Chapter 5
Older Adults and Mental Health

Chapter Overview

Overview of Mental Disorders in Older Adults

Depression in Older Adults

Alzheimer’s Disease

Other Mental Disorders in Older Adults

Service Delivery

Other Services and Supports

Conclusions

References

References (Continued, page 2)

Ekerdt, D. J., De Labry, L. O., Glynn, R. J., & Davis, R. W. (1989). Change in drinking behaviors with retirement: Findings from the normative aging study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 347–353.

Ellor, J. R., & Kurz, D. J. (1982). Misuse and abuse of prescription and nonprescription drugs by the elderly. Nursing Clinics of North America, 17, 319–330.

Elseviers, M. M., & De Broe, M. E. (1998). Analgesic abuse in the elderly. Renal sequelae and management. Drugs & Aging, 12, 391–400.

Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton.

Ernst, R. L., & Hay, J. W. (1994). The US economic and social costs of Alzheimer’s disease revisited. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1261–1264.

Evans, D. A., Funkenstein, H. H., Albert, M. S., Scherr, P. A., Cook, N. R., Chown, M. J., Hebert, L. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Taylor, J. O. (1989). Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 2551–2556.

Eyler-Zorilla, L., Simjee-McClure, F., Patterson, T. L., Palmer, B. W., Harris, M. J., & Jeste, D. V. (1999). Clinical, functional, and cognitive characteristics of elderly, community-dwelling schizophrenia patients. New Orleans, LA: American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry.

Feinberg, I. (1983). Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 319–334.

Felker, B., Yazel, J. J., & Short, D. (1996). Mortality and medical comorbidity among psychiatric patients: A review. Psychiatric Services, 47, 1356–1363.

Ferris, S. H., Steinberg, G., Shulman, E., Kahn, R., & Reisberg, B. (1987). Institutionalization of Alzheimer’s patients: Reducing precipitating factors through family counseling. Home Health Care Services Quarterly, 8, 23–61.

Finch, C. E., & Tanzi, R. E. (1997). Genetics of aging. Science, 278, 407–411.

Finkel, S. I., Costa e Silva, J., Cohen, G., Miller, S., & Sartorius, N. (1996). Behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia: A consensus statement on current knowledge and implications for research and treatment. International Psychogeriatrics, 8(Suppl. 3), 497–500.

Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., & Greenberg, P. E. (1996, January 17–18). Economics of depression: A summary and review. National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association sponsored Consensus Conference on the Undertreatment of Depression, Washington, DC.

Finlayson, R. E., & Davis, L. J., Jr. (1994). Prescription drug dependence in the elderly population: Demographic and clinical features of 100 inpatients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 69, 1137–1145.

Finney, J. W., & Moos, R. H. (1991). The long-term course of treated alcoholism: I. Mortality, relapse and remission rates and comparisons with community controls. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 44–54.

Flint, A. J. (1994). Epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 640–649.

Ford, D. E., & Kamerow, D. B. (1989). Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 1479–1484.

Frank, E., Prigerson, H. G., Shear, M. K., & Reynolds, C. F., III. (1997a). Phenomenology and treatment of bereavement-related distress in the elderly. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12(Suppl. 7), S25–S29.

Frank, R. G., Koyanagi, C., & McGuire, T. G. (1997b). The politics and economics of mental health “parity” laws. Health Affairs, 16, 108–119.

Frank, R., McGuire, T., & Newhouse, J. (1997c). Risk contracts in managed mental health care. Health Affairs, 14, 50–64.

Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., & Talajic, M. (1993). Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 1819–1825.

Frasure-Smith, N., Lesperance, F., & Talajic, M. (1995). Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 91, 999–1005.

Friedman, B., & Kane, R. L. (1993). HMO medical directors’ perceptions of geriatric practice in Medicare HMOs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41, 1144–1149.

Galasko, D., Hansen, L. A., Katzman, R., Wiederholt, W., Masliah, E., Terry, R., Hill, L. R., Lessin, P., & Thal, L. J. (1994). Clinical-neuropathological correlations in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Archives of Neurology, 51, 888–895.

Gallagher, D., & Thompson, L. (1982). Treatment of major depressive disorder in older adult outpatients with brief psychotherapies. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 19, 482–490.

Gallagher-Thompson, D., Hanley-Peterson, P., & Thompson, L. W. (1990). Maintenance of gains versus relapse following brief psychotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 371–374.

Gallo, J. J., Anthony, J. C., & Muthen, B. O. (1994). Age differences in the symptoms of depression: A latent trait analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 49, P251–P264.

Gallo, J. J., & Lebowitz, B. D. (1999). The epidemiology of common late-life mental disorders in the community: Themes for the new century. Psychiatric Services, 50, 1158–1166.

Gallo, J. J., Rabins, P. V., Lyketsos, C. G., Tien, A. Y., & Anthony, J. C. (1997). Depression without sadness: Functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45, 570–578.

Gallo, J. J., Royall, D. R., & Anthony, J. C. (1993). Risk factors for the onset of depression in middle age and later life. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 101–108.

Gallo, J. J., Ryan, S. D., & Ford, D. (in press). Attitudes, knowledge, and behavior of family physicians regarding depression in late life. Archives of Family Medicine.

Gask, L., Sibbald, B., & Creed, F. (1997). Evaluating models of working at the interface between mental health services and primary care. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 6–11.

Gatz, M., Bengtson, V. L., & Blum, M. J. (1990). Caregiving families. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 404–426). San Diego: Academic Press.

Gatz, M., & Smyer, M. A. (1992). The mental health system and older adults in the 1990s. American Psychologist, 47, 741–751.

George, L. K. (1992). Community and home care for mentally ill older adults. In J. E. Birren, R. B. Sloane, G. D. Cohen, N. R. Hooyman, B. D. Lebowitz, & M. I. Wykle (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (2nd ed., pp. 793–813). San Diego: Academic Press.

Glasser, M., & Gravdal, J. A. (1997). Assessment and treatment of geriatric depression in primary care settings. Archives of Family Medicine, 6, 433–438.

Glassman, A. H., Roose, S. P., & Bigger, J. T., Jr. (1993). The safety of tricyclic antidepressants in cardiac patients. Risk-benefit reconsidered. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2673–2675.

Goldman, H. H., Cohen, G. D., & Davis, M. (1985). Expanded Medicare outpatient coverage for Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 36, 939–942.

Gordon, T., & Kannel, W. B. (1983). Drinking and its relation to smoking, BP, blood lipids, and uric acid. The Framingham study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 143, 1366–1374.

Gottesman, L. E., Peskin, E., Kennedy, K., & Mossey, J. (1991). Implications of a mental health intervention for elderly mentally ill residents of residential care facilities. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 229–245.

Gottlieb, G. L. (1995). Geriatric psychiatry. In H. H. Goldman (Ed.), Review of general psychiatry (4th ed., pp. 483–491). Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange.

Grant, B. F., Harford, T. C., Dawson, D. A., Chou, P. S., & Pickering, R. P. (1994). Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1992. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18, 243.

Green, M. F., Marshall, B. D., Jr., Wirshing, W. C., Ames, D., Marder, S. R., McGurk, S., Kern, R. S., & Mintz, J. (1997). Does risperidone improve verbal working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 799–804.

Greenberg, J., Leutz, W., Greenlick, M., Malone, J., Ervin, S., & Kodner, D. (1988). The social HMO demonstration: Early experience. Health Affairs, 7, 66–79.

Greenblatt, D. J., Sellers, E. M., & Shader, R. I. (1982). Drug disposition in old age. New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 1081–1088.

Greenwald, B. S., Kramer-Ginsberg, E., Bogerts, B., Ashtari, M., Aupperle, P., Wu, H., Allen, L., Zeman, D., & Patel, M. (1997). Qualitative magnetic resonance imaging findings in geriatric depression. Possible link between later-onset depression and Alzheimer’s disease? Psychological Medicine, 27, 421–431.

Gurland, B. J., Cross, P. S., & Katz, S. (1996). Epidemiological perspectives on opportunities for treatment of depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 4(Suppl. 1), S7–S13.

Haastrup, S., & Jepsen, P. W. (1988). Eleven year follow-up of 300 young opioid addicts. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 22–26.

Hagnell, O., Lanke, J., Rorsman, B., & Ojesjo, L. (1982). Are we entering an age of melancholy? Depressive illnesses in a prospective epidemiological study over 25 years: The Lundby Study, Sweden. Psychological Medicine, 12, 279–289.

Haight, B. K., Michel, Y., & Hendrix, S. (1998). Life review: Preventing despair in newly relocated nursing home residents’ short- and long-term effects. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 119–142.

Hardy, J. A., & Higgins, G. A. (1992). Alzheimer’s disease: The amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science, 256, 184–185.

Harlow, S. D., Goldberg, E. L., & Comstock, G. W. (1991). A longitudinal study of risk factors for depressive symptomatology in elderly widowed and married women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 526–538.

Harwood, H., Fountain, D., Livermore, G., & Lewin Group. (1998). The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States, 1992. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Office of Science Policy and Communications, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Office of Policy Analysis.

Hawton, K., & Kirk, J. (1989). Problem solving. In K. Hawton, P. M. Salkovskis, J. Kirk, & D. M. Clark (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric patients: A practical guide. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Heaton, R., Paulsen, J. S., McAdams, L. A., Kuck, J., Zisook, S., Braff, D., Harris, J., & Jeste, D. V. (1994). Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenics. Relationship to age, chronicity, and dementia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 469–476.

Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Beckett, L. A., Albert, M. S., Pilgrim, D. M., Chown, M. J., Funkenstein, H. H., & Evans, D. A. (1995). Age-specific incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1354–1359.

Helzer, J. E., Burnam, A., & McEvoy, L. T. (1991). Alcohol abuse and dependence. In L. N. Robins & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area study (pp. 81–115). New York: Free Press.

Hill, L. R., Klauber, M. R., Salmon, D. P., Yu, E. S., Liu, W. T., Zhang, M., & Katzman, R. (1993). Functional status, education, and the diagnosis of dementia in the Shanghai survey. Neurology, 43, 138–145.

Himmelfarb, S., & Murrell, S. A. (1984). The prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in older adults. Journal of Psychology, 116, 159–167.

Hirschfeld, R. M., Keller, M. B., Panico, S., Arons, B. S., Barlow, D., Davidoff, F., Endicott, J., Froom, J., Goldstein, M., Gorman, J. M., Marek, R. G., Maurer, T. A., Meyer, R., Phillips, K., Ross, J., Schwenk, T. L., Sharfstein, S. S., Thase, M. E., & Wyatt, R. J. (1997). The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 333–340.

Holroyd, S., & Duryee, J. J. (1997). Differences in geriatric psychiatry outpatients with early- vs late-onset depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 1100–1106.

Hoyert, D. L., Kochanke, K. D., & Murphy, S. L. (1999). Deaths: Final data for 1997. National Vital Statistics Reports, 47 (9). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Hser, Y. I., Anglin, D., & Powers, K. (1993). A 24-year follow-up of California narcotics addicts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 577–584.

Ingster, L. M., & Cartwright, W. S. (1995). Drug disorders and cardiovascular disease: The impact on annual hospital length of stay for the Medicare population. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 21, 93–110.

Institute for Health and Aging. (1996). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Institute of Medicine. (1984). Bereavement: Reactions, consequences and care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Institute of Medicine. (1986). Improving the quality of care in nursing homes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Institute of Medicine. (1998). Violence in families: Assessing prevention and treatment programs. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Institute of Medicine. (1999). Reducing the burden of injury: Advancing prevention and treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Jeste, D. V., Caligiuri, M. P., Paulsen, J. S., Heaton, R. K., Lacro, J. P., Harris, M. J., Bailey, A., Fell, R. L., & McAdams, L. A. (1995a). Risk of tardive dyskinesia in older patients. A prospective longitudinal study of 266 outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 756–765.

Jeste, D. V., Harris, M. J., Krull, A., Kuck, J., McAdams, L. A., & Heaton, R. (1995b). Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of patients with late-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 722–730.

Jeste, D. V., Lacro, J. P., Bailey, A., Rockwell, E., Harris, M. J., & Caligiuri, M. P. (in press). Lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia with risperidone compared with haloperidol in older patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

Jeste, D. V., & Palmer, B. (1998). Secondary psychoses: An overview. Seminars in Clinical Neuro Psychiatry, 3, 2–3.

Jeste, D. V., Symonds, L. L., Harris, M. J., Paulsen, J. S., Palmer, B. W., & Heaton, R. K. (1997). Nondementia nonpraecox dementia praecox? Late-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 302–317.

Jeste, D. V., Wragg, R. E., Salmon, D. P., Harris, M. J., & Thal, L. J. (1992). Cognitive deficits of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with and without delusions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 184–189.

Johansson, B., & Zarit, S. H. (1995). Prevalence and incidence of dementia in the oldest-old: A longitudinal study of a population-based sample of 84–90 year olds in Sweden. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 359–366.

Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., & Henderson, A. S. (1987). The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 76, 465–479.

Judd, L. L., Rapaport, M. H., Paulus, M. P., & Brown, J. L. (1994). Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: A new mood disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(Suppl.), 18–28.

Kachur, S. P., Potter, L. B., James, S. P., & Powell, K. E. (1995). Suicide in United States 1980–1992 (Violence Surveillance Summary Series, No. 1). Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

Kane, J. M., Cole, K., Sarantakos, S., Howard, A., & Borenstein, M. (1983). Safety and efficacy of bupropion in elderly patients: Preliminary observations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 44, 134–136.

Kane, J. M., Woerner, M. G., Pollack, S., Safferman, A. Z., & Lieberman, J. A. (1993). Does clozapine cause tardive dyskinesia? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 327–330.

Kane, R. A. (1995). Expanding the home care concept: Blurring distinctions among home care, institutional care, and other long-term-care services. Milbank Quarterly, 73, 161–186.

Kane, R. L., Kane, R. A., Finch, M., Harrington, C., Newcomer, R., Miller, N., & Hulbert, M. (1997). S/HMOs, the second generation: Building on the experience of the first Social Health Maintenance Organization demonstrations. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45, 101–107.

Kang, D. E., Saitoh, T., Chen, X., Xia, Y., Masliah, E., Hansen, L. A., Thomas, R. G., Thal, L. J., & Katzman, R. (1997). Genetic association of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein gene (LRP), an apolipoprotein E receptor, with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 49, 56–61.

Kastenbaum, R. (1985). Dying and death: A life-span approach. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 619–643). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Katon, W. J., Robinson, P., Von Korff, M., Lin, E., Bush, T., Ludman, E., Simon, G., & Walker, E. (1996). A multifaceted intervention to improve treatment of depression in primary care. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 924–932.

Katon, W. J., & Gonzales, J. (1994). A review of randomized trials of psychiatric consultation-liaison studies in primary care. Psychosomatics, 35, 268–278.

Katon, W., Von Korff, M., Lin, E., Bush, T., & Ormel, J. (1992). Adequacy and duration of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Medical Care, 30, 67–76.

Katon, W., Von Korff, M., Lin, E., Unutzer, J., Simon, G., Walker, E., Ludman, E., & Bush, T. (1997). Population-based care of depression: Effective disease management strategies to decrease prevalence. General Hospital Psychiatry, 19, 169–178.

Katona, C. L., Hunter, B. N., & Bray, J. (1998). A double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 100–108.

Katz, I. R. & Parmelee, P. A. (1997). Overview. In R. L. Rubinstein & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), Depression in long term and residential care (pp. 1–28). New York: Springer.

Katzman, R. (1993). Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 43, 13–20.

Kaufer, D. I., Cummings, J. L., & Christine, D. (1996). Effect of tacrine on behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: An open-label study. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 9, 1–6.

Kaufer, D. I., Cummings, J. L., Christine, D., Bray, T., Castellon, S., Masterman, D., MacMillan, A., Ketchel, P., & DeKosky, S. T. (1998). Assessing the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Caregiver Distress Scale. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46, 210–215.

Kendell, R. E., Brockington, I. F., & Leff, J. P. (1981). Prognostic implications of six alternative definitions of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 25–31.

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Zhao, S., Leaf, P. J., Kouzis, A. C., Bruce, M. L., Friedman, R. M., Grosser, R. C., Kennedy, C., Narrow, W. E., Kuehnel, T. G., Laska, E. M., Manderscheid, R. W., Rosenheck, R. A., Santoni, T. W., & Schneier, M. (1996). The 12-month prevalence and correlates of serious mental illness (SMI). In R. W. Manderscheid & M. A. Sonnenschein (Eds.), Mental health United States, 1996 (DHHS Publication No. SMA 96-3098, pp. 59–70). Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.

King, C. J., Van Hasselt, V. B., Segal, D. L., & Hersen, M. (1994). Diagnosis and assessment of substance abuse in older adults: Current strategies and issues. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 41–55.

Klapow, J. C., Evans, J., Patterson, T. L., Heaton, R. K., Koch, W. L., & Jeste, D. V. (1997). Direct assessment of functional status in older patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1022–1024.

Klausner, E. J., & Alexopolous, G. S. (in press). The future of psychosocial treatments for the elderly. Psychiatric Research.

Klerman, G. L., Weissman, M. M., & Rounsaville, B. J., Sherron, E. S. (1984). Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. New York: Basic Books.

Knight, B. G., Lutzky, S. M., & Macofsky-Urban, F. (1993). A meta-analytic review of interventions for caregiver distress: Recommendations for future research. Gerontologist, 33, 240–248.

Knight, B. G., Rickards, L., Rabins, P., Buckwalter K., & Smith M. (1995). Community-based services for older adults: A role for psychologists? In B. Knight, L. Teri, P. Wohlford, & J. Santos (Eds.), Mental health services for older adults: Implications for training and practice in geropsychology (pp. 21–29). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Knight, B. G., Woods, E., & Kaskie, B. (1998). Community mental health services in the United States and the United Kingdom: A comparative systems approach. Oxford, England: Elsevier.

Knopman, D., Schneider, L., Davis, K., Talwalker, S., Smith, F., Hoover, T., & Gracon, S. (1996). Long-term tacrine (Cognex) treatment: Effects on nursing home placement and mortality, Tacrine Study Group. Neurology, 47, 166–177.

Kofoed, L. L. (1984). Abuse and misuse of over-the-counter drugs by the elderly. In R. M. Atkinson (Ed.), Alcohol and drug abuse in old age (pp. 49–59). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Komisar, H., Reuter, J., & Feder, J. (1997). Medicare chart book. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Kraepelin, E. (1971). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Huntington, NY: R. E. Krieger Publishing Company.

Kramer, M., Simonsick, E., Lima, B., & Levav, I. (1992). The epidemiological basis for mental health care in primary health care: A case for action. New York: Tavistock/Routledge.

Kramer, M., Taube, C. A., & Redick, R. W. (1973). Patterns of use of psychiatric facilities by the aged: Past, present and future. In C. Eisdorfer & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging (pp. 428–528). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Krishnan, K. R., Hays, J. C., Tupler, L. A., George, L. K., & Blazer, D. G. (1995). Clinical and phenomenological comparisons of late-onset and early-onset depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 785–788.

Laghrissi-Thode, F., Pollock, B. G., Miller, M. C., Mulsant, B. H., Altieri, L., & Finkel, M. S. (1995). Double-blind comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline on the postural stability of late-life depressed patients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31, 659–663.

Lamy, P. P., Salzman, C., & Nevis-Olesen, J. (1992). Drug prescribing patterns, risks, and compliance guidelines. In C. Salzman (Ed.), Clinical geriatric psychopharmocology (2nd ed., pp. 15–37). Baltimore: William & Wilkins.

Lawrence, A. D., & Sahakian, B. J. (1998). The cognitive psychopharmacology of Alzheimer’s disease: Focus on cholinergic systems. Neurochemical Research, 23, 787–794.

Lazarus, L. W., & Sadavoy, J. (1996). Individual psychotherapy. In J. Sadavoy (Ed.), Comprehensive review of geriatric psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 819–826). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Lebowitz, B. D., & Pearson, J. L. (in press). Intervention research in psychosis: Prevention trials. Schizophrenia Bulletin.

Lebowitz, B. D., Pearson, J. L., & Cohen, G. D. (1998). Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Lebowitz, B. D., Pearson, J. L., Schneider, L. S., Reynolds, C. F., III, Alexopoulos, G. S., Bruce, M. L., Conwell, Y., Katz, I. R., Meyers, B. S., Morrison, M. F., Mossey, J., Niederehe, G., & Parmelee, P. (1997). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life. Consensus statement update. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1186–1190.

Leff, J. (1993). The TAPS project: Evaluating community placement of long-stay psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 3–56.

Levy, L. H., Derby, J. F., & Martinkowski, K. S. (1993). Effects of membership in bereavement support groups on adaptation to conjugal bereavement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 361–381.

Levy, B., Cushman, J., & Abeles, N. (in press). Memory complaints in the able elderly. Clinical Gerontologist.

Liberto, J. G., Oslin, D. W., & Ruskin, P. E. (1992). Alcoholism in older persons: A review of the literature. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43, 975–984.

Lieberman, M. A., & Videka-Sherman, L. (1986). The impact of self-help groups on the mental health of widows and widowers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 435–449.

Light, E., & Lebowitz, B. D. (Eds.). (1991). The elderly with chronic mental illness. New York: Springer.

Light, E., Lebowitz, B. D., & Bailey, F. (1986). CMHC’s and elderly services: An analysis of direct and indirect services and service delivery sites. Community Mental Health Journal, 22, 294–302.

Lindesay, J., Briggs, K., & Murphy, E. (1989). The Guy’s/Age Concern Survey. Prevalence rates of cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety in an urban elderly community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 317–329.

Lipsman, R. (1996). Services and supports to the homebound elderly with mental health needs. Journal of Long-Term Home Health Care, 15, 24–38.

Little, J. T., Reynolds, C. F., III, Dew, M. A., Frank, E., Begley, A. E., Miller, M. D., Cornes, C., Mazumdar, S., Perel, J. M., & Kupfer, D. J. (1998). How common is resistance to treatment in recurrent, nonpsychotic geriatric depression? American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1035–1038.

Locascio, J. J., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (1995). Cognitive test performance in detecting, staging, and tracking Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 52, 1087–1099.

Loewenstein, D. A., Amigo, E., Duara, R., Guterman, A., Hurwitz, D., Berkowitz, N., Wilkie, F., Weinberg, G., Black, B., Gittelman, B., & Eisdorfer, C. (1989). A new scale for the assessment of functional status in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Journal of Gerontology, 44, P114–P121.

Lohr, J. B., Alder, M., Flynn, K., Harris, M. J., & McAdams, L. A. (1997). Minor physical anomalies in older patients with late-onset schizophrenia, early-onset schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 318–323.

Lombardo, N. E. (1994). Barriers to mental health services for nursing home residents. Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons.

Lurie, N., Moscovice, I. S., Finch, M., Christianson, J. B., & Popkin, M. K. (1992). Does capitation affect the health of the chronically mentally ill? Results from a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 3300–3304.

Maddox, G. L., Steinhauser, S., & Bolda, E. (1996). Continuum of care: Movement toward the community. In E. W. Busse & D. G. Blazer (Eds.), The American Psychiatric Press textbook of geriatric psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 433–459). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Malmgren, R. (1994). Epidemiology of aging. In C. E. Coffey & J. L. Cummings (Eds.), The American Psychiatric Press textbook of geriatric neuropsychiatry (pp. 17–33). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Manton, K. G., Corder, L., & Stallard, E. (1997). Chronic disability trends in elderly United States populations: 1982–1994. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 94, 2593–2598.

Markowitz, J., Brown, R., Sweeney, J., & Mann, J. J. (1987). Reduced length and cost of hospital stay for major depression in patients treated with ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1025–1029.

Marmar, C. R., Horowitz, M. J., Weiss, D. S., Wilner, N. R., & Kaltreider, N. B. (1988). A controlled trial of brief psychotherapy and mutual-help group treatment of conjugal bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 203–209.

McCurry, S. M., Logsdon, R. G., & Teri, L. (1996). Behavioral treatment of sleep disturbance in elderly dementia caregivers. Clinical Gerontologist, 17, 35–50.

McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171–179.

McFarlane, A. C., & Yehuda, R. (1996). Resilience, vulnerability, and the course of post-traumatic reactions. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisath (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (pp. 155–181). New York: Guilford Press.

McGeer, P. L., Schulzer, M., & McGeer, E. G. (1996). Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease: A review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology, 47, 425–432.

McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.

Mechanic, D. (1998). Emerging trends in mental health policy and practice. Health Affairs, 17, 82–98.

Meeks, S., Carstensen, L. L., Stafford, P. B., Brenner, L. L., Weathers, F., Welch, R., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1997). Mental health needs of the chronically mentally ill elderly. Psychology and Aging, 5, 163–171.

Meeks, S., & Murrell, S. A. (1997). Mental illness in late life: Socioeconomic conditions, psychiatric symptoms, and adjustment of long-term sufferers. Psychology and Aging, 12, 296–308.

Mega, M. S., Cummings, J. L., Fiorello, T., & Gornbein, J. (1996). The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 46, 130–135.

Mellinger, G. D., Balter, M. B., & Uhlenhuth, E. H. (1984). Prevalence and correlates of the long-term regular use of anxiolytics. Journal of the American Medical Association, 251, 375–379.

Mendes de Leon, C. F., Kasl, S. V., & Jacobs, S. (1994). A prospective study of widowhood and changes in symptoms of depression in a community sample of the elderly. Psychological Medicine, 24, 613–624.

Mesulam, M. M. (1996). The system-level organization of cholinergic innervation in the human cerebral cortex and its alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Progress in Brain Research, 109, 285–297.

Meyers, B. (1996). Psychiatric interventions to improve primary care diagnosis and treatment of depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 4, S91–S95.

Miller, N. S., Belkin, B. M., & Gold, M. S. (1991). Alcohol and drug dependence among the elderly: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32, 153–165.

Miller, R. A. (1996). The aging immune system: Primer and prospectus. Science, 273, 70–74.

Miller, R. H., & Luft, H. S. (1997). Does managed care lead to better or worse quality of care? Health Affairs, 16, 7–25.

Mittelman, M. S., Ferris, S. H., Shulman, E., Steinberg, G., & Levin, B. (1996). A family intervention to delay nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 1725–1731.

Mittelman, M. S., Ferris, S. H., Steinberg, G., Shulman, E., Mackell, J. A., Ambinder, A., & Cohen, J. (1993). An intervention that delays institutionalization of Alzheimer’s disease patients: Treatment of spouse-caregivers. Gerontologist, 33, 730–740.


Back to Top

Home | Contents | Previous | Next