Weak Designs: No Causal Inference
What Threats to Validity?
![Text Description is below the image.](Soumerai-2.jpg)
Charts of the following designs:
- Posttest-Only Design
- Treatment Group - Time = X O1
- Posttest-only Design with Nonequivalent Groups (cross sectional)
- Treatment Group - Time = X O1
- Comparison Group - Time = O1
- Pretest-Posttest Design
- Treatment Group - Time = O1 X O2
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