All Polish workers over the age of 16 may now set up a tax-free voluntary individual retirement account (IKE) to supplement the pay-as-you-go and mandatory individual account retirement systems. The new law also permits any employer-sponsored retirement savings plan to be converted to an IKE.
Since September 1, any worker may contribute annually up to 150 percent of the national monthly average earnings for that year (about US$900) to a single IKE. The contributions may go into any type of capital investment, life insurance policy, or investment fund. Benefits from these accounts will be paid at the age of 60 (or at the age of 55 if taking early retirement) with at least 5 years of contributions. A recent survey done by the Dutch investment fund manager, ING, indicates that more than 4 million workers are likely to set up an IKE.
Since 1999, employees have been contributing 9.76 percent of their gross salary to the public pension system—of which 2.46 percent goes to the pay-as-you-go first pillar and 7.3 percent is deposited into a mandatory second-pillar individual account. Employers contribute 9.76 percent to the first pillar only.
The combined assets of second-pillar pension funds have reached 50 billion zloty (about US$14 billion), or 6 percent of gross domestic product. Investments are restricted, because of the relative immaturity of the Polish capital market and the fact that only 5 percent of assets may be invested abroad.
The 1999 law also set up a third pillar composed of voluntary, employer-sponsored retirement savings plans. These can be set up as an employee pension fund, an investment fund, a group life insurance policy through an insurance company, or a contract with a mutual insurance society. Employers may contribute up to 7 percent of an employee's earnings to these accounts, and employees may make unlimited voluntary contributions. However, the take-up rate on the third pillar has been very low because employers have been reluctant to incur large start-up and administrative costs. By early 2004, less than three-quarters of 1 percent of Poland's 12 million eligible workers had set up voluntary accounts.
A special commission of experts will investigate the functioning of Sweden's mandatory premium pension system (PPM). A recent examination by the Swedish National Audit Office found that many savers had difficulty in selecting and managing their own portfolios, given the vast number of funds available—currently more than 650 funds and about 70 fund managers.
Sweden's individual accounts are self-directed, and participants can invest in up to five funds from among a vast array of domestic and international alternative funds. Contributions from workers not making an active investment decision are deposited into the government's default fund, which by law must invest between 80 percent and 90 percent of its portfolio in stocks.
When the PPM system was launched in the fall of 2000, roughly two-thirds of Swedish workers chose their own investment fund. Since then, however, only about 10 percent of new enrollees have done so. Stock market declines have caused most participants to lose money in their accounts since the PPM program began operations. The value of the average selected fund fell by 40 percent in the first 3 years of the program, while the value of the default fund fell by 30 percent. Although the average rate of return recovered to 17.4 percent in 2003, the average return on PPM funds since the program began was down 31 percent by the end of 2003.
The government has directed the review commission to
Sweden reformed its pension system in 1998 to boost returns and make citizens more responsible for their long-term savings. The new defined contribution system is financed primarily on a pay-as-you-go basis. An individual account component constitutes a relatively small portion of the new system.
Of the overall contribution rate of 18.5 percent, 16 percent is credited to a notional account that pays a benefit determined by a worker's lifetime earnings. Long-term financial stability of this part of the system is ensured by linking earned pension rights to economic growth and benefits to life expectancy. The remaining 2.5 percent is deposited in a funded individual account. The account balance must be converted to an annuity at retirement, which can begin as early as at age 61.
The commission, headed by Karl-Olof Hammarkvist, a professor at the Stockholm School of Economics, is expected to report its findings by October 31, 2005.
Nigeria has begun implementing a new compulsory system of fully funded retirement savings accounts. The Pension Reform Act of 2004 went into effect for public-sector employees on July 1. Implementation for private-sector workers is scheduled to begin in January 2005. The major provisions of the new law include the following:
The new system replaces the noncontributory, pay-as-you-go, defined benefit pension plans in the public sector (including the military); the National Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF), a shared contributory private-sector system for companies with five or more employees; and voluntary employer-sponsored retirement plans (both defined contribution and defined benefit). Taken together, these plans cover roughly 10 percent of the population.
The public-sector pension system has been on the verge of collapse for some time, because of weak administration, restrictive investment policies, and widespread corruption. The 1999 Public Enterprises Act privatized nearly all public enterprises and caused a dramatic increase in pension liabilities, now estimated as high as 3 trillion naira (US$22.5 million). Although the various unregulated private-sector arrangements of some companies and the NSITF have operated effectively, their coverage is limited.
Nigeria has debated pension reform for more than a year. According to government spokesmen, private management of the system was adopted because of a general distrust of government enterprises and the better service delivery promised to workers through competition. Uniform rules, regulations, and standards for pension fund administration and management are expected to encourage saving and to better protect workers' retirement benefits. In addition to stemming the growth of public-sector pension liabilities, the new system is expected to increase fiscal discipline and create a pool of long-term funds available for economic development.
Nigeria is Africa's most populous country. The population is predominantly rural and very young, with roughly half under the age of 17. Only about 3 percent of Nigerians are over 65, a share that will rise to 4.3 percent in 2030, according to the United Nations.
In early August the Social Security Reform Commission released its preliminary proposals for ensuring the future solvency of the Bahamian public pension system. After a 10-month evaluation of the latest actuarial review, the commission recommended the following:
The commission acknowledged that the current contribution rate—8.8 percent of earnings (1.7 percent for employees and 7.1 percent for employers), which has not changed since the program began, is no longer sufficient to fund benefits. However, it did not address this situation with a specific recommendation.
The government projects that the portion of the population aged 65 and over will increase from 5.2 percent currently to 22 percent in 2061, and the ratio of workers to retirees will decrease from 12.2:1 to 2.7:1. Even though the NIB reserves for 2001 were more than US$1 billion, if no changes are made to the system, they would be depleted by 2029. The commission will hold meetings between August and October to allow for public comment and will submit its final report to the government in December.
After months of deliberation, on August 19, Brazil's Supreme Court upheld the law passed by the Brazilian Congress last December that imposed an 11 percent tax on higher civil service pensions. The high court's decision included an adjustment to the law that raised the threshold for the tax from 1,500 reais (US$500) per month to 2,500 reais (US$830). The government estimates that this change will lower the expected annual tax revenues by 25 percent, from about 2.5 billion reais (US$860 million in 2004) to about 1.875 billion reais (US$650 million).
The pension tax is the key element of Brazil's civil service pension reform. Other provisions include raising the retirement age and lowering benefits. (See also the January 2004 issue of International Update.) A parallel amendment to the December law—with no projected savings to the government—needs just one more vote in the lower house of the congress to be passed. That amendment includes new salary caps for government workers, transitional rules for current employees, a higher maximum benefit, and a tax exemption for disability pensions. Since civil service pensions (as well as private-sector pensions) are written into the constitution, it is very difficult to make changes.
Canada's Supreme Court has thrown the country's corporate pension community into disarray. On July 29, the high court upheld a lower court's decision to require Monsanto Canada Inc. to distribute a pro rata share of the company's defined benefit pension surplus to 146 former employees. The court found that the termination of the employees constituted a partial windup of the company's pension plan, from the employee's point of view. Under Canadian law, the company is required to distribute its pension surplus after a plan windup.
The court's decision will have profound repercussions for Canada's corporate pensions. Over 200 similar cases dating back to 1992 now stand to be reviewed, and many more may be reopened, resulting in millions of dollars in future claims. The ruling may also affect the actions of company fund managers who may become averse to building pension surpluses, driving many pension funds farther into deficit. Alternatively, companies may choose to switch entirely from defined benefit pension plans to defined contribution plans.
