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Brief Summary

GUIDELINE TITLE

ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Supraventricular Arrhythmias).

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)

  • Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Campbell WB, Haines DE, Kuck KH, Lerman BB, Miller DD, Shaeffer CW, Stevenson WG, Tomaselli GF. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. Bethesda (MD): American College of Cardiology Foundation; 2003. 62 p. [537 references]

GUIDELINE STATUS

This is the current release of the guideline.

BRIEF SUMMARY CONTENT

 RECOMMENDATIONS
 EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS
 IDENTIFYING INFORMATION AND AVAILABILITY
 DISCLAIMER

 Go to the Complete Summary

RECOMMENDATIONS

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

Definitions for the weight of the evidence (A-C) and classes of recommendations (I-III) can be found at the end of the "Major Recommendations" field.

Note: The order in which treatment recommendations appear in the following tables within each class of recommendation does not necessarily reflect a preferred sequence of administration. Please refer to the original guideline document for details. For pertinent drug dosing information, please refer to the National Guideline Clearinghouse summary ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines on the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.

Recommendations for Acute Management of Hemodynamically Stable and Regular Tachycardia

ECG Recommendation1 Classification Level of Evidence References
Narrow QRS-complex tachycardia (SVT)
Vagal maneuvers I B  
Adenosine I A Glatter et al., 1999; Cairns & Niemann, 1991; Rankin et al., 1992
Verapamil, diltiazem I A Waxman et al., 1981
Beta blockers IIb C Amsterdam, Kulcyski & Ridgeway, 1991; Das et al., 1988
Amiodarone IIb C Holt et al., 1985
Digoxin IIb C  
Wide QRS-complex tachycardia
  • SVT + BBB
 See above      
  • Pre-excited SVT/AF2
 Flecainide3 I B Hohnloser & Zabel, 1992
Ibutilide3 I B Glatter, Dorostkar & Yang, 2001
Procainamide3 I B  
DC cardioversion I C  
  • Wide QRS-complex tachycardia of unknown origin
 Procainamide3 I B Gorgels et al., 1996; Manz et al., 1992
Sotalol3 I B Ho et al., 1994
Amiodarone I B Boineau et al., 1980; Scheinman et al., 1995
DC cardioversion I B Part 1: Introduction to the International Guidelines 2000 for CPR and ECC, 2000
Lidocaine IIb B Manz et al., 1992; Ho et al., 1994
Adenosine4 IIb C Sharma, Klein & Yee, 1990
Beta blockers5 III C Part 1: Introduction to the International Guidelines 2000 for CPR and ECC, 2000
Verapamil6 III B Buxton et al., 1987
Wide QRS-complex tachycardia of unknown origin in patients with poor LV function Amiodarone I B Boineau et al., 1980; Scheinman et al., 1995
DC cardioversion, lidocaine I B Part 1: Introduction to the International Guidelines 2000 for CPR and ECC, 2000

1All listed drugs are administered intravenously.

2See Section V-D.

3Should not be taken by patients with reduced LV function.

4Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with severe coronary artery disease because vasodilation of normal coronary vessels may produce ischemia in vulnerable territory. It should be used only with full resuscitative equipment available.

5Beta blockers may be used as first-line therapy for those with catecholamine-sensitive tachycardias, such as right ventricular outflow tachycardia.

6Verapamil may be used as first-line therapy for those with LV fascicular VT.

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; BBB, bundle-branch block; DC, direct current; ECG, electrocardiogram; LV, left ventricular; QRS, ventricular activation on ECG; SVT, supraventricular tachycardia; VT, ventricular tachycardia

Recommendations for Treatment of Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia

Treatment Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence References
Medical Beta blockers I C  
Verapamil, diltiazem IIa C  
Interventional Catheter ablation—sinus node modification/elimination* IIb C Sato et al., 2000; Mischke, Stellbrink & Hanrath, 2001; Man et al., 2000; Lee et al., 1995; Yee et al., 1984; Esmailzadeh et al., 1997; de Paola et al., 1992; Jayaprakash, Sparks & Vohra, 1997

*Used as a last resort.

Recommendations for Long-Term Treatment of Patients With Recurrent AVNRT

Clinical Presentation Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence References
Poorly tolerated AVNRT with hemodynamic intolerance Catheter ablation I B Akhtar et al., 1993
Verapamil, diltiazem, beta blockers, sotalol, amiodarone IIa C Akhtar et al., 1993
Flecainide,1 propafenone1 IIa C  
Recurrent symptomatic AVNRT Catheter ablation I B Akhtar et al., 1993
Verapamil I B Mauritson et al., 1982
Diltiazem, beta blockers I C Winniford, Fulton & Hillis, 1984
Digoxin2 IIb C  
Recurrent AVNRT unresponsive to beta blockade or calcium-channel blocker and patient not desiring RF ablation Flecainide1 propafenone,1 sotalol IIa B Tendera et al., 2001; Anderson et al., 1994; Pritchett, McCarthy & Wilkinson, 1991; Wanless et al., 1997; Henthorn et al., 1991; "A randomized, placebo-controlled trial," 1995
Amiodarone IIb C Gambhir et al., 1996
AVNRT with infrequent or single episode in patients who desire complete control of arrhythmia Catheter ablation I B  
Documented PSVT with only dual AV-nodal pathways or single echo beats demonstrated during electrophysiological study and no other identified cause of arrhythmia Verapamil, diltiazem, beta blockers, flecainide1, propafenone1 I C  
Catheter ablation3 I B  
Infrequent, well-tolerated AVNRT No therapy I C Akhtar et al., 1993
Vagal maneuvers I B  
Pill-in-the-pocket I B  
Verapamil, diltiazem, beta blockers I B  
Catheter ablation I B Bogun et al., 1996

1Relatively contraindicated for patients with coronary artery disease, LV dysfunction, or other significant heart disease.

2Digoxin is often ineffective because pharmacological effects can be overridden by enhanced sympathetic tone.

3Decision depends on symptoms.

Abbreviations: AV, atrioventricular; AVNRT, atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia; LV, left ventricular; PSVT, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; RF, radiofrequency

Recommendations for Treatment of Focal and Nonparoxysmal Junctional Tachycardia Syndromes

Tachycardia Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence References
Focal junctional tachycardia Beta blockers IIa C  
Flecainide IIa C Kuck et al., 1988
Propafenone1 IIa C Paul et al., 1992
Sotalol1 IIa C Maragnes, Fournier & Davignon, 1992
Amiodarone1 IIa C Fidell et al., 1973; Villain et al., 1990
Catheter ablation IIa C Hamdan, Dorostkar, Scheinmann, 2000; Ehlert et al., 1993; Hamdan et al., 1996; Scheinman et al., 1994
Nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia Reverse digitalis toxicity I C Castellanos, Sung & Myerburg, 1979; Storstein et al., 1977
Correct hypokalemia I C  
Treat myocardial ischemia I C Fisch, 1970
Beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers IIa C Lee et al., 1999; Breslow, Evers & Lebowitz, 1985

1Data available for pediatric patients only.

Recommendations for Long-Term Therapy of Accessory Pathway-Mediated Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence References
WPW syndrome (pre-excitation and symptomatic arrhythmias), well tolerated Catheter ablation I B Scheinmann & Huang, 2000; Jackman et al., 1991; Manolis, Katsaros & Cokkinos, 1992; Zipes et al., 1995
Flecainide, propafenone IIa C Henthorn et al., 1991; Manolis, Katsaros & Cokkinos, 1992; Janousek et al., 1993; Musto et al., 1988; Vignati, Mauri & Figini, 1993; Vassiliadis et al., 1990; Helmy et al., 1990; Kim, Lal & Ruffy, 1986; Cockrell et al., 1991; Hoff et al., 1988; Wiseman et al., 1990; Benditt et al., 1991; Pritchett et al., 1991; Manolis & Estes, 1989
Sotalol, amiodarone, beta blockers IIa C Kunze, Schluter & Kuck, 1987; Mason, 1987; Rosenbaum et al., 1974; Wellens et al., 1976; Kappenberger et al., 1984
Verapamil, diltiazem, digoxin III C Lai et al., 1993
WPW syndrome (with AF and rapid-conduction or poorly tolerated AVRT) Catheter ablation I B Scheinman & Huang, 2000; Calkins et al., 1999; Jackman et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1991; Kuck et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1992; Lesh et al., 1993; Scheinmann, 1995; Hindricks, 1993
AVRT, poorly tolerated (no pre-excitation) Catheter ablation I B Scheinman & Huang, 2000; Calkins et al., 1999; Jackman et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1991; Kuck et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1992; Lesh et al., 1993; Scheinmann, 1995; Hindricks, 1993
Flecainide, propafenone IIa C Henthorn et al., 1991; Manolis, Katsaros & Cokkinos, 1992; Janousek et al., 1993; Musto et al., 1988; Vignati, Mauri & Figini, 1993; Vassiliadis et al., 1990; Helmy et al., 1990; Kim, Lal & Ruffy, 1986; Cockrell et al., 1991; Hoff et al., 1988; Wiseman et al., 1990; Benditt et al., 1991; Pritchett et al., 1991; Manolis & Estes, 1989
Sotalol, amiodarone IIa C Kunze, Schluter & Kuck, 1987; Mason, 1987; Rosenbaum et al., 1974; Wellens et al., 1976; Kappenberger et al., 1984
Beta blockers IIb C Lai et al., 1993
Verapamil, diltiazem, digoxin III C Lai et al., 1993
Single or infrequent AVRT episode(s) (no pre-excitation) None I C  
Vagal maneuvers I B  
Pill-in-the-pocket—verapamil, diltiazem, beta blockers I B Alboni et al., 2001; Yeh et al., 1985
Catheter ablation IIa B Scheinman & Huang, 2000; Calkins et al., 1999; Jackman et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1991; Kuck et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1992; Lesh et al., 1993; Scheinman, 1995; Hindricks, 1993
Sotalol, amiodarone IIb B Kunze, Schluter & Kuck, 1987; Mason, 1987; Rosenbaum et al., 1974; Wellens et al., 1976; Kappenberger et al., 1984
Flecainide, propafenone IIb C Henthorn et al., 1991; Manolis, Katsaros & Cokkinos, 1992; Janousek et al., 1993; Musto et al., 1988; Vignati, Mauri & Figini, 1993; Vassiliadis et al., 1990; Helmy et al., 1990; Kim, Lal & Ruffy, 1986; Cockrell et al., 1991; Hoff et al., 1988; Wiseman et al., 1990; Benditt et al., 1991; Pritchett et al., 1991; Manolis & Estes, 1989; Lai et al., 1993
Digoxin III C  
Pre-excitation, asymptomatic None I C  
Catheter ablation IIa B Scheinman & Huang, 2000; Calkins et al., 1999; Jackman et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1991; Kuck et al., 1991; Calkins et al., 1992; Lesh et al., 1993; Scheinman, 1995; Hindricks, 1993

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; AVRT, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia; WPW, Wolff-Parkinson-White

Recommendations for Treatment of Focal Atrial Tachycardias1

Clinical Situation Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence References
Acute treatment2
A. Conversion
Hemodynamically unstable patient DC cardioversion I B  
Hemodynamically stable patient Adenosine IIa C Markowitz et al., 1999; Engelstein et al., 1994
Beta blockers IIa C Harrison et al., 2001; Stock, 1966
Verapamil, diltiazem IIa C Steinbeck & Hoffman, 1998; Kunze et al., 1986
Procainamide IIa C  
Flecainide/propafenone IIa C Kunze et al., 1986; Berns et al., 1987; Coumel, Leclercq & Assayag, 1984; Lesh, Kalman & Olgin, 1996
Amiodarone, sotalol IIa C Wren, 1998; Coumel, Leclercq & Assayag, 1984; Beaufort-Krol & Bink-Boelkens, 1997; Carrasco et al., 1985; Kopelman & Horowitz, 1989; Prager et al., 1993
B. Rate regulation (in absence of digitalis therapy) Beta blockers I C Harrison et al., 2001; Stock, 1966
Verapamil, diltiazem I C Chen et al., 1994
Digoxin IIb C  
Prophylactic therapy
Recurrent symptomatic AT Catheter ablation I B Hsieh & Chen, 2002
Beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers I C  
Disopyramide3 IIa C Carrasco et al., 1985
Flecainide/propafenone3 IIa C Kunze et al., 1986; Coumel, Leclercq & Assayag, 1984; Lesh, Kalman & Olgin, 1996; Creamer, Nathan & Camm, 1985; Pool & Quart, 1988
Sotalol, amiodarone IIa C Wren, 1998; Beaufort-Krol & Bink-Boelkens, 1997; Carrasco et al., 1985; Kopelman & Horowitz, 1989
Asymptomatic or symptomatic incessant ATs Catheter ablation I B  
Nonsustained and asymptomatic No therapy I C  
Catheter ablation III C  

1Excluded are patients with MAT in whom beta blockers and sotalol are often contraindicated due to pulmonary disease.

2All listed drugs for acute treatment are taken intravenously.

3Flecainide, propafenone, and disopyramide should not be used unless they are combined with an AV-nodal—blocking agent.

Abbreviations: AT, atrial tachycardia; DC, direct current; MAT, multifocal atrial tachycardia

Recommendations for Acute Management of Atrial Flutter

Clinical Status/Proposed Therapy Recommendation1 Classification Level of Evidence References
Poorly tolerated
  • Conversion
 DC cardioversion I C  
  • Rate control
 Beta blockers IIa C  
Verapamil or diltiazem IIa C  
Digitalis2 IIb C  
Amiodarone IIb C  
Stable flutter
  • Conversion
 Atrial or transesophageal pacing I A Doni et al., 2000; Rostas, Antal & Putorek, 1999; Tucker & Wilson, 1993; Doni et al., 1995; Doni et al., 1996
DC cardioversion I C Lown, 1967
Ibutilide3 IIa A Stambler et al., 1996; Ellenbogen et al., 1996
Flecainide4 IIb A Suttorp et al., 1990; Kingma & Suttorp, 1992
Propafenone4 IIb A Suttorp et al., 1990; Kingma & Suttorp, 1992
Sotalol IIb C Vos et al., 1998; Sung et al., 1995
Procainamide4 IIb A Volgman et al., 1998
Amiodarone IIb C Hohnloser & Zabel, 1992; Hou et al., 1995
  • Rate control
 Diltiazem or verapamil I A Waxman et al., 1981; Schreck, Rivera & Tricarico, 1997; Platia et al., 1989; Goldenberg et al., 1994
Beta blockers I C Platia et al., 1989
Digitalis2 IIb C Schreck, Rivera & Tricarico, 1997
Amiodarone IIb C Hou et al., 1995

Cardioversion should be considered only if the patient is anticoagulated (INR equals 2 to 3), the arrhythmia is less than 48 hours in duration, or the TEE shows no atrial clots.

1All drugs are administered intravenously.

2Digitalis may be especially useful for rate control in patients with heart failure.

<3Ibutilide should not be used in patients with reduced LV function.

4Flecainide, propafenone, and procainamide should not be used unless they are combined with an AV-nodal-blocking agent.

Abbreviations: AV, atrioventricular; DC, direct current; INR, international normalized ratio; LV, left ventricular; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography

Recommendations for Long-Term Management of Atrial Flutter

Clinical Status/Proposed Therapy Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence References
First episode and well-tolerated atrial flutter Cardioversion alone I B Lown, 1967
Catheter ablation1 IIa B Natale et al., 2000
Recurrent and well-tolerated atrial flutter Catheter ablation1 I B Willems et al., 2000; Kottkamp et al., 2000; Chen et al., 1996
Dofetilide IIa C Singh et al., 2000; Pedersen et al., 2001
Amiodarone, sotalol, flecainide,2 3 quinidine,2, 3 propafenone,2, 3 procainamide,2 3 disopyramide2 3 IIb C Hohnloser & Zabel, 1992; Benditt et al., 1999; Naccarelli et al., 1996
Poorly tolerated atrial flutter Catheter ablation1 I B Willems et al., 2000; Kottkamp et al., 2000; Chen et al., 1996
Atrial flutter appearing after use of class Ic agents or amiodarone for treatment of AF Catheter ablation1 I B Reithmann et al., 2000; Huang et al., 1998
Stop current drug and use another IIa C  
Symptomatic non—CTI-dependent flutter after failed antiarrhythmic drug therapy Catheter ablation1 IIa B Akar et al., 2001; Chan et al., 2000; Delacretaz et al., 2001

1Catheter ablation of the AV junction and insertion of a pacemaker should be considered if catheter ablative cure is not possible and the patient fails drug therapy.

2These drugs should not be taken by patients with significant structural cardiac disease. Use of anticoagulants is identical to that described for patients with AF.

3Flecainide, propafenone, procainamide, quinidine, and disopyramide should not be used unless they are combined with an AV-nodal-blocking agent.

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; AV, atrioventricular; CTI, cavotricuspid isthmus

Recommendations for Treatment Strategies for SVT During Pregnancy

Treatment Strategy Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence
Acute conversion of PSVT Vagal maneuver I C
Adenosine I C
DC cardioversion I C
Metoprolol, propranolol IIa C
Verapamil IIb C
Prophylactic therapy Digoxin I C
Metoprolol1 I B
Propranolol1 IIa B
Sotalol,1 flecainide2 IIa C
Quinidine, propafenone,2 verapamil IIb C
Procainamide IIb B
Catheter ablation IIb C
Atenolol3 III B
Amiodarone III C

1Beta-blocking agents should not be taken in the first trimester, if possible.

2Consider AV-nodal—blocking agents in conjunction with flecainide and propafenone for certain tachycardias (see Section V).

3Atenolol is categorized in class C (drug classification for use during pregnancy) by legal authorities in some European countries.

Abbreviations: AV, atrioventricular; DC, direct current; PSVT, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Recommendations for Treatment of SVTs in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease

Condition Recommendation Classification Level of Evidence References
Failed antiarrhythmic drugs and symptomatic:        
  • Repaired ASD
 Catheter ablation in an experienced center I C Nakagawa et al., 2001; Triedman et al., 2001; Triedman et al., 1995; Delacretaz et al., 2001; Hebe et al., 2000; Triedman et al., 2002; Lesh et al., 1994; Triedman et al., 1997
  • Mustard or Senning repair of transposition of the great vessels
 Catheter ablation in an experienced center I C Triedman et al., 1995; Delacretaz et al., 2001; Hebe et al., 2000; Triedman et al., 2002
Unrepaired asymptomatic ASD not hemodynamically significant Closure of the ASD for treatment of the arrhythmia III C Attie et al., 2001; Donti et al., 2001
Unrepaired hemodynamically significant ASD with atrial flutter* Closure of the ASD combined with ablation of the flutter isthmus I C  
PSVT and Ebstein's anomaly with hemodynamic indications for surgical repair Surgical ablation of accessory pathways at the time of operative repair of the malformation at an experienced center I C Huang et al., 2000; Misaki et al., 1995

*Conversion and antiarrhythmic drug therapy initial management as described for atrial flutter (see Section V-F).

Abbreviations: ASD, atrial septal defect; PSVT, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Definitions:

Class I: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is useful and effective.

Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.

Class IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy

Class IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence or opinion

Class III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that the procedure/treatment is not useful or effective and in some cases may be harmful.

Weight of Evidence

  1. (Highest) Derived from multiple randomized clinical trials
  2. Intermediate) Data are based on a limited number of randomized trials, nonrandomized studies, or observational registries.
  3. (Lowest) Primary basis for the recommendation was consensus.

CLINICAL ALGORITHM(S)

Algorithms are provided in the original guideline document for:

  • Initial evaluation of patients with suspected tachycardia
  • Differential diagnosis for narrow ventricular activation on electrocardiogram (QRS) tachycardia
  • Response of narrow complex tachycardias to adenosine
  • Differential diagnosis for wide QRS-complex tachycardia (greater than 120 ms)
  • Acute management of patients with hemodynamically stable and regular tachycardia
  • Management of atrial flutter depending on hemodynamic stability
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EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS

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TYPE OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations are evidence-based and derived primarily from published data. The weight of evidence is given for each recommendation (see the "Major Recommendations" field).

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IDENTIFYING INFORMATION AND AVAILABILITY

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)

  • Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Campbell WB, Haines DE, Kuck KH, Lerman BB, Miller DD, Shaeffer CW, Stevenson WG, Tomaselli GF. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. Bethesda (MD): American College of Cardiology Foundation; 2003. 62 p. [537 references]

ADAPTATION

Not applicable: The guideline was not adapted from another source.

DATE RELEASED

2003

GUIDELINE DEVELOPER(S)

American College of Cardiology Foundation - Medical Specialty Society
American Heart Association - Professional Association
European Society of Cardiology - Medical Specialty Society

SOURCE(S) OF FUNDING

The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. No outside funding accepted.

GUIDELINE COMMITTEE

Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias

COMPOSITION OF GROUP THAT AUTHORED THE GUIDELINE

Committee Members: Carina Blomstrom-Lundqvist, MD, PhD, FACC, FESC (Co-Chair); Melvin M. Scheinman, MD, FACC, (Co-Chair) Etienne M. Aliot, MD, FACC, FESC; Joseph S. Alpert, MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC; Hugh Calkins, MD, FACC, FAHA; A. John Camm, MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC; W. Barton Campbell, MD, FACC, FAHA; David E. Haines, MD, FACC; Karl H. Kuck, MD, FACC, FESC; Bruce B. Lerman, MD, FACC; D. Douglas Miller, MD, CM, FACC; Charlie Willard Shaeffer, Jr., MD, FACC; William G. Stevenson, MD, FACC; Gordon F. Tomaselli, MD, FACC, FAHA

Task Force Members: Elliott M. Antman, MD, FACC, FAHA, (Chair); Sidney C. Smith, Jr., MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC (Vice Chair); Joseph S. Alpert, MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC; David P. Faxon, MD, FACC, FAHA; Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FESC; Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FACC, FAHA*#; Gabriel Gregoratos, MD, FACC, FAHA; Loren F. Hiratzka, MD, FACC, FAHA; Sharon Ann Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA; Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA; Richard O. Russell, Jr., MD, FACC, FAHA*

ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines Members: Silvia G. Priori, MD, PhD, FESC (Chair); Jean-Jacques Blanc, MD, PhD, FESC; Andzrej Budaj, MD, FESC; Enrique Fernandez Burgos, MD; Martin Cowie, MD, PhD, FESC; Jaap Willem Deckers, MD, PhD, FESC; Maria Angeles Alonso Garcia, MD, FESC; Werner W. Klein, MD, FACC, FESC#; John Lekakis, MD, FESC; Bertil Lindahl, MD; Gianfranco Mazzotta, MD, FESC; Joao Carlos Araujo Morais, MD, FESC; Ali Oto, MD, FACC, FESC; Otto Smiseth, MD, PhD, FESC; Hans-Joachim Trappe, MD, PhD, FESC

*Former Task Force Member
#Immediate Past Chair

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES/CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee on Practice Guidelines make every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest that might arise as a result of an industry relationship or from personal biases of the writing panel. Specifically, all members of the writing panel were asked to provide disclosure statements of all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest. These statements are reported orally to all members of the writing panel during the first meeting and are updated as changes occur.

GUIDELINE STATUS

This is the current release of the guideline.

GUIDELINE AVAILABILITY

Electronic copies: Available from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) Web site. Copies are also available from the American Heart Association (AHA) Web site and from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Web site.

Print copies: Available from ACC, Educational Services, 9111 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1699. Also available from AHA, Public Information 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596 (Reprint No. 71-0112).

AVAILABILITY OF COMPANION DOCUMENTS

The following are available:

Print copies: Available from ACC, Educational Services, 9111 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1699. Also available from AHA, Public Information 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596 (Reprint No. 71-0112). Also available from ESC: Oxford University Press (OUP), Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, England, Tel: + 44 (0)1865 353907, Fax: + 44 (0)1865 353485.

The following are also available:

  • Management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias. Pocket guidelines. Available from the ESC Web site. Also available for PDA download from the ESC Web site.
  • Slide set for superventricular arrhythimias. Electronic copies: Available from the ESC Web site.

PATIENT RESOURCES

None available

NGC STATUS

This summary was completed by ECRI on March 11, 2004. The information was verified by the guideline developer on May 9, 2005.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

This NGC summary is based on the original guideline, which is subject to the guideline developer's copyright restrictions as follows:

Copyright to the original guideline is owned by the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), the American Heart Association, Inc. (AHA), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). NGC users are free to download a single copy for personal use. Reproduction without permission of the ACC/AHA guidelines is prohibited. Permissions requests should be directed to Patty Jones, 9111 Old Georgetown Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814-1699; telephone, (301) 493-2368; fax, (301) 897-9745.

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DISCLAIMER

NGC DISCLAIMER

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Guidelines represented on the NGC Web site are submitted by guideline developers, and are screened solely to determine that they meet the NGC Inclusion Criteria which may be found at http://www.guideline.gov/about/inclusion.aspx .

NGC, AHRQ, and its contractor ECRI Institute make no warranties concerning the content or clinical efficacy or effectiveness of the clinical practice guidelines and related materials represented on this site. Moreover, the views and opinions of developers or authors of guidelines represented on this site do not necessarily state or reflect those of NGC, AHRQ, or its contractor ECRI Institute, and inclusion or hosting of guidelines in NGC may not be used for advertising or commercial endorsement purposes.

Readers with questions regarding guideline content are directed to contact the guideline developer.
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