The judicial branch hears cases that challenge or require interpretation of the legislation passed by Congress and signed by the President. It consists of the U.S. Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws, how they are applied, and whether they violate the Constitution. Appointees to the federal bench serve for life or until they voluntarily resign or retire. The Supreme Court is the most visible of the federal courts. The number of Justices is determined by Congress and since 1869, the Court has been composed of the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
