Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographs

Monograph 13: Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Tar Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine

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Table of Contents:

• Preface (67 kb)
• Authors and Acknowledgements (75 kb)
• Contents (68 kb)
  
  
• Chapter 1
  Public Health Implications of Changes in Cigarette Design and Marketing (204 kb)
  • How Did It Happen
  • Compensation
  • Elasticity of Demand in the Cigarette
  • Marketing of Low-Yield Cigarettes
  • Disease Risks
    
    
• Chapter 2
  Cigarette Design (204 kb)
  • Cigarette-Yield Testing by Smoking Machine Using the FTC Protocol
  • Changes in FTC Machine-Smoked Yields Over Time
  • Design Changes That Reduce Standard Yields
  • Compensation and Cigarette Design: Difference in Yield with Different Smoking Patterns
  • More Evidence from Industry Documents Related to Compensation, Cigarette Design, and the FTC Testing Method
    
    
• Chapter 3
  Compensatory Smoking of Low-Yield Cigarettes (223 kb)
  • Role of Nicotine in Maintaining Tobacco Addiction
  • Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure
  • Nicotine Absorption from Cigarette Smoking
  • Estimating the Extent of Compensation
  • Studies of Smoking Cigarettes with Different Machine-Determined Yields: Methodological Considerations
  • Short-Term Experimental Switching Studies
  • Long-Term Experimental Switching Studies
  • Studies of Smokers Smoking Self-Selected Brands
  • Spontaneous Brand Switching
    
    
• Chapter 4
  Smoking Lower Yield Cigarettes and Disease Risks (605 kb)
  • Historical Development of the Lower Yield Cigarette Issue
  • Limitations of Epidemiological Studies in Examining the Risks of Low-Yield Cigarette Use
  • Published Epidemiological Studies of Health Endpoints
  • Biologic Implications of Compensation for Changes in Cigarette Design
  • Correlation of Cigarette Brand Choice with Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day and Duration of Smoking
  • Temporal Trends in Lung Cancer and Other Diseases in Major Cohort Studies
  • Temporal Trends in National Lung Cancer Death Rates and Smoking Behaviors
    
    
• Chapter 5
  The Changing Cigarette: Chemical Studies and Bioassays (269 kb)
  • Identification of Carcinogens, Tumor Promoters, and Carcinogens in Tobacco Smoke
  • Smoking Conditions
  • Changes in Cigarette Smoke Composition with Various Design Changes
  • Observations on Cigarette Smokers
    
    
• Chapter 6
  Public Understanding of Risk and Reasons for Smoking Low-Yield Products (81 kb)
  • Perceptions of Light Cigarettes
  • Reasons for Smoking or Switching to Light Cigarettes
  • The Relationship of Switching to Quitting
    
    
• Chapter 7
  Marketing Cigarettes with Low Machine- Measured Yields (1,519 kb)
  • The 1950s
  • The 1960s
  • The 1970s
  • The 1980s