Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographs

Monograph 7: The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Detemining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S. Cigarettes

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Table of Contents:

• Foreword (393 kb)
• Acknowledgments (488 kb)
• Contents (222 kb)

Section I

• Chapter 1
  Cigarette Testing and the Federal Trade Commission: A Historical Overview (596 kb)
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 2
  Review of the Federal Trade Commission Method for Determining Cigarette Tar and Nicotine Yield (427 kb)
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 3
  Changes in Cigarette Design and Composition Over Time and How They Influence the Yields of Smoke Constituents (1,350 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Background
  • Changes in Cigarette Design and Composition
  • Summary
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References
  • Acknowledgments


• Chapter 4
  Attitudes, Knowledge, and Beliefs About Low-Yield Cigarettes Among Adolescents and Adults (1,660 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Monitoring National Data
  • Survey Findings
  • Health Beliefs and Switching
  • Quitting Smoking
  • Discussion
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 5
  Cigarette Smoke Components and Disease: Cigarette Smoke Is More Thana Triad of Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide (1,271 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Mainstream Vs. Sidestream Cigarette Smoke
  • Major Health Effects of Cigarette Smoke
  • Cancer
  • Noncancerous Lung Disease
  • Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Cigarette Smoking and Human Reproduction
  • Absolute Risk Vs. Relative Risk
  • Tar, Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide, and Other Smoke Constituents
  • Smoke Constituents, Cigarette-Related Disease, and Modified Labeling of Cigarettes
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References
  • Acknowledgment


• Chapter 6
  The Changing Cigarette and Disease Risk: Current Status of the Evidence (1,054 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Epidemiologic Evidence on the Changing Cigarette and Disease Risks
  • Conclusions
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 7
  Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoking (1,093 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Use of Various Biomarkers
  • Nicotine Absorption From Cigarettes
  • Nicotine Content of Tobacco Vs. FTC Yield
  • Quantitating Nicotine Intake in Smokers
  • Cotinine Levels and Nicotine Intake
  • Ultralow-Yield Cigarettes
  • Nicotine Intake and Machine-Determined Yield
  • Carbon Monoxide and FTC Yield
  • Tar-to-Nicotine Ration
  • Conclusions
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References
  • Acknowledgment


• Chapter 8
  Pharmacology and Markers: Nicotine Pharmacology and Addictive Effects (1,054 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Cigarette Smoking as Drug Dependence
  • Nicotine Delivery Systems
  • Nicotine's Effects
  • Smoking and Nicotine Dose
  • A Proposal for More Meaningful Cigarette Labeling
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 9
  Consumer/Smoker Perceptions of Federal Trade Commission Tar Ratings (519 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Tar Level of Cigarettes
  • Knowledge of Advertised Tar Numbers
  • Smokers' Interpretations of Tar Numbers
  • Smokers' Use of Advertised Tar Numbers
  • Conclusions
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 10
  Sensitivity ofthe Federal Trade Commission Test Method to Analytical Parameters (822 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Standard Machine Smoking
  • Influence of Smoking Parameters
  • Influence of Human Smoking Practices
  • Conclusions
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References
  • Acknowledgment


• Chapter 11
  Human Smoking Patterns (751 kb)
  • Introduction
  • How Do Humans Smoke?
  • Which Human Smoking Behaviors Determine Smoke Exposure?
  • Are Human Smoking Patterns Dynamic or Static?
  • Does the FTC Mthod Accurately Reflect Human Smoking Patterns
  • Summary
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 12
  Compensation for Nicotine by Smokers of Lower Yield Cigarettes (792 kb)
  • Background
  • Cigarette Brand Switching in Experimental Research
  • Research
  • One Repeated-Measures Study of Self-Selected Brand Switching
  • Smokers Can Get High Yields From the Lowest of the Low-Yield Cigarettes: More on the Issue of Vent Blocking
  • Graphic Information on Tar and Nicotine Yields: The Color-Matching Technique
  • Summary
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References


• Chapter 13
  Cigarette Design Technologies Reduce Smoke Yield and Expand Consumer Choices: The Role and Utility ofthe FTC Test Method (1,284 kb)
  • Background
  • Cigarette Design and Changes in the Cigarette Market
  • Utility of the FTC Test Method
  • Question-and-Answer Session
  • References

Section II

• Transcript of Second-DayDiscussion (3,034 kb)

Section III

• Recommendations and Findings (656 kb)

Section IV

• Overview of 1980to 1994 Research Related to the Standard Federal Trade Commission Test Method for Cigarettes (1,629 kb)
  • Introduction
  • Paramets of the FTC Test Method and Current Smoking Patterns
  • Impact of Changing Parameters of the FTC Test Method on Absolute Yields of a Cigarette Brand and Relative Yields on Different Brands
  • Tar and Nicotine Yield by the FTC Test Method and Amounts Delivered to Smoker
  • Relative Yields of Differents Brands by the FTC Test Method and Amount of Nicotine Absorbed by Smokers
  • Yield by the FTC Test Method and Absorption of Nicotine in Switchers
  • Yields by the FTC Test Method and Other Constituents Using the FTC Puff Profile
  • Proposals To Change the FTC Test Method
  • References