Regulations
& Codified CSA > USC > Subchapter
I, Part
B > Section 812
Section 812. Schedules of Controlled Substances
Establishment
(a) There are established five schedules of controlled substances, to be known as schedules I, II,
III, IV, and V. Such schedules shall initially consist of the substances listed in this section. The
schedules established by this section shall be updated and republished on a semiannual basis
during the two-year period beginning one year after October 27, 1970 and shall be updated and
republished on an annual basis thereafter.
Placement on Schedules; Findings Required
(b) Except where control is required by United States obligations under an international treaty,
convention, or protocol, in effect on October 27, 1970, and except in the case of an immediate
precursor, a drug or other substance may not be placed in any schedule unless the findings
required for such schedule are made with respect to such drug or other substance. The findings
required for each of the schedules are as follows:
(1) Schedule I. --
(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
(B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment
in the United States.
(C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under
medical supervision.
(2) Schedule II. --
(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in
the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or
physical dependence.
(3) Schedule III. --
(A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or
other substances in schedules I and II.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in
the United States.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical
dependence or high psychological dependence.
(4) Schedule IV. --
(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs
or other substances in schedule III.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in
the United States.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence
or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
III.
(5) Schedule V. --
(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs
or other substances in schedule IV.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in
the United States.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence
or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
IV.
Initial Schedules of Controlled Substances
(c) Schedules I, II, III, IV, and V shall, unless and until amended1 pursuant to section 811 of this
title, consist of the following drugs or other substances, by whatever official name, common or
usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated:
Schedule I
(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opiates,
including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, whenever the
existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical
designation:
(1) Acetylmethadol.
(2) Allylprodine.
(3) Alphacetylmathadol.2
(4) Alphameprodine.
(5) Alphamethadol.
(6) Benzethidine.
(7) Betacetylmethadol.
(8) Betameprodine.
(9) Betamethadol.
(10) Betaprodine.
(11) Clonitazene.
(12) Dextromoramide.
(13) Dextrorphan.
(14) Diampromide.
(15) Diethylthiambutene.
(16) Dimenoxadol.
(17) Dimepheptanol.
(18) Dimethylthiambutene.
(19) Dioxaphetyl butyrate.
(20) Dipipanone.
(21) Ethylmethylthiambutene.
(22) Etonitazene.
(23) Etoxeridine.
(24) Furethidine.
(25) Hydroxypethidine.
(26) Ketobemidone.
(27) Levomoramide.
(28) Levophenacylmorphan.
(29) Morpheridine.
(30) Noracymethadol.
(31) Norlevorphanol.
(32) Normethadone.
(33) Norpipanone.
(34) Phenadoxone.
(35) Phenampromide.
(36) Phenomorphan.
(37) Phenoperidine.
(38) Piritramide.
(39) Proheptazine.
(40) Properidine.
(41) Racemoramide.
(42) Trimeperidine.
(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opium
derivatives, their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts,
isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
(1) Acetorphine.
(2) Acetyldihydrocodeine.
(3) Benzylmorphine.
(4) Codeine methylbromide.
(5) Codeine-N-Oxide.
(6) Cyprenorphine.
(7) Desomorphine.
(8) Dihydromorphine.
(9) Etorphine.
(10) Heroin.
(11) Hydromorphinol.
(12) Methyldesorphine.
(13) Methylhydromorphine.
(14) Morphine methylbromide.
(15) Morphine methylsulfonate.
(16) Morphine-N-Oxide.
(17) Myrophine.
(18) Nicocodeine.
(19) Nicomorphine.
(20) Normorphine.
(21) Pholcodine.
(22) Thebacon.
(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound,
mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances,
or which contains any of their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such
salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
(1) 3, 4-methylenedioxy amphetamine.
(2) 5-methoxy-3, 4-methylenedioxy amphetamine.
(3) 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy amphetamine.
(4) Bufotenine.
(5) Diethyltryptamine.
(6) Dimethyltryptamine.
(7) 4-methyl-2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine.
(8) Ibogaine.
(9) Lysergic acid diethylamide.
(10) Marihuana.
(11) Mescaline.
(12) Peyote.
(13) N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate.
(14) N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate.
(15) Psilocybin.
(16) Psilocyn.
(17) Tetrahydrocannabinols.
Schedule II
(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following
substances whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable
origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by a combination of extraction and
chemical synthesis:
(1) Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium
or opiate.
(2) Any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically
equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in clause (1), except
that these substances shall not include the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.
(3) Opium poppy and poppy straw.
(4) coca3 leaves except coca leaves and extracts of coca leaves from which cocaine,
ecgonine, and derivatives of ecgonine or their salts have been removed; cocaine, its
salts, optical and geometric isomers, and salts of isomers; ecgonine, its derivatives,
their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers; or any compound, mixture, or preparation
which contains any quantity of any of the substances referred to in this paragraph.
(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opiates,
including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, whenever the
existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical
designation:
(1) Alphaprodine.
(2) Anileridine.
(3) Bezitramide.
(4) Dihydrocodeine.
(5) Diphenoxylate.
(6) Fentanyl.
(7) Isomethadone.
(8) Levomethorphan.
(9) Levorphanol.
(10) Metazocine.
(11) Methadone.
(12) Methadone-Intermediate, 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4, 4-diphenyl butane.
(13) Moramide-Intermediate, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,
1-diphenylpropane-carboxylic acid.
(14) Pethidine.
(15) Pethidine-Intermediate-A, 4-cyano-1- methyl-4-phenylpiperidine.
(16) Pethidine-Intermediate-B, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-
carboxylate.
(17) Pethidine-Intermediate-C, 1-methyl-4- phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid.
(18) Phenazocine.
(19) Piminodine.
(20) Racemethorphan.
(21) Racemorphan.
(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any injectable liquid which
contains any quantity of methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers.
Schedule III
(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound,
mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a
stimulant effect on the central nervous system:
(1) Amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical isomers.
(2) Phenmetrazine and its salts.
(3) Any substance (except an injectable liquid) which contains any quantity of
methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers.
(4) Methylphenidate.
(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound,
mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a
depressant effect on the central nervous system:
(1) Any substance which contains any quantity of a derivative of barbituric acid, or
any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid.
(2) Chorhexadol.
(3) Glutethimide.
(4) Lysergic acid.
(5) Lysergic acid amide.
(6) Methyprylon.
(7) Phencyclidine.
(8) Sulfondiethylmethane.
(9) Sulfonethylmethane.
(10) Sulfonmethane.
(c) Nalorphine.
(d) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound,
mixture, or preparation containing limited quantities of any of the following narcotic drugs, or
any salts thereof:
(1) Not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90
milligrams per dosage unit, with an equal or greater quantity of an isoquinoline
alkaloid of opium.
(2) Not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90
milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in
recognized therapeutic amounts.
(3) Not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone per 100 milliliters or not
more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with a fourfold or greater quantity of an
isoquinoline alkaloid of opium.
(4) Not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone per 100 milliliters or not
more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic
ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.
(5) Not more than 1.8 grams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or not more than
90 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in
recognized therapeutic amounts.
(6) Not more than 300 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or not more
than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic
ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.
(7) Not more than 500 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams, or
not more than 25 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic
ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.
(8) Not more than 50 milligrams of morphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams
with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.
(e) Anabolic steroids.
Schedule IV
(1) Barbital.
(2) Chloral betaine.
(3) Chloral hydrate.
(4) Ethchlorvynol.
(5) Ethinamate.
(6) Methohexital.
(7) Meprobamate.
(8) Methylphenobarbital.
(9) Paraldehyde.
(10) Petrichloral.
(11) Phenobarbital.
Schedule V
Any compound, mixture, or preparation containing any of the following limited quantities of
narcotic drugs, which shall include one or more nonnarcotic active medicinal ingredients in
sufficient proportion to confer upon the compound, mixture, or preparation valuable medicinal
qualities other than those possessed by the narcotic drug alone:
(1) Not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
(2) Not more than 100 milligrams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or per 100
grams.
(3) Not more than 100 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or per 100
grams.
(4) Not more than 2.5 milligrams of diphenoxylate and not less than 25 micrograms
of atropine sulfate per dosage unit.
(5) Not more than 100 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
(Pub.L. 91-513, Title II, Section 202, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1247; Pub.L. 95-633, Title I,
Section 103, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3772; Pub.L. 98-473, Title II, Sections 507(c), 509(b), Oct.
12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2071, 2072; Pub.L. 99-570, Title I, Section 1867, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat.
3207-55; Pub.L. 99-646, Section 84, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3619; Pub.L. 101-647, Title
XIX,Section 1902(a), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4851.)
Amendment of Schedules
Subsection (c) of this section provides that Schedules I through V are subject to amendment
pursuant to section 811 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. See 21 CFR part 1308 for revised
schedules.
EDITORIAL NOTES
1990--Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-647 added item (e) at end of schedule III.
1986--Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99-646 amended schedule II(a)(4) generally. Prior
to amendment, schedule II(a)(4) read as follows: "Coca leaves (except coca
leaves and extracts of coca leaves from which cocaine, ecgonine, and derivatives
of ecgonine or their salts have been removed); cocaine, its salts, optical and
geometric isomers, and salts of isomers; and ecgonine, its derivatives, their
salts, isomers, and salts of isomers.''
Pub. L. 99-570 amended schedule II(a)(4) generally. Prior to amendment,
schedule II(a)(4) read as follows: "Coca leaves and any salt, compound,
derivative, or preparation of coca leaves (including cocaine and ecgonine and
their salts, isomers, derivatives, and salts of isomers and derivatives), and
any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically
equivalent or identical with any of these substances, except that the substances
shall not include decocainized coca leaves or extraction of coca leaves, which
extractions do not contain cocaine or ecgonine.''
1984--Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98-473, Sec. 507(c), in schedule II(a)(4) added
applicability to cocaine and ecgonine and their salts, isomers, etc. Subsec.
(d). Pub. L. 98-473, Sec. 509(b), struck out subsec. (d) which related to
authority of Attorney General to except stimulants or depressants containing
active medicinal ingredients.
1978--Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 95-633 added cl. (3).
Effective Date of 1990 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 101-647 effective 90 days after Nov. 29, 1990, see
section 1902(d) of Pub. L. 101-647, set out as a note under section 802 of this
title.
Effective Date of 1978 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 95-633 effective on date the Convention on Psychotropic
Substances enters into force in the United States [July 15, 1980], see section
112 of Pub. L. 95-633, set out as an Effective Date note under section 801a of
this title.
Emergency Scheduling of Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid and Listing of
Gamma Butyrolactone as List I Chemical.
Pub. L. 106-172, Sec. 3(a), Feb. 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 8, provided that:
"(a) Emergency Scheduling of GHB.--
"(1) In general.--The Congress finds that the abuse of illicit gamma
hydroxybutyric acid is an imminent hazard to the public safety. Accordingly, the
Attorney General, notwithstanding sections 201(a), 201(b), 201(c), and 202 of
the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 811(a)-(c), 812], shall issue, not
later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb. 18, 2000],
a final order that schedules such drug (together with its salts, isomers, and
salts of isomers) in the same schedule under section 202(c) of the Controlled
Substances Act as would apply to a scheduling of a substance by the Attorney
General under section 201(h)(1) of such Act (relating to imminent hazards to the
public safety), except as follows:
"(A) For purposes of any requirements that relate to the physical security
of registered manufacturers and registered distributors, the final order shall
treat such drug, when the drug is manufactured, distributed, or possessed in
accordance with an exemption under section 505(i) of the Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 355(i)] (whether the exemption involved is
authorized before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb.
18, 2000]), as being in the same schedule as that recommended by the Secretary
of Health and Human Services for the drug when the drug is the subject of an
authorized investigational new drug application (relating to such section
505(i)). The recommendation referred to in the preceding sentence is contained
in the first paragraph of the letter transmitted on May 19, 1999, by such
Secretary (acting through the Assistant Secretary for Health) to the Attorney
General (acting through the Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement
Administration), which letter was in response to the letter transmitted by the
Attorney General (acting through such Deputy Administrator) on September 16,
1997. In publishing the final order in the Federal Register, the Attorney
General shall publish a copy of the letter that was transmitted by the
Secretary of Health and Human Services.
"(B) In the case of gamma hydroxybutyric acid that is contained in a drug
product for which an application is approved under section 505 of the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 355] (whether the application involved
is approved before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb.
18, 2000]), the final order shall schedule such drug in the same schedule as
that recommended by the Secretary of Health and Human Services for authorized
formulations of the drug. The recommendation referred to in the preceding
sentence is contained in the last sentence of the fourth paragraph of the
letter referred to in subparagraph (A) with respect to May 19, 1999.
"(2) Failure to issue order.--If the final order is not issued within the
period specified in paragraph (1), gamma hydroxybutyric acid (together with its
salts, isomers, and salts of isomers) is deemed to be scheduled under section
202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 812(c)] in accordance with
the policies described in paragraph (1), as if the Attorney General had issued a
final order in accordance with such paragraph.''
Congressional Finding Regarding Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
Pub. L. 106-172, Sec. 2, Feb. 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 7, provided that:
"Congress finds as follows:
"(1) Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (also called G, Liquid X, Liquid Ecstasy,
Grievous Bodily Harm, Georgia Home Boy, Scoop) has become a significant and
growing problem in law enforcement. At least 20 States have scheduled such drug
in their drug laws and law enforcement officials have been experiencing an
increased presence of the drug in driving under the influence, sexual assault,
and overdose cases especially at night clubs and parties.
"(2) A behavioral depressant and a hypnotic, gamma hydroxybutyric acid ('GHB')
is being used in conjunction with alcohol and other drugs with detrimental
effects in an increasing number of cases. It is difficult to isolate the impact
of such drug's ingestion since it is so typically taken with an ever-changing
array of other drugs and especially alcohol which potentiates its impact.
"(3) GHB takes the same path as alcohol, processes via alcohol dehydrogenase,
and its symptoms at high levels of intake and as impact builds are comparable to
alcohol ingestion/intoxication. Thus, aggression and violence can be expected in
some individuals who use such drug.
"(4) If taken for human consumption, common industrial chemicals such as
gamma butyrolactone and 1.4-butanediol are swiftly converted by the body into
GHB. Illicit use of these and other GHB analogues and precursor chemicals is a
significant and growing law enforcement problem.
"(5) A human pharmaceutical formulation of gamma hydroxybutyric acid is being
developed as a treatment for cataplexy, a serious and debilitating disease.
Cataplexy, which causes sudden and total loss of muscle control, affects about
65 percent of the estimated 180,000 Americans with narcolepsy, a sleep disorder.
People with cataplexy often are unable to work, drive a car, hold their children
or live a normal life.
"(6) Abuse of illicit GHB is an imminent hazard to public safety that
requires immediate regulatory action under the Controlled Substances Act (21
U.S.C. 801 et seq.).
Placement of Pipradrol and SPA in Schedule IV To Carry Out Obligation
Under Convention on Psychotropic Substances
Section 102(c) of Pub. L. 95-633 provided that: "For the purpose of carrying
out the minimum United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, signed at Vienna, Austria, on February
21, 1971, with respect to pipradrol and SPA (also known as
(-)-1-dimethylamino-1,2-diphenylethane), the Attorney General shall by order,
made without regard to sections 201 and 202 of the Controlled Substances Act
[this section and section 811 of this title], place such drugs in schedule IV of
such Act [see subsec. (c) of this section].''
Provision of section 102(c) of Pub. L. 95-633, set out above, effective on
the date the Convention on Psychotropic Substances enters into force in the
United States [July 15, 1980], see section 112 of Pub. L. 95-633, set out as an
Effective Date note under section 801a of this title.
Section Referred to in Other Sections
This section is referred to in sections 384, 811, 1115, 1523, 1703 of this
title; title 10 section 912a; title 19 section 2484; title 20 section 1415;
title 29 sections 705, 2006; title 41 section 706; title 42 sections 12111,
12210.
1 Revised
schedules are published in the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1308 of Title
21, Food and Drugs. 2
So in original. Probably should be "Alphacetylmethadol". 3
So in original. Probably should be capitalized.
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