| Focus of Study |
Infratechnology/
Standard Studied |
Industries Covered |
Estimated Annual Costs of Inadequate Infrastructure |
| Technology-based service Sector (1998) |
Broad range within service industries |
Retail banking, home entertainment, health care |
N.A. |
| Measurement costs in semiconductor industry (1998) |
All measurement-related activity |
Semiconductors |
(total measurement expenditure estimates) |
| Interoperability costs (1999) |
• Product design data exchange |
• Automotive supply chain |
• $1 billion |
| Measurement costs of deregulation (2000) |
• Metering
• Systems monitoring/control |
• Electric utilities |
• $3.1 - $6.5 billion |
| Software testing (2002) |
• All stages of the testing cycle |
• Transportation equipment
• Financial services
• Extrapolation to entire U.S. |
• $1.8 billion
• $3.3 billion
• $60 billion |
| Interoperability costs (2004) |
• Business data exchange: demand, production, inventory, procurement, and distribution |
• Automotive supply chain
• Electronics supply chain |
• $5 billion
• $3.9 billion |
| Interoperability costs (2004) |
• Business data exchange: design & engineering, construction, and operations & maintenance |
• Construction
• Facilities Management |
• $15.8 billion |
| Medical testing (2004) |
• Quality of measurement assurance |
• Laboratories (calcium) |
• $0.06 - $0.199 billion |
| Technical barriers to trade (2004) |
Technical non-tariff trade barriers |
Automotive, Pharmaceuticals |
N.A. |
| Service sector R&D (2005) |
R&D characterization & classification analysis |
Telecommunications, Software, Financial, RD&T |
N.A. |
| Weights & measures benchmarking and user needs (2005) |
Legal metrology: weights & measures |
Range of retail and producer goods industries |
N.A. |
| Internet protocol (IPv6) (2005) |
Internet standard and supporting infrastructure |
Internet supply chain |
(cost estimates for alternative transition scenarios) |
| Technology infrastructure for biopharmaceuticals (2007) |
Technology infrastructure supporting biopharmaceutical R&D, manufacturing and post-market surveillance |
Biopharmaceutical industry |
Cost of developing a new drug can be reduced by 25-48 percent |
