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Huntington's disease

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Alternative Names   

Huntington chorea

Definition    Return to top

Huntington's disease is a disorder passed down through families in which nerve cells in the brain waste away, or degenerate.

Causes    Return to top

American doctor George Huntington first described the disorder in 1872.

Huntington's disease is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome #4. The defect causes a part of DNA, called a CAG repeat, to occur many more times than it is supposed to. Normally, this section of DNA is repeated 10 to 35 times. But in persons with Huntington's disease, it is repeated 36 to 120 times.

As the gene is passed on from one generation to the next, the number of repeats - called a CAG repeat expansion - tend to get larger. The larger the number of repeats, the greater your chance of developing symptoms at an earlier age.

There are two forms of Huntington's disease. The most common is adult-onset Huntington's disease. Persons with this form usually develop symptoms in their mid 30s and 40s.

Early-onset form of Huntington disease is less common and begins in childhood or adolescence. Symptoms may resemble those of Parkinson's disease with rigidity, slow movements, and tremor.

If one of your parents has Huntington's disease, you have a 50% chance of getting the gene for the disease. If you get the gene from your parents, you will develop the disease at some point in your life, and can pass it onto your children. If you do not get the gene from your parents, you cannot pass the gene onto your children.

Symptoms    Return to top

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:

In children:

Exams and Tests    Return to top

The doctor will perform a physical exam. The doctor may see signs of dementia and abnormal movements. Reflexes may be abnormal. The gait is often "prancing" and wide. Speech may be hesitant or enunciation poor.

A head CT scan may show loss of brain tissue, especially deep in the brain.

Other tests that may show signs of Huntington's disease include:

DNA marker studies may be available to determine if you carry the gene for Huntington's disease.

Treatment    Return to top

There is no cure for Huntington's disease, and there is no known way to stop the disease from getting worse. The goal of treatment is to slow down the course of the disease and help the person function for as long and as comfortably as possible.

Medications vary depending on the symptoms. Dopamine blockers may help reduce abnormal behaviors and movements. Drugs like tetrabenazine and amantadine are used to try to control extra movements. There has been some evidence to suggest that co-enzyme Q10 may also help slow down the course of the disease.

Depression and suicide are common among persons with Huntington's disease. It is important for all those who care for a person with Huntington's disease to monitor for symptoms and treat accordingly.

There is a progressive need for assistance and supervision, and 24-hour care may eventually be needed.

Support Groups    Return to top

Huntington's Disease Society of America - www.hdsa.org

Outlook (Prognosis)    Return to top

Huntington's disease causes progressive disability. Persons with this disease usually die within 15 to 20 years. The cause of death is often infection, although suicide is also common.

It is important to realize that the disease affects everyone differently. The number of CAG repeats may determine how the severity of symptoms. Persons with few repeats may have mild abnormal movements later in life and slow disease progression, while those with large repeats may be severely affected at a young age.

Possible Complications    Return to top

When to Contact a Medical Professional    Return to top

Call your health care provider if symptoms of this disorder develop.

Prevention    Return to top

Genetic counseling is advised if there is a family history of Huntington's disease. Experts also recommend genetic counseling for couples with a family history of this disease who are considering having children.

Update Date: 5/22/2007

Updated by: Joseph V. Campellone, M.D., Division of Neurology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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