1918.62(a) Routine
inspection.
Note to paragraph (a): When manufacturers' specifications are
not available to determine whether gear is defective, the employer
shall use the appropriate paragraphs of this section to make these
determinations.
1918.62(a)(1) At the completion of each use, loose
gear such as slings, chains, bridles, blocks and hooks shall be so
placed as to avoid damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be inspected
and any defects corrected before reuse.
1918.62(a)(2) Defective gear, as defined by the manufacturers' specifications
(when available), shall not be used. Distorted hooks, shackles or
similar gear shall be discarded.
1918.62(b) Wire rope and wire rope slings.
1918.62(b)(1) The employer shall follow
the manufacturers' recommended ratings for wire rope and wire rope
slings provided for use aboard ship, and shall have such ratings
available for inspection. When the manufacturer is unable to supply
such ratings, the employer shall use the tables for wire rope and wire
rope slings found in Appendix II to this part. A design safety factor
of at least five shall be maintained for the common sizes of running
wire used as falls in purchases, or in such uses as light load slings.
..1918.62(b)(2)
1918.62(b)(2) Wire rope with a safety factor of less than five may be used
only as follows:
1918.62(b)(2)(i) In specialized equipment, such as cranes, designed to be used
with lesser wire rope safety factors;
1918.62(b)(2)(ii) According to design factors in standing rigging applications;
or
1918.62(b)(2)(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes for which a safety factor
of five is not feasible and for which the employer can show that
equivalent safety is ensured.
1918.62(b)(3) Wire rope or wire rope slings provided by the employer and
having any of the following conditions shall not be used:
1918.62(b)(3)(i) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or three
or more broken wires in one strand in one rope lay;
1918.62(b)(3)(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging or other damage resulting in
distortion of the wire rope structure;
1918.62(b)(3)(iii) Evidence of heat damage;
1918.62(b)(3)(iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, deformation or other defect in
the wire or attachments, including cracks in attachments;
1918.62(b)(3)(v) Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments;
or
1918.62(b)(3)(vi) More than one broken wire close to a socket or swaged fitting.
1918.62(b)(4) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles
shall be covered or blunted. Coverings shall be removable so that
splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends shall not
damage the wire.
1918.62(b)(5) Where wire
rope clips are used to form eyes, the employer shall
follow the manufacturers' recommendations, which shall be available for
inspection. If "U" bolt clips are used and the manufacturers'
recommendations are not available, Table 1 of Appendix II to this part
shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips. "U" bolts
shall be applied with the "U" section in contact with the dead end of
the rope.
1918.62(b)(6) Wire rope shall not be secured by knotting.
1918.62(b)(7) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, bull wires, or in single
parts used for hoisting shall not be formed by wire rope clips or
knots.
1918.62(b)(8) Eye splices in wire ropes shall have at least three tucks with
a whole strand of the rope, and two tucks with one-half of the wire cut
from each strand. Other forms of splices or connections that the
employer demonstrates to be equivalently safe may be used.
1918.62(b)(9) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and endless rope
slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or bulling cargo,
shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.
1918.62(c) Natural
fiber rope.
1918.62(c)(1) The employer shall follow the
manufacturers' recommended ratings for natural fiber rope and natural
fiber rope slings provided for use aboard ship, and shall have such
ratings available for inspection.
1918.62(c)(2) If the manufacturers' recommended ratings and use
recommendations are unavailable, the employer shall use Table 2 of
Appendix II to this part to determine safe working loads of natural
fiber rope slings comprising part of pre-slung drafts.
1918.62(c)(3) Eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks. Short
splices shall consist of at least six tucks, three on each side of the
centerline.
1918.62(d) Synthetic
rope.
1918.62(d)(1) The employer shall follow the
manufacturers' ratings and use recommendations for the specific
synthetic fiber rope and synthetic fiber rope slings provided for use
aboard ship, and shall have such ratings available for inspection.
1918.62(d)(2) If the manufacturers' recommended ratings and use
recommendations are unavailable, Tables 3A and B of Appendix II to this
part shall be used to determine the safe working load of synthetic
fiber rope and of synthetic rope slings that comprise this part of pre-slung drafts.
1918.62(d)(3)(i) Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer, when
synthetic fiber ropes are substituted for fiber ropes of less than
three inches (7.62 cm) in circumference, the substitute shall be of
equal size. Where substituted for fiber rope of three inches or more in
circumference, the size of the synthetic rope shall be determined from
the formula:
Where C = the required circumference of the synthetic rope in inches,
Cs= the circumference to the nearest one-quarter inch of a synthetic
rope having a breaking strength not less than that of the size fiber
rope that is required by paragraph (c) of this section and Cm=the
circumference of the fiber rope in inches that is required by paragraph
(c) of this section.
(d)(3)(ii) In making such substitution, it shall be ascertained that the
inherent characteristics of the synthetic fiber are suitable for
hoisting.
1918.62(e) Removal of
natural and synthetic rope from service. Natural and
synthetic rope having any of the following defects shall be removed
from service:
1918.62(e)(1) Abnormal or excessive wear including heat and chemical damage;
1918.62(e)(2) Powdered fiber between strands;
1918.62(e)(3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to affect the capability of the
rope;
1918.62(e)(4) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;
1918.62(e)(5) Discolorations other than stains not associated with rope
damage;
1918.62(e)(6) Rotting; or
1918.62(e)(7) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware.
1918.62(f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles shall be used when any rope
is secured permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment, where
practicable.
1918.62(g) Synthetic
web slings.
1918.62(g)(1) Slings and nets or other combinations
of more than one piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a
single unit (synthetic web slings) shall not be used to hoist loads
greater than the sling's rated capacity.
1918.62(g)(2) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they
exhibit any of the following defects:
1918.62(g)(2)(i) Acid or caustic burns;
1918.62(g)(2)(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface;
1918.62(g)(2)(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;
1918.62(g)(2)(iv) Broken or worn stitches;
1918.62(g)(2)(v) Display of visible warning threads or markers designed to
indicate excessive wear or damage.
1918.62(g)(2)(vi) Display of visible warning threads or markers designed to
indicate excessive wear or damage.
1918.62(g)(3) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall not
be returned to service unless repaired by a sling manufacturer or an
entity of similar competence. Each repaired sling shall be proof tested
by the repairer to twice the sling's rated capacity before its return
to service. The employer shall retain a certificate of the proof test
and make it available for inspection.
1918.62(g)(4) Synthetic web slings provided by the employer shall only be
used according to the manufacturers' use recommendations, which shall
be available.
1918.62(g)(5) Fittings shall have a breaking strength at least equal to that
of the sling to which they are attached and shall be free of sharp
edges.
1918.62(h) Chains
and chain slings used for hoisting.
1918.62(h)(1)
*The employer
shall follow the manufacturers' recommended ratings for safe working
loads for the size of wrought iron and alloy steel chains and chain
slings and shall have such ratings available for inspection. When the
manufacturer does not provide such ratings, the employer shall use
Table 4A of Appendix II to this part to determine safe working loads
for alloy steel chains and chain slings only.
1918.62(h)(2) Proof coil steel chain, also known as common or hardware chain,
and other chain not recommended by the manufacturer for slinging or
hoisting shall not be used for slinging or hoisting.
1918.62(h)(3) -
1918.62(h)(3)(i) Sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be inspected
for visible defects before each day's use and as often as necessary
during use to ensure integrity of the sling.
1918.62(h)(3)(ii) Thorough inspections of chains in use shall be made quarterly
to detect wear, defective welds, deformation or increase in length or
stretch. The month of inspection shall be shown on each chain by color
of paint on a link or by other equally effective means.
1918.62(h)(3)(iii) Chains shall be removed from service when maximum allowable
wear, as indicated in Table 4B of Appendix II to this part, is reached
at any point of a link.
1918.62(h)(3)(iv) Chain slings shall be removed from service when stretch has
increased the length of a measured section by more than 5 percent; when
a link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged; or when a link has a
raised scarf or defective weld.
1918.62(h)(3)(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for slinging
and hoisting.
1918.62(h)(4) Chains shall only be repaired by a designated person. Links or
portions of a chain defective under any of the criteria of paragraph
(h)(3)(iv) of this section shall be replaced with properly dimensioned
links or connections of material similar to that of the original chain.
Before repaired chains are returned to service, they shall be tested to
the proof test load recommended by the manufacturer for the original
chain. Tests shall be done by the manufacturer or shall be certified by
an agency accredited for the purpose under part 1919 of this chapter.
Test certificates shall be available for inspection.
1918.62(h)(5) -
1918.62(h)(5)(i) Wrought iron chains in constant use shall be annealed or
normalized at intervals not exceeding six months. Heat treatment
certificates shall be available for inspection. Alloy chains shall not
be annealed.
1918.62(h)(5)(ii) Any part of a lifting appliance or item of loose gear
installed after January 21, 1998 shall not be manufactured of wrought
iron.
1918.62(h)(6) Kinked or knotted chains shall not be used for lifting. Chains
shall not be shortened by bolting, wiring or knotting. Makeshift links
or fasteners such as wire, bolts or rods shall not be used.
1918.62(h)(7) Hooks, rings, links and attachments affixed to sling chains
shall have rated capacities at least equal to those of the chains to
which they are attached.
1918.62(h)(8) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade and rated
capacity.
1918.62(i) Shackles.
1918.62(i)(1) If the manufacturers' recommended safe working
loads for shackles are available, they shall not be exceeded. If the
manufacturers' recommendations are not available, Table 5 of Appendix
II to this part shall apply.
1918.62(i)(2) Screw pin shackles provided by the employer and used aloft,
except in cargo hook assemblies, shall have their pins positively
secured.
1918.62(j) Hooks other
than hand hooks.
1918.62(j)(1) The manufacturer's recommended
safe working loads for hooks shall not be exceeded. Hooks other than
hand hooks shall be tested before initial use in accordance with the
provisions of § 1919.31 (a), (c), and (d) of this chapter.
Exception: Manufacturers' test certificates indicating performance to
the criteria in § 1919.31 (a), (c) and (d) of this chapter shall be
acceptable.
1918.62(j)(2) Bent or
sprung hooks shall be discarded.
1918.62(j)(3) Teeth of case hooks shall be
maintained in safe condition.
1918.62(j)(4) Jaws of patent clamp-type plate hooks shall be maintained in
condition to grip plates securely.
1918.62(j)(5) Loads shall be applied to the throat of the hook only.
1918.62(k) Pallets.
1918.62(k)(1) Pallets shall be made and maintained to support
and carry loads being handled safely. Fastenings of reusable pallets
used for hoisting shall be bolts and nuts, drive screws (helically
threaded nails), annular threaded nails or fastenings of equivalent
holding strength.
1918.62(k)(2) Reusable wing or lip-type pallets shall be hoisted by bar
bridles or other suitable gear and shall have an overhanging wing or
lip of at least three inches (7.6 cm). They shall not be hoisted by
wire slings alone.
1918.62(k)(3) Loaded pallets that do not meet the requirements of this
paragraph shall be hoisted only after being placed on pallets meeting
such requirements, or shall be handled by other means providing
equivalent safety.
1918.62(k)(4) Bridles for handling flush end or box-type pallets shall be
designed to prevent disengagement from the pallet under load.
1918.62(k)(5) Pallets shall be stacked or placed to prevent falling,
collapsing or otherwise causing a hazard under standard operating
conditions.
1918.62(k)(6) Disposable pallets intended only for one use shall not be
reused for hoisting.
[62 FR 40101, July 25, 1997; 65 FR 40945, June 30, 2000]
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