Assessing Breeding Populations of Ducks by Ground Counts
Literature Cited
American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Checklist of North American Birds. Fifth ed. (published by the Union, Baltimore, Md.).691 p. Beer, J.R. 1945. Sex ratios of ducks in south-western Washington. Auk 62:117-124 Bellrose, F.C., Jr., T.G. Scott, A.S. Hawkins,and J.B. Low. 1961. Sex ratios and age ratios in North American ducks. Illinois Natur. Hist. Surv. Bull. 27(6):391-474. Bengtson, Sven-Axel. 1967. Waterfowl research in Lake Myvatn area, N.E. Iceland in 1966. In The Wildfowlers' Assoc. of Great Britain and Ireland Ann. Rep. 1966-1967. Liverpool. p. 40-45. Bennett, L.J. 1938. The Blue-winged Teal. Collegiate Press, Inc., Ames, Iowa. 144 p. Bird, R.D. 1961. Ecology of the Aspen Parkland of Western Canada in relation to land use. Canada Dep. Agriculture Contrib. No.27, Ottawa. 155 p. Boughner, C.C., R.W. Longley, and M.K. Thomas. 1956. Climatic summaries for selected meteorological stations in Canada. Vol. III. Canada Dep. Trans., Meteor. Div., Toronto. 94 p. Boyd, H., and B. King. 1959. A breeding population of the mallard. The Wildfowl Trust Ann. Rep. 11:137-143. Bue, I.G. 1952. The dynamics of a waterfowl breeding population. Unpublished Master's thesis. Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis. 90 p. Burgess, H.H., H.H. Prince, and D.L. Trauger. 1965. Blue-winged Teal nesting success as related to land use. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 29:89-95. Chamberlain, E.B., and C. F. Kaczynski. 1965. Problems in aerial surveys of waterfowl in Eastern Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. No. 93. Washington, D.C. 21 p. Chattin, J.E. 1952. Appraisal of California waterfowl concentrations by aerial photography. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 17:421-426. Coupland, R.T. 1950. Ecology of mixed prairie in Canada. Ecol. Monogr. 20:271-315. Coupland, R.T. 1961. A reconsideration of grassland classification in the northern great plains of North America. J. Ecol. 49:135-167. Cowardin, L.M., and J.E. Ashe. 1965. An automatic camera device for measuring waterfowl use. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 29:636-639. Cowardin, L.M., and K.F. Higgins. 1967. Visibility, movement and behavior of waterfowl on a river habitat in Minnesota. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. and Nat. Res. Conf. 32:301-315. Crissey, W.F. 1957. Forecasting waterfowl harvest by flyways. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 22:256-268. Crissey, W.F. 1963a. Wildlife population management. In Hearings before Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation. 88th Congress, First Session, July 18, 19, August 5, 1963, Serial 88-9. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. p. 136-166. Crissey, W.F. 1963b. Exploitation of migratory waterfowl populations in North America. Proc. First European Meeting on Wildfowl Conserv. St. Andrews, The Nature Conservancy, London. p. 105-120. Crissey, W.F. 1969. Prairie potholes from a continental viewpoint. This publication. Davis, D.E. 1963. Estimating the number of game populations. In Wildlife investigational techniques. The Wildlife Society, Blacksburg, Va. p. 89-118. Diem, K.L., and K.H. Lu. 1960. Factors influencing waterfowl censuses in the parklands, Alberta, Canada. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 24:113-133. Drewien, R.C. 1967. Ecological relationships of breeding wate Proj. W-75-R-8. Feb. 10, 1967. 10 p. Dzubin, A. 1954. An intensive study of waterfowl populations on a small block of agricultural land, Minnedosa, Manitoba. Unpubl. M.A. thesis. Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver. 95 p. Dzubin, A. 1955. Some evidence of home range in waterfowl. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 20:278-298. Dzubin, A. 1957. Pairing display and spring and summer flights of the mallard. Blue Jay 15:10-13. Dzubin, A. 1969. Comments on carrying capacity of small ponds for ducks and possible density effects on mallard production. This publication. Ellig, L.J. 1955. Waterfowl relationships to Greenfields Lake, Teton County, Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dep. Tech. Bull. No. 1. 35 p. Erickson, A.B. 1943. Sex ratios of ducks in Minnesota, 1938-1940. Auk 60: 20-34. Evans, C.D. 1949. Roseneath area brood study, Manitoba, 1949. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions-summer 1949. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 2. Washington, D.C. p. 71-75. Evans, C.D., and K.E. Black. 1956. Duck production studies on the prairie potholes of South Dakota. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 32, 59 p. Washington, D.C. Evans, C.D., A.S. Hawkins, and W.H. Marshall. 1952. Movement of waterfowl broods in Manitoba. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 16, 47 p. Washington, D.C. Eygenrnam, J.A. 1957. The sex-ratio and the production of the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L. Ardea 45:117-143. Fisher, J. 1954. A history of birds. Hutchinson House, London. 205 p. Formosov, A.N., and Y.A. Isakov. 1963. Organization and methods of counting birds and harmful rodents [in Russian]. Akad. Nauk, Moscow. 256 p. Furniss, O.C. 1938. The 1937 waterfowl season in the Prince Albert district, central Saskatchewan. Wilson Bull. 50:17-27. Gates, J.M. 1962. Breeding biology of the gadwall in northern Utah. Wilson Bull. 74:43-67. Gates, J.M. 1965. Duck nesting and production on Wisconsin farmlands. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 29:515-523. Glover, F.A. 1956. Nesting and production of the Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors Linnaeus) in Northwest Iowa. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 20:28-46. Gollop, J.B. 1954. Waterfowl breeding ground survey-Saskatchewan, 1954. Special Study Area-Kindersley-Eston. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions, summer 1954. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 27, Washington, D.C. p. 66-70. Gollop, J.B. 1965. Dispersal and annual survival of the mallard. Unpubl. Rep. Can. Wildl. Serv., Saskatoon. 104 p. Gollop, J.B., and J.J. Lynch. 1954. Waterfowl breeding ground survey, Saskatchewan-1954. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions, summer 1954. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 27, Washington, D.C. p. 45-55. Greig-Smith, P. 1964. Quantitative plant ecology. Second ed. Butterworths, London. 256 p. Grenquist, P. 1965. Changes in abundance of some duck and sea bird populations off the coast of Finland 1949-1963. Finnish Game Res. No. 27. Helsinki. 114 p. Grenquist, P. 1966. A summary of changes in abundance of Finnish duck and sea bird populations in four southern archipelago areas 1950-1962 and some causes influencing them. Finnish Game Res. No. 28. 8 p. Hammond, M.C. 1959. Waterfowl breeding population census techniques. U.S. Bur Sport Fisheries and Wildl., Minneapolis. Mimeo report. 18 p. Hammond, M.C. 1966. Waterfowl breeding population surveys. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Mimeo report. Upham, N.D. 25 p. Hawkins, A.S., J.B. Gollop, and E.G. Wellein. 1951. Waterfowl breeding ground survey in Manitoba, 1951. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions, summer 1951. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 13, Washington, D.C. p. 41-49. Hilden, O. 1964. Ecology of duck populations in the island group of Valassaaret, Gulf of Bothnia. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 1:153-277. Hochbaum, H.A. 1944. The canvasback on a prairie marsh. Amer. Wildl. Inst., Washington, D.C. 201 p. Hochbaum, H.A. 1946. Recovery potentials of North American waterfowl. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 11:403-418. Isakov, Y.A. (ed.) 1961. Organization and methods of censusing terrestrial vertebrate faunal resources. Moscow Naturalist Soc. Symposium, March 4-8, 1961. Transl. Nat. Science Found., Washington, D.C. 1963. 104 p. Isakov, Y.A. 1963. Census and forecasting numbers of waterfowl [in Russian]. Akademie Nauk, Moscow. p. 36-82. (Reprint from W.G. Leitch). Jahn, L.R., and R.A. Hunt. 1964. Duck and coot ecology and management in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Conserv. Dep. Tech. Bull. No. 33.212 p. Jessen, R.L., J.P. Lindmeier, and R.E. Farmes. 1964. A study of duck nesting and production as related to land use in Mahnomen County, Minnesota. In Ducks and land use in Minnesota. (Ed.) J.B. Moyle. Minnesota Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. No. 8. p. 26-85. Johnsgard, P.A. 1965. Handbook of waterfowl behavior. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 378 p. Johnsgard, P.A., and I.O. Buss. 1956. Waterfowl sex ratios during spring in Washington State and their interpretation. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 20:384-388. Keith, L.B. 1961. A study of waterfowl ecology on small impoundments in southeastern A1berta. Wildl. Monogr. No. 6. 88 p. Kendeigh, S.C. 1944. Measurement of bird populations. Ecol. Monogr. 14:67-106. Kiel, W.H. 1949. Waterfowl productivity in the Newdale-Erickson District of Manitoba. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions-summer 1949. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 2. Washington, D.C. p. 76-81. Kiel, W.H. 1951. Waterfowl breeding populations and production in the Newdale- Erickson District of Manitoba, 1951. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions, summer 1951. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 13. Washington, D.C. p. 50-59. Koskimies, J. 1949. Some methodological notes concerning the waterfowl census in the archipelago. Pap. on Game Res. 3. Helsinki. 18 p. Lack, D. 1937. A review of bird census work and bird population problems. Ibis 14:369-395. Lacy, C.M. 1959. Artificial potholes and level ditch development as a means of increasing waterfowl production. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis. Utah State University, Logan. 103 p. Lebret, T. 1961. The pair formation in the annual cycle of the Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L. Ardea 49:97-158. Leitch, W.G. 1952. Ecology of nesting waterfowl in the Missouri Coteau of Southern Saskatchewan. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis. Univ. Manitoba, Winnipeg. 133 p. Leopold, A. 1933. Game management. Scribner's, New York. 481 p. Lincoln, F.C. 1930. Calculating waterfowl abundance on the basis of banding returns. U.S. Dep. Agriculture. Circ. No. 118. 4 p. Lokemoen, J.T. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Redhead duck in western Montana. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 30:668-681. Low, J.B. 1947. Review of new techniques-waterfowl. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 12:339-346. Lynch, J. 1949. Waterfowl breeding ground survey in Saskatchewan, 1949. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions, summer 1949. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 2, Washington, D.C. p. 48-82. Lynch, J.J. 1951. This lone drake business. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Unpublished typed report. 13 p. Abbeville, La., June 6, 1951. Matthews, G.V.T. 1960. An examination of basic data from wildfowl counts. Int. Ornith. Cong. 12:483-491. Helsinki. MacIunis, C.D. 1964. The status of the Ross' Goose in 1962-63. The Wildfowl Trust Ann. Rep. 15:137-139. MacInnis, C.D. 1966. Population behavior of eastern Arctic Canada geese. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 30:536-553. Martz, G.F. 1967. Effects of nesting cover removal on breeding puddle ducks. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 31:236-247. McKinney, F. 1965. Spacing and chasing in breeding ducks. Wildfowl Trust Ann. Rep. 16:92-106. McKnight, D.E., and l.O. Buss. 1962. Evidence of breeding in yearling female lesser scaup. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 26:328-329. Mendall, H.L. 1949. Waterfowl breeding ground survey in Maine, 1949. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions-summer 1949. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 2, Washington, D.C. p.214-217. Mendall, H.L. 1958. The ring-necked duck in the northeast. Univ. Maine Studies, Sec. Series No. 73. 317 p. Mitchell, J., H.C. Moss, and J.S. Clayton. 1944. Soil survey of southern Saskatchewan. Univ. Saskatchewan, Soil Survey Rep. No. 12, Saskatoon. 259 p. Moore, P. 1955. The strip intersect method. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 20:390-405. Moyle, J.B. (ed.). 1964. Waterfowl in Minnesota. Minn. Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. 7. 210 p. Munro, J.A. 1941. Studies of waterfowl in British Columbia. Greater Scaup, Lesser Scaup. Can. J. Res., Series D. 19:113-138. Murdy, H.W. 1953. Chronology of the 1951 waterfowl breeding season. South Dakota Dep. Game, Fish and Parks. Job Completion Rep. Project W-17-R-7. 43 p. Murdy, H.W. 1962. Progress report on the Yellowknife Waterfowl Study Area, Northwest Territories. Ann. Progress Rep., Denver Wildl. Res. Center. 46 p. Murdy, H.W. 1964. Population dynamics and breeding biology of waterfowl on the Yellowknife study area, Northwest Territories. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Unpubl. Progress Rep. 1964. Jamestown, N.D. 61 p. Nicholson, E.M. 1931. The art of bird watching. Scribner's, London. 217 p. Odum, H.T., J.E. CanHon, and L.S. Kornicker. 1960. An organizational hierarchy postulate for the interpretation of species-individual distributions, species entropy, ecosystem evolution and the meaning of a species-variety index. Ecology 41:395-399. Oring, L.W. 1964. Behavior and ecology of certain ducks during the postbreeding period. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 28:223-233. Pospichal, G., B.M. Cram, and G. Parsons. 1954. Waterfowl breeding populations and production studies, Newdale-Erickson Study Area, Manitoba, 1954. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions, summer 1954. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 27. Washington, D.C. p. 82-91. Preston, F.W. 1948. The commonness and rarity of species. Ecology 29:254-283. Preston, F.W. 1962.The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Ecology 39:185-215, and 39:410-432. Raitasuo, K. 1964. Social behavior of the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, in the course of the annual cycle. Papers on Game Res. 24. Helsinki. 72 p. Reeves, H., M. Lundy, and F. Kreller. 1956. Waterfowl breeding ground survey- Success Study Area, Saskatchewan, 1955. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions. summer 1955. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 30. Washington, D.C. p. 54-62. Rogers, J.P. 1963. The ecological effects of drought on reproduction of the Lesser Scaup. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. Missouri, Columbia. Rogers, J.P. 1964. Effect of drought on reproduction of the Lesser Scaup. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 28:213-220. Salyer, J.W. 1962. Effects of drought and land use on prairie nesting ducks. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 27:69-79. Skellam, J.G. 1958. The mathematical foundations underlying the use of line transects in animal ecology. Biometrics 14:385-400. Smith, A.G. 1949. Waterfowl breeding ground survey in Alberta, 1949. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions-summer 1949. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 2. Washington, D.C. p. 40-47. Smith, A.G. 1956. A progress report on the Lousana Waterfowl Study Area, 1953- 1955. Lousana, Alberta, Canada. Unpublished report. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Brigham City, Utah. 89 p. Smith, A.G. 1957. The 1956 aerial and ground waterfowl surveys in Alberta, Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Brigham City, Utah. 34 p. (mimeo.). Smith, A.G. 1961. Waterfowl survey of the Lousana Study Area, Alberta, Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Wildl. Res. Lab., Denver, Colorado. Unpublished report. 33 p. mimeo. Smith, A.G., J.H. Stoudt, and J.B. Gollop. 1964. Prairie potholes and marshes. In Waterfowl tomorrow. (Ed. ) J.J. Linduska. U.S. Dep. Interior, Washington. p. 39-50. Smith, J.D. 1964. Revision of standard operating procedures. Waterfowl air survey instruction for the Prairie operation. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Div. Mgmt. and Enforcement. Washington, D. C. 8 p. + attach. Smith, R.H. 1953. A study of waterfowl production on artificial reservoirs in eastern Montana. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 17:276-291. Smith, R.H., and A.S. Hawkins. 1948. Appraising waterfowl breeding populations. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 13:57-69. Smith, R.I. 1963. The social aspects of reproductive behavior in the Pintail (Anas acuta acuta, L.). Ph.D. thesis. Utah State Univ.,Logan. 78 p. Snow, D.W. 1965. The relationship between census results and the breeding population of birds on farmland. Bird Study 12(4):287-304. Southwood, T.R.E. 1966. Ecological methods. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London. 391 p. Sowls, L.K. 1947. New techniques for breeding ground surveys. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 12:448-454. Sowls, L.K. 1955. Prairie ducks. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 193 p. Steel, R.G.D., and J.H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill, Toronto. 481 p. Stewart, R.E., A.D. Geis, and C.D. Evans. 1958. Distribution of populations and hunting kill of the Canvasback. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 22:333-370. Stokes, A.W., and D.F. Balph. 1965. The relation of animal behavior to wildlife management. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. 30:401-410. Stotts, V.D., and D.E. Davis. 1960. The black duck in the Chesapeake Bay of Maryland: breeding behavior and biology. Chesapeake Science 1 (3/4):127-154. Stoudt, J.H. 1952. Waterfowl breeding ground survey of Redvers Area, Saskatchewan. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions, summer 1952. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Sci. Rep. No. 21. Washington, D.C. p. 52-60. Stoudt, J.H. 1964. Factors affecting waterfowl breeding populations and the production of young in the parklands of Canada. Ann. Progress Rep. Wildl. Res. Work Unit A-8.2. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Jamestown, N.D. Unpublished mimeo report. 55 p. Tamisier, A. 1965. Denombrements d'Anatides hiverant en Carmargue. Saison 1964-65. Alauda 33:265-293. Taylor, S.M. 1965. The common bird census-some statistical aspects. Bird Study 12:268-286. Van Tets, G.F. 1966. A photographic method of estimating densities of bird flocks in flight. C.S.I.R.O. Wildl. Res. 11:103-110. Weller, M.W. 1959. Parasitic egg laying in the Redhead (Aythya americana) and other North American Anatidae. Ecol. Monogr. 29:333-365. Williams, C.S. 1948. Introduction. In Waterfowl populations and breeding conditions-summer 1948. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. 60. Washington, D.C. p. 1-4. Williams, C.B. 1953. The relative abundance of different species in a wild animal population. J. Anim. Ecol. 22:14-31. Yapp, W.B. 1956. The theory of line transects. Bird Study 3:93-104.
Previous Section -- Acknowledgments
Return to Contents
Next Section -- Discussion