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5. Recommended Guidelines for Controlling Noninfectious Health Hazards in Hospitals
(Continued)

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5.6 REFERENCES

AAMI (1982). Ethylene oxide training manual. Arlington, VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.

ACGIH (1983). Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants. 6th edition. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ACGIH (1986). Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 5th edition. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ACGIH (1987). Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for 1987-1988. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1SBN: 0-936712-69-4.

AHA (1980). Controlling waste anesthetic gases. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association.

American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (1983). Procedures for handling cytotoxic drugs. Bethesda, MD: The Society.

Amoore JE, Hautala E (1983). Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. Journal of Applied Toxicology 3(6):272-290.

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ANSI (1973). Laser classification standard. New York, NY: American National Standards Institute, ANSI-Z-136.

ANSI (1981). Recommended practice for measurement of hazardous RF and microwave electromagnetic fields. New York, NY: American National Standards Institute, ANSI C95.5.

ANSI (1982). ANSI standard for anesthetic equipment: scavenging systems for excess anesthetic gases. New York, NY: American National Standards Institute.

ASPH/NIOSH (1988) (The Association of Schools of Public Health under a cooperative agreement with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). Proposed national strategies for the prevention of leading work-related diseases and injuries. Part 2. Washington, D.C.: The Association of Schools of Public Health.

Bailey JT, Steffen SM, et al. (1980). The stress audit: identifying the stressors of ICU nursing. Journal of Nursing Education 19(6):15-25.

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Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists (1981). Guidelines for the handling of hazardous pharmaceuticals. Toronto, Canada: The Society.

Caro JP (1980). Oncology pharmacy practice: proceedings of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists' Institute. New York, NY: Elsevier North Holland, Inc.

CFR (1986). Code of federal regulations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register. Cohen EN, Brown BE, et al. (1975). Occupational disease among operating room personnel--a national study. Park Ridge, IL: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Cohen SR (1987). Skin disease in health care workers. Occup Red 2(3):565-580.

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Crooke ST, Prestayko AN (1981). Cancer and chemotherapy. Vol. III, Antineoplastic agents. New York, NY: Academic Press.

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Devita VT, Jr (1982). Principles of chemotherapy. In: Devita VT, Jr, Hellman S. et al., eds. Cancer; principles and practices of oncology. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.

deWerk NA, Wadden RA, et al. (1983). Exposure of hospital workers to airborne antineoplastic agents. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 40:597-601.

Doull J. Klaassen CD, et al. (1980). Cassarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Duvall E, Baumann B (1980). An unusual accident during the administration of chemotherapy. Cancer Nursing 3(4):305-306.

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Gibson JF, Compertz D, et al. (1984). Mutagenicity of urine from nurses handling cytostatic drugs. The Lancet 1:100-101.

Gorman SP, Scott EM et al. (1980). A review: antimicrobial activity, uses and mechanism of action of glutaraldehyde. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 48:161-190.

Gribbins RE, Marshall RE (1982). Stress and coping in the NICU staff nurse: practical implications for change. Critical Care Medicine 10(12):865-867.

Gross JA, Haas ML, et al. (1979). Ethylene oxide neurotoxicity: report of four cases and review of the literature. Neurology 29(7):978-983.

HamiIton A, Hardy HL (1974). Industrial toxicology. 3rd edition. Acton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group, pp. 375-405.

Hansen KS (1983). Occupational dermatoses in hospital cleaning women. Contact Dermatitis 9:343-351.

Harrington JM (1974). Risk of mercurial poisoning in laboratories using volumetric gas analysis. The Lancet 1(7874):86-87.

Hemminki K, Mutanen P. et al. (1982). Spontaneous abortions in hospital staff engaged in sterilizing instruments with chemical agents. British Medical Journal 285(6353):1461-1463.

Hendrick DJ, Rando RJ, et al. (1982). Formaldehyde asthma: challenge exposure levels and fate after five years. Journal of Occupational Medicine 24(11):893-897.

Hills BE, Venable HL (1982). The interaction of ethyl alcohol and industrial chemicals. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3:321-333.

Hirst M, Mills DO, et al. (1984). Occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide. The Lancet 1(8370):186-188.

Hogstedt C, Malmquist N. et al. (1979a). Leukemia in workers exposed to ethylene oxide. Journal of the American Medical Association 241(11):1132-1133.

Hogstedt C, Rohlen 0, et al. (1979b). A cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence in ethylene oxide production workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 36(4):276-280.

Hogstedt B. Gullberg B. et al. (1983). Chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in bone marrow cells and peripheral lymphocytes in humans exposed to ethylene oxide. Hereditas 98:105-113.

Hoiberg A (1982). Occupational stress and illness incidence. Journal of Occupational Medicine 24(6):445-451.

Huckabay LED and Jagla B (1979). Nurses' stress factors in the intensive care unit. Journal of Nursing Administration 9:21-26.

Hyderally H. Miller R (1976). Hypotension and cardiac arrest during prosthetic hip surgery with acrylic bone cement. Orthopaedic Review 5:55-61.

IARC (1975). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Vol. 9, Some aziridines, N-,S and O-mustards and selenium. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.

IARC (1976). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Vol. 10, Some naturally occurring substances. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.

IARC (1981). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Vol 26, Some antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agents. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.

JCAH (1979). Accreditation manual for hospitals. Chicago, IL: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals.

Jardine I, Fenselan C, et al. (1978). Quantitation by gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry of cyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard, and nornitrogen mustard in the plasma or urine of patients receiving cyclophosphamide therapy. Cancer Research 38(2):408-415.

Jay WM, Swift TR, et al. (1982). Possible relationship of ethylene oxide exposure to cataract formation. American Journal of Ophthalmology 93(6):727-732.

Kahn G (1970). Depigmentation caused by phenolic detergent germicides. Archives of Dermatology 102:177-187.

Kan K, Santen BC, et al. (1976). Exposure of radiologists to scattered radiation during radiodiagnostic examinations. Radiology 119(2):455-457.

Kercher SL, Mortimer V (1987). Before and after: an evaluation control for ethylene oxide sterilization in hospitals. Applied Industrial Hygiene 2(1):7-12.

Knowles R. Virden J (1980). Handling of injectable antineoplastic agents. British Medical Journal 281:589-591.

Kolmodin-Hedman B. Hartvig P. et al. (1983). Occupational handling of cytostatic drugs. Archives of Toxicology 54:25-33.

Kooker BM (1987). Four million female hospital workers face reproductive health hazards. Occupational Health Safety 56(4):61-64.

Koran LM, Moos RH, et al. (1983). Changing hospital work environment: an example of a burn unit. General Hospital Psychiatry 5:7-13.

LaFond R (1978). Cancer--the outlaw cell. Chemistry 50(1-6):165-178.

Laughlin JS (1981). Experience with a sustained policy of radiation exposure control and research in a medical center. Health Physics 41(5):709-726.

Laurent C, Frederic J. et al. (1984). Sister chromatic exchange frequency in workers exposed to high levels of ethylene oxide in a hospital sterilization service. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 54:33-43.

Leonardos G. Kendall D, et al. (1969). Odor threshold determinations of 53 odorant chemicals. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 19(2):91-95.

Meyer MB, Tonascia J (1981). Long-term effects of prenatal x-ray of human females. II. Growth and development. American Journal of Epidemiology 4(3):317-326.

Murphy DC (1984). Acute illness among workers connected to solvent exposure. Occupational Health and Safety 53(5):36-38.

National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of ionizing Radiation (1980). Effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

NCRP (1970). Precautions in the management of patients who have received therapeutic amounts of radionuclides. Washington, DC: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, NCRP Report No. 37.

NCRP (1975). Review of the current state of radiation protection philosophy. Washington, DC: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, NCRP Report No. 43 . NCRP (1976). Radiation protection for medical and allied health personnel. Washington, DC: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, NCRP Report No. 48.

NCRP (1977). Review of NCRP radiation dose limit for embryo and fetus in occupationally exposed women. Washington, DC: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, NCRP Report No. 53.

NFPA (1984). Health care facilities handbook. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.

NIOSH (1970). Criteria for a recommended standard: phenol. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-196, NTIS No.: PB-266-495/AO9.

NIOSH (1972). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to noise. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 73-11001.

NIOSH (1973a). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to inorganic mercury. Cincinnati, OH: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 73-11024.

NIOSH (1973b). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 73-1009.

NIOSH (1973c). The industrial environment - its evaluation and control. 3rd edition. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Contract No. 099-71-0045.

NIOSH (1974). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to benzene. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-137.

NIOSH (1975a). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to xylene. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-168.

NIOSH (1975b). Development and evaluation of methods for the elimination of waste anesthetic gases and vapors in hospitals. Cincinnati, OH: U.S.; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-137.

NIOSH (1976a). Criteria for a recommended standard: isopropyl alcohol. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-142.

NIOSH (1976b). Criteria for a recommended standard: chlorine. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-170, NTIS No. PB-266-367/A08.

NIOSH (1976c). Criteria for a recommended standard: 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-184, NTIS No. PB-267-069/AO9.

NIOSH (1976d). Criteria for a recommended standard: phenol. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-196.

NIOSH (1976e). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to isopropyl alcohol. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-114.

NIOSH (1977a). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to dioxane. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-226.

NIOSH (1977b). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to formaldehyde. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-126.

NIOSH (1977c). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to waste anesthetic gases and vapors. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-140.

NIOSH (1977d). Occupational diseases: a guide to their recognition. Revised edition. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-181.

NIOSH (1977e). A study of methyl methacrylate exposure and employee health. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-119.

NIOSH (1978a). Health consequences of shift work. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-154.

NIOSH (1978b). Special occupational hazard review with control recommendations - trichloroethylene. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-130.

NIOSH (1979a). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Beth Israel Hospital Laboratory, Denver, CO. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 79-106-635, NTIS No. PB-80-169-824/A02.

NIOSH (1979b). Current intelligence bulletin 31 - adverse health effects of smoking and the occupational environment. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 79-122.

NIOSH (1979c). Current intelligence bulletin 33 - Radiofrequency (RF) sealers and heaters: potential health hazards and their prevention. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 80-107.

NIOSH (1980a). NIOSH manual of analytical methods: methylmethacrylate method no. S43. Vol. Vl. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 80-125.

NIOSH (1980b). Workplace exposure to asbestos. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-103.

NIOSH (1981a). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 81-298-944, NTIS No. PB-83-126-409/A02.

NIOSH (1981b). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: McKeesport Hospital, McKeesport, PA. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 81-142-892, NTIS No. PB-82-258-450/A02.

NIOSH (1981c). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Robert W. Olson, D.D.S., Conifer, CO. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 80-249-833, NTIS No. PB-82-172-107/A02.

NIOSH (1981d). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Clermont County Children's Dental Clinic, Batavia, OH. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, N1OSH Report No. HHE 81-063-869, NTIS No. PB-82-162-140/A02.

NIOSH (1981e). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Cincinnati, I OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 81-189-929, NTIS No. PB-83-102-863/A02.

NIOSH (1981f). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: U.S. Public Health Service Hospital, San Francisco, CA. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 81-211-984, NTIS No. PB-83-158-683/A02.

NIOSH (1981g). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Conifer Dental Group, Conifer, CO. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HHE 81-200-999, NTIS No. PB-82-187-048/A02.

NIOSH (1981h). Potential health effects of video display terminals. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health ! Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-129.

NIOSH (1981i). Current intelligence bulletin 34--evidence on the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health i and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-111.

NIOSH (1981j). Current intelligence bulletin 35--ethylene oxide. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-130.

NIOSH (1983a). Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: St. Francis Hospital, Honolulu, Hi. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HETA 82-303-1271, NTIS No. PB-84-209-444/A02.

NIOSH (1983b). Health hazard evaluation report: National Jewish Hospital, Denver, CO. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HETA 83-074-1525.

NIOSH (1983c). Occupational mortality in Washington State, 1950-1979. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 83-116.

NIOSH (1984a). Congressional testimony regarding health issues of video display terminal use: statement of J. Donald Uillar, M.D., Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, before the Subcommittee on Health and Safety, Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, May 15, 1984. NIOSH policy statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH (1984b). NIOSH testimony to the U.S. Department of Labor: statement of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; the public hearing on occupational exposure to asbestos, June 21, 1984. NIOSH policy statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

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NIOSH (1986a). Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to hot environments; revised criteria 1986. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 86-113.

NIOSH (1986b). Working in hot environments revised 1986. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 86-112.

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NIOSH/EPA (1986). A guide to respiratory protection for the asbestos abatement industry. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-560-OPTS-86-001.

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