may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers, university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper; delivery of multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large private employers); posting in public places or on the Internet; or delivery to community organizations. (2) Unless directed otherwise by the primacy agency in writing, non- community water systems must provide notice by: (i) Posting the notice in conspicuous locations throughout the distribution system frequented by persons served by the system, or by mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where known); and (ii) Any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. Such persons may include those who may not see a posted notice because the notice is not in a location they routinely pass by. Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to customers; use of E-mail to notify employees or students; or, delivery of multiple copies in central locations (e.g., community centers). (d) In what situations may the Consumer Confidence Report be used to meet the Tier 3 public notice requirements? For community water systems, the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) required under Subpart O of this part may be used as a vehicle for the initial Tier 3 public notice and all required repeat notices, as long as: (1) The CCR is provided to persons served no later than 12 months after the system learns of the violation or situation as required under Sec. 141.204(b); (2) The Tier 3 notice contained in the CCR follows the content requirements under Sec. 141.205; and (3) The CCR is distributed following the delivery requirements under Sec. 141.204(c). [65 FR 26035, May 4, 2000; 65 FR 38629, June 21, 2000] [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.205] [Page 535-537] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.205 Content of the public notice. (a) What elements must be included in the public notice for violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) or other situations requiring a public notice? When a public water system violates a NPDWR or has a situation requiring public notification, each public notice must include the following elements: (1) A description of the violation or situation, including the contaminant(s) of concern, and (as applicable) the contaminant level(s); (2) When the violation or situation occurred; (3) Any potential adverse health effects from the violation or situation, including the standard language under [[Page 536]] paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section, whichever is applicable; (4) The population at risk, including subpopulations particularly vulnerable if exposed to the contaminant in their drinking water; (5) Whether alternative water supplies should be used; (6) What actions consumers should take, including when they should seek medical help, if known; (7) What the system is doing to correct the violation or situation; (8) When the water system expects to return to compliance or resolve the situation; (9) The name, business address, and phone number of the water system owner, operator, or designee of the public water system as a source of additional information concerning the notice; and (10) A statement to encourage the notice recipient to distribute the public notice to other persons served, using the standard language under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, where applicable. (b) What elements must be included in the public notice for public water systems operating under a variance or exemption? (1) If a public water system has been granted a variance or an exemption, the public notice must contain: (i) An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption; (ii) The date on which the variance or exemption was issued; (iii) A brief status report on the steps the system is taking to install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption; and (iv) A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review of the variance or exemption. (2) If a public water system violates the conditions of a variance or exemption, the public notice must contain the ten elements listed in paragraph (a) of this section. (c) How is the public notice to be presented? (1) Each public notice required by this section: (i) Must be displayed in a conspicuous way when printed or posted; (ii) Must not contain overly technical language or very small print; (iii) Must not be formatted in a way that defeats the purpose of the notice; (iv) Must not contain language which nullifies the purpose of the notice. (2) Each public notice required by this section must comply with multilingual requirements, as follows: (i) For public water systems serving a large proportion of non- English speaking consumers, as determined by the primacy agency, the public notice must contain information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the notice or contain a telephone number or address where persons served may contact the water system to obtain a translated copy of the notice or to request assistance in the appropriate language. (ii) In cases where the primacy agency has not determined what constitutes a large proportion of non-English speaking consumers, the public water system must include in the public notice the same information as in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, where appropriate to reach a large proportion of non-English speaking persons served by the water system. (d) What standard language must public water systems include in their public notice? Public water systems are required to include the following standard language in their public notice: (1) Standard health effects language for MCL or MRDL violations, treatment technique violations, and violations of the condition of a variance or exemption. Public water systems must include in each public notice the health effects language specified in Appendix B to this subpart corresponding to each MCL, MRDL, and treatment technique violation listed in Appendix A to this subpart, and for each violation of a condition of a variance or exemption. (2) Standard language for monitoring and testing procedure violations. Public water systems must include the following language in their notice, including the language necessary to fill in the blanks, for all monitoring and testing procedure violations listed in Appendix A to this subpart: We are required to monitor your drinking water for specific contaminants on a regular basis. Results of regular monitoring are an indicator of whether or not your drinking [[Page 537]] water meets health standards. During [compliance period], we "did not monitor or test" or "did not complete all monitoring or testing" for [contaminant(s)], and therefore cannot be sure of the quality of your drinking water during that time. (3) Standard language to encourage the distribution of the public notice to all persons served. Public water systems must include in their notice the following language (where applicable): Please share this information with all the other people who drink this water, especially those who may not have received this notice directly (for example, people in apartments, nursing homes, schools, and businesses). You can do this by posting this notice in a public place or distributing copies by hand or mail. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.206] [Page 537] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.206 Notice to new billing units or new customers. (a) What is the requirement for community water systems? Community water systems must give a copy of the most recent public notice for any continuing violation, the existence of a variance or exemption, or other ongoing situations requiring a public notice to all new billing units or new customers prior to or at the time service begins. (b) What is the requirement for non-community water systems? Non- community water systems must continuously post the public notice in conspicuous locations in order to inform new consumers of any continuing violation, variance or exemption, or other situation requiring a public notice for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other situation persists. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.207] [Page 537] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.207 Special notice of the availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring results. (a) When is the special notice to be given? The owner or operator of a community water system or non-transient, non-community water system required to monitor under Sec. 141.40 must notify persons served by the system of the availability of the results of such sampling no later than 12 months after the monitoring results are known. (b) What is the form and manner of the special notice? The form and manner of the public notice must follow the requirements for a Tier 3 public notice prescribed in Secs. 141.204(c), (d)(1), and (d)(3). The notice must also identify a person and provide the telephone number to contact for information on the monitoring results. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.208] [Page 537-538] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.208 Special notice for exceedance of the SMCL for fluoride. (a) When is the special notice to be given? Community water systems that exceed the fluoride secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) of 2 mg/l as specified in Sec. 143.3 (determined by the last single sample taken in accordance with Sec. 141.23), but do not exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 4 mg/l for fluoride (as specified in Sec. 141.62), must provide the public notice in paragraph (c) of this section to persons served. Public notice must be provided as soon as practical but no later than 12 months from the day the water system learns of the exceedance. A copy of the notice must also be sent to all new billing units and new customers at the time service begins and to the State public health officer. The public water system must repeat the notice at least annually for as long as the SMCL is exceeded. If the public notice is posted, the notice must remain in place for as long as the SMCL is exceeded, but in no case less than seven days (even if the exceedance is eliminated). On a case-by-case basis, the primacy agency may require an initial notice sooner than 12 months and repeat notices more frequently than annually. (b) What is the form and manner of the special notice? The form and manner of the public notice (including repeat notices) must follow the requirements for a Tier 3 public notice in Sec. 141.204(c) and (d)(1) and (d)(3). (c) What mandatory language must be contained in the special notice? The notice must contain the following language, including the language necessary to fill in the blanks: This is an alert about your drinking water and a cosmetic dental problem that might affect children under nine years of age. At low levels, fluoride can help prevent cavities, but children drinking water containing more than 2 milligrams per liter (mg/l) of fluoride may develop cosmetic discoloration of their permanent teeth (dental fluorosis). The drinking water provided by your community water system [name] has a fluoride concentration of [insert value] mg/l. Dental fluorosis, in its moderate or severe forms, may result in a brown staining and/or pitting of the permanent teeth. This problem [[Page 538]] occurs only in developing teeth, before they erupt from the gums. Children under nine should be provided with alternative sources of drinking water or water that has been treated to remove the fluoride to avoid the possibility of staining and pitting of their permanent teeth. You may also want to contact your dentist about proper use by young children of fluoride-containing products. Older children and adults may safely drink the water. Drinking water containing more than 4 mg/L of fluoride (the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's drinking water standard) can increase your risk of developing bone disease. Your drinking water does not contain more than 4 mg/l of fluoride, but we're required to notify you when we discover that the fluoride levels in your drinking water exceed 2 mg/l because of this cosmetic dental problem. For more information, please call [name of water system contact] of [name of community water system] at [phone number]. Some home water treatment units are also available to remove fluoride from drinking water. To learn more about available home water treatment units, you may call NSF International at 1-877-8-NSF-HELP." [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.209] [Page 538] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.209 Special notice for nitrate exceedances above MCL by non-community water systems (NCWS), where granted permission by the primacy agency under Sec. 141.11(d) (a) When is the special notice to be given? The owner or operator of a non-community water system granted permission by the primacy agency under Sec. 141.11(d) to exceed the nitrate MCL must provide notice to persons served according to the requirements for a Tier 1 notice under Sec. 141.202(a) and (b). (b) What is the form and manner of the special notice? Non-community water systems granted permission by the primacy agency to exceed the nitrate MCL under Sec. 141.11(d) must provide continuous posting of the fact that nitrate levels exceed 10 mg/l and the potential health effects of exposure, according to the requirements for Tier 1 notice delivery under Sec. 141.202(c) and the content requirements under Sec. 141.205. [Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 19] [Revised as of July 1, 2001] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access [CITE: 40CFR141.210] [Page 538-553] TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents Subpart Q--Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations Sec. 141.210 Notice by primacy agency on behalf of the public water system. (a) May the primacy agency give the notice on behalf of the public water system? The primacy agency may give the notice required by this subpart on behalf of the owner and operator of the public water system if the primacy agency complies with the requirements of this subpart. (b) What is the responsibility of the public water system when notice is given by the primacy agency? The owner or operator of the public water system remains responsible for ensuring that the requirements of this subpart are met. Appendix A to Subpart Q of Part 141--NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\ [[Page 539]] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MCL/MRDL/TT violations \2\ Monitoring & testing procedure -------------------------------------- violations Contaminant ------------------------------------- Tier of public Citation Tier of public notice required notice required Citation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR): \3\ A. Microbiological Contaminants 1. Total coliform............... 2 141.63(a) 3 141.21(a)-(e) 2. Fecal coliform/E. coli....... 1 141.63(b) \4\ 1, 3 141.21(e) 3. Turbidity MCL................ 2 141.13(a) 3 141.22 4. Turbidity MCL (average of 2 \5\ 2, 1 141.13(b) 3 141.22 days' samples >5 NTU).......... 5. Turbidity (for TT violations \6\ 2, 1 141.71(a)(2), 3 141.74(a)(1), resulting from a single 141.71(c)(2)(i), 141.74(b)(2), exceedance of maximum allowable 141.73(a)(2), 141.74(c)(1), turbidity level)............... 141.73(b)(2), 141.174 141.73(c)(2), 141.73(d), 141.173(a)(2), 141.173(b) 6. Surface Water Treatment Rule 2 141.70-141.73 3 141.74 violations, other than violations resulting from single exceedance of max. allowable turbidity level (TT). 7. Interim Enhanced Surface 2 <SUP>7</SUP> 141.170-141.173 3 141.172, 141.174 Water Treatment Rule violations, other than violations resulting from single exceedance of max. turbidity level (TT)........... B. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs) 1. Antimony..................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 2. Arsenic...................... 2 141.11(b), 3 141.23(a), (l), 141.23(n) (m) 3. Asbestos (fibers >10 <greek- 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a)-(b) m>m)........................... 4. Barium....................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 5. Beryllium.................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 6. Cadmium...................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 7. Chromium (total)............. 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 8. Cyanide...................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 9. Fluoride..................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 10. Mercury (inorganic)......... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 11. Nitrate..................... 1 141.62(b) \8\ 1, 3 141.23(a), (d), 141.23(f)(2) 12. Nitrite..................... 1 141.62(b) \8\ 1, 3 141.23(a), (e), 141.23(f)(2) 13. Total Nitrate and Nitrite... 1 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a) 14. Selenium.................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 15. Thallium.................... 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) C. Lead and Copper Rule (Action Level for lead is 0.015 mg/L, for copper is 1.3 mg/L) 1. Lead and Copper Rule (TT).... 2 141.80-141.85 3 141.86-141.89 D. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) 1. 2,4-D........................ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 2. 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)............ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 3. Alachlor..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 4. Atrazine..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 5. Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)........ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) [[Page 540]] 6. Carbofuran................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 7. Chlordane.................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 8. Dalapon...................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 9. Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 10. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 11. Dibromochloropropane........ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 12. Dinoseb..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 13. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)....... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 14. Diquat...................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 15. Endothall................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 16. Endrin...................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 17. Ethylene dibromide.......... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 18. Glyphosate.................. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 19. Heptachlor.................. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 20. Heptachlor epoxide.......... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 21. Hexachlorobenzene........... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 22. Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene.. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 23. Lindane..................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 24. Methoxychlor................ 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 25. Oxamyl (Vydate)............. 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 26. Pentachlorophenol........... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 27. Picloram.................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 28. Polychlorinated biphenyls 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) (PCBs)......................... 29. Simazine.................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 30. Toxaphene................... 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) E. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 1. Benzene...................... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 2. Carbon tetrachloride......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 3. Chlorobenzene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) (monochlorobenzene)............ 4. o-Dichlorobenzene............ 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 5. p-Dichlorobenzene............ 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 6. 1,2-Dichloroethane........... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 7. 1,1-Dichloroethylene......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 8. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene..... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 9. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 10. Dichloromethane............. 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 11. 1,2-Dichloropropane......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 12. Ethylbenzene................ 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 13. Styrene..................... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 14. Tetrachloroethylene......... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 15. Toluene..................... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 16. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene...... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 17. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane....... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 18. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane....... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 19. Trichloroethylene........... 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) [[Page 541]] 20. Vinyl chloride.............. 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 21. Xylenes (total)............. 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) F. Radioactive Contaminants 1. Beta/photon emitters......... 2 141.16 3 141.25(a), 141.26(b) 2. Alpha emitters............... 2 141.15(b) 3 141.25(a), 141.26(a) 3. Combined radium (226 & 228).. 2 141.15(a) 3 141.25(a), 141.26(a) G. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Byproduct Precursors, Disinfectant Residuals. Where disinfection is used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants combine with organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA sets standards for controlling the levels of disinfectants and DBPs in drinking water, including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).\9\ 1. Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) 2 \10\ 141.12, 3 141.30, 141.64(a) 141.132(a)-(b) 2. Haloacetic Acids (HAA5)...... 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b) 3. Bromate...................... 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b) 4. Chlorite..................... 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b) 5. Chlorine (MRDL).............. 2 141.65(a) 3 141.132(a), (c) 6. Chloramine (MRDL)............ 2 141.65(a) 3 141.132(a), (c) 7. Chlorine dioxide (MRDL), 2 141.65(a), 2 \11\, 3 141.132(a), (c), where any 2 consecutive daily 141.133(c)(3) 141.133(c)(2) samples at entrance to distribution system only are above MRDL..................... 8. Chlorine dioxide (MRDL), \12\ 1 141.65(a), 1 141.132(a), (c), where sample(s) in distribution 141.133(c)(3) 141.133(c)(2) system the next day are also above MRDL..................... 9. Control of DBP precursors-- 2 141.135(a)-(b) 3 141.132(a), (d) TOC (TT)....................... 10. Bench marking and N/A N/A 3 141.172 disinfection profiling......... 11. Development of monitoring N/A N/A 3 141.132(f) plan........................... H. Other Treatment Techniques 1. Acrylamide (TT).............. 2 141.111 N/A N/A 2. Epichlorohydrin (TT)......... 2 141.111 N/A N/A II. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring: \13\ A. Unregulated contaminants......... N/A N/A 3 141.40 B. Nickel........................... N/A N/A 3 141.23(c), (k) III. Public Notification for Variances and Exemptions: A. Operation under a variance or 3 \14\ 1415, 1416, N/A N/A exemption.......................... B. Violation of conditions of a 2 1415, 1416, \15\ N/A N/A variance or exemption.............. 142.307 IV. Other Situations Requiring Public Notification: A. Fluoride secondary maximum 3 143.3 N/A N/A contaminant level (SMCL) exceedance B. Exceedance of nitrate MCL for non- 1 141.11(d) N/A N/A community systems, as allowed by primacy agency..................... C. Availability of unregulated 3 141.40 N/A N/A contaminant monitoring data........ D. Waterborne disease outbreak...... 1 141.2, N/A N/A 141.71(c)(2)(ii) E. Other waterborne emergency \16\.. 1 N/A N/A N/A F. Other situations as determined by \17\ 1, 2, 3 N/A N/A N/A primacy agency..................... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 542]] Appendix A--Endnotes 1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g., reporting violations and failure to prepare Consumer Confidence Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the primary agency. Primacy agencies may, at their option, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as authorized under Sec. 141.202(a) and Sec. 141.203(a). 2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level, MRDL--Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT--Treatment technique 3. The term Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) is used here to include violations of MCL, MRDL, treatment technique, monitoring, and testing procedure requirements. 4. Failure to test for fecal coliform or E. coli is a Tier 1 violation if testing is not done after any repeat sample tests positive for coliform. All other total coliform monitoring and testing procedure violations are Tier 3. 5. Systems that violate the turbidity MCL of 5 NTU based on an average of measurements over two consecutive days must consult with the primacy agency within 24 hours after learning of the violation. Based on this consultation, the primacy agency may subsequently decide to elevate the violation to Tier 1. If a system is unable to make contact with the primacy agency in the 24-hour period, the violation is automatically elevated to Tier 1. 6. Systems with treatment technique violations involving a single exceedance of a maximum turbidity limit under the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) or the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) are required to consult with the primacy agency within 24 hours after learning of the violation. Based on this consultation, the primacy agency may subsequently decide to elevate the violation to Tier 1. If a system is unable to make contact with the primacy agency in the 24-hour period, the violation is automatically elevated to Tier 1. 7. Most of the requirements of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (63 FR 69477) (Secs. 141.170-141.171, 141.173-141.174) become effective January 1, 2002 for Subpart H systems (surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water) serving at least 10,000 persons. However, Sec. 141.172 has some requirements that become effective as early as April 16, 1999. The Surface Water Treatment Rule remains in effect for systems serving at least 10,000 persons even after 2002; the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule adds additional requirements and does not in many cases supercede the SWTR. 8. Failure to take a confirmation sample within 24 hours for nitrate or nitrite after an initial sample exceeds the MCL is a Tier 1 violation. Other monitoring violations for nitrate are Tier 3. 9. Subpart H community and non-transient non-community systems serving 10,000 must comply with new DBP MCLs, disinfectant MRDLs, and related monitoring requirements beginning January 1, 2002. All other community and non-transient non-community systems must meet the MCLs and MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004. Subpart H transient non- community systems serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H transient non- community systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004. 10. Sec. 141.12 will no longer apply after January 1, 2004. 11. Failure to monitor for chlorine dioxide at the entrance to the distribution system the day after exceeding the MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system is a Tier 2 violation. 12. If any daily sample taken at the entrance to the distribution system exceeds the MRDL for chlorine dioxide and one or more samples taken in the distribution system the next day exceed the MRDL, Tier 1 notification is required. Failure to take the required samples in the distribution system after the MRDL is exceeded at the entry point also triggers Tier 1 notification. 13. Some water systems must monitor for certain unregulated contaminants listed in Sec. 141.40. 14. This citation refers to Secs. 1415 and 1416 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Secs. 1415 and 1416 require that "a schedule prescribed. . . for a public water system granted a variance [or exemption] shall require compliance by the system. . ." 15. In addition to Secs. 1415 and 1416 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 40 CFR 142.307 specifies the items and schedule milestones that must be included in a variance for small systems. 16. Other waterborne emergencies require a Tier 1 public notice under Sec. 141.202(a) for situations that do not meet the definition of a waterborne disease outbreak given in 40 CFR 141.2 but that still have the potential to have serious adverse effects on health as a result of short-term exposure. These could include outbreaks not related to treatment deficiencies, as well as situations that have the potential to cause outbreaks, such as failures or significant interruption in water treatment processes, natural disasters that [[Page 543]] disrupt the water supply or distribution system, chemical spills, or unexpected loading of possible pathogens into the source water. 17. Primacy agencies may place other situations in any tier they believe appropriate, based on threat to public health. Effective Date Note 1: At 65 FR 76750, Dec. 7, 2000, the table in appendix A to subpart Q was amended under I.F. "Radioactive contaminants" by revising entries 1, 2, and 3, and by adding entry 4; by redesignating table endnotes 9 through 17 as 11 through 19; and by adding new endnotes 9 and 10, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Appendix A to Subpart Q to Part 141--NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MCL/MRDL/TT Violations \2\ Monitoring and testing ------------------------------- procedure violations Contaminant ------------------------------ Tier of public Citation Tier of public notice required notice required Citation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) \3\ * * * * * * * F. Radioactive contaminants 1. Beta/photon emitters........................... 2 141.66(d) 3 141.25(a) 141.26(b) 2. Alpha emitters................................. 2 141.66(c) 3 141.25(a) 141.26(a) 3. Combined radium (226 and 228).................. 2 141.66(b) 3 141.25(a) 141.26(a) 4. Uranium........................................ \9\ 2 141.66(e) \10\ 3 141.25(a) 141.26(a) * * * * * * * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix A--Endnotes * * * * * 1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g., reporting violations and failure to prepare Consumer Confidence Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the primary agency. Primacy agencies may, at their option, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as authorized under Sec. 141.202(a) and Sec. 141.203(a). 2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level, MRDL--Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT--Treatment technique. 3. The term Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) is used here to include violations of MCL, MRDL, treatment technique, monitoring, and testing procedure requirements. * * * * * 9. The uranium MCL Tier 2 violation citations are effective December 8, 2003 for all community water systems. 10. The uranium Tier 3 violation citations are effective December 8, 2000 for all community water systems. * * * * * Effective Date Note 2: At 66 FR 7065, Jan. 22, 2001, Appendix A to Subpart Q was amended by revising the entry for "2. Arsenic" under "B. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs)"; redesignating endnotes 8 through 17 as endnotes 10 through 19 in the table and at the end of the table; and adding endnotes 8 and 9, effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Appendix A to Subpart Q--NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\ [[Page 544]] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MCL/MRDL/TT violations \2\ Monitoring & testing procedure ------------------------------- violations Contaminant ------------------------------------- Tier of public Citation Tier of public notice required notice required Citation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * B. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs).............. * * * * * * * 2. Arsenic................................. 2 \8\ 141.62 3 \9\ 141.23(a), (b) (c) * * * * * * * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix A--Endnotes 1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g., reporting violations and failure to prepare Consumer Confidence Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the primacy agency. Primacy agencies may, at their option, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as authorized under Sec. 141.202(a) and Sec. 141.203(a). 2. MCL-Maximum contaminant level, MRDL-Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT-Treatment technique. * * * * * 8. The arsenic MCL citations are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the citations are Sec. 141.11(b) and Sec. 141.23(n). 9. The arsenic Tier 3 violation MCL citations are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the citations are Sec. 141.23(a), (l). * * * * * Effective Date Note 3: At 66 FR 31104, June 8, 2001, Appendix A to subpart Q of part 141 was amended by adding a new entry "8." in numerical order under I.A., effective Aug. 7, 2001. For the convenience of the user, the added text is set forth as follows: Appendix A to Subpart Q of Part 141.--NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MCL/MRDL/TT violations \2\ Monitoring and testing ------------------------------- procedure violations Contaminant ------------------------------ Tier of public Citation Tier of public notice required notice required Citation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR): \3\ A. Microbiological Contaminants * * * * * * * 8. Filter Backwash Recycling Rule violations.. 2 141.76 3 141.76 * * * * * * * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix A--Endnotes 1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g., reporting violations and failure to prepare Consumer Confidence Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the primacy agency. Primacy agencies may, at their option, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as authorized under Sec. 141.202(a) and Sec. 141.203(a). 2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level, MRDL--Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT--Treatment technique. 3. The term Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) is used here to include violations of MCL, MRDL, treatment technique, monitoring, and testing procedure requirements. * * * * * Appendix B to Subpart Q of Part 141--Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification [[Page 545]] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Standard health effects language for Contaminant MCLG \1\ mg/L MCL \2\ mg/L public notification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) A. Microbiological Contaminants ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1a. Total coliform............ Zero See footnote \3\ Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially- harmful, bacteria may be present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems. 1b. Fecal coliform/E. coli.... Zero Zero Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems. 2a. Turbidity (MCL) \4\....... None 1 NTU \5\/5 NTU Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. 2b. Turbidity (SWTR TT) \6\... None TT \7\ Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. 2c. Turbidity (IESWTR TT) \8\. None TT Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B. Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) violations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Giardia lamblia (SWTR/ Zero TT \10\ Inadequately treated water may contain IESWTR). disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. 4. Viruses (SWTR/IESWTR)...... 5. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria \9\ (SWTR/ IESWTR). 6. Legionella (SWTR/IESWTR)... 7. Cryptosporidium (IESWTR) .. C. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Antimony................... 0.006 0.006 Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar. 9. Arsenic.................... None 0.05 Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 10. Asbestos (10 <greek-m>m).. 7 MFL \11\ 7 MFL Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps. 11. Barium.................... 2 2 Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure. 12. Beryllium................. 0.004 0.004 Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions. [[Page 546]] 13. Cadmium................... 0.005 0.005 Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. 14. Chromium (total).......... 0.1 0.1 Some people who use water containing chromium well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis. 15. Cyanide................... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid. 16. Fluoride.................. 4.0 4.0 Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the MCL or more may cause mottling of children's teeth, usually in children less than nine years old. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining and/or pitting of the teeth, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums. 17. Mercury (inorganic)....... 0.002 0.002 Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. 18. Nitrate................... 10 10 Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. 19. Nitrite................... 1 1 Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. 20. Total Nitrate and Nitrite. 10 10 Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate and nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. 21. Selenium.................. 0.05 0.05 Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation. 22. Thallium.................. 0.0005 0.002 Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- D. Lead and Copper Rule ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23. Lead...................... Zero TT \12\ Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure. 24. Copper.................... 1.3 TT \13\ Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25. 2,4-D..................... 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands. 26. 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)......... 0.05 0.05 Some people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. [[Page 547]] 27. Alachlor.................. Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 28. Atrazine.................. 0.003 0.003 Some people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties. 29. Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)..... Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 30. Carbofuran................ 0.04 0.04 Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or reproductive systems. 31. Chlordane................. Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 32. Dalapon................... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes. 33. Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate. 0.4 0.4 Some people who drink water containing di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience general toxic effects or reproductive difficulties. 34. Di (2-ethylhexyl) Zero 0.006 Some people who drink water containing di phthalate. (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 35. Dibromochloropropane Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing (DBCP). DBCP in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 36. Dinoseb................... 0.007 0.007 Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. 37. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)..... Zero 3 x 10 <SUP>-8</SUP> Some people who drink water containing dioxin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 38. Diquat.................... 0.02 0.02 Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts. 39. Endothall................. 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines. 40. Endrin.................... 0.002 0.002 Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. 41. Ethylene dibromide........ Zero 0.00005 Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 42. Glyphosate................ 0.7 0.7 Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties. 43. Heptachlor................ Zero 0.0004 Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 44. Heptachlor epoxide........ Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 45. Hexachlorobenzene......... Zero 0.001 Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 46. Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene 0.05 0.05 Some people who drink water containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or stomach. 47. Lindane................... 0.0002 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver. 48. Methoxychlor.............. 0.04 0.04 Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. [[Page 548]] 49. Oxamyl (Vydate)........... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects. 50. Pentachlorophenol......... Zero 0.001 Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 51. Picloram.................. 0.5 0.5 Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 52. Polychlorinated biphenyls Zero 0.0005 Some people who drink water containing (PCBs). PCBs in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 53. Simazine.................. 0.004 0.004 Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood. 54. Toxaphene................. Zero 0.003 Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- F. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55. Benzene................... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 56. Carbon tetrachloride...... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing carbon tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 57. Chlorobenzene (monochloro- 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing benzene). chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. 58. o-Dichlorobenzene......... 0.6 0.6 Some people who drink water containing o- dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems. 59. p-Dichlorobenzene......... 0.075 0.075 Some people who drink water containing p- dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood. 60. 1,2-Dichloroethane........ Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 61. 1,1-Dichloroethylene...... 0.007 0.007 Some people who drink water containing 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 62. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene.. 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 63. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 64. Dichloromethane........... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 65. 1,2-Dichloropropane....... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 66. Ethylbenzene.............. 0.7 0.7 Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. 67. Styrene................... 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system. [[Page 549]] 68. Tetrachloroethylene....... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 69. Toluene................... 1 1 Some people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver. 70. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.... 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands. 71. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane..... 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system. 72. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane..... 0.003 0.005 Some people who drink water containing 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems. 73. Trichloroethylene......... Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 74. Vinyl chloride............ Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 75. Xylenes (total)........... 10 10 Some people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- G. Radioactive Contaminants ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76. Beta/photon emitters...... Zero 4 mrem/yr \14\ Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 77. Alpha emitters............ Zero 15 pCi/L \15\ Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 78. Combined radium (226 & Zero 5 pCi/L Some people who drink water containing 228). radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- H. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Byproduct Precursors, and Disinfectant Residuals: Where disinfection is used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants combine with organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA sets standards for controlling the levels of disinfectants and DBPs in drinking water, including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) \16\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79. Total trihalomethanes N/A 0.10/0.080<SUP>17</SUP> <SUP>18</SUP> Some people who drink water containing (TTHMs). trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 80. Haloacetic Acids (HAA).... N/A 0.060 \19\ Some people who drink water containing haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 81. Bromate................... Zero 0.010 Some people who drink water containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 82. Chlorite.................. 0.08 1.0 Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia. 83. Chlorine.................. 4 (MRDLG) \20\ 4.0 (MRDL) \21\ Some people who use water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort. [[Page 550]] 84. Chloramines............... 4 (MRDLG) 4.0 (MRDL) Some people who use water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia. 85a. Chlorine dioxide, where 0.8 (MRDLG) 0.8 (MRDL) Some infants and young children who drink any 2 consecutive daily water containing chlorine dioxide in samples taken at the entrance excess of the MRDL could experience to the distribution system nervous system effects. Similar effects are above the MRDL. may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Add for public notification only: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to consumers. 85b. Chlorine dioxide, where 0.8 (MRDLG) 0.8 (MRDL) Some infants and young children who drink one or more distribution water containing chlorine dioxide in system samples are above the excess of the MRDL could experience MRDL. nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Add for public notification only: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short- term exposures. Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive chlorine dioxide exposure. 86. Control of DBP precursors None TT Total organic carbon (TOC) has no health (TOC). effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection byproducts. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous system effects, and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. Other Treatment Techniques ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87. Acrylamide................ Zero TT Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 88. Epichlorohydrin........... Zero TT Some people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 551]] Appendix B--Endnotes 1. MCLG--Maximum contaminant level goal 2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level 3. For water systems analyzing at least 40 samples per month, no more than 5.0 percent of the monthly samples may be positive for total coliforms. For systems analyzing fewer than 40 samples per month, no more than one sample per month may be positive for total coliforms. 4. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for different types of systems, including 40 CFR 141.13, the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule, and the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. The MCL for the monthly turbidity average is 1 NTU; the MCL for the 2-day average is 5 NTU for systems that are required to filter but have not yet installed filtration (40 CFR 141.13). 5. NTU--Nephelometric turbidity unit 6. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for different types of systems, including 40 CFR 141.13, the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), and the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR). Systems subject to the Surface Water Treatment Rule (both filtered and unfiltered) may not exceed 5 NTU. In addition, in filtered systems, 95 percent of samples each month must not exceed 0.5 NTU in systems using conventional or direct filtration and must not exceed 1 NTU in systems using slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration or other filtration technologies approved by the primacy agency. 7. TT--Treatment technique 8. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for different types of systems, including 40 CFR 141.13, the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), and the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR). For systems subject to the IESWTR (systems serving at least 10,000 people, using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water), that use conventional filtration or direct filtration, after January 1, 2002, the turbidity level of a system's combined filter effluent may not exceed 0.3 NTU in at least 95 percent of monthly measurements, and the turbidity level of a system's combined filter effluent must not exceed 1 NTU at any time. Systems subject to the IESWTR using technologies other than conventional, direct, slow sand, or diatomaceous earth filtration must meet turbidity limits set by the primacy agency. 9. The bacteria detected by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) are not necessarily harmful. HPC is simply an alternative method of determining disinfectant residual levels. The number of such bacteria is an indicator of whether there is enough disinfectant in the distribution system. 10. SWTR and IESWTR treatment technique violations that involve turbidity exceedances may use the health effects language for turbidity instead. 11. Millions fibers per liter. 12. Action Level = 0.015 mg/L 13. Action Level = 1.3 mg/L 14. Millirems per years 15. Picocuries per liter 16. Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water are regulated under Subpart H of 40 CFR 141. Supbart H community and non-transient non-community systems serving 10,000 must comply with DBP MCLs and disinfectant maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) beginning January 1, 2002. All other community and non-transient noncommunity systems must meet the MCLs and MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004. Subpart H transient non- community systems serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H transient non- community systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004. 17. The MCL of 0.10 mg/l for TTHMs is in effect until January 1, 2002 for Subpart H community water systems serving 10,000 or more. This MCL is in effect until January 1, 2004 for community water systems with a population of 10,000 or more using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water. After these deadlines, the MCL will be 0.080 mg/l. On January 1, 2004, all systems serving less than 10,000 will have to comply with the new MCL as well. 18. The MCL for total trihalomethanes is the sum of the concentrations of the individual trihalomethanes. 19. The MCL for haloacetic acids is the sum of the concentrations of the individual haloacetic acids. 20. MRDLG--Maximum residual disinfectant level goal. 21. MRDL--Maximum residual disinfectant level. [65 FR 26043, May 4, 2000; 65 FR 38629, June 21, 2000; 65 FR 40521, 40522, June 30, 2000] Effective Date Note 1: At 65 FR 76751, Dec. 7, 2000, appendix B to subpart Q of part 141 was amended by redesignating table entries 79 through 84 and 86 through 88 as 80 through 85 and 87 through 89, respectively, and entries 85a and 85b as 86a and 86b, respectively; by adding a new entry 79 for uranium under "G. Radioactive contaminants"; by redesignating table endnote entries 16 through 21 as 17 through 22; and by adding a new endnote 16, effective Dec. 8, 2003. For the [[Page 552]] convenience of the user, the added text is set forth as follows: Appendix B to Subpart Q of Part 141--Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Standard health Contaminant MCLG\1\ MCL\2\ effects language for mg/L mg/L public notification ------------------------------------------------------------------------ National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) * * * * * * * G. Radioactive contaminants * * * * * * * 79. Uranium\16\............... Zero 30 Some people who drink <greek water containing -/L uranium in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity. * * * * * * * ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Appendix B--Endnotes * * * * * 16. The uranium MCL is effective December 8, 2003 for all community water systems. * * * * * Effective Date Note 2: At 66 FR 7065, Jan. 22, 2001, Appendix B to Subpart Q was amended by revising entry "9. Arsenic" under "C. Inorganic chemicals (IOCs)"; redesignating endnotes 11 through 21 as endnotes 12 through 22 in the table and at the end of the table; and adding endnote 11, effective Mar. 23, 2001. At 66 FR 16134, Mar. 23, 2001, the effective date was delayed until May 22, 2001. At 66 FR 28350, May 22, 2001, the effective date was further delayed until Feb. 22, 2002. For the convenience of the user, the revised and added text is set forth as follows: Appendix B to Subpart Q--Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Standard health effects language Contaminant MCLG \1\ mg/L MCL \2\ mg/L for public notification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * * * * * * * 9. Arsenic \11\............................ 0 0.01 Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. * * * * * * * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix B--Endnotes 1. MCLG-Maximum contaminant level goal. 2. MCL-Maximum contaminant level. * * * * * 11. These arsenic values are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L and there is no MCLG. * * * * * Effective Date Note 3: At 66 FR 31104, June 8, 2001, Appendix B to subpart Q of part 141 was amended by revising B. and entry "7." under B., effective Aug. 7, 2001. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows: Appendix B to Subpart Q of Part 141.--Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification [[Page 553]] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Standard health effects language Contaminant MCLG \1\ mg/L MCL \2\ mg/L for public notification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR): * * * * * * * B. Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) and Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR) violations: * * * * * * * 7. Cryptosporidium (IESWTR/FBRR)........................ * * * * * * * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix B--Endnotes 1. MCLG--Maximum contaminant level goal. 2. MCL--Maximum contaminant level. * * * * * Appendix C to Subpart Q of Part 141--List of Acronyms Used in Public Notification Regulation CCR Consumer Confidence Report CWS Community Water System DBP Disinfection Byproduct EPA Environmental Protection Agency HPC Heterotrophic Plate Count IESWTR Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule IOC Inorganic Chemical LCR Lead and Copper Rule MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MRDL Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level MRDLG Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal NCWS Non-Community Water System NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulation NTNCWS Non-Transient Non-Community Water System NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit OGWDW Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water OW Office of Water PN Public Notification PWS Public Water System SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SMCL Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level SOC Synthetic Organic Chemical SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule TCR Total Coliform Rule TT Treatment Technique TWS Transient Non-Community Water System VOC Volatile Organic Chemical