7(6). Pronotum with impunctate regions and longitudinally oriented rugosities (Fig. 12 C)............................................................................................. ................. 8--
Pronotum not as above; with or without impunctate regions present and without longitudinal rugosities or uniformly-sized, large, confluent punctures.......... 9
8(7). Meso- and metatibial carinae present (Fig. 22); pronotum with longitudinal rugosities but no punctation (Fig. 12C); antennomeres 3-5 very short but subequal in length (together shorter than pronotum); antennomeres strongly flattened and expanded towards apices (Fig. 13); male sexual punctation on venter of prothorax absent (Fig. 42A); bands of dense pubescense on elytra................... ................................................................................................ ......Elaphidionopsis--
Meso- and metatibial carinae absent; pronotal punctation confluent and elongated into longitudinal rugosities on some specimens; fourth antennomere much shorter than adjacent antennomeres and much less than half length of pronotum; antennomeres not strongly flattened nor expanded toward apices; male sexual punctation on venter of prothorax present (Fig. 42B); elytra without bands of dense pubescenc e.............................................................................Nesanoplium
9(7). Pronotum without impunctate regions and with uniformly-sized, large, confluent punctures (Fig. 12B); pronotum nearly glabrous; taxa known only from West Indie s............................................................................................... ............. 78--
Pronotum not as above, without uniformly-sized, large, confluent punctures; taxa widely distribute d............................................................................................10
10(9). Procoxal cavities widely open laterally (appearing angulate with visible trochantin) (Fig. 17); taxa occurring in South America .................................. 11--
Procoxal cavities closed laterally (prosternum and proepimeron tightly wrapped around procoxae, trochantin not visible) (Fig. 24); taxa widely distributed ................................................................................................ ......................... 24
11(10). Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal intercoxal process present (Fig. 21) ................................................................................................ ..........12--
Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal intercoxal process absent (Fig. 2 0).............................................................................................. .............13
12(11). Peripheral pronotal calli pronounced (Fig. 12D); lateral mesocoxal cavities open (Fig. 7); pronotum with rounded lateral tubercles (Fig. 12E, 41B) and strongly impressed at base; third antennomere of males (and most females) about length of pronotum or greater (Fig. 46C), antennae exceeding elytral apices by at least 4-5 antennomeres in male; third antennomere not sulcate; femora not strongly clavate and not pedunculate (Fig. 37C); flying hairs very sparse........Parastizocera--
Peripheral pronotal calli present but reduced (Fig. 12E, F); lateral mesocoxal cavities closed (Fig. 6E); lateral pronotal tubercles absent; antennae sulcate dorsally (appearing bicarinate) (Fig. 45A); third antennomere length variable; metafemora pedunculate and clavate (Fig. 37A); long erect flying hairs scattered over body (Fig. 16)..........................................................................Apoclausirion
13(11). Mesal mesofemoral apices spinose (Figs. 8D, 9D); distinctive pale regions present on elytra medially and at base; pronotum with distinctive circular callus at base (Fig. 12F) and strongly acute lateral tubercles................................Nyssicus--
Mesal mesofemoral apices rounded or dentiform (Figs. 25B, 26D); pale elytral fasciae, if present, not as in Nyssicus; pronotum not modified as above.......14
14(13). Patterns of dense, golden or silver pubescence present on elytra (Figs. 74, 12 0).............................................................................................. ........Mallocera--
Dense golden or silver pubescence not present on elytra............................... 15
15(14). Tibial carinae present (Fig. 22)...................................................................... 17--
Tibial carinae absent....................................................................................... 16
16(15). Elytral sutural spines strong (Figs. 8E, 10E); antennomeres 3-5 gradually increasing in length in males; antennae exceeding elytral apices by at least 4-5 antennomeres; distinctive punctation on pronotum consisting of micropunctures surrounding small bumps (asperites) (Fig. 12I).............................Parasphaerion--
Elytral apices unarmed (Fig. 41E); antennomere 3 slightly longer than 4 and 5 in males; antennae exceeding elytral apices by about 4 antennomeres in male; pronotum finely granulate without raised bumps..................................Atharsus
17(15). Profemora clavate or clavate/pedunculate (Fig. 37A, B); pronotal punctation and sculpturing variable; length of third antennomere variable; elytral maculations variable; without combination of characters as in Sphaerioeme.........................18--
Profemora gradually enlarged or linear (Fig. 37C, D); pronotum with dense micropunctation; peripheral pronotal calli absent; third antennomere of males longer than pronotum (Fig. 46C); elytra of most specimens with two red spots, otherwise black to piceous..............................................................Sphaerioeme
18(17). Profemora clavate only (Fig. 37B).................................................................. 20--
Profemora clavate and pedunculate (Fig. 37A)................................................. 19
19(18). Antennae strongly bicarinate dorsally (Fig. 45C); elytral apicolateral spines strong in most specimens (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A); pronotal punctation apparently alveolate with small punctures in and around larger impressions; pronotum glabrous except for scattered long, erect hairs; pronotum expanded at sides to broad point; prosternal projection between procoxae expanded apically (Fig. 1 8)............................................................................................. Rhomboidederes--
Antennae weakly bicarinate dorsally (Fig. 45C); elytral apicolateral spines weak in most specimens (Fig. 41b, c); pronotal punctation sparse, obscured by fine short vestiture; pronotum of most specimens with acute lateral tubercles (Fig. 12F); prosternal projection between procoxae not expanded apically................... ................................................................................................ .........Nyssicostylus
20(18). Elytral sutural spines present, but weak (Fig. 41B, C); pronotum with three large, mirror-like glabrous calli (may be subject to sexual dimorphism), otherwise covered with very short recumbent pubescence and finely punctate ................................................................................................ ..........Pilisphaerion--
Elytral sutural spines absent (Fig. 41E); pronotum not as above........................ 21
21(20). Lateral antennal spines present on some antennomeres (Figs. 8A, 9A); lateral antennomeres gradually widened at apices (Fig. 45C); apicolateral spine of elytra in normal location (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A)..............................................Periboeum--
Lateral antennal spines absent; lateral antennomeres linear (Fig. 22); apicolateral spine on elytra (if present) located towards middle of elytral apex..................... 22
22(21). Elytra and pronotum with dense, short vestiture except on glabrous calli (Fig. 13B); elytral color variable, not as in Adiposphaerion....................................... 23--
Elytra and pronotum glabrous except for a few scattered long, erect hairs (Fig. 16); elytra red except for black apical fifth....................................Adiposphaerion
23(22). Lateral pronotal tubercles present and acute, reduced in males (Fig. 12F); elytra as viewed from above without dark outlining of perimeter....................Mephritus
Lateral pronotal tubercles absent (Fig. 12A-D, G-I); elytra as viewed from above outlined with black perimeter ................................................................Miopteryx
24(10). Mesal profemoral apices dentiform (as in Fig. 25B); elytra bright metallic green without dense pubescence.......................................................................Castiale--
Mesal profemoral apices spinose or rounded (as in Figs. 8D, 9D, 26D); elytra not metallic green, with or without dense golden or silver pubescence................. 25
25(24). Elytra with strong apicolateral spine (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A )......................... 26--
Elytral apices without spines (Fig. 41D, E) ...................................Neomallocera
26(25). Mesal profemoral apices spinose.............................................................Appula
-- Mesal profemoral apices rounded................................................................... 27
27(26). Elytra with dense patterns of golden and/or silver pubescence......Protomallocera--
Elytra without dense patterns of golden and/or silver pubescence.................. 28
28(27). Procoxal cavities open posteriorly (Fig. 18)............................................... 29--
Procoxal cavities closed posteriorly (Fig. 27)............................................... 75
29(28). Mesotibial carinae present (Fig. 22) (Gymnospyra, Anelaphus, Psyrassa, Elaphidion, Parelaphidion, and Stizocera coded both ways since it can be difficult to assess in some species)............................................................................ 30--
Mesotibial carinae absent.............................................................................. 60
30(29). Lateral metafemoral apices spinose (Figs. 8C, 9C).................................... 31--
Lateral metafemoral apices rounded or dentiform (Fig. 26C)...................... 33
31(30). Spines of femora extremely long and slender (longer than spine on third antennomere) (Fig. 25A); apices of elytra, femoral spines, and most of head black and differing in color from adjacent areas in most specimens.................. ................................................................................................ ...........Pantonyssus--
Spines of femora broader (shorter than spine on third antennomere); apices of elytra, femoral spines, and most of head not black and typically concolorous with adjacent area s............................................................................................... . 32
32(31). Prosternal process between procoxae acutely declivous in most specimens (Fig. 44B); integument covered with dense pubescence which may be interrupted by glabrous regions on pronotum and elytra (Fig. 8); body generally not shiny in appearance; antennomeres bispinose in most specimens (Figs. 8A, B, 9A, B); pronotum without strong posterior constriction..................................Elaphidion --
Prosternal process between procoxae gradually declivous (Fig. 44A); integument sparsely covered with long, erect flying hairs (Fig. 16) and never with patches of dense pubescence; body shiny in appearance; antennomeres not strongly spinose laterally, spinose mesally only in most specimens (Fig. 45); pronotum strongly constricted posteriorly, with the constriction having a slight anterior extension at the middle in most species (Fig. 12g)....................................................Stizocera
33(30). (TRIPLET: three options) Metafemora clavate and pedunculate (Fig. 37A); body and appendages with very long flying hairs on most specimens (Fig. 16); spine on third antennomere blunt in most specimens (Fig. 28); length less than 12 m m.............................................................................................. Micropsyrassa--
Metafemora clavate (Fig. 37B); pubescence variable; spine on third antennomere acute in almost all specimens (Fig. 45a, b) (except Neoperiboeum and some Psyrassa); length variable............................................................................. 34--
Metafemora gradually enlarged or linear (Fig. 37C, D); pubescence variable; spine on third antennomere variable; length variable............................................. 45
34(33). Pronotum and head without dense yellow or white pubescent patches..... 35--
Pronotum and head with dense yellow or white pubescent patches (Fig. 19)..
................................................................................................ ...................... 36
35(34). Antennomere 3 deeply sulcate (Fig. 45A); remaining antennomeres not carinate; suture and outside margins of elytra much darker than rest..................Miltesthus--
Antennomeres carinate (not sulcate) (Fig. 45B, C); elytra concolorous.......... 38
36(34). Elytra with patches of dense yellow or white pubescence; antennomeres 3+4 either much shorter or much longer than pronotum........................................37 --
Elytra without any patches of dense pubescence, nearly glabrous; antennomeres 3+4 subequal to length of pronotum..............................................Psyrassaforma
37(36). Antennomeres 3+4 collectively much longer than pronotum; pubescence of elytra condenced into spots or longitudinal fasciae; length greater than 15 mm.... ................................................................................................ ...............Ambonus--
Antennomeres 3+4 much shorter than pronotum; pubescence of elytra condensed into transverse bands; length less than 12 mm................................Poecilomallus
38(35). Spine on antennomere 3 blunt (Fig. 28); lateral pronotal tubercles absent; median, glabrous pronotal callus present (Fig. 12D); elytra moderately to strongly spinose apicolaterally (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A)....................................Neoperiboeum--
Spine on antennomere 3 acute (Fig. 45A, B); other characters variable.........39
39(38). Antennomeres 6-9 (at least) at apices greatly expanded and appendiculate (Fig. 13); known only from Brazil...........................................................Hemilissopsis--
Antennomeres linear and not expanded at apices (Fig. 22)................................40
40(39). Lateral pronotal tubercles present (not pronounced in males of Sphaerion) (Fig. 12E, F); pronotal calli present in most specimens (Fig. 12D-F); elytral apices truncate to spinose (Fig. 41A-D); mesocoxal cavities variable laterally.............42--
Lateral pronotal tubercles absent (Fig. 12A-D, G-I); pronotal calli absent from pronotum; elytral apicolateral spines absent (Fig. 41E); mesocoxal cavities open laterally (Fig. 7).............................................................................................. ....41
41(39). Pronotum irregularly punctate and rugose; pronotum without patches of white pubescence ..........................................................................................Metironeus--
Pronotum with regular, confluent, alveolate punctures which vary slightly in size and shape (Fig. 12B); pronotum with small patches of white pubescence at sides ................................................................................................ .......Anopliomorpha
42(40). Distinct glabrous median and peripheral pronotal calli present (Fig. 12D); pubescence sparse and consisting of yellowish, appressed hairs with sparser, long, erect, white hairs..............................................................Pseudoperiboeum--
Pronotal calli absent or completely obscured by dense sericeous pubescence..... ................................................................................................ ....................... 43
43(42). Pronotal punctation confluent and alveolate (Fig. 12B), but irregularly
sized; length of most specimens less than 12 mm..................................Conosphaerion--
Pronotal punctation not alveolate; length of most specimens greater than 15 mm
................................................................................................ ....................... 44
44(43). Elytra and pronotum with dense vestiture of short pubescence (Fig. 13B); posterolateral margin of metepisternum with small, laterally projecting bump; (no satisfactory characters have been found to distinguish all Sphaerion from Mephritus; these characters are not consistent for all specimens)..........Sphaerion--
Elytra and pronotum without dense vestiture of short pubescence; posterolateral margin of metepisternum without laterally projecting bump; (no satisfactory characters have been found to distinguish all Sphaerion from Mephritus; these characters are not consistent for all specimens).....................................Mephritus
45(33). Spine on antennomere 3 acute (Fig. 45A, B)...................................................46--
Spine on antennomere 3 blunt (Fig. 28)............................................................ 59
46(45). (TRIPLET: three options) Antennomere 3 of males (and most females) about length of pronotum or longer (Fig. 46C) and densely fringed with long pubescence ventrally; elytral apices without spines or only with weak apicolateral spines; median and peripheral glabrous areas present on pronotum (Fig. 12D); small dense patches of pubescence present on elytra, pronotum, and head...........
Trichophoroides (including Neotrichophoroides and Eutrichophoroides)--
Antennomere 3 of males and females about half length of pronotum or less (Fig. 46A) [The following exceptions (having slightly longer third antennomeres) exist: Anelaphus villosus,
A. parallelus,
A. davisi,
A. pumilus, and
A. daedalis,
A.maculatum (formerly Peranoplium). These can all be identified by having small dense patches of pubescence on the antennal tubercles (Fig. 43B)]; Antennae without dense fringe of pubescence ventrally in most species; elytral apices variable; pronotal calli and pubescence variable...................................... 47--
Antennomere 3 of males (and most females) about two-thirds length of pronotum (Fig. 46B); antennae without dense fringe of long pubescence ventrally; elytral apices variable; pronotal calli and pubescence variable....................................... 51
47(46). Profemora clavate in most specimens (Fig. 37A, B); mandibles deeply scalloped in cross section, with wide biting surface; punctation on pronotum typically uniform in size and spacing and confluent (Fig. 12A); median impunctate region on pronotum absent; pronotum with small patches of pubescence laterally on most specimens; femoral and elytral apices rounded and without spines (Fig. 41E).................................................................Anelaphus (formerly Peranoplium)--
Profemora gradually enlarged (Fig. 37C, D); mandibles relatively narrow or plane in cross section; punctation on pronotum variable, rarely with large, uniformly
sized and spaced confluent punctures; small, median, pronotal impunctate region present on most specimens; spination of femoral and elytral apices variable ....48
48(47). (TRIPLET: three options) Antennomeres 3+4 approximately length of pronotum; antennomeres not strongly widened at apices nor appendiculate (Fig. 22); length of most specimens less than 15 mm; width of most specimens less than 6 mm; without patches of dense pubescence on antero-lateral areas of pronotu m.............................................................................................. ............. 49--
Antennomeres 3+4 approximately length of pronotum or longer; antennomeres strongly widened at apices or appendiculate (Figs. 13A, 45C); length of most specimens greater than 15 mm; width variable; without patches of dense pubescence on antero-lateral areas of pronotum............................................... 50--
Antennomeres 3+4+5 approximately length of pronotum; length of most specimens greater than 18 mm; width greater than 8 mm, patches of dense pubescence present on antero-lateral areas of pronotum.....................Eustromula
49(48). Without small tufts of pubescence on antennal tubercles (Fig. 43A); elytral apices rounded to suture and without spines (Fig. 41E)...............................Gymnospyra--
With small tufts of pubescence on antennal tubercles (Fig. 43B); elytral apices truncate (with small spines in some specimens) (Fig. 41B
D)...............Anelaphus
50(48). Elytra with strong apicolateral spines (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A); length greater than 20 mm; peripheral pronotal calli present but reduced in most specimens (Fig. 12E)..... ................................................................................................ .....Aneflus--
Elytra without apicolateral spines (Fig. 41B-E); beetle length 10 to 20 mm; peripheral pronotal calli absent............................................................... Neaneflus
51(46). Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process present (Fig. 21)...
................................................................................................ ...........................52--
Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process absent (Fig. 20)..... ................................................................................................ ...........................57
52(51). Lateral pronotal tubercles acute (Fig. 12F); strong impunctate median pronotal callus surrounded by four smaller calli (Fig. 12D); antennae strongly carinate (Fig. 45B) ............................................................................... Pseudoperiboeum--
Lateral pronotal tubercles absent; pronotal calli variable; antennal carinae weakly develope d............................................................................................... .......... 53
53(52). Apicolateral elytral spines strong (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A); lateral antennomere shape linear (Fig. 22); body somewhat robust, not particularly narrow and elongate (Fig. 41A, B, D, E) ........................................................................... 55--
Apicolateral elytral spines weak or absent (Fig. 41B-E); antennomere shape variable; body narrow and elongate in most specimens (Fig. 41C)..................54
54(53). Antennomeres gradually widened at apices (Fig. 45C); pronotum moderately punctate and pubescent.........................................................most Aneflomorpha--
Antennomeres linear and not gradually widened at apices (Fig. 22); pronotum sparsely punctate and glabrous or with only scattered long hairs (Fig. 41C) ................................................................................................ .......most Psyrassa
55(53). Pronotum covered with short, white or yellow, appressed pubescence (Fig. 13B) except for glabrous calli; piceous or dark brown; male sexual punctation on prosternum absent (Fig. 42A)............................................................................ 56--
Pronotum nearly glabrous and shiny and reddish in most specimens; male sexual punctation on prosternum present (Fig. 42B); elytra shiny and nearly glabrous...... ................................................................................................ .............Nephaliodes
56(55). Elytra with sparse pubescence, paler than rest of body, and with costae distinctly visible; posterior margin of scutellum notched (Fig. 36A) (best seen with dissection); pronotum with only median glabrous callus.................... Meganeflus--
Elytra with patterns of dense, appressed pubescence (Fig. 13B), dark brown, with costae indistinct; posterior margin of scutellum rounded (Fig. 36C-F); pronotum with a median and four small peripheral glabrous calli (Fig. 12D)....Parelaphidion
57(51). Body shiny and glabrous with sparse hairs; most specimens brightly colored in part; pronotum without distinctive calli and very sparsely or completely impunctate; antennal carinae present (Fig. 45B, C); known only from South America and Trinidad.................................................................Amethysphaerion--
Body covered with pubescence (Fig. 13B), quite dense in places; dull brown coloration in most species; pronotum and antennae variable; occurring in North and South Americ a.......................................................................................... 58
58(57). Without dense, golden or silver, velvety pubescence; elytral sutural spines weak (Fig. 41b-d); peripheral pronotal calli present but reduced (Fig. 12E-F) and possibly obscured by pubescence; occurring in North America........... Orwellion--
With dense, golden or silver, velvety pubescence on elytra and pronotum; elytral sutural spines absent; peripheral pronotal calli pronounced (Fig. 12D); occurring in South Americ a...........................................................................Protomallocera
Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process absent (Fig. 20); elytral apicolateral spines absent (Fig. 41E); peripheral pronotal calli pronounced (Fig. 12D); antennomeres linear (Fig. 22); body not narrow, very sparsely pubescent with scattered long hairs only on elytra.............................. Stenelaphus
60(29). Spine on antennomere 3 acute (Fig. 45A, B)............................................... 61--
Spine on antennomere 3 blunt (Fig. 28)......................................................... 74
61(60). (TRIPLET: three options) Mesofemora clavate and pedunculate (Fig. 37A); pronotum strongly constricted posteriorly, with the constriction having a slight anterior extension at the middle in most species (Fig. 12G); metafemoral apices spinose (Figs. 8C, D, 9C, D)..................................................................Stizocera--
Mesofemora clavate or clavate/pedunculate (Fig. 37B); pronotum not as in Stizocera; metafemoral apices without spines (Fig. 26).................................... 62--
Mesofemora gradually enlarged or linear (Fig. 37C, D); pronotum not as in Stizocera; metafemoral apices variable.............................................................. 63
62(61). Patches of dense, yellow or white pubescence present on elytra, pubescence otherwise sparse; antennae deeply sulcate dorsally (Fig. 45A); elytra with strong apicolateral spines (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A)................................................Ambonus --
Patches of dense, yellow or white pubescence absent on elytra, pubescence sparse; antennae not sulcate dorsally; apicolateral spines variable...Protosphaerion
63(61). (TRIPLET: three options) Antennomere 3 of males and most females about as long as pronotum or longer (Fig. 46C).......................................................... 64--
Antennomere 3 of males and females about half as long as pronotum or shorter (Fig. 46 A)............................................................................................. ............. 65--
Antennomere 3 of males and most females about two-thirds as long as pronotum (Fig. 46 B)............................................................................................. ............. 69
64(63). Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process present (Fig. 21); elytral apices weakly spinose (Fig. 41B, C); peripheral pronotal calli absent; body elongate and narrow (Fig. 41C)............................................................... Psyrassa--
Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process absent (Fig. 20); elytral sutural spines absent; elytral apicolateral spines strong (Fig. 41A); peripheral pronotal calli pronounced (Fig. 12D); body not very narrow (Fig. 41A, B)............................................................................................. .........Paramallocera
65(63). Metafemoral apices spinose (Figs. 8C, D, 9C, D); mesofemoral apices dentiform to weakly spinose (as in Fig. 25B); peripheral pronotal calli pronounced (Fig. 12D); elytra glabrous with distinctly visible costae ................ ................................................................................................ ...........Atylostagma--
Femoral apices rounded (Fig. 26); peripheral pronotal calli absent or poorly defined; pubescence variable; elytra with costae not easily visible.................... 66
66(65). Prosternal process between procoxae greatly expanded at apex, procoxal cavities nearly closed posteriorly (similar to Fig. 27)................................................... 67--
Prosternal process between procoxae generally slightly expanded at apex, procoxal cavities open posteriorly by about half width of each coxa (Fig. 18).... ................................................................................................ ...................... 68
67(66). Lateral pronotal tubercles absent; elytral apices without spines (Fig. 41E); length less than 18 m m.....................................................................................Nesodes--
Lateral pronotal tubercles acute (as in Fig. 12F, but shorter, more acute, and narrower at base.); elytra weakly spinose at suture and laterally (Fig. 41D); length greater than 20 mm....................................................................................Orion
68(66). Antennal tubercles without small tufts of pubescence on (Fig. 43A); elytral apices rounded to suture and without spines (Fig. 41E)...................Gymnospyra--
Antennal tubercles with small tufts of pubescence on (Fig. 43B); elytral apices truncate (with small spines in some specimens) (Fig. 41B
D).............Anelaphus
69(63). Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process present (Fig. 21).. ................................................................................................ .......................... .70--
Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process absent (Fig. 20)... ................................................................................................ ........................ ...72
70(69). Mesal mesofemoral apices spinose (as in Figs. 8D, 9D); elytral apices strongly spinose in most specimens (Figs. 8E, F, 9E, F); peripheral pronotal calli pronounced (Fig. 12D); not extremely elongate and narrow-bodied .............. 71--
Mesal mesofemoral apices rounded (Fig. 26D); elytral apices weakly spinose at most (Fig. 41C); peripheral pronotal calli absent; very elongate and narrow (Fig. 41 C)............................................................................................. ..........Psyrassa
71(70). Prosternal process abruptly declivous or vertical (Fig. 44B); posterior notch on metepisternum wide and deep (Fig. 38D); elytra with small, shallow punctures not present in rows; taxa not associated with Eucalyptus, occurring in North America and West Indies.................................................................. Elaphidion--
Prosternal process gradually declivous or rounded (Fig. 44A); posterior notch on metepisternum absent or weak (Fig. 38A); elytra with very large and deep punctures arranged in rows; taxa associated primarily with Eucalyptus, restricted to Australia and New Guinea (except where introduced)....................Phoracantha
72(69). Elytra and pronotum covered with conspicuous, dense, connected patches of white or yellowish pubescence; females with an additional dense coating of short, erect pubescence; body length variable, not exceeding 30 mm in most specimens; integument dark brown in most specimens; widely distributed taxa.................. 73--
Elytra and pronotum with inconspicuous appressed pubescence mixed with erect, sparse hairs, many areas appearing glabrous and free of pubescence in both sexes; body length greater than 30 mm in most specimens and quite broad (Fig. 41D); integument red; known only from Florida.....................................Romulus
73(72). Pronotum not broadly rounded nor inflated (Fig. 12D), distinctly narrower than elytra at middle; body length less than 22 mm in most specimens...Parelaphidion--
Pronotum broadly rounded and inflated (Fig. 41D), as wide as elytra at middle; body length less than 25 mm in most specimens ..............................Enaphalodes
74(60). Antennae spinose mesally on antennomeres 3-5; pronotum with widest point antemedially, gradually narrowing posteriorly; each elytron with two pale spots ................................................................................................ .........Centrocerum--
Antennae spinose mesally on antennomere 3 or 3-4 only; pronotum widest at middle with constriction at basal one-fifth; elytra bicolored in some species but without pale spot s.............................................................................Minipsyrassa
75(28). Mesal metafemoral apices dentiform in most specimens (Fig. 25B); mesocoxal cavities open laterally (Fig. 7); elytra strongly sinuate above metepisternum and concealing it in part ventral to the metepisternal keel in most specimens (Fig. 32); pronotum nearly impunctate and glabrous and much longer than wide in most specimens (Fig. 41C)......................................................................Megapsyrassa--
Mesal metafemoral apices rounded (Fig. 26D); mesocoxal cavities closed laterally (Fig. 6); metepisternum exposed below the keel (Fig. 33); elytra only slightly sinuate above metepisternum; pronotum variable................................. 75
76(75). Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process present (Fig. 21); tibial carinae variable; elytral sutural spines present, but weak (Fig. 41B-D); peripheral pronotal calli absent; elytra without pale maculations; pronotum only weakly widened at middle, much longer than wide in most specimens.......... 77--
Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process absent (Fig. 20); tibial carinae present (Fig. 22); elytral sutural spines absent (Fig. 41E); peripheral pronotal calli present but reduced (Fig. 12E); elytra with pale spots; pronotum widened at middle and about as wide as long......................................... Clausirion
77(76). Antennae with very distinct multiple carinae present (Fig. 45C); elytral apicolateral spines strong (Figs. 8F, 10F, 41A); meso- and metafemora clavate and pedunculate (Fig. 37A); tibiae distinctly sinuate; taxa occurring in South Americ a...........................................................................................Apospharion--
Antennae with a single, very indistinct carina (Fig. 45B); elytral apicolateral spines weak (Fig. 41C); meso- and metafemora gradually enlarged (Fig. 37); tibiae not distinctly sinuate; taxa occurring in North and Central America............ ................................................................................................ .................Psyrassa
78(9). Antennomere 3 of males about half length of pronotum or less (Fig. 46A); body length less than 10 mm; pronotum with large confluent punctures which are elongated and variable in size............................................................Nesanoplium--
Antennomere 3 of males about two-thirds length of pronotum (Fig. 46B); body length 10 to 20 mm; pronotum with large confluent punctures which are circular and similar in size (Fig. 12A)...................................................... Nesiosphaerion
79(4). Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process present (Fig. 2 1).............................................................................................. .................... 80--
Lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process absent (Fig. 2 0).............................................................................................. .................... 84
80(79). Procoxal cavities open laterally (Fig. 17); pronotum slightly wider than elytra (Fig. 41E); antennomere 3 about half length of pronotum (Fig. 46A) and very weakly dentiform; terminal maxillary palpomeres greatly expanded apically and quite short (as in Fig. 5B)................................................................ Piezophidion--
Procoxal cavities closed laterally (Fig. 27); pronotum narrower than elytra; length of antennomere 3 variable; terminal maxillary palpomeres not greatly expanded apically and of normal length (as in Fig. 5A
C)................................................ 81
81(80). Antennomere 3 of males and most females about half length of pronotum or less (Fig. 46A); antennal carinae absent; lateral mesocoxal cavities open (Fig. 17); eyes not particularly large and separated on gula by at least width of 7-8 rows of ommatidia; taxa occurring in North America and West Indies ........................ 82--
Antennomere 3 of males about two-thirds length of pronotum (Fig. 46B); antennal carinae present (Fig. 45B); lateral mesocoxal cavities closed (Fig. 6E); eyes very large and separated on gula only by width of 5 rows of ommatidia; taxon occurring in South America...................................................Morphaneflus
82(81). Antennae 11-segmented; beetle length less than 20 mm; elytral sutural spines weak or absen t............................................................................................... ..83
Antennae 12-segmented; beetle length greater than 20 mm; elytral sutural spines strong; body dark................................................. Aneflus (formerly Axestinus)
83(82). Eleventh antennomere not strongly constricted; eyes when viewed ventrally situated on an extension from head, so that lower eye lobes are very widely separated, with the inner margin more lateral than the mandible insertion; beetle length greater than 10 mm in most specimens; elytral sutural spines absent (as in Fig. 41E); body pale in appearance...................................................... Curtomerus--
Eleventh antennomere strongly constricted; eyes not as in Curtomerus; beetle length 10 to 20 mm; elytral sutural spines weak (as in Fig. 41B-D); body dar k............................................................................................... ...... Micraneflus
84(79). (TRIPLET: three options) Antennomere 3 longer than pronotum (Fig. 46C); length of beetle greater than 15 mm; elytra with pale fasciae and with strong apicolateral spine .....................................................................................Eurysthea--
Antennomere 3 about two-thirds length of pronotum (Fig. 46B); elytra without pale fasciae and with apices either unspined or suture slightly dentiform; length of beetle less than 13 mm....................................................................................... 85--
Antennomere 3 less than one-third length of pronotum; elytra without pale fasciae and with apices unspined; length of beetle greater than 15 mm ............Astromula
85(84). Antennae 12-segmented; pronotum sparsely to moderately punctate, punctures not confluent; pronotum with smooth impunctate regions; length of beetle less than 10 mm; elytra concolorous; elytra unspined at apices; occurring in South Americ a.......................................................................................Etymosphaerion--
Antennae 11-segmented; pronotum coarsely, confluently punctate, punctures irregular in size); pronotum without smooth impunctate regions; body length variable; elytra unspined or very weakly so, with suture dentiform in some specimens; occurring in North America.........................................Micranoplium
86(1). Transverse ridges on pronotal disc absent; raised ivory calli on elytra absent; pro- and metafemoral carinae absent; lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process present (Fig. 21)............................................................ 86--
Transverse ridges on pronotal disc present (Fig. 12H); raised ivory calli present on elytra of most specimens; femoral carinae present (Fig. 23); lateral projections into mesocoxae from mesosternal process absent (Fig. 20)................Championa
87(86). Posterior procoxal cavities open (Fig. 18); median pronotal callus absent; long, coarse, erect hairs absent; elytra without large, pale maculations (unicolorous in most specimens) ................................................................................................ 88--
Posterior procoxal cavities closed (Fig. 27); median pronotal callus present; long, coarse, hairs sparsely but uniformly distributed over elytra and pronotum; elytra with pattern of large, pale maculations...........................................Sphaerionillum
88(87). Elytral apices rounded, without spines and quite narrowed and elongated apically; mesofemoral carinae present (Fig. 23); meso- and metafemora clavate (Fig. 37B); antennomere 3 twice as long as antennomere 4..................Tropimerus--
Elytra varying from truncate to weakly spinose at apices (Fig. 41B-D); elytral apices not narrowed or elongated apically; mesofemoral carinae absent; meso- and metafemora gradually enlarged (Fig. 37C); antennomere 3 only about 1.5X as long as antennomere 4 ................................................................................ 89
89(88). Ventral margin of metepisternum approximately parallel to margin of elytra above it (Fig. 3 3)..............................................................................Stenosphenu s--
Ventral margin of metepisternum angling up and intersecting elytra towards posterior end (Fig. 32)...............................................................................Ironeus
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