Index |
[[Page 2407]]
INDEX
A
Page
Abandoned property, state laws.................................1630-1632
Abortion:
Advertising of..............................................1115, 1672
Constitutional right to......................................1669-1679
Indigent women right to paid...........................1674-1675, 1925
Parental consent to minor's.................................1672, 1678
Spousal consent.............................................1672, 1678
Absentee voting.....................................................1897
Abstention doctrine..............................................798-800
Academic freedom........................................1091, 1094, 1113
Access to ballot, equal protection.............................1897-1901
Access to broadcasting, press..................................1123-1127
Access to courts by public, press..............................1105-1108
Access to prisons by public, press.............................1108-1111
Accusation, notice of, specificity.............................1420-1421
Addiction, drug, alcohol, punishment...........................1494-1495
Administrative agencies:
Combination of functions.....................................1742-1743
Decisionmaking, bias in......................................1742-1743
Due process in....................................1354-1356, 1732-1734
Presidential creation, status..................................441-442
Rulemaking by....................................................78-82
Administrative Procedure Act...........................86, 668-670, 1743
Administrative regulations:
Judicial review of....................................85-86, 1354-1356
Modification of congressional legislation by.....................81-82
Violations of, how punished.........................................89
Admiralty, federal court jurisdiction in:
Airplane crashes and...............................................734
Congress, powers..........................................344, 729-731
Contracts, maritime............................................732-733
Federal question jurisdiction and.........................743-744, 770
Federal-state powers, exclusivity, concurrency.................737-743
Jury trial and......................................731-742, 736, 1377
Prize cases...................................................732, 734
Proceedings in.................................................735-736
Saving to suitors, state court jurisdiction..........735, 737-738, 793
Seamen, rights as to contracts, maritime torts, etc...........732-734,
737-743
Territorial reach of power.....................................736-737
Types of cases under...........................................732-735
Wrongful death, maritime, actions for..........................742-743
Adoption of children...........................................852, 1880
Advertising:
Commercial speech............................................1113-1119
Public issue advertising..........................1123-1124, 1136-1137
Public forum, access.........................................1164-1171
State regulation, equal protection................................1830
Advise and consent......................................513-516, 519-520
[[Page 2408]]
Advisory opinions..................................620-623, 649, 671-673
Advocacy, permissible governmental limitation.......1034-1048, 1067-1069
Affirmative action.............................................1861-1868
Affirmative defenses, criminal trials..........................1762-1764
Age classifications.................................................1812
Agriculture, production, marketing, commerce...........183-1888, 194-196
Air Force. See Armed forces.
Airplanes, state taxation, jurisdiction...................230, 247, 1644
Airports, state regulation flight-times..............................251
Alcoholic beverages. See Intoxicating liquors.
Alcoholism, criminal liability for.............................1494-1495
Alibi defense, burden of proof, discovery.....................1755, 1763
Alien and Sedition Acts........................266, 700, 1022, 1131-1132
Aliens:
Attorneys, admission to bar.......................................1871
Denaturalization....................................270-272, 1566-1567
Deportation.........................280-281, 322, 1072-1073, 1352-1354
Due process, entitled to....................1345, 1352-1354, 1358-1359
Education, entitlement to....................................1874-1875
Employment restrictions................................1358, 1869-1874
Enemy..........................................................328-329
Entry, exclusion, grounds......................266, 276-280, 1080-1081
Equal protection......................1358, 1810-1812, 1814, 1869-1875
Expatriation........................................272-276, 1566-1567
Jury service......................................................1870
Land holdings, state curbs.............................1570-1571, 1869
Naturalization.................................................268-270
Police, employment as.......................................1872, 1873
Preemption of state powers.......................265, 278-279, 309-310
State powers over entry of.....................................278-279
Suits by, against, federal courts..............................774-776
Teachers, employment as......................................1872-1873
Voting............................................................1870
Alliances, States not to enter...................................359-360
Ambassadors, Public Ministers, Consuls:
Defined, appointment, salary, etc..............................507-511
Suits affecting, federal courts................................726-727
Amnesty. See Pardons; President, powers.
Anonymity, unsigned materials, distribution....................1180-1181
Anti-injunction statute, state court proceedings........641-642, 801-802
Antitrust laws, monopolies:
Communications media, application to..............................1122
Federal, interstate commerce application.......................181-184
Federal, use of interstate business to harm intrastate commerce,
application.......................................................183
Labor unions, application to...................................184-185
Lobbying activities, application to..........................1101-1102
State, due process, equal protection...................1615-1616, 1835
Appeals, corrective process, civil proceedings......................1604
Appeals, corrective process, criminal trials:
Appeals not necessarily required.............................1770-1772
Burdening of appellate process.........................1771, 1916-1920
Double jeopardy after appeal.................................1293-1295
Indigents, imposition of fees, costs.........................1916-1920
[[Page 2409]]
Prosecution appeals...............................1288-1290, 1296-1297
Appointments Clause..............................................512-516
Appointments.....................................................519-521
Recess.........................................................521-522
Apportionment and districting. See House of Representatives;
Legislatures, state.
Appropriations:
Required for withdrawal of funds from Treasury.....................358
Support of armies, limitations.....................................312
Arbitration, compulsory, due process................................1591
Arms, right to keep and bear...................................1193-1194
Armed forces:
Appropriations for, limited...................................312, 358
Civilians, discharged servicemen, dependents, court-martial
jurisdiction..................................................316-319
Congress, power to raise and maintain..........................311-313
Conscription, validity.........................................312-313
Courts-martial, due process, judicial review, etc.......316, 1355-1356
Offenses rising in, trial for..................................316-319
Peacetime draft, validity......................................312-313
Personnel, federal exemption of insurance, property, state
taxation, garnishment.........................................315-316
Speech, other constitutional rights of servicemen..............314-315
Arraignment, delay in, effect on confession....................1323-1324
Arrest.........................................................1209-1210
Assembly and petition, rights of (see also Speech and Press)...1187-1191
Assembly, right of, privileges and immunities.......................1569
Association, freedom of.......99, 1046, 1056-1066, 1070-1073, 1081-1090,
1094-1095, 1801
Associations, standing to sue........................................665
Atomic energy, liability for accidents..............................1368
Attainder, bills of.....................................347-350, 361-362
Attorneys (see also Counsel, assistance of):
Admission, durational residency...................................1914
Advertising by.........................................1115-1116, 1119
Aliens, admission of..............................................1871
Bar membership, oaths, loyalty inquiries.....347-348, 361, 1047, 1056,
1072
Disbarment, due process...........................................1743
Integrated bar, First Amendment...................................1065
Solicitation of clients......................................1115-1116
State regulation, attorney practicing in more than one State......1830
Automobiles:
Bankruptcy, federal release, preemption............................286
Jurisdiction, out-of-state motorists..............................1608
License revocation, due process.............................1726, 1738
Searches of..........................1208, 1215, 1237, 1238-1241, 1244
Stolen, federal criminal jurisdiction...................202, 204, 1513
B
Bail, right to, excessive......................................1467-1471
Ballot:
Access to, candidates, parties...............................1897-1901
Racial designation on.............................................1861
Bankruptcy:
Congress, powers as to..............................283-284, 1366-1367
Courts, conferral of jurisdiction on...........................613-615
[[Page 2410]]
Debtors, eligible for relief...................................281-283
Indigents, imposition of filing fees on...........................1922
Municipal subdivisions, when eligible for relief...................284
Retroactive regulation, due process.................283-284, 1366-1367
State laws, federal recognition of.................................284
State laws, preemption.........................................284-286
State laws, validity in absence of federal.........................285
Banks:
Chartering by Congress, effect of necessary and proper clause.....288,
341-342
Depositors, privacy interest...........................1207, 1681-1682
State regulation.............................................1618-1619
Baseball, not interstate commerce....................................162
Belief, freedom of..................................1007-1009, 1053-1056
Bicameralism.......................................................70-71
Bill of Rights:
Application to States..........................................957-964
Formulation and adoption.......................................955-957
Meaning as applied to Federal Government, States...............963-964
Bills of attainder:
Defined............................................................347
Congress prohibited from passing...............................347-350
Oaths as..............................................347-348, 361-362
Presidential papers, seizure as................................349-350
Prohibition of Communist holding union office as...............348-349
States prohibited from passing.................................361-362
United States, not limited by as regards States................760-761
Bills of credit, States not to emit..............................360-361
Birth control, state restrictions, justiciability, validity.....662-663,
1504-1505, 1681
Blood samples, taking of, search and seizure......1224, 1261, 1247, 1368
Blue ribbon juries, validity........................................1412
Blue Sky Laws, business regulation..................................1618
Borrowing power (federal):
Bonds, terms of ownership, federal regulations in conflict with
state laws....................................................288-289
Relation to coinage, monetary powers..................259-260, 288-289
Savings bonds, inheritance, federal regulation.................930-931
Bricker Amendment...............................................483, 507
Bridges across navigable streams, state powers.......................212
Broadcasting, regulation, First Amendment............79-80, 84, 169-170,
1113-1126
Burden of proof, due process........................1701-1704, 1761-1765
Business affected with a public interest.......................1594-1597
Business regulation and due process............................1614-1624
Busing, school desegregation........................1845-1846, 1852-1853
Butter, renovated, state regulation, commerce........................278
C
Campaign finance restrictions, First Amendment.................1094-1101
Candidacy for elective office:
Constitutional guarantees.........874, 1636-1637, 1892-1893, 1897-1902
Loyalty oaths.....................................................1074
Capital punishment:
Constitutionality............................................1474-1493
Murder, punishment for.......................................1477-1478
Racial discrimination, statistical disparity in imposition...1857-1858
[[Page 2411]]
Rape, punishment for.........................................1487-1488
Standards, legislative.......................................1477-1483
Unintended taking of life.........................................1488
Capitol grounds, Washington, picketing on...........................1165
Carriers:
federal regulation, ICC........................................176-178
state regulation, taxation, commerce clause....................220-240
Cases and controversies, federal courts:
Actual disputes, requisite to..............650, 652-654, 654, 658, 670
Adverseness of parties....................................650, 651-654
Collusive, feigned suits.......................................652-653
Mootness.......................................................679-683
Real interest of litigant..........649, 650, 652-653, 655-657, 670-676
Ripeness.......................................................676-679
Standing.......................................................654-670
Stockholder suits..............................................653-654
Censorship. See Speech and press, freedom of expression.
Census of persons................................................114-116
Child labor, state, federal bans................199, 202-203, 1512, 1587
Children:
Civil commitment of...............................................1785
Corporal punishment, schools..........................1499, 1731, 1738
Custody, control, natural parent......................1701, 1731, 1890
Exposure to obscenity, protection from................1152, 1154, 1161
Illegitimates................................................1886-1891
Pornography, use of children in..............................1159-1160
sex crime victim, testimony..................................1427-1428
Cigarettes, state regulations, advertising.................248-249, 1114
Citizens of the United States, defined.........................1565-1567
Citizenship:
Corporations not citizens.........................................1567
Denaturalization, expatriation......................270-276, 1566-1567
Desertion in time of war, loss of citizenship...........273, 275, 1411
Discrimination between natural-born and naturalized............270-272
Marriage to foreign citizens, loss of...................273, 274, 1566
National, state citizenship, distinction..........................1566
Naturalized citizens, classes, privileges, etc.................267-272
Renunciation of..........................................272-276, 1567
Voting in foreign elections, loss of....................274, 275, 1566
Civil commitment, institutionalization..............1690-1692, 1783-1785
Civil trials, juries in........................................1451-1464
Civil rights jurisdiction of federal courts......................719-721
Class actions..........................................682-683, 762, 764
Clear and present danger.......................................1034-1053
Coal, federal regulation, mining.................188-189, 925, 1383-1384
Coastal zones:
Ownership of minerals in.......................................882-883
State regulations of use.........................212-213, 226, 872-874
Collective bargaining, governmental promotion..........187-188, 189-192,
1591-1594
Comity, accommodation between federal-state judicial systems.........798
Comity clause:
Access to courts...............................................875-876
[[Page 2412]]
Access to resources, distinction between residents and
nonresidents..................................................871-874
Corporations, not eligible for protection of.......................871
Privileges and immunities of state citizens, scope of..........867-870
Sport hunting, fishing versus livelihood..............869-870, 872-874
Taxation, discrimination in....................................876-877
Commerce. See Interstate Commerce; Foreign Commerce.
Commerce Court...................................................600-602
Commercial speech and First Amendment..........................1113-1119
Communications industries, governmental regulation.............1113-1127
Communist Party:
Compelled registration of.........................1069-1070, 1317-1318
Disqualification for membership in...........................1070-1073
Punishment for membership in.................................1070-1071
Community antenna television (CATV), regulations, copyright.....79, 181,
299
Commuters, taxation..................................................876
Compacts among States............................................403-407
Compulsory process, criminal trials.................................1429
Computers and privacy...............................................1683
Condemnation. See Taking of property by government.
Confessions, due process, self-incrimination...................1321-1340
Confidentiality, restraint on publication......................1148-1149
Confrontation, administrative proceedings...........................1743
Confrontation of witnesses, criminal trials:
Absent witness, prosecution responsibility to produce.......1421-1422,
1425
Background and purpose.......................................1421-1423
Cross-examination, relation to........................1421, 1426, 1743
Confession, use at joint trial....................................1423
Hearsay rule, relation to..............................1421, 1422-1426
Witness plea of self-incrimination................................1423
Congress (see also Contempt; Elections; House of Representatives;
Impeachment; Investigations; Public officers of the United
States; Senate):
Adjournments, temporary............................................121
Appointing power of President, incursion on....................513-515
Bills, how enacted, authentication....................135-141, 691-692
Concurrent resolutions, uses...................................141-144
Congressional veto.............................................141-144
Journal of proceedings, contents, evidence, publication, purpose
125
Judicial direction, immunity, limits on.....100-103, 127-133, 578-583,
689, 696-698
Members of Senate or House of Representatives:
Attendance, compulsion of....................................125-127
Compensation for services before departments............124, 134-135
Compensation, how fixed, beginning of............................123
Compensation, intervening election before change.......126-127, 1997
Conduct prescribed, punishment, expulsion....................124-125
Conflict of interest.............................................124
Elections, each House to judge...................................122
Elections, state, federal regulation.....109, 114-116, 118-121, 513,
1094-1101, 1946-1950
Exclusion......................................110-113, 124, 694-696
Expulsion...................................................121, 124
Freedom from arrest..............................................127
Impeachment, inapplicable to.....................................584
[[Page 2413]]
Incompatible offices.............................................135
Ineligibility for certain offices............................134-135
Qualification, when fulfilled, exclusivity...................110-114
Privilege of speech or debate, Members, employees...........127, 133
Service in military, reserves, National Guard....................135
Term changed....................................................1973
Power to define constitutional rights.............1933-1936, 1946-1950
Powers in relation to courts...........602, 605-606, 619-620, 638-639,
641-644, 779-792, 801-802
Powers in relation to Executive:
Amnesty, pardon..............................................468-469
Conduct of foreign relations, cooperation with President
540-548
Declaration of war..................................307-311, 447-453
Demand for papers............................................532-534
Executive officers, control, direction of...........522-532, 559-564
Imposition of binding obligations on.........................572-578
Impoundment..................................................555-559
Military forces abroad, congressional control of
presidential discretion.....................................447-453
Removal powers, restriction..................................522-532
Veto, when effective, how overridden.........................138-141
Quorum, how computed, effect of absence.................100, 122-123
Resolutions, etc., how made effective, status................141-144
Revenue bills, origin, amendment.............................136-137
Rules of procedure, determination............................123-124
Yea-and-nay votes, entry into journal..................121, 125, 136
Congressional employees, judicial direction of..............105, 132-133
Congressional districting. See House of Representatives; States.
Congressional investigations. See Investigations, congressional.
Congressional Pay Amendment..................126-127, 900-903, 906, 1997
Congressional veto...............................................141-144
Conscientious objection to military service........1000-1001, 1012, 1349
Conscription, Selective Service..................................312-313
Conservation, state interests, effectuation...........220, 234, 872-874,
1624-1628
Constitution of the United States, amendment of:
Congress, proposal by..........................................898-899
Convention to propose, how obtained............................899-900
Judicial review of.................898, 901-902, 904, 905-906, 911-913
President, state governors, approval not required.............899, 910
Ratification...................................................900-911
Scope of power.................................................897-898
Time limits for ratification, who determines..........900-911, 911-913
Constitutional fact, theory of, judicial review..................789-791
Constitutional torts..................................582-583, 751, 1544
Contempt:
Administrative agencies, enforcement of orders.................634-635
Congress, power to restrict courts.............................625-627
Due process limitations on.....................................629-634
Federal courts, powers of......................................623-635
First Amendment, limitations of.......................103-105, 627-629
Impartial tribunal, right to...................................631-634
Injunctions, court orders, violations of as........................634
[[Page 2414]]
Jury trial, right to.....................................630-631, 1411
Pardoning power of President.......................................624
Punishment, limitations...................................623-625, 631
Summary punishment, notice and hearing.........................629-630
Content regulation, First Amendment............................1127-1163
Contraceptives, access to.....................1504-1505, 1681, 1685-1686
Contractors with Federal Government, state taxation..............934-936
Contract, freedom of...........................................1581-1894
Contracts, impairment:
by States......................................................366-398
by Federal Government........................................1365-1366
Convict-made goods, barred from commerce.................201, 1359, 1513
Copyright, nature and scope of power, state power................293-302
Corporal punishment in schools..........................1499, 1731, 1738
Corporations:
Chartered by Congress, basis of power, state regulation,
taxation........................................342-343, 717, 930-931
Charters, termination by State....................................1614
Charters, when contracts, immune from impairment...............377-385
Citizenship, privileges and immunities, national citizenship,
not available....................................................1567
Due process of law, protected as ``persons''...........1345, 1578-1579
Equal protection of law, entitled to.........................1802-1803
Expression, rights of.............................1026-1029, 1113-1119
Federally licensed, state controls............................224, 246
Foreign, appointment of agent for service of process........1609, 1711
Foreign, equal protection limitation on taxation, regulation
1803-1804, 1824-1825
Foreign, state control of admission, licensing, operation,
taxation..................................224, 228-231, 236-237, 1615
Foreign, suability, service of process..............838-839, 1710-1716
Liability of officers, stockholders, state regulations.......852, 1542
Railroads, chartered by two States.................................406
Stockholders' actions, derivative actions, security for costs.....1696
Suits by, federal courts, state laws preventing, burdening....224, 765
Costs, damages, penalties, state courts, due process...........1698-1699
Counsel, assistance of, civil proceedings......................1744-1745
Counsel, assistance of, criminal proceedings:
Background, basis............................................1429-1430
Appointment of, right established in federal courts....1430, 1431-1432
Appointment of, right established in state courts............1430-1435
Arraignment..................................................1440-1441
Capital cases, special circumstances rule..............1431, 1432-1433
Commitment proceedings............................................1447
Critical stage analysis...........................1440-1441, 1444-1447
Custodial interrogation...........................1327-1332, 1441-1444
Defendant access to counsel.......................................1437
Defendant right to self-representation............................1440
Effective assistance of counsel..............................1437-1440
Grand jury witness...........................................1274-1276
Lineups, identifications.....................................1444-1447
Misdemeanors......................................................1434
Parole hearings..............................................1776-1780
Post-conviction proceedings.......................................1447
[[Page 2415]]
Preliminary hearings.........................................1440-1441
Prison disciplinary hearings.................................1772-1776
Probation revocation.........................................1776-1780
Retained counsel, right to........................................1435
Summation of counsel, right to....................................1437
Waiver, standards............................................1431-1432
Counterfeiting, punishment of...................................287, 341
County governing bodies, apportionment.........................1903-1905
County unit system, election of candidates, validity................1911
Court of Claims......................................................610
Court of Customs and Patent Appeals..................................610
Courthouses, jails, picketing around................................1165
Courts, federal:
Abolition of by Congress...........................................600
Accommodation with state courts................................798-803
Actual dispute requirement.................650, 652-654, 654, 658, 670
Admiralty, maritime cases........................170-173, 343, 728-743
Adverseness of parties required...........................650, 651-654
Advisory opinions not rendered..............618, 620-623, 649, 671-673
Ambassadors, ministers, suits affecting........................726-728
Ancillary, inherent powers............................618-619, 623-647
Appellate jurisdiction, congressional power....................779-792
Attorneys in, admission, disbarment................................646
Award of execution, necessity for.........................621-623, 673
Bankruptcy courts..............................................613-615
Cases and controversies, attributes............................647-698
Cases arising under Constitution, laws, treaties, federal
questions.....................................................713-726
Cases between a State and citizens of another State............757-761
Cases between a State or its citizens and a foreign state or its
citizens......................................................774-776
Cases between citizens of different States; diversity
jurisdiction..................................................761-773
Cases between citizens of same State claiming land under grants
of different States...............................................773
Cases between States...........................................752-757
Circuit courts.................................................599-600
Civil rights statutory jurisdiction............................719-721
Class actions in.....................................682-683, 762, 764
Common law, federal..............................718-719, 760, 767-774
Concurrent jurisdiction with state courts......................792-821
Concurrent jurisdiction with Supreme Court of original
jurisdiction matters..........................................776-779
Congress, powers over....602-604, 605-606, 619, 636, 641-643, 779-792,
801-802
Collective bargaining agreements, suits on.....................718-719
Contempt power.................................................623-634
Corporations, citizens for diversity purposes..................764-766
Declaratory judgments.................................622-623, 673-676
District of Columbia, citizenship of residents for diversity
purposes.............................................335-336, 762-763
District of Columbia, courts of................................611-613
Diversity of citizenship jurisdiction..........................761-773
Domestic relations cases in........................................764
Duty to decide constitutional cases............................705-708
Executive privilege, judicial review...........................532-539
Exhaustion of state remedies.............................640, 800, 805
Federal question jurisdiction..................................713-726
[[Page 2416]]
Finality of judgment requirement...............................620-623
Foreign states, suing in, sued in..............................774-776
Immunity from state court restraint............................797-798
Immunity from suit, United States, foreign states.........746, 774-775
Impeachment of judges.......................584-586, 587-588, 589, 598
Injunctions, judicial power, congressional control...567-568, 602-603,
641-643, 785-786, 801-802
Judgments, finality of, requisite..............................620-623
Judicial review................................................698-713
Judicial self-restraint, rules of..............................705-713
Jurisdictional amount................................762, 780, 782-783
Legislative courts.............................................604-617
Mandamus, issuance by.................................636-637, 701-703
Nonjudicial functions, power of Congress to vest in......606, 620-623,
671-673
Pendent jurisdiction...........................................721-723
Political questions...........491, 571-572, 548-553, 590-591, 687-698,
892-893, 901, 904, 905-909, 911-913
President, discretionary acts, review..............................688
President, subordinates, power over................................561
President, use of troops to enforce court orders......565-566, 566-569
Probate cases in...................................................764
Redistricting power of.................................1906, 1910-1911
Referees, masters, etc., appointment...............................646
Removal of state court cases to..................343, 716-717, 819-821
Retroactivity of decisions.....................................683-687
Rule making powers......................................75-76, 644-645
Specialized jurisdiction.......................................602-604
Standing.......................................................654-670
State court proceedings, restraint of..........................804-809
State law in.................................718-719, 737-743, 767-773
States, immunity from suits in...............................1521-1545
States, judgments against, enforcement.........................756-757
States, suits against by citizens of another State.............757-761
States, suits against by United States...................745-746, 1531
States, suits between..........................................752-757
States, suits on behalf of citizens............................759-761
Stockholder suits..............................................753-754
Suits between citizens of different States.....................761-773
United States, suits to which a party..........................743-756
Writs and processes, congressional control............636-641, 801-802
Courts, State:
Access to, due process, equal protection.........1695, 1696, 1922-1923
Admiralty, common law remedies...................735-736, 737-743, 792
Autonomy of....................................................794-798
Closure to public and press..................................1105-1108
Consuls, suable in, limitations................................726-728
Discrimination through enforcement of private actions........1790-1792
Disobedience of Supreme Court mandates.........................794-795
Federal courts, accommodation with.............................798-803
Federal courts, inability to restrain..............................798
Federal laws, duty to enforce................795-797, 920-921, 943-944
Immunity in, congressional conferral................919-920, 1314-1315
[[Page 2417]]
Indian reservations, crimes on, jurisdiction.......................885
Jurisdiction, how obtained...................................1705-1723
Naturalization of aliens in...................................265, 944
Nonresident witnesses, attendance in...............................875
Nonresidents, access to.......................................765, 875
Restraints of proceedings in by federal courts.................804-809
Courts-martial, jurisdiction, review, due process......316-319, 326-327,
1355-1356
Crimes, federal, congressional definition, no common law.......341, 1400
Crimes, infamous, how determined....................................1219
Criminal procedure, state, due process.........................1745-1783
Criminal prosecutions, federal......................1273-1279, 1399-1400
Criminal trials, federal, place of trial.......................1419-1420
Creationism, required teaching in public schools.....................996
Cross-examination..............................................1743-1744
Cruel and unusual punishments:
Alcoholism, punishment as crime..............................1494-1495
Background, interpretation...................................1472-1473
Capital punishment...........................................1474-1493
Citizenship, divestiture of.......................................1474
Corporal punishment, schoolchildren, not applicable...............1499
Drug addiction as crime...........................................1494
Prison conditions............................................1497-1499
Proportionality..............................................1493-1497
Recidivist statutes..........................................1495-1496
D
Death penalty. See Capital punishment.
Debt pooling, adjustment, banning of business.................1622, 1831
Debtor-creditor relations, due process...................1726, 1736-1737
Declaratory judgments in federal courts:
Civil liberties litigation, use in....................673-676, 804-809
Establishment.............................................623, 673-676
Validity of...............................................623, 673-676
Defamation:
Free speech protections......................................1136-1145
Labor disputes, protection, state jurisdiction.....................257
Defenses in civil actions, limitations on, due process..............1697
De jure-de facto distinction, state action.....................1788-1789
Delegation doctrine, legislative power....................73-89, 644-645
Deportation. See Aliens.
Desegregation of schools.......................................1840-1854
Detainers, observance of by other States, effect.....................853
Die, right to..................................................1692-1693
Disclosure, mandatory reporting.........1069-1070, 1057-1058, 1063-1064,
1317-1321
Discovery in administrative proceedings.............................1744
Discovery in criminal proceedings.............................1755, 1760
Discovery, press, defamation cases.............................1143-1144
District of Columbia:
Background of clause...........................................333-334
Citizens of, diversity jurisdiction...................335-336, 762-763
Commerce of, congressional power...................................164
Courts...........................................336-337, 611-613, 637
``Home Rule''..................................................334-335
[[Page 2418]]
Presidential electors, vote for..............................1987-1988
Residents of, rights...............................................336
Retrocession.......................................................334
Seat of government, congressional powers.......................336-337
Districting. See House of Representatives; States; Legislatures.
Diversity jurisdiction, federal courts:
Admiralty, maritime cases..........................................773
Background, reasons for........................................761-762
Citizens of District of Columbia......................335-336, 762-763
Citizenship, how determined, natural persons, corporations.....763-766
Class actions in..............................................762, 764
Law applied in.................................................767-773
Manufactured diversity.........................................766-767
State, meaning of in clause....................................762-763
Total, minimal diversity...........................................764
Divorce:
Access to courts to obtain, filing fees...........................1922
Durational residency qualification................................1913
Out-of-state decrees, jurisdiction.............................840-846
Door-to-door solicitation, protections.........................1182-1183
Double jeopardy:
Acquittal, reprosecution.....................................1288-1291
Application to States........................................1280-1281
Collateral estoppel...............................................1301
Conviction, reprosecution....................................1293-1295
Dual sovereign doctrine......................................1281-1282
Government appeals, when permitted.....1288-1290, 1291-1293, 1294-1295
Mistrials....................................................1284-1288
Offense, same, multiple, how determined......................1297-1302
Punishment, double...........................................1297-1299
Same evidence rule................................................1298
Same transaction test........................................1301-1302
Sentences, increase after appeal.............................1295-1297
State-municipal prosecution barred................................1282
Draft card burning............................................1079, 1184
Dramatic productions, public, when protected.............1079, 1162-1163
Driver's license, suspension, revocation......................1726, 1738
Drug testing...................................................1248-1250
Dual federalism
Dual sovereign rule, double jeopardy, self-incrimination......1281-1282,
1311
Due process of law, Fifth Amendment:
Administrative hearings......................................1348-1352
Administrative proceedings, judicial review..................1354-1356
Aliens, entry, deportation........................1352-1354, 1358-1359
Criminal trials..............................................1344-1347
Discrimination, equality.....................................1356-1359
Economic regulation..........................................1359-1361
Fair hearing.................................................1348-1352
Hearsay...........................................................1421
Indians, governance................................................264
Legislative power, limitation on.............................1344-1345
Notice and hearing................................1348-1352, 1741-1742
[[Page 2419]]
Police power......................................................1359
Public utilities, regulation.................................1359-1360
Railroad regulation..........................................1360-1361
Retroactive legislation......................................1364-1366
Segregation in District of Columbia schools.......................1357
States, not protected by against United States....................1345
Substantive due process......................................1356-1369
Takings, excessive regulation................................1380-1395
Taxation.....................................................1361-1363
Due process of law, Fourteenth Amendment:
Abortion.....................................................1669-1679
Application of Bill of Rights to States........................957-964
Business enterprises, rates, charges, conditions of service,
etc.........................................................1594-1597
Civil commitment..................................1690-1692, 1783-1785
Civil proceedings, jurisdiction, service of process..........1705-1723
Compelled services, expenditures by railroads, other
corporations................................................1610-1612
Criminal procedure...........................................1745-1783
Defenses in judicial proceedings..................................1697
Economic regulation..........................................1572-1578
Emergency conditions justifying summary process...................1740
Exculpatory evidence, prosecution required to disclose.......1758-1761
Family relationships.........................................1688-1689
Fraudulent business practices, regulation....................1616-1618
Government structure..............................................1637
Guilty pleas, criminal proceedings...........................1757-1758
Identification in criminal proceedings.................1444-1447, 1752
Judicial proceedings, dispensed with.........................1733-1734
Judicial review of rate and service regulation...............1597-1607
Jurisdiction, state courts, requisites.......................1705-1723
Labor management relations...................................1591-1594
Liberty, meaning, how determined.......................1581, 1723-1732
Liberty of contract..........................................1581-1594
Marriage, protected status..................1582, 1685-1686, 1688-1689
Natural resources, protection................................1624-1628
Parole, granting, revocation.................................1776-1780
Personal liberties, substantive protection...................1666-1693
Persons defined..............................................1578-1579
Plea bargaining..............................................1757-1758
Police power......................................1579-1580, 1632-1636
Police power, exercise as property taking.........................1580
Presumptions.................................................1761-1765
Process, service of..........................................1722-1723
Prisoners, discipline, transfer........................1772-1776, 1730
Privacy, protected interest..................................1679-1689
Proof of crime...............................................1761-1765
Property, meaning, how determined.................1572-1578, 1723-1732
Prosecutorial misconduct.....................................1758-1761
Public utilities, regulation.................................1594-1614
Railroads, rate, safety regulation...........................1607-1614
Real property, ownership, rights.............................1628-1632
Reputation, as protected interest...........................1727, 1729
Requirements of due process..................................1740-1745
[[Page 2420]]
Sentencing...................................................1765-1769
Taxing, state power..........................................1637-1666
Zoning.......................................................1628-1630
Durational residency requirements...................1893-1894, 1911-1914
E
Economic controls, wartime, peacetime............................445-457
Economic regulation, due process, equal protection............1572-1637,
1821-1840
Education:
Aliens, illegals, barred...............................1874-1875, 1925
Fundamental interest, not....................................1923-1925
Racial discrimination........................................1840-1854
Religious, public aid..........................................977-991
Property tax funding.........................................1923-1925
Scholarships, aliens barred.......................................1925
Teachers, aliens barred......................................1872-1873
Elections (see also Congress; Equal protection of the laws; House
of Representatives; President; Public officers of the United
States; Voter qualifications):
Absentee voting...................................................1897
Access to ballot, independent candidates, parties............1897-1901
Apportionment and districting..............105-108, 114-116, 1902-1911
Campaign contribution limitations.................1063-1064, 1095-1098
Congressional power to regulate.....118-121, 122, 1929-1930, 1943-1950
Corporations, spending limits................................1098-1101
Expenditures limitations.....................................1094-1101
Property qualifications...........................................1898
Presidential, congressional powers over........................426-433
State officers, federal use of, penalty..................119, 120, 944
Electoral College................................................426-433
Electronic surveillance, search and seizure....................1250-1257
Emergency Court of Appeals.........................602-603, 643-644, 785
Eminent domain:
Consequential damages........................................1378-1379
Contracts, frustration of performance........................1377-1378
Corporation, franchise, taking of.................................1377
Courts, role of..............................................1379-1380
Destruction of property in wartime.............................329-330
Destruction of property to save other property...............1390-1391
Delegation of power to private parties............................1371
Historic preservation, public use.................................1386
Interest, compensation.......................................1376-1377
Just compensation............................................1374-1377
Police power, taking, no taking........................1382-1395, 1580
Public use...................................................1371-1374
Regulation, when a taking..............................1380-1395, 1580
Source of power...................................................1369
States, limited by clause....................................1370-1371
States, property of, subject to federal taking....................1370
Emoluments......................................................359, 435
Employment, private, racial discrimination.......................207-208
Employment, public:
Discharge, interest in retaining, when protected............1073-1078,
1084-1090, 1723-1732
Loyalty oaths................................................1073-1078
[[Page 2421]]
Patronage systems............................................1062-1063
Political activities.........................................1081-1084
Residency requirements............................................1914
Speech rights................................................1084-1090
Unions, dues systems, objectors..............................1065-1066
Enterprise concept, FLSA coverage....................................194
Entrapment...............................................1291, 1750-1752
Equal footing doctrine, admitting States to Union................881-886
Equal protection of the laws:
Affirmative action................................1861-1868, 1883-1885
Alienage.........................1358-1359, 1810-1812, 1814, 1869-1875
Apportionment and districting................................1902-1911
Ballot, racial distinction on.....................................1861
Ballots, access to, candidates, parties......................1897-1901
Compelling state interest doctrine...........................1809-1814
Economic legislation, classification.........................1829-1834
Education, not a fundamental interest........................1923-1925
Education, racial discrimination in..........................1840-1854
Electoral process............................................1892-1911
Enforcement, congressional powers............................1928-1936
Federal power, restrained by concept.........................1356-1359
Housing, racial discrimination in.................................1748
Illegitimacy.................................................1886-1891
Indigency....................................................1916-1925
Judicial system, racial discrimination in.........................1860
Juries, racially discriminatory selection....................1854-1857
Marriage, family.......................................1860, 1914-1916
Motive vs. effects test......................................1815-1820
Persons protected............................................1802-1803
Police power regulations.....................................1821-1839
Property tax assessments..........................................1828
Public accommodations, racial discrimination......................1861
Public facilities, racial discrimination.....................1859-1860
Restrained review under clause...............................1804-1809
Sex, classification by.......................................1875-1886
Social welfare legislation...................................1836-1838
State action......................................1786-1802, 1929-1933
Equal Rights Amendment................................904-906, 913, 1877
Equal time, broadcasters, newspaper right to reply.............1123-1127
Evolution, teaching in public schools................................996
Espionage laws....................................1023, 1067, 1132, 1189
Establishment. See Religion, freedom of.
Excessive fines.....................................................1471
Exclusionary rule, search and seizure, confessions............1257-1270,
1340-1343
Executive agreements:
Arbitration agreements.............................................498
Binding effects internationally................................493-494
Commitments abroad by..............................................504
Congress, prior authorization of...............................495-498
Disposition of United States property by...........................503
Domestic effect of.............................................504-507
Foreign policy, expression of..................................500-504
[[Page 2422]]
President, conclusion solely on own authority..................500-504
Treaties, authorization by.....................................498-500
United Nations Charter.............................................499
Executive orders.................................................572-576
Executive privilege..............................................532-539
Ex parte injunctions, expression.........................1031-1033, 1168
Expatriation..........................................272-276, 1566-1567
Ex post facto laws:
Criminal laws, restricted to...................................350-351
Defined, Congress not to pass..................................350-351
Denial of future privileges........................................363
Deportation....................................................351-352
Extradition, relation to...........................................351
Fair warning, possible exception..............................351, 363
Oaths as.......................................................365-366
Procedure, changes in.....................................351, 363-365
Punishment, changes in.........................................351-352
Punishment, what constitutes...................................382-383
Exposure, purpose of legislative investigation.....................95-96
Expropriation of property of United States citizens abroad.......570-572
Extradition, fugitive from one State to be returned by another...878-881
F
Fair Labor Standards Act.........192-194, 791, 923-925, 1512, 1530, 1536
Fairness doctrine, broadcasting equal time.............79, 84, 1123-1124
Fair trial--free press conflict.........1031-1033, 1105, 1404-1406, 1345
Family interests, protected............1688-1689, 1681, 1685-1686, 1860,
1914-1916
Featherbedding, prohibition, validity...............................1558
Federal common law..................................................1400
Federal Employers Liability Act..........179, 796, 1462-1464, 1532, 1536
Federal question jurisdiction, federal courts:
Admiralty and.............................................743-744, 770
Civil rights statutes and......................................719-721
Common law, federal, as..............................719, 759, 767-773
Corporations chartered by Congress, jurisdiction...............717-718
Defined........................................................714-716
Jurisdictional amount...............................583, 714, 719, 784
Pendent jurisdiction...............................................721
Protective jurisdiction............................................722
Removal from state to federal court............................716-717
Specialized federal jurisdictional statutes....................718-719
Federal lands, congressional powers..............................888-891
Federalism..........................145-149, 155-158, 921-930, 1509-1518
Felony-murder, death penalty for.........................1481, 1488-1489
Fighting words, proscription, protection.......................1133-1134
Filing fees:
Bankruptcy........................................................1922
Candidacy, political rights.................................1898, 1921
Civil actions, commencement............................1696, 1922-1923
Criminal appeals, post-conviction relief.....................1916-1920
Divorce...........................................................1922
Filled milk, prohibition............................................1359
Fines, excessive..............................................1471, 1920
[[Page 2423]]
Fingerprints, criminal investigations...................1218, 1247, 1368
Fish and game, state laws conserving..................872-873, 1627-1628
Flag desecration, prohibition, protected activity..............1183-1187
Flag salute, compulsory.............................1011-1012, 1053-1054
Food and drugs, federal, state regulation.......198, 235-236, 1633-1634,
1831
Food stamps, eligibility.......................................1602-1603
Foreign commerce:
Federal law...........................................167-169, 196-199
State law......................................................240-243
Forfeiture.......................1033, 1282-1283, 1570, 1634, 1663, 1721
Foster families, due process protection.......................1689, 1731
Full faith and credit:
Adoption decrees...................................................852
Alimony, child custody decrees.................................846-850
Building and loan associations, foreign........................859-861
Common law, statutory, constitutional, scope of recognition....854-863
Congress, power to effectuate.................................832, 866
Corporations, suits against, stockholders, creditors,
policyholders, law applied........................................858
Divorce decrees, domicile......................................840-851
Fraternal benefit societies, foreign suits.....................858-859
Fraud, defense, enforcement foreign judgments..................853-854
Garnishment decrees................................................852
Insurance, foreign, local reserves requirement.................859-861
Insurance, foreign, suits against, law applied.................859-861
Judgments, effect in forum State, limits.......................832-839
Judgments, foreign courts..........................................866
Judgments, jurisdiction required, enforcement..................837-850
Judgments, penal, limit on enforcement.............................853
Probate decrees................................................851-852
Statutes of limitations, foreign judgments.........................863
Stockholder's liability, law applied by forum..................858-859
Tax exemption, no extraterritorial operation.......................854
Taxes, judgment for, enforcement...................................852
Tort and contract actions, law applied.........................856-858
Workmen's compensation laws, application in local forum........861-863
Fundamental rights......958-964, 1036, 1058, 1118, 1158, 1188, 1809-1815
G
Garbage, State restriction on interstate movement....................236
Gasoline stations, integrated operations.............................236
Geographic distinctions in regulatory laws..........................1831
Gerrymandering...............1861, 1906-1911, 1936, 1942-1943, 1948-1950
Grand jury:
Discovery of minutes of...........................................1275
Indictment by, Federal cases, exceptions.....................1273-1279
Indictment by, States.......................................1274, 1753
Investigative function of....................................1274-1276
Selection of, nondiscrimination........................1277, 1854-1857
Witnesses before, rights.....................................1274-1276
Grandfather clauses, denial of suffrage on basis of race.......1940-1941
Group libel laws...............................................1135-1136
Guaranty Clause..................................................891-893
Guilty pleas:
Acceptance of, waiver of rights, circumstances...............1757-1758
[[Page 2424]]
Plea bargaining..............................................1757-1758
Guilt beyond reasonable doubt.................................1761, 1762
H
Habeas corpus:
Appeal, not substitute for.........................................641
Congressional control over..............345-346, 638-639, 781, 786-790
Constitutional issues reviewable.........639, 641, 809-819, 1266, 1272
Courts-martial, habeas review of convictions.......................318
Custody, meaning...............................................639-640
Exhaustion of State remedies.........................640, 810-813, 818
Expansion, contraction of scope......................639, 641, 809-819
Innocence, relevance to issuance of writ......................814, 818
Post conviction relief, Federal prisoners.....................638, 641
Res judicata, inapplicability..................................810-812
Statutory authorization for, necessity.............................640
Use to effect goals other than release.......................658, 1804
Harmless error..................1309, 1416, 1423, 1445, 1483, 1484, 1756
Hatch Act................................................517, 1082, 1504
Highways, State, use in interstate commerce.................225-226, 238
Historic sites, landmarks, preservation.............................1386
Hit and run statutes, compulsory stop and identification............1319
Homes, regulation of solicitors, canvassers....................1182-1183
Homosexuals, constitutional protection.........................1686-1687
Hostile audience, effect on right of expression.....................1168
Hours of labor. See Labor-management relations.
House of Representatives (see also Congress; Elections):
Apportionment of seats in......................................114-116
Reduction for denial of suffrage................................1810
Districting for election to:
Congressional regulation....................................106, 115
Equally populated districts required.........................106-108
Impeachment, powers...........................................116, 583
Revenue bills originate in.....................................136-137
Vacancies in, election to fill.....................................116
Housing discrimination..............208, 1790-1793, 1816-1817, 1858-1859
Hydroelectric power, federal development.........................173-175
I
Ideological obscenity..........................................1149-1150
Illegitimacy, classification, discrimination on basis of......1810-1812,
1886-1891
Immunity:
Self-incrimination, grant of to compel answers...............1312-1315
State courts, federal power to grant in................920, 1311, 1314
Immunity from suit:
President, executive officers.........................578-583, 748-751
state judges......................................................1542
state officers...............................................1537-1545
Impartial jury, criminal trials, right to................1412-1418, 1742
Impeachment:
Chief Justice, when presides at trial.........................117, 583
Criminal prosecution, before or after..............................590
Grounds for....................................................586-587
[[Page 2425]]
Judgment on conviction.............................................117
Judges, subject to...............................584-586, 587-588, 589
Officers subject to............................................584-586
Pardoning power of President inapplicable..........................465
Impeachment of witnesses in criminal trials, use of otherwise
inadmissible evidence...................................1266, 1338-1339
Impoundment of appropriated funds................................555-559
Income tax.....................................................1954-1964
Incompatible offices.................................................135
Incorporation doctrine, Bill of Rights...........................957-964
Indecent speech, broadcast..........................................1126
Indians. See Native Americans.
Indigency:
Abortion...............................................1674-1675, 1925
Access to courts.............................................1922-1923
Candidacy, voting rights..........................................1921
Criminal appeals.............................................1916-1920
Criminal sentences................................................1920
Educational opportunity......................................1923-1925
Equal protection standard for classifications.....1810-1812, 1813-1814
Informers, criminal investigations.....................1218-1220, 1366
Injunctions:
Congressional power over issuance....567-569, 641-644, 75-786, 801-802
Declaratory judgments and.............................673-676, 806-809
Enjoining federal statutory enforcement...............641-644, 785-786
Labor disputes, Norris-LaGuardia Act...........642-643, 785, 1591-1592
Restraining expression, ex parte proceedings...........1031-1033, 1168
State court proceedings, restraint of..........................804-809
Insanity:
Proof, burden, standard.....................................1763, 1769
Trial, sentence, execution...................................1769-1770
Instructions in criminal trials...............................1756, 1761
Insular cases, Constitution abroad.........................324-325, 1399
Insurance, federal, State regulation.......155, 156, 242-243, 1619-1622,
1822
International agreements without Senate approval. See Executive
agreements.
International law:
Offenses against, powers of Congress as to, triable by military
commissions...................................................303-305
Prizes of war, application to......................................326
President as enforcer of.......................................570-571
Interstate commerce:
Congressional powers...........................................160-208
Agriculture as commerce........................162-163, 188, 194-196
Depression, 1930s, effect of.................................187-196
Federalism limits on.......................166-167, 203-209, 921-930
Illegal commerce, prohibition...........................167, 199-202
Interstate vs. foreign commerce..............................167-169
Intrastate actions ``affecting'' commerce..........192-194, 195-196,
205-207, 207-209
Labor relations...........................179-180, 187, 189, 190-194
Manufacturing as commerce.........162-163, 181-185, 187-188, 190-194
Mining as commerce.........................162-163, 188-189, 205-206
Navigation, waterways, flood control.........................170-175
Production of goods as commerce..............................187-196
[[Page 2426]]
Prohibition of commerce.................................167, 196-203
State lines crossing, commerce as traffic....................181-187
Tariffs..........................................................198
State powers, taxation and regulation..........................209-240
Balancing test, modern standard..............................233-234
Congressional authorization of impermissible state
action......................................................216-220
Dormant commerce clause, development and theories............209-215
Foreign commerce.............................................240-243
Regulation of commerce.....................220-221, 224-227, 233-240
State proprietary activity exception.............................216
Taxation of commerce................................220-223, 227-233
Apportionment.........................................223, 231-232
Benefit relationship...........................................233
Discrimination........................................223, 232-233
Nexus......................................................229-231
Interstate Commerce Commission......................78-80, 176-178, 1300
Interstate compacts. See States, Agreements with other States.
Intoxicating liquors:
First Amendment, conflicts with regulation...................1982-1983
Importation from abroad, state powers........................1980-1981
Equal protection, 21st Amendment and..............................1982
Prohibition, federal, adoption, repeal............1967-1969, 1977-1984
State laws, interstate commerce, bans, regulation........276-278, 279,
1977-1981
Wartime prohibition, federal......................................1513
Inverse condemnation. See Taking of property.
Investigations, congressional:
Bill of Rights, applicability to...............................100-103
Contempt sanction, source, procedure...........................103-105
Defenses of witnesses...........................................96-100
Exercises of power:
Investigation of Executive.....................................92-93
Investigation of Members..........................................93
Legislative purposes.......................................91, 93-96
Limitations on:
Authorization, sufficiency of.................................96-100
Pertinency of inquiry......................................92, 94-96
Legislative power, extent...............................90-91, 93-96
Purpose........................................................90-91
Quorum, lack of, effect............................................100
Involuntary servitude..........................................1551-1558
J
Jails, picketing of.................................................1165
Japanese-Americans, relocation of, World War II....324, 327-328, 442-443
Jones Act........................................................741-743
Journalist's privilege.........................................1102-1104
Judges, criminal trials, partiality..................631-634, 1742, 1754
Judges, federal (see also Courts, federal; Supreme Court of the
United States):
Abolition of courts, provision for sitting judges..................600
Article I judges, lack of guarantees...........................604-617
Article III judges, guarantees......584-586, 600-602, 605-606, 610-615
Bankruptcy judges, status......................................613-615
[[Page 2427]]
Compensation, guarantee, taxation..............................600-602
Impeachment of.......................................584-586, 587, 589
Legislative courts, status.....................................604-617
Removal, other than by impeachment.................................586
Self-restraint of, rules.......................................705-712
Tenure....................................................584-586, 598
Judicial process, when requisite of due process.....................1695
Judicial review:
Avoidance of constitutional questions in.......................707-708
Clear mistake, rule of construction............................708-709
Establishment, origin..........................................698-704
Excluded considerations in exercise of.........................709-710
Framers, views on..............................................698-700
Limitations on exercise........................................705-713
Modes of Constitutional interpretation.........................705-706
National supremacy, importance of..............................703-704
Necessity of as due process right............................1597-1602
Presumption of constitutionality...................................710
Self-restraint in exercise of..................................712-713
Stare decisis in...............................................711-712
Judiciary Act of 1789.......598, 599, 625, 636, 637, 639, 641, 700, 701,
703, 713, 716, 717, 723, 726, 728-729, 735, 744, 762, 767,
769, 776, 777, 778, 782-783, 784,785, 793, 819
Juries:
Blue ribbon juries, validity......................................1412
Composition, size, unanimity of verdict......................1408-1410
Discrimination, racial, selection......................1413, 1854-1857
Impartiality requirement...............................1412-1418, 1742
Vicinage requirement.........................................1419-1420
Women, exclusion, exceptions................................1412, 1413
Jurisdiction, defined, distinguished from judicial power........618-619,
648-698
Jurisdiction, state courts, how obtained.......................1705-1723
Jury service, paid time off private employment......................1588
Jury trial, civil cases:
Admiralty....................................................736, 1455
Background of right..........................................1451-1452
Common-law cases, application................................1454-1457
Composition, size............................................1452-1453
Courts in which applicable........................................1453
Directed verdicts............................................1461-1462
Equity cases, no jury trial, exceptions......................1457-1460
Function of..................................................1452-1453
Judge, role of, comment on evidence, etc.....................1460-1461
Mixed equity-law cases.......................................1457-1460
Racial discrimination, jury selection........................1797-1798
States, not bound.................................................1453
Unanimity of jurors...............................................1452
Waiver.......................................................1453-1454
Jury trial, criminal cases:
Application to States.............................................1407
Background, rationale........................................1406-1407
Capital sentencing, racial discrimination....................1857-1858
Civil proceedings............................................1410-1412
[[Page 2428]]
Contempt trials..........................................630-631, 1411
Juvenile trials...................................................1412
Petty offenses....................................................1410
Racial discrimination, jury selection.............1798-1799, 1854-1857
Waiver.......................................................1407-1408
Just compensation requirement..................................1374-1377
Justiciability...................................................648-698
Juveniles:
offenders, processing of, due process........................1780-1783
death penalty................................................1491-1492
L
Labor-management relations:
Blacklisting, prohibition.........................................1591
Child labor.........................................199, 202-203, 1587
Compulsory arbitration............................................1591
Employer free speech.........................................1121-1122
Federal regulation.............................................187-196
Freedom of assembly to discuss rights........................1189-1191
Hours of labor, women, ``hazardous' occupations...................1586
Hours, wages, federal regulation..................................1587
Injunctions, federal courts, labor disputes.............661, 785, 1592
Liberty of contract..........................................1581-1594
Picketing, regulation, free speech...........................1173-1174
Preemption, federal-state power................................254-260
President, powers over in wartime..............................443-444
Racial discrimination by unions...................................1593
Right-to-work laws, state.........................................1593
Wages, payment regulated.....................................1587-1588
Workers' compensation laws.....................738, 861-863, 1588-1590
Labor unions:
Dues money, use of by unions.................................1065-1066
Governmental promotion, regulation..................187-196, 1591-1594
Officers, loyalty oaths................................1044-1045, 1055
Picketing, boycotts, speech..................................1173-1174
Political activities of, limited..................................1102
Speech rights of members.....................................1064-1066
Unfair labor practices, state regulation.......................254-260
Landlord-tenant disputes, jury trials...............................1454
Leaflets, pamphlets, distribution, speech......................1180-1181
Legal tender. See money.
Legislative buildings, grounds, picketing................1165, 1175-1176
Legislative courts...............................................604-617
Legislative veto. See Congressional veto.
Legislatures, state, apportionment and distributing............1902-1911
Lend lease..................................................497-498, 547
Letters of marque and reprisal..................................305, 359
Libel. See Defamation.
Liberty of contract............................................1581-1594
Limitations period. See Statutes of limitation.
Lineups, criminal identification procedures.........1444-1447, 1752-1753
Litigation, promotion of, carrying on, First Amendment.........1056-1061
Loansharking, federal prohibition....................................206
[[Page 2429]]
Lobbying, Government regulation................................1101-1102
Logan Act........................................................541-542
Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act..............739-741
Lotteries, barring from interstate commerce......200-201, 290-291, 1513,
1636
Loyalty oaths, constitutionality of...................677-678, 1073-1078
Loyalty-security programs, government employment.....517-518, 1055-1056,
1073-1078, 1084-1085, 1351
M
Mail (see also Post Roads):
Congress, powers as to...................................289-292, 1359
Exclusion of materials from, censorship......290-292, 1152, 1154, 1359
Implementation of other powers.....................................292
Right to receive...............................................291-292
State regulations, taxes, affecting service....................292-293
Marriage:
Contract clause, marriage contracts not within.....................388
Fundamental right, privacy, attributes.....1667, 1680-1681, 1688-1689,
1860
Interracial ban, validity...................................1667, 1860
Married-unmarried persons, classification, validity.................1837
Martial law, nature of, when invoked...............324, 456-462, 566-567
Membership in organizations, disqualifications for, oaths related
to,inquiries respecting.................1064-1056, 1057-1058, 1070-1078
Mental illness................................1490, 1690-1692, 1783-1785
Mental retardation............................1491, 1690-1692, 1783-1785
Military forces, use abroad to protect citizens, property,
President, Congress....................................447-453, 570-572
Militia:
Powers of Congress as to.......................................331-333
States, powers as to...........................................332-333
Relation to right to bear arms...............................1193-1194
Military law.....................................................316-319
Milk, price, purity, marketing......................195, 1633-1634, 1831
Miranda warning................................................1330-1340
Miscegenation.................................................1667, 1860
Money:
Bills of credit.......................................159-160, 360-361
Coinage and borrowing power, relation.........................159, 287
Coins, defacement, exportation, power of Congress..................287
Counterfeiting................................................287, 341
Gold, currency, gold clauses in contracts, abrogation........159, 287,
1365-1366
Legal tender, power of States as to................................361
Legal tender, treasury notes as....................................159
State bank notes, federal tax on...................................342
Mootness in legal disputes.......................................679-683
Mortgages, state moratory laws, validity.........................395-397
Motive vs. intent test of equal protection.....................1815-1820
Motor vehicles, regulation, taxation.................225, 226, 1826-1827
Multimember electoral district, validity.......................1906-1911
Multiple taxation, interstate commerce...........................231-232
Murder, death penalty for......................................1472-1493
N
National Industrial Recovery Act.............................83, 187-188
[[Page 2430]]
National Labor Relations Act.....................................190-192
National security
Electronic surveillance justified by.........................1255-1257
National supremacy, scope of clause..............................917-943
Native Americans:
Commerce with, congressional powers............................260-265
Due process constraints on governance of..............262-263, 492-493
Lessees of Indian lands, State taxation............................942
``Not taxed,'' counting for apportionment....................114, 1927
State taxation of, reservation activities......................262-263
Treaties with.............................................261, 492-493
Tribes not foreign states..........................................775
Natural resources, state laws respecting.........235, 871-874, 1624-1628
Navigable waters (see also Admiralty; Courts, federal):
Congress, regulatory powers, improvement..................161, 170-175
Diversion of, States, municipalities, federal suits................923
Riparian ownership, governmental reservation.................171, 1382
State regulation, validity.........................................226
Navy. See Armed forces.
Necessary and proper clause, congressional power.......165-166, 339-344,
480-482, 512, 636, 728-731
Newsgathering as commerce............................................162
Newspapers (see also Speech and press):
Contempt for publication.......................................627-629
Exclusion from mails...............................................290
Government regulation of business of.........................1113-1127
Right of reply laws...............................................1127
Search and seizure of newspaper offices.....................1104, 1223
Nobility, titles of, not to be granted, accepted.....................359
Noise, permissible state interest in limiting expression.......1181-1182
No-knock entrances to search........................................1227
Nonresident of State, obtaining jurisdiction over..............1705-1722
Notice of accusation...........................................1420-1421
Nude dancing, protected expression.............................1162-1163
Nudity in films, protected expression..........................1160-1163
O
Oath of office, application, powers of Congress as to............943-948
Oaths, loyalty, affirmative, disclaimer............1044, 1056, 1073-1078
Obligation of contracts, States not to impair....................366-398
Obscenity, pornography.........................................1149-1160
Oil and gas (see also Carriers; Taxation, state):
Interstate transportation, production for interstate sale,
federal, state powers.............................................180
Rates, federal regulation....................................1359-1360
State protective laws........................................1624-1625
One person, one vote...........................................1902-1911
Opticians, ophthalmologists, regulation, classification.......1622-1623,
1831
Original jurisdiction............................................776-779
Original package doctrine.......................................240, 399
Origination Clause..........................................135, 136-137
Overbreadth.....1050-1051, 1061, 1083, 1084, 1087, 1113, 1119, 1133-1134
P
Packers and Stockyard Act............................................185
[[Page 2431]]
Pardons and amnesties............................................463-469
Parent-child conflict.............................1672, 1678, 1689, 1785
Parks, use of for expression, public forums....................1164-1165
Passports, denial, suspension, due process..........................1071
Patents and copyrights...........................................293-302
Patronage systems, validity under First Amendment..............1062-1063
Penumbral rights protected..........................................1504
Pendent jurisdiction.............................................721-722
Peonage, validity under Thirteenth Amendment, congressional power
to abolish....................................................1555-1557
Peremptory challenges of jurors, racial discrimination.........1856-1857
Permit systems, parades, demonstrations........................1167-1168
Person:
Due Process..................................................1578-1579
Fourth Amendment, persons covered by.........................1204-1205
Privileges and immunities....................................1565-1567
Petitioning Congress, right of......................................1569
Petitioning government, redress of grievances............1137, 1187-1191
Pharmacies, regulation, right to advertise....................1622, 1115
Picketing, free expression.....................................1173-1181
Piracy, power of Congress to define and punish...................303-305
Plea bargaining, validity, safeguards..........................1757-1758
Pocket Veto......................................................139-140
Police power:
Federal, commerce clause basis.................................203-209
State, federal restrictions on.................................200-203
State, due process limitations...............................1579-1580
Political activity as element of free expression....1061-1064, 1081-1084
Political parties, racial discrimination by........1797, 1941-1942, 1945
Political question doctrine......................................687-698
Poll taxes, qualification to vote, validity............1473, 1894, 1921,
1989-1990
Polygamy.......................................................1007-1009
Pornography. See Obscenity, pornography.
Ports of entry, powers of Congress, no preference....................357
Post Roads...........................................................289
Postal service. See Mail.
Poverty, indigency, classification on basis of....1813-1814, 1836, 1839,
1916-1925
Preemption............................243-260, 284-286, 300-302, 918-919
Pregnancy, classifications based on.....................1602, 1876, 1886
Presentation of bills and resolutions............................141-143
President:
Cabinet as adviser of..............................................488
Compensation, restriction on...................................435-436
Creation of office.............................................413-415
Disability, inability...................................435, 1991-1993
Election, electoral college..............................426-433, 1548
Executive orders...............................................440-447
Executive privilege............................................532-539
House of Representatives, when selects...................426-428, 1547
Immunity from judicial direction.............534-538, 578-683, 688-689
Impeachment of...................................583-586, 588, 589-590
Messages to Congress...........................................539-540
Oath of office, effect, time of....................................436
Qualifications.................................................433-434
[[Page 2432]]
Succession to, vacancy..................................435, 1991-1993
Term, tenure.......................425-426, 1973-1976, 1985, 1991-1993
President, powers:
Appoint, remove officers, congressional power to limit.......418, 423,
425, 512-519, 522-531
Commander-in-Chief.............................................437-461
Courts, use of to enforce laws.....................................568
Domestic disturbances in States, suppression..............461-462, 895
Executive agencies, creation, status...........................441-442
Executive, diplomatic agents of................................509-512
Executive, enumeration, construction...........................415-422
Exercise of, in person, by agents.....................559-564, 582-583
Faithful execution of laws, duty, powers.......................553-572
Foreign envoys, reception by President....................540, 546-547
Foreign relations, conduct of..................................540-553
Impoundment of appropriated funds..............................555-559
Legislative role...................................................540
Martial law, declaration..............................456-461, 566-569
Military forces, use abroad, protect citizens, property.......447-453,
570-572
Pardons, amnesties....................................463-468, 788-889
Recognition of foreign governments........................540, 544-546
Remove officers................................................522-531
Seizure of factories...........................................572-578
Subordinates, control, protection..............................522-532
Veto, pocket veto..............................................138-141
War...................................................305-311, 437-453
Presumption of innocence.......................................1761-1762
Presumptions, evidentiary, due process..............1701-1704, 1761-1765
Preventive detention...........................................1469-1471
Price controls. See Rent and price controls.
Primary elections, subject to federal regulation....119, 1941-1942, 1945
Prior restraints, doctrine of..................................1029-1031
Prison inmates:
Access to courts..................................................1773
Access to legal materials.........................................1773
Basis of rights...................................................1774
Counsel, right to...........................................1447, 1775
Courts, federal, powers, restraints..........................1773-1774
Cruel and unusual punishment...........................1497-1499, 1773
Discipline, transfers between prisons.............................1776
First Amendment rights.......................................1108-1111
News media access............................................1110-1111
Parole, probation revocation.................................1776-1780
Racial segregation of.............................................1773
Religious freedom of..............................................1773
Voting by...................................................1897, 1927
Privacy:
Abortion.....................................................1669-1679
Contraceptive use protected......................1504-1505, 1668, 1681
Fourth Amendment protection of....................1205-1209, 1681-1682
Home, protections in.........................................1683-1686
Marital, family rights.......................................1679-1689
Protection of limited by First Amendment.....................1145-1147
[[Page 2433]]
Privileges and immunities of national citizenship...1568-1561, 1931-1932
Privileges and immunities of state citizens. See Comity clause.
Probable cause.................................................1217-1220
Probation, parole..............................................1776-1780
Profanity, public, governmental power to proscribe.............1133-1134
Professional sports, interstate commerce.............................162
Prohibition, intoxicating liquors........................1967-1969, 1977
Proof of crime, burden.........................................1761-1765
Property qualifications for voters, candidates...........1894-1896, 1898
Property tax support of public education.......................1923-1925
Prosecutorial misconduct, due process..........................1758-1761
Public accommodations, racial discrimination..........207-208, 1859-1860
Public employees, speech, political rights.....................1081-1090
Public forum...................................................1164-1171
Public lands.....................................................888-890
Public officers of the United States (see also President):
Appointment, confirmation......................................512-521
Commissions of, issuance...........................................521
Creation, qualifications, conduct, congressional regulation.......507,
512-519
Disqualification for rebellion....................................1928
Foreign emoluments.................................................359
Impeachment of.................................................583-589
Inferior officers, employees...................................513-515
Loyalty-security programs...........................517-518, 1084-1085
Political activities of.............................516-517, 1081-1084
Recess appointments............................................521-522
Removal........................................................522-531
Salaries, congressional termination in order to remove.........347-348
Strikes by.........................................................518
Suits against, immunity...............................582-583, 748-751
Withdrawal of, confirmation........................................520
Public trials, criminal cases.......................1105-1108, 1404-1406
Public use, taking of property.................................1371-1374
Public utilities, federal, state regulation, due process......1359-1360,
1597-1614
Publicity:
Prejudicial, criminal trials................................1414, 1755
Right to personal............................................1147-1148
Puerto Rico................................................890-891, 1871
Punishment of crime, unequal sentences, disproportionality....1493-1497,
1838
Punitive damages..............................................1471, 1698
Q
Quorum, lack of, legislative investigation...........................100
R
Racial discrimination.........................1356-1359, 1809, 1839-1868
Radio. See Broadcasting.
Railroad Retirement Act..........................................189-190
Railroads (see also Carriers; Labor-management relations):
Compelled services, expenditures........................381, 1610-1612
Federal rate regulation, due process.........................1360-1361
Full crew laws...............................................225, 1613
Interconnection of tracks, authorization...........................176
Intrastate rates, federal regulation...............................178
[[Page 2434]]
Property, state taxation, apportionment............................222
Rate regulation, state..............................224-225, 1597-1607
Safety regulations.................................225, 162-1613, 1623
State owned railroads, federal regulation......................923-924
Rape:
death penalty for............................................1487-1488
child witness and defendant's right to confrontation.........1427-1428
victim's privacy interest.........................................1146
Rational basis standard of review..............................1805-1809
Real property, state regulation, zoning, succession to........1380-1395,
1628-1632
Reapportionment of congressional districts among states.......1902, 1904
Reapportionment, state legislative districts...................1902-1911
Recess appointments..............................................521-522
Registration, compelled, self-incrimination....................1317-1321
Registration laws, convicted felons, notice....................1749-1750
Religion, freedom of:
Background, history............................................969-971
Belief-conduct distinction...................................1007-1009
Bus transportation, parochial school students............978, 985, 987
Child benefit theory......................................978, 984-985
Child labor laws..................................................1008
Chaplains in Congress, armed forces..........................996, 1002
Christian Nation rhetoric....................................971, 1009
Church disputes, judicial role.................................974-977
Colleges, universities, religious, assistance to...............988-989
Compulsory school attendance laws.................................1014
Compulsory vaccination............................................1008
Conscience, freedom of..................................969, 971, 1005
Conscientious objection, military service..............1000-1001, 1012
Construction grants, colleges..................................988-989
Criminal law, general applicability, religious practices.....1008-1009
Disqualification of clergy for public office......................1019
Entanglement test................973-974, 982, 983, 984, 989, 990, 998
Establishment of religion clause..............................977-1005
Evolution, teaching, public school, ban............................996
Financial assistance to church-related schools.................977-991
Flag salute, public schools.......................1011-1012, 1053-1054
Free exercise clause.........................................1005-1019
Grants to religious organizations for public purposes..........990-991
Imposition of secular requirements, religious objections.....1011-1019
Mandated school tests, etc, public purchase........................984
Neutrality.....................................................974-977
Oaths.......................................................1009, 1019
Parks, other public places, use by religious groups...............1011
Peyote use, criminal proscription.................................1017
Polygamy, bigamy..................................................1009
Prayers, Bible readings, public schools........................993-996
Primary purpose and effect tests......................973-974, 979-991
Released time..................................................991-993
Religious People rhetoric..........................................993
School supplies, loans to students............................982, 985
Social Security taxes, exemption denied...........................1015
[[Page 2435]]
Street proselytizing.........................................1010-1011
Sunday closing laws...........................................999-1000
Tax credits, parochial school students.........................986-988
Tax exemptions, religious property.............................997-998
Textbooks, loans to private school students...................978, 985
Tuition grants, parochial school students......................985-986
Unemployment compensation, denial to Sabbatarians, other
religious objectors.........................................1012-1014
Removal, cases from state to federal court:
Cases concerning federal officers, employees.......................819
Civil rights cases.............................................819-821
Generally, validity, circumstances...............343, 716-717, 819-821
States may not limit, burden.......................................765
Removal, power of President to remove officers...................522-532
Rent and price controls..................330-331, 602-603, 643-644, 1365
Reply, right of.....................................................1127
Republican form of government, nature, scope.....................891-893
Reputation, protected interest......................................1729
Required records doctrine......................................1315-1317
Residency, actual, required.........................869, 1702-1703, 1914
Residency, durational, state requirements......................1911-1914
Residential picketing...............................................1176
Restrictive covenant cases..........................663, 1790-1792, 1858
Retroactivity of judicial decisions..............................683-687
Reverse discrimination. See Affirmative action.
Right-privilege distinction...................1073, 1084-1085, 1725-1726
Right-to-work laws, state, preemption....................255, 1593, 1834
Rights retained by the people, Ninth Amendment.................1503-1505
Ripeness, justiciability.........................................676-679
S
Safety regulations, interstate commerce, impact on...................176
Savings bonds, federal overriding of state regulations...............931
Schools (see also Education, racial discrimination; Teachers):
Ban on private schools, compulsory public education..........1666-1667
Foreign language, ban on teaching............................1666-1667
Free speech in...............................................1090-1094
Prayers and religious exercises in.............................992-996
School buildings, picketing of..............................1165, 1166
Searches of students in......................................1246-1247
Scrupled jurors, capital punishment, exclusion...........1415-1416, 1474
Searches and seizures:
Administrative inspections...................................1211-1216
Airport stops................................................1233-1234
Alcohol, firearms inspections.....................................1211
Arrests, other detentions....................................1209-1210
Automobiles, expectation of privacy in....1208, 1215, 1237, 1238-1241,
1244
Background, scope............................................1199-1205
Border searches..............................................1243-1244
Consent searches.............................................1242-1243
Corporate records, when protected.................................1226
Electronic surveillance................................1206, 1250-1257
Exclusionary rule............................................1257-1270
[[Page 2436]]
Execution of warrants........................................1226-1228
Fingerprints, other objective evidence......................1210, 1224
First Amendment considerations...............................1221-1223
Habeas corpus, when search and seizure issues reviewable.....815, 1266
Home visits, welfare case workers.................................1214
Informants, tips, when sufficient for probable cause.........1218-1220
Interests protected..........................................1205-1209
Legislative investigations.........................................103
Mere evidence rule...........................................1223-1224
National security electronic surveillance....................1255-1257
Neutral magistrate, issuance of warrants.....................1216-1217
No-knock entrances................................................1227
Noncriminal searches and inspections.........................1211-1216
Open fields doctrine.........................................1245-1246
Particularity in warrants....................................1221-1223
Plain view doctrine...............................................1246
Privacy, protection of.......................................1205-1209
Probable cause...............................................1217-1220
Property, protection of......................................1205-1206
Random stops, check points, automobiles.....................1215, 1244
Reasonableness, meaning......................................1201-1204
Search incident to arrest....................................1234-1238
Standing to contest search and seizure.......................1269-1270
Stop and frisk...............................................1229-1234
Subpoenas, likened to search warrants........................1225-1226
Testimonial evidence..............................................1226
Warrantless searches..............................1201-1204, 1228-1250
Warrants, use, obtaining.....................................1215-1228
Wired informers...................................................1242
Wiretapping............................................1206, 1250-1257
Seditious libel.....................................1022-1023, 1131-1133
Segregation. See Racial discrimination.
Self-incrimination:
Alibi defense, compelled pretrial disclosure......................1310
Comment on defendant's failure to testify, defendant's silence
1308-1310
Compelled waiver..................................................1308
Compulsion required, nature of...............................1307-1308
Confessions..................................................1321-1340
Corporations, privilege not available to..........................1305
Delay in arraignment.........................................1323-1324
Discharge from employment for asserting...........................1308
Dual sovereign rule...............................................1311
Exclusionary rule............................................1340-1343
Gambling, firearms, registration, reporting..................1317-1318
Hit-and-run reporting statutes....................................1319
Immunity grants to compel testimony..........................1312-1315
Infamy, harm to reputation, not protected.........................1311
Interrogation, police questioning............................1321-1340
Legislative investigations.....................................101-102
Miranda warnings.............................................1330-1340
Nontestimonial compulsion....................................1306-1307
Presumptions......................................................1310
[[Page 2437]]
Prison disciplinary hearings......................................1309
Registration requirements....................................1317-1318
Reporting and disclosure.....................................1317-1321
Required records doctrine....................................1315-1317
Tax returns..................................................1317-1318
Testifying defendants, waiver.....................................1308
Writings, compelled production....................................1306
Senators, United States, direct election.......................1965-1966
Sentencing, convicted criminal defendants:
Appeals, corrective process..................................1770-1772
Capital cases................................................1474-1493
Counsel, assistance of...........................1447, 1765-1766, 1767
Deferred, probation, reimposition.................................1767
Disproportionate length......................................1493-1497
Habitual offenders................................1495-1496, 1765-1766
Insane defendants............................................1769-1770
Jury sentencing, bifurcation, capital cases..................1478-1479
Presentence reports, disclosure..............................1766-1767
Resentencing on retrial, limitations..............................1768
Separate but equal.............................................1840-1842
Separation of powers, doctrine of....69-71,63-70, 105, 127-133, 140-141,
153-156, 305-307, 347, 415-422, 440-441, 447-453, 494-495,
500-504, 522-531, 535-539, 548-553, 555-559, 561-563, 572-578,
578-583, 590-591, 600-602, 604-606, 609, 613-614, 645-646,
683, 687-698, 779-792
Sex, classification on basis of, discrimination:
Age of majority...................................................1878
Alimony......................................................1879-1880
Benign, favoring women.......................................1883-1885
Equal protection standards........................1810-1811, 1877-1878
Government benefits..........................................1881-1882
Jury service......................................................1879
Liquor regulations................................................1879
Military service.......................................1882-1883, 1884
Pensions, benefits................................................1881
Pregnancy.........................................................1886
Unwed fathers/mothers distinction.................................1881
Sex, materials about, pornography..............................1149-1163
Sexual privacy.................................................1679-1689
Sexual psychopath laws, commitment..................................1784
Shopping centers, picketing in.................................1171-1173
Sit-ins.............................................................1165
Slavery and involuntary servitude..............................1551-1558
Social Security benefits, termination...............................1735
Soldiers, quartering in homes in peacetime..........................1195
Sound trucks, demonstrations...................................1181-1182
Sovereign immunity from suits:
Eleventh Amendment...........................................1521-1545
Foreign States.................................................774-775
Suability of officers..........................................748-751
United States..................................................746-748
Special prosecutor...............................................527-531
Speech or debate, privilege of Members of Congress...............127-133
[[Page 2438]]
Speech and press, freedom of expression:
Absolutist view of protection accorded.......................1048-1050
Adoption, background.........................................1020-1025
Advertising..................................................1113-1119
Advocacy.......1025, 1034-1040, 1042-1043, 1052, 1067-1069, 1070-1071,
1079-1080
Aliens, exclusion of.........................................1080-1081
Anonymity, printed materials.................................1180-1181
Antitrust laws, communications media..............................1122
Application to States..............................958-964, 1020, 1024
Association, freedom of......................................1056-1066
Bad tendency test............................................1037-1038
Balancing....................................................1044-1048
Beliefs, affiliation..............................1053-1056, 1070-1073
Benefits, privileges, withdrawal.......................1054-1056, 1073
Books, periodicals..............................1033, 1114, 1153, 1153
Children........................1090-1094, 1152, 1154, 1159-1160, 1161
Clear and present danger.....................................1034-1053
Commercial speech............................................1113-1119
Communications industries, regulation........................1113-1127
Contempt of court...................................1040-1042, 640-642
Content of expression, limitation based on.............1081, 1127-1163
Contributions, campaign funds.....................1063-1064, 1094-1101
Disorder, unrest, speech result...................................1168
Door to door solicitation....................................1182-1183
Draft card burning..........................................1079, 1184
Elections.........................................1061-1064, 1094-1101
Entertainment................................................1160-1163
Fairness doctrine, broadcasting..............................1123-1124
Fighting words...............................................1133-1134
Flag desecration, burning......................................1183-87
Flag salute, compulsory, schools.............................1053-1054
Group libel..................................................1135-1136
Hostile audience..................................................1168
Importation.................................................1080, 1154
Injunctions, ex parte..................................1031-1033, 1168
Journalist's privilege.......................................1102-1104
Labor relations..............................................1121-1122
Leaflets, pamphlets, distribution............................1180-1181
Legislative investigations...................................1078-1079
Less restrictive means test.......................................1051
Libel........................................................1136-1145
Libraries, schools, removal of books..............................1092
License taxes.........................................1029, 1049, 1120
Licensing, professional, bar membership...............1047, 1056, 1072
Litigation as expression.....................................1056-1061
Live performances, plays, nudity.............................1162-1163
Lobbying.....................................................1101-1102
Mails.....................................1047, 1080, 1152, 1154, 1155
Membership, disclosure......................1057-1058, 1070-1073, 1078
Motion pictures.........................1033, 1114, 1153-54, 1160-1163
National security..........1029-1031, 1036-1038, 1042-1048, 1055-1056,
1066-1081
Newspapers.....1029, 1031-1033, 1031-1033, 1040-1041, 1104, 1110-1111,
1114, 1119-1120, 1121-1122, 1127, 1136, 1148-1149
[[Page 2439]]
Oaths.......................................1044, 1055-1056, 1073-1078
Obscenity, pornography.................................1033, 1149-1163
Organizations, members, conflicts between....................1064-1066
Overbreadth..................................................1050-1051
Patronage systems............................................1062-1063
Permit systems.........................................1030, 1167-1168
Picketing....................................................1173-1179
Political campaigns, contributions, expenditures............1063-1064,
1094-1101
Political candidates, loyalty oaths...............................1074
Political parties, associational rights.....................1063, 1063
Preferred position...........................................1048-1050
Prior restraint..............................................1029-1031
Privacy, protection of as First Amendment problem............1145-1147
Private places, public attributes............................1171-1173
Private employment, restrictions on...............................1072
Profane and abusive language.................................1133-1134
Public employees, expression rights..........................1081-1090
Public employees, political activities.......................1081-1084
Public forum, public places..................................1164-1171
Radio and television.........................................1123-1126
Residential picketing.............................................1176
Right-privilege distinction............................1051, 1084-1085
Sedition, seditious libel....................................1131-1133
Sound trucks.................................................1181-1182
Speech-conduct distinction........................................1050
Students.....................................................1090-1094
Symbolic speech..............................................1183-1187
Syndicalism laws..........................1038- 1039, 1052, 1067, 1132
Taxation.....................................................1119-1121
Tax exemptions, denial for speech.................................1073
Vagueness.........................................1050-1051, 1076-1077
War effort, interference with.....................1036-1038, 1079-1080
Speedy trial, criminal cases...................................1400-1403
Spending for general welfare.....................................153-159
Standing to contest discriminatory jury selection...................1855
Standing to sue in federal courts................................654-670
Stare decisis, doctrine of in courts.............................711-712
State action, Fourteenth, Fifteenth Amendments:
Basis of doctrine......................................1786-1787, 1944
Congressional enforcement, whether limited by.....1929-1933, 1944-1946
Courts, enforcement of private discrimination................1790-1792
Discriminatory custom, official enforcement.......................1790
Lessee of property in public building.............................1794
Private clubs, liquor licenses....................................1795
Private discrimination, encouragement by official action.....1792-1793
Public function...................................................1797
Public requirement of private discrimination, action..............1795
Repeal of antidiscrimination laws, erection of barriers to
public,
prevention of discrimination...............................1792-1793
State laws, actions contrary to..............................1786-1787
Tax privileges, public funds, discrimination by recipients...1799-1800
States:
Admiralty, maritime matters, state legislation.................737-743
[[Page 2440]]
Admission of to Union..........................................881-886
Agreements with other States..............................360, 403-407
Bills of attainder, not to pass................................361-362
Bills of credit, not to emit...................................360-361
Boundary disputes between, suits...............................752-753
Citizens of.......................................................1566
Compact clause.................................................403-407
Contracts, not to impair obligations...........................366-398
Disputes over water rights between.............................753-755
Electors, presidential, power to control.......................429-433
Employees, federal labor laws applied to............166, 194, 921-930,
1514-1516
Equal footing, admission on terms of...........................881-885
Ex post facto laws, not to pass................................362-365
Immunity from federal taxation.....................1415-149, 1510-1511
Immunity from suit...........................................1521-1545
Imposts, not to lay................................................399
Instrumentalities, activities, federal regulation, taxation
1514-1518
Legislatures, apportionment, districting.....................1902-1911
Officers of:
Federal laws, duty to enforce................................944-948
Injunctions, restraint of enforcement of invalid laws.......801-802,
804-809, 1537-1544
Political activities of, federal restraints on....156-157, 1081-1084
Salaries, federal taxation.................................1510-1511
Reserved powers..............................................1509-1518
Tonnage duties, limitations........................................402
Treaties, alliances, confederations................................360
Statutes of limitations, due process constraints...............1699-1700
Sterilization, compulsory.....................................1813, 1839
Stop and frisk.................................................1229-1234
Strict scrutiny........................1081, 1118, 1161, 1186, 1809-1814
Suffrage, as fundamental right...........................1813, 1892-1911
Sunday closing laws.......................................999-1000, 1012
Supermajority requirements in referenda.............................1911
Supremacy Clause.................................................917-942
Supreme Court of the United States:
Adequate state ground, preclusion of review of state court
decisions.....................................................724-726
Advisory opinions not rendered.........599, 600, 620-623, 649, 671-673
Appeal, certiorari.............................................723-724
Appellate jurisdiction, congressional exceptions...............779-792
Concurrent jurisdiction with lower federal courts..............792-794
Disobedience of orders by state courts.........................794-795
Finality rule, review..........................................723-724
Impeachment of Justices of.....................................583-591
Legislative courts, appellate jurisdiction over....................606
Original jurisdiction of.....................726-728, 752-757, 776-779
Rule making authority...............................................76
Size, internal organization, sessions..........................598-599
State court decisions, review of...............................723-727
Supervisory power over lower federal courts....625, 626-627, 631, 633,
1262-1263
Suspect classifications........................................1809-1814
T
Taking of property by government...............................1369-1395
[[Page 2441]]
Tariffs. See Taxation, federal.
Tax benefits, suits to compel withdrawal..............656-657, 1799-1800
Tax records, privacy interests................................1247, 1307
Taxation, federal:
Capital gains, computing income tax on.......................1960-1961
Corporate dividends, when taxable............................1955-1958
Corporate earnings, when taxable.............................1958-1960
Customs, import duties.........................................152-153
Deductions, exemptions.......................................1962-1963
Destruction by.................................................151-152
Direct, apportionment, defined......................352-356, 1953-1954
Discriminatory, due process..................................1361-1363
District of Columbia...........................................355-356
Due process..................................................1361-1363
Excises, defined, uniformity...................................352-353
Exports from States............................................356-357
Federal judges, salaries, subject to......................144-145, 600
Gift........................................................1362, 1364
Graduated income.............................................354, 1362
Illegal income....................................................1962
Income..............................................352-355, 1953-1964
Inheritance....................................................354-355
Punishment of state law violations by.............................1514
Regulation by..................................................150-151
Retroactive..................................................1363-1364
State instrumentalities, activities, income of...............1514-1518
State officers, salaries................................145, 1510-1511
Tariffs......................................77, 152-153, 198, 496-497
Uniformity................................................144, 352-356
Taxation, state:
Airplanes, fuel....................................................230
Assessments, notice and hearing...................1641-1642, 1660-1662
Burden, excessive............................................1638-1639
Carriage of persons, interstate commerce......................212, 221
Chain stores, graduated...............................1655, 1822, 1823
Collection of................................................1662-1664
Competing taxpayers, differential treatment.......................1823
Congress, legislation on state taxation of interstate commerce
216-220, 230
Contacts test......................................................223
Corporations, foreign, domestic, different tax treatment..........876,
1824-1825
Corporations, foreign, engaged in interstate commerce.........221-223,
228-231, 1656-1657
Corporations, individuals, differential tax treatment........1823-1824
Corporations, personalty.....................................1649-1650
Corporations, stock, when taxable.................................1655
Estate and inheritance.......................................1639-1640
Exemptions, revocation................................372-374, 385-388
Exports...............................................240-242, 398-401
Favoritism of certain industries..................................1823
Federal employees, salary......................................936-937
Forfeiture of land for taxes......................................1663
Franchise.........................................................1640
Franchise, corporation, interstate commerce...........222-223, 228-229
Freight, transported interstate...........................213, 221-223
[[Page 2442]]
Garbage, trash as commerce....................................215, 233
Gift.........................................................1639-1640
Gross receipts, companies in interstate commerce..........221-223, 229
Imports, foreign, domestic.....................................392-401
Income............................................................1640
Income, nonresidents.........................................876, 1825
Income, source outside taxing State...............................1825
Income, where earned..............................................1640
Inheritance, estate, gift, transfer..........................1650-1654
Instrumentalities of Federal Government........................932-945
Insurance.....................................218-219, 1657-1659, 1822
Interest on unpaid taxes..........................................1663
Interstate and foreign commerce................................209-242
Dormant commerce clause doctrine.............................209-220
Apportionment, interstate business............223, 228-229, 231-232,
1550-1552
Congressional authorization..................................216-220
Discrimination, impermissible.................222, 223, 229, 232-233
Nexus requirement............................................229-230
State proprietary exception......................................216
Jurisdiction to tax..........................................1642-1659
Laches.......................................................1665-1666
Land, taxes on...............................................1641-1642
Liens for taxes...................................................1663
Motor vehicles................................223, 230, 232, 1826-1827
Multiple taxation test...............................223, 229, 231-232
Notice and hearing, when required............................1659-1662
Peddlers, drummers, imports...................................214, 216
Personality, tangible, intangible............................1643-1650
Privilege, corporation, measure..............................1654-1655
Privilege taxes on importers.......................................400
Property, assessments, equal protection...........................1828
Property, distinction among kinds............................1827-1828
Public purpose in taxation........................................1638
Real property................................................1641-1642
Remedies, contest taxes, limits...................................1665
Retroactive.......................................................1639
Sales...................................................230, 232, 1823
Severance.........................................................1640
Solicitation of out-of-state orders............................228-231
Special assessments..........................................1828-1829
Suits to restrain collection.......................................801
Transfer.....................................................1650-1654
Vessels, ferries, operated interstate..........................210-213
Taxing and spending power.................144-159, 1532, 1984, 1112-1113
Teachers, First Amendment rights..............1037, 1076-1078, 1084-1085
Televising of criminal trials.......................................1405
Television. See Broadcasting.
Territories:
Acquisition of by conquest, provision for..........................454
Constitutional guarantees in.......................................888
Congress, powers as to.........................................888-891
Courts of........................................604-605, 608, 890-891
[[Page 2443]]
Diversity of citizenship, suits in federal courts..................763
Textbooks:
Loans to religious school students............................978, 985
Loans to segregated private schools...............................1801
Three-judge federal courts...........................................803
Titles of nobility...................................................359
Tonnage duties, States not to lay....................................402
Topless dancing..........................................1162-1163, 1983
Trademarks and advertisements, patents or copyrights.................302
Trade names, restraint on use.......................................1116
Trade secrets, state protection......................................301
Trading stamps, regulation, bar...............................1618, 1835
Transcripts, criminal trials, indigents.............................1919
Transportation, racial discrimination in, banned.........207, 1593, 1859
Travel, international, right of................................420, 1071
Travel, interstate, burdening, forbidding.....236, 1813, 1893, 1912-1914
Treason, definition, evidentiary requirements, penalty......586, 821-828
Treaties (see also Executive agreements; National supremacy;
Native Americans; President, powers):
Aliens, rights derived from....................................472-474
Congress, implementation, when required...................472, 474-477
Congressional legislation concerning......................340, 480-482
Constitutional limitations on power............................482-487
Executive monopoly of negotiation..................................470
Implementation, repeal, termination by Congress.......471-582, 487-491
Interpretation, political question..........491, 688, 690-691, 696-697
Law of the land, effect on state laws..........................472-474
Self-executing, when......................................471, 479-480
States not to enter into...........................................391
Statutes, federal, conflict....................................478-479
Termination, lapse, how, by whom...............................487-491
Treatment, right of mentally ill to............................1690-1692
U
Unconstitutional conditions.............................1034, 1073, 1725
United States:
Immunity from suit, waiver.....................................746-748
Instrumentalities, corporations, immunity from suit............748-751
Liability for torts of employees...............................747-748
Officers of, state taxation, regulation........................936-937
Property of, ceded by States, powers, conditions...............888-890
Property of, disposition, congressional authorization..........880-890
Property of, jurisdiction over, limits, duration...............337-339
Property of, residents on, rights........................337-338, 1894
Utilities, advertising, regulation..................................1116
Utility service cutoffs, due process..........................1729, 1796
V
Vagrancy laws, vagueness, validity.............................1748-1749
Vagueness in statutes..............................1050, 1055, 1747-1749
Venue, change of, criminal trials...................................1414
Vessels:
Interstate commerce................................................172
[[Page 2444]]
Navigable waters, State licensing, regulation......................226
Taxation, State jurisdiction......................................1644
Veto. See President, powers.
Vietnam War, litigation over in Federal courts..............310-311, 779
Voter qualifications:
Age..............................................1892, 1935-1936, 1995
Durational residency..............................1893-1894, 1935-1936
Literacy...................................1892, 1934, 1942, 1946-1948
Military service, discrimination based on.........................1894
Poll tax...............................................1894, 1989-1990
Property holding.............................................1894-1896
Race..........109, 118-119, 621, 1861, 1933-1936, 1939-1950, 1989-1990
Residency....................................................1893-1894
Residents of federal enclave.................................338, 1894
Sex..........................................................1971-1972
Voting, paid time off work for, validity............................1588
Voting Rights Act..........109, 118-119, 621, 1861, 1933-1936, 1939-1950
W
War (see also Delegation of power; International law; President;
Japanese-Americans, relocation):
Constitutional rights in wartime...............................324-331
Declaration of, by Congress....................................307-311
Eminent domain, property destroyed, liability..................329-330
Legislation during, following..................................319-322
Powers as to, source, scope....................................305-307
President versus Congress....................305-307, 447-453, 570-572
Prizes of war, laws applicable.....................................326
Water, state conservation laws............................219, 235, 1626
Waterways, transportation, commerce..............................170-175
Welfare assistance, status as property...................1726, 1735-1736
Wheat, production of for own consumption, federal regulation........164,
195-196
White primary cases..........................1794, 1797, 1941-1942, 1945
Wiretapping....................................................1250-1257
Women. See Sex, classification on basis of.
Workmen's compensation laws. See Labor-management relations.
Wrongful death actions, maritime accidents.......................742-743
Y
``Yellow-dog'' contracts.......................................191, 1591
Z
Zoning:
Adult theatres, bookstores........................................1161
Restrictions on property generally...........................1628-1632
Takings, claims of...........................................1384-1395
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