Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall,
Richard E. Taylor and
the Development of the Quark
Resources
with Additional Information
The 1990
Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to Jerome Friedman
and Henry Kendall of MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology] and Richard
Taylor of SLAC [Stanford Linear Accelerator Center] "for their pioneering
investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons
and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development
of the quark model in particle physics." ...
Friedman, Kendall and Taylor were honored for a series of experiments from
1967 and 1973 that used the then-new two-mile electron linear accelerator at
Stanford to study deep inelastic scattering of electrons from protons and neutrons.
...
[T]he SLAC finding of unexpectedly large numbers of electrons being scattered
at large angles provided clear evidence for the pointlike constituents within
nucleons. These constituents are now understood to be quarks.
Quarks had been predicted in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and independently by
George Zweig at Caltech. Until the SLAC-MIT experiments no one had produced
convincing dynamical evidence from experiment for the existence of quarks inside
the proton or neutron.
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Additional information about Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard
E. Taylor, and their research is available in full‑text and on the
Web.
Documents:
Experimental Search for a Heavy Electron, DOE
Technical Report, September 1967 (Friedman, J. I.; Kendall, H. W.; et al.)
Nucleon
Form Factors above 6 GeV, DOE Technical Report, September 1967 (Taylor,
R. E.)
Deep
Inelastic Electron Scattering: Experimental, DOE Technical
Report, October 1971 (Friedman, J. I.)
High‑Energy
Single‑Arm Inelastic e‑p and e‑d
Scattering at 6 and 10°; Physical Review Letters, Vol. 32,
Issue 3 : 118‑121; January
21, 1974 (Friedman, J. I.; Kendall, H. W., et al.)
Neutral‑current
x‑distributions, DOE Technical
Report, June 1984 (Friedman, J. I.; Kendall, H. W., et al.)
Deep
Inelastic Scattering: Acknowledgments (Nobel Laureate Lecture);
Review of Modern Physics, Vol. 63, Issue 3: 629; July 1991 (Friedman,
J. I.; Kendall, H. W., Taylor, R. E.)
The
Discovery of the Point‑Like Structure of Matter, DOE Technical
Report, September 2000 (Taylor, R. E.)
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Additional Web Pages:
1990 Nobel Prize in Physics and Quarks Revealed: Structure Inside Protons
and Neutrons
Nobel Prize in Physics 1990
Two
Professors Share 1990 Physics Nobel
Friedman Explains Role of Quarks, in Killian Talk
Will Innovation
Flourish in the Future? - Opinion by Jerome I. Friedman,
American Institute of Physics
(AIP)
1997 Nicholson
Medal for Humanitarian Service to Henry W. Kendall, American
Physical Society (APS)
Henry Kendall,
Nobel‑winning Physicist, ...
Richard E. Taylor
Taylor Elected to Royal Society of London May
1997
Testimony
Before the House Committee on Science by Jerome
I. Friedman, July 25, 2002
Report
to the Commission on Maintaining United States Nuclear Weapons Expertise,
Report to the Congress and Secretary of Energy, March 1, 1999; submitted
by Henry W. Kendall et al.
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