Implementing the recommendations of an external review panel, the NASQAN program began operating 40 stations during FY97 located within the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado and Rio Grande basins as shown in Table 1. Stations that were operated during FY96 solely for the estimation of off-continent flux on the St. Lawrence, Susquehanna, Alabama, and Tombigbee Rivers were discontinued. In addition, sampling at two stations in Minnesota was taken over by the Upper Mississippi Study Unit of the NAWQA program. All 40 NASQAN stations are operated at a sufficient frequency to permit estimation of flux. Each basin has a number of event samples, except the Colorado where flow are predictably dominated by snowmelt in the upper basin and highly regulated elsewhere. These event samples may be moved among stations within a basin or between basins, should an extreme event occur such as the 1993 Mississippi flood.The subbasins within the four major river basins are defined by the NASQAN stations as shown in this map.
The resolution of the network in the Missouri and Ohio River basins is markedly improved over FY96. A station at Warrendale, OR was also added to improve the accounting in the Lower Columbia basin. The remaining difficulty in the Columbia is the Snake River basin. The combination of several reservoirs, a complicated hydrology resulting from irrigation withdrawals, and difficult access to key sites makes station selection difficult. The Rio Grande and Colorado basins station locations remain unchanged from those proposed to the review panel.
Although the subbasin size remains somewhat larger in the Mississippi basin than in the other 3 basins, the FY97 station configuration was more balanced than in FY96. When the NAWQA study units are also taken into account, we should obtain an excellent description of surface water quality in the Mississippi.
The rationale for station selection within each basin is contained in Tables 2 through 5. In general, stations were selected along the main stems of rivers based upon an increase in discharge. Tributaries were selected that were known to have a disproportionate effect on mass flux either because their water quality was very good (such as the Tennessee River) or very bad (such as the Wabash River). A station on the Mississippi at Grafton, IL was added by augmenting an existing station operated for the State of Missouri. This station allows for direct measurement of the contribution of the Mississippi River above its confluence with the Missouri. Previously, this calculation was made by the difference between Thebes and Hermann. Where there are mainstem reservoirs with average residence times exceeding one year, the general design was to sample both the inflow and outflow of the reservoir to determine its influence on the yield of constituents. This approach is taken for the two major reservoirs in the Colorado and Rio Grande basins. In some cases, the inputs and outputs of a series of reservoirs were not measured. For example, the input to Lake Oahe in the Missouri was not measured because of the small incremental flow between the outflow of Lake Sakakawea and Lake Oahe. In the mid-Columbia subbasin, a chain of large reservoirs is treated as one, with the input to the series measured at the Canadian border and the output measured at Vernita Ferry.
Three stations will be operated in conjunction with NAWQA Low-Intensity Phase (LIP) sampling-Willamette R. at Portland, OR; Rio Grande at El Paso, TX; and Platte R. at Louisville, NE. The latter site will also provide data for the Mississippi Carbon Cycling project being run by the Global Change Initiative.
Table 1. NASQAN Stations and approximate sampling frequency during 1996-2000.
Number |
Station ID |
Name |
District |
Basin |
Fixed Samples |
Event Samples |
1 |
09380000 |
Colorado R @ Lee Ferry |
AZ |
CLRD |
6 |
0 |
2 |
09404200 |
Colorado R abv Diamond Ck |
AZ |
CLRD |
9 |
0 |
3 |
09429490 |
Colorado R abv Imperial Dam |
AZ |
CLRD |
6 |
0 |
4 |
09522000 |
Colorado R @ NIB |
AZ |
CLRD |
6 |
0 |
5 |
09421500 |
Colorado blw Hoover Dam |
NV |
CLRD |
6 |
0 |
6 |
09180500 |
Colorado R nr Cisco |
UT |
CLRD |
10 |
0 |
7 |
09315000 |
Green R.@ Green R. |
UT |
CLRD |
10 |
0 |
8 |
09379500 |
San Juan R nr Bluff |
UT |
CLRD |
10 |
0 |
9 |
14128910 |
Columbia R @ Warrendale |
OR |
CLMB |
10 |
2 |
10 |
14211720 |
Willamette R@ Portland* |
OR |
CLMB |
12 |
4 |
11 |
14246900 |
Columbia R nr Beaver Army |
OR |
CLMB |
11 |
4 |
12 |
12400520 |
Columbia R @ Northport |
WA |
CLMB |
10 |
0 |
13 |
12472900 |
Columbia R @ Vernita Br |
WA |
CLMB |
10 |
0 |
14 |
13353200 |
Snake R @ Burbank |
WA |
CLMB |
12 |
3 |
15 |
07263620 |
Ark. R @ D.Terry Dam |
AR |
MISS |
10 |
0 |
16 |
05420500 |
Mississippi R @ Clinton |
IA |
MISS |
10 |
3 |
17 |
06610000 |
Missouri R @ Omaha |
IA |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
18 |
03377500 |
Wabash R @ Mt. Carmel |
KY |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
19 |
03216600 |
Ohio R @ Greenup |
KY |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
20 |
03303280 |
Ohio R @ Cannelton |
KY |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
21 |
03609750 |
Tennessee R @ Paducah |
KY |
MISS |
12 |
0 |
22 |
03612500 |
Ohio R @ Gr. Chain |
KY |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
23 |
07373420 |
Mississippi @ St. Francisville |
LA |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
24 |
07381495 |
Atchafalaya R @ Melville |
LA |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
25 |
05587455 |
Mississippi R. blw Grafton, IL& |
MO |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
26 |
06934500 |
Missouri R @ Hermann |
MO |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
27 |
07022000 |
Mississippi R @ Thebes |
MO |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
28 |
06185500 |
Missouri R nr Culbertson |
MT |
MISS |
6 |
3 |
29 |
06329500 |
Yellowstone R nr Sidney |
MT |
MISS |
9 |
3 |
30 |
06338490 |
Missouri R blw Garrison Dam |
ND |
MISS |
6 |
0 |
31 |
06805500 |
Platte R. @ Louisville* |
NE |
MISS |
12 |
3 |
32 |
06440000 |
Missouri R @ Pierre |
SD |
MISS |
6 |
0 |
33 |
08364000 |
Rio Grande @ El Paso* |
NM |
RIOG |
10 |
3 |
34 |
08377200 |
Rio Grande @ Foster Ranch |
TX |
RIOG |
8 |
3 |
35 |
08447410 |
Pecos R. nr. Langtry |
TX |
RIOG |
8 |
3 |
36 |
08450900 |
Rio Grande. blw Amistad Dam |
TX |
RIOG |
6 |
0 |
37 |
08459000 |
Rio Grande @ Laredo |
TX |
RIOG |
10 |
3 |
38 |
08461300 |
Rio Grande blw Falcon Dam |
TX |
RIOG |
6 |
3 |
39 |
08470400 |
Arroyo Colorado nr Harlingen |
TX |
RIOG |
10 |
3 |
40 |
08475000 |
Rio Grande nr Brownsville |
TX |
RIOG |
10 |
3 |
* Jointly operated with NAWQA.
& Operated in cooperation with the State of Missouri
Table 2. NASQAN Stations operated in the Mississippi River Basin.
[mi2, square miles; ft3/s, cubic feet per second]
Mississippi River Basin above the Missouri River |
||||||||
Station Number |
Station Name |
Drainage area |
Mean Discharge (fr3/s) |
Subbasin Defined by Station |
Incremental increase in drainage area (mi2) |
Inremental increase in mean discahrge (ft3/s) |
Upstream NAWQA Study Units |
Reasons for selection |
05420500 |
Mississippi R. at Clinton, IA |
85,600 |
48,300 |
Upper Mississippi |
85,600 |
48,300 |
1 |
Characterize flux of materials from upper Mississippi subbasin and Minneapolis-St. Paul NAWQA Study Unit; captures inflow from St. Croix, Chippewa, and Wisconsin Rivers; located above major inflow from corn belt streams; most upstream NASQAN subbasin on Mississippi River.; |
05587455 |
Mississippi R. at Grafton, IL |
171,300 |
130,200 |
Mid-Mississippi (above Missouri) |
87,700 |
73,900 |
4 |
In conjunction with Mississippi River at Thebes will provide verification of flux from mid-Mississippi basin. Most financial support for site is from cooperative program between USGS and the State of Missouri |
Missouri River Basin |
||||||||
06329500 |
Yellowstone River nr Sydney, MT |
69,100 |
12,700 |
Yellowstone |
69,100 |
12,700 |
1 |
NAWQA intergrator site; major tributary to the upper Mo; longest unregulated stream in U.S; noncrop and mining landuse. major input to Lake Sakakawea |
06185500 |
Missouri River near Culbertson, MT |
91,600 |
10,500 |
Upper Missouri |
91,600 |
10,500 |
0 |
characterization of inflow from upstream portion of Missouri River basin; above confluence with Yellowstone River; landuse - range and pasture land; in conjunction with the Yellowstone River will provide essentially all inputs to Lake Sakakawea. |
06338490 |
Missouri River below Garrison Dam, ND |
181,400 |
22,100 |
Lake Sakaka-wea |
20,700 |
-1,100 |
1 |
major reservoir (Lake Sakakawea) below confluence of Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers; will provide means to characterize changes in water chemistry resulting from deposition of sediment, carbon, nutrients, metals etc. from these two basins; characterize inputs to downstream Missouri River system. |
06440000 |
Missouri River at Pierre,SD |
243,500 |
28,600 |
Lake Oahe |
62,100 |
6,510 |
1 |
large increase in drainage area from Lake Sakakawea; below major reservoir (Lake Oahe), a sink for sediment, carbon, metals, and nutrients; input to downstream river system. |
6610000 |
Missouri River at Omaha, NE |
322,800 |
32,200 |
Mid-Missouri |
79,300 |
3,600 |
2 |
large increase in drainage area; below all Missouri River Basin reservoirs which are sinks for sediment and nutrients; above corn belt and major sources of agrichemicals; characterize inputs to lower Missouri subbasin |
06805500 |
Platte River at Louisville, NE |
85,800 |
6,800 |
Platte |
85,800 |
6,800 |
3 |
tributary;integrator site for 3 NAWQA units; basin for Miss. Carbon study; first major agrichemical input to Missouri River |
06934500 |
Missouri River at Hermann, MO |
524,200 |
84,500 |
Lower Missouri |
115,600 |
45,500 |
6 |
terminus of Missouri River; dominates sediment input to Mississippi River; more than 40% of drainage area of Mississippi basin |
Mississippi River Basin below Missouri River |
||||||||
07022000 |
Mississippi River at Thebes, IL |
713,200 |
203,400 |
Mid-Mississippi |
15,100 |
17,700 |
10 |
integrator site for all Mississippi River flow above the Ohio River including the Missouri River basin; compare sum of Hermann and Grafton flux with Thebes to assess accuracy. Values not used to determine incremental contribution of this subbasin. |
Ohio River Basin |
||||||||
03216600 |
Ohio River at Greenup, KY |
62,000 |
89,400 |
Upper Ohio |
62,000 |
89,400 |
2 |
upstream coal mining and industry; below 2 NAWQA study units; most upstream NASQAN site on the Ohio R; input to mid-Ohio subbasin |
03303280 |
Ohio River at Cannelton Dam, KY |
97,000 |
125,700 |
Mid-Ohio |
35,000 |
36,300 |
4 |
large increase in flow; integrator site for 2 intervening NAWQA units between Greenup site and this site; characterize output from mid-Ohio subbasin. |
03377500 |
Wabash at Mt. Carmel, IL |
28,600 |
27,700 |
Wabash |
28,600 |
27,700 |
1 |
major tributary; poor quality water with high agrichemical input to Ohio River; integrator site for NAWQA unit. |
03609750 |
Tennessee River at Paducah, KY |
40,300 |
68,400 |
Tennessee |
40,300 |
68,400 |
2 |
major tributary to Ohio River; good quality water; integrator site for 2 NAWQA Units. |
03612500 |
Ohio River at Grand Chain, IL |
203,000 |
270,900 |
Lower Ohio |
37,100 |
49,100 |
7 |
terminus of Ohio River; provides approximately 50% of water inflow to Mississippi; subbasin contribution calculated as difference between outflow and inflow from Wabash, Tennessee, and mid-Ohio |
Lower Mississippi River |
||||||||
07263620 |
Arkansas River at D. Terry Dam, below Little Rock, AR |
158,300 |
48,400 |
Arkansas |
158,300 |
48,400 |
~1.5 |
major tributary; integrator site for 2 NAWQA units; largest input to Mississippi R. below Ohio River. |
07381495 |
Atchafalaya River at Melville, LA |
93,300 +
Mississippi diversion |
234,700 (includes Mississippi diversion |
Red/Ouachita |
93,300 |
varies with Mississppi diversion |
~1.5 |
distributary of Mississippi River; receives about 25% of Mississippi flow, as well as inflow from the Red and Ouachita Rivers; in conjunction with St. Francisville, provides total flux from Mississippi basin to Gulf of Mexico; subbasin contribution calculated as difference between outflow and diversion from Mississippi R. |
07373420 |
Mississippi River at St Francisville, LA |
1,125,300 |
514,500 |
Lower Mississippi |
50,800 |
varies with Mississippi diversion |
21.5 |
terminus of Mississippi River; upstream of Baton Rouge and New Orleans; in conjunction with the Atchafalaya River will provide total flux from Mississippi basin to Gulf of Mexico; subbasin contribution calculated as difference between outflow (measurements at St. Francisville plus diversion to Atchafalaya R.) and inflows from Ohio RIver, Mississippi R. at Thebes, and Arkansas R. |
Total including Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers |
1,218,600 |
749,200 |
-- |
-- |
23 |
Table 3. NASQAN Stations operated in the Rio Grande Basin
Station number |
Station name |
Drainage area (mi2) |
Mean discharge (cfs) |
Subbasin Defined by Station (see map) |
Incremental increase in drainage area(mi2) |
Incremental increase in mean discharge (cfs) |
Upstream NAWQA Study Units |
Reasons for selection |
08364000 |
Rio Grande at El Paso, TX |
29,300 |
610 |
Upper Rio Grande |
29,300 |
610 |
1 |
NAWQA integrator site; agricultural return flows |
08377200 |
Rio Grande at Foster Ranch near Langtry, TX |
80,700 |
1,950 |
Big Bend/Rio Conchos |
51,400 |
1,340 |
1 |
large increase in flow; input from major Mexican tributary |
08447410 |
Pecos River near Langtry, TX |
35,200 |
260 |
Pecos |
35,200 |
260 |
0 |
major American tributary; major source of salinity |
08450900 |
Rio Grande below Amistad Dam near Del Rio, TX |
123,100 |
2,510 |
Amistad |
7,200 |
300 |
1 |
outflow from major mainstem reservoir which will trap sediment, nutrients, and carbon |
08459000 |
Rio Grande at Laredo, TX |
132,600 |
3,430 |
Laredo |
9,500 |
920 |
1 |
below major urban and industrial areas; irrigation return flows; inflow to Falcon Reservoir. |
08461300 |
Rio Grande below Falcon Dam, TX |
159,300 |
3,220 |
Falcon/Rio Alamos |
26,700 |
-210 |
1 |
below major main-stem reservoir, input from Mexican tributary; above area of intensive agriculture |
08470400 |
Arroyo Colorado near Harlingen, TX |
distributary of Rio Grande |
250 |
Lower Rio Grande |
-- |
-- |
1 |
distributary of Rio Grande; below agricultural area; input to the Laguna Madre |
08475000 |
Rio Grande near Brownsville, TX |
176,300 |
1,070 |
Lower Rio Grande |
17,000 |
-2,150 |
1 |
terminus of Rio Grande; below agricultural area, input to the Gulf of Mexico |
All of Rio Grande Basin |
182,200 |
a1,320 |
-- |
-- |
1 |
a Sum of Rio Grande at Brownsville and Arroyo Colorado at Harlingen.
Table 4. NASQAN Stations operated in the Columbia River Basin.
[cfs, cubic feet per second]
Station ID |
Station name |
Drainage area (square miles) |
Mean streamflow (cfs) |
Subbasin defined by station (see map) |
Incremental increase in drainage area (square miles) |
Incremental increase in streamflow (cfs) |
Upstream NAWQA units |
Reasons for selection |
12400520 |
Columbia River at Northport, WA |
60,200 |
99,100 |
Upper |
60,200 |
99,100 |
1 |
boundary with Canada; most upstream NASQAN station on Columbia River; mining, smelting and agricultural effects |
12472900 |
Columbia River at Vernita Bridge near Priest Rapids Dam WA |
96,000 |
118,600 |
Mid- |
35,800 |
19,500 |
1 |
below reservoir complex, especially Grand Coulee Dam; upstream of free-flowing reach |
13353200 |
Snake River at Burbank WA |
108,800 |
57,700 |
Snake |
108,800 |
57,700 |
~1.5 |
major tributary; agricultural and reservoir effects |
14128910 |
Columbia River at |
240,300 |
202,600 |
Lower Columbia |
35,500 |
26,300 |
4 |
downstream of dams on Columbia River; upstream of major industrial and urban areas |
14211720 |
Willamette River at Portland, OR |
11,100 |
38,000 |
Willamette |
11,100 |
38,000 |
1 |
NAWQA integrator; trace element, organic chemical, and nutrient impacts |
14246900 |
Columbia River near |
256,900 |
270,000 |
Beaver Army |
5,500 |
29,400 |
5 |
terminus of Columbia River, large flux of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and sediment to Pacific Ocean |
Table 5. NASQAN Stations operated in the Colorado River Basin.
[mi2, square miles; ft3/s, cubic feet per second]
Station number |
Station name |
Drainage area1 (mi2) |
Mean streamflow (cfs) |
Subbasin Defined by Station (see map) |
Incremental increase in drainage area (mi2) |
Incremental increase in streamflow (cfs) |
Upstream NAWQA units |
Reasons for selection |
09180500 |
Colorado River near Cisco, UT |
24,100 |
6,700 |
Upper Colorado |
24,100 |
6,700 |
1 |
input to Lake Powell; mining effects |
09315000 |
Green River at Green R., UT |
40,900 |
4,800 |
Green |
40,900 |
4,800 |
0 |
input to L. Powell with large flux of dissolved solids and sediment |
09379500 |
San Juan River near Bluff, UT |
23,000 |
2,300 |
San Juan
|
23,000 |
2,300 |
0 |
input to L. Powell; large sediment flux |
09380000 |
Colorado R at Lee Ferry, AZ |
107,800 |
13,300 |
Lake |
19,800 |
-500 |
1 |
Compact Point of 1922; below major reservoir that traps sediment |
09404200 |
Colorado R. above Diamond Creek, AZ |
145,300 |
12,7002 |
Little Colorado |
37,500 |
-600 |
1 |
inflow to L. Meade; receives outflow from Lake Powell and incremental drainages |
09421500 |
Colorado River Below Hoover Dam, AZ-NV |
167,700 |
14,600 |
Lake Mead |
22,400 |
1,900 |
~1.5 |
outflow of major reservoir; measures loss of sediment, nutrients, and carbon |
09429490 |
Colorado R. above Imperial Dam, CA-AZ |
184,500 |
9,800 |
Lower Colorado |
16,800 |
-4,800 |
~1.5 |
major diversion to California downstream of this site; measures flux at effective terminus of basin |
09522000 |
Colorado R At NIB Abv Morelos Dam Nr Andrade, CA |
242,700 |
4,600 |
Gila |
58,200 |
-5,200 |
~2.5 |
boundary between United States and Mexico; captures occasional input from Gila R. basin |
1 Area excludes Salton Sea Basin (approx. 7,800 mi2) and Great Divide Basin(4,000 mi2).
2 For water years 1991-1995; other averages are for water years 1986-1995.