U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
FS-184-96
Background |
Field and Laboratory Work |
Planned Products |
Preliminary Findings and Assessments |
Future Study Plans|
Completed and Anticipated Activities |
References
Advisories warning against the eating of game fish due to high concentrations (0.5 to 1.5 parts per million) of mercury are common in areas of Florida. When concentrations of mercury in fish are reported, it is primarily the compound methylmercury (MeHg), a neurotoxin, that is assumed present. MeHg has caused neurological damage in people in Japan and Iraq who ate food tainted with mercury. The goal of this project is to answer the question, 'How does mercury produced in the aquatic environment of south Florida enter the food chain and become part of the body burden of animals such as game fish'?
This project is part of the South Florida Ecosystems Program. As part of the mercury studies in the Florida Everglades element, the findings of this project will contribute to an understanding of the processes that cause mercury bioaccumulation.
The assemblage of microalgae that live on shallow submerged substrates is referred to collectively as periphyton. These algae cover submerged parts of large aquatic plants (macrophytes) and form a thick carpet on the sediment in many locations in the south Florida ecosystem. Periphyton growth is responsible for the bulk of the primary production in the Everglades (Brock, 1970), and is home to, and food for, creatures that are the foundation of the food chain.
A conscious effort is made to sample periphyton from diverse sites in order to evaluate the patterns of mercury and MeHg distributions as they are affected by environmental conditions. Areas where periphyton samples have been collected are shown in figure 1.
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Figure 1. Map of south Florida showing the areas in which periphyton samples were collected in 1995. |
Four observations can be made on the basis of data obtained from periphytic material collected in 1995:
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Figure 2. Methylmercury (MeHg)Concentrations and Percent Nitrogen in Periphyton Samples Collected in 1995 from the South Florida Ecosystem. (A linear regression equation is fitted to the data.) | Figure 3. Relation of concentration (parts per million, ppm) of Methylmercury (MeHg) in Periphyton to pH of Water Column in Samples Collected in WCA 2A, March, August, and December 1995. (Arrows indicate MeHg concentrations in periphyton when pH of the water column is greater than 7.8.) |
Why is MeHg found in the periphyton mats of south Florida? Could MeHg be produced in the periphyton mats? Methylation of mercury is a biological process in natural systems. It is an activity attributed to sulfate-reducing bacteria. Because sulfate-reducing bacteria cannot live in the presence of oxygen, one would not expect to find them in periphyton mats where algae are producing oxygen during photosynthesis. For sulfate-reducing bacteria to be active in the mats, microenvironments must be present where oxygen is depleted or absent Bacteria are known to populate the areas around the heterocysts of cyanobacteria (common in the south Florida ecosystem) creating microzones or microenvironments where oxygen concentrations are depleted by bacterial metabolism. Oxygen levels in these microzones can range from subsaturated to anaerobic (oxygen absent) while surrounding waters appear oxygenated or even supersaturated with oxygen (Paerl, 1982).
Results of work up to this time indicate that the periphyton in the south Florida ecosystem is a reservoir of mercury and MeHg. However, the processes that occur within the periphyton involving the cycling of mercury have not been established and the bioavailabilty of MeHg in the periphyton to biota is unclear.
Preliminary results raise several interesting questions and point to the need to include several research activities in future work. Does MeHg found in the periphytic mats originate in the benthic sediment? Is MeHg produced in the periphyton? If MeHg is produced in periphyton mats, is the process related to a particular algal species? Are different processes occurring in different parts of the periphyton mats? Where are the biota with respect to active areas of mercury transformation in the periphyton mats? Algal species at collection sites need to be identified to examine the link among water-column parameters, plant variety, and mercury chemistry. Examination of the strata within the mats could provide insight into the mechanisms for mercury transformation in the mats and possible transport to, or from, the mats. Isotopic analyses for carbon and nitrogen can help to identify the entry points for MeHg into the food chain.
Decisions on the management of the south Florida ecosystem are influenced by water levels and flow. If readily-measured water-column parameters indicate favorable conditions for mercury methylation, this information could result in modification of water-quality regulations and the amelioration of result in modification of water quality regulations and the amelioration the "mercury problem" in the south Florida ecosystem.
Brock, T. D., 1970, Photosynthesis by algal epiphytes of utricularia in Everglades National Park, Bulletin of Marine Science., 20. 952-956.
Paerl, H.W., 1982, Interactions with Bacteria, in, The Biology of Cyanobacteria.
Carr, N.G. , and Whitton, B.A., eds., University of California Press, Los
Angeles, p.449.
For more information contact:
Nancy S. Simon
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
MS 432
Reston, VA 20192
(703) 648-5863
nssimon@usgs.gov
Related information:
SOFIA Project: Cycling and Speciation of Mercury in the Food Chain of South Florida
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
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Last updated: 08 November, 2004 @ 12:38 PM(TJE)