References

There are resources available for existing national marine sanctuary site characterizations. Some include:

Cordell Bank: Ecology of an Underwater Island, 1991, Robert W. Schmieder, 98 pp.  This book summarizes 10 years of studies and expeditions led by the author. Chapters: introduction; geologic history; recent history; the environment; environmental effects on the biota; relation to other areas; the future.  Includes 55 illustrations and 95 color plates.

Fagatele Bay: Two resource surveys by Charles Birkeland, et al.

Florida Keys: Site Characterization for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Environs, 1996, Mark Chiappone et al.,10 volumes:  geology and paleontology; oceanography and shallow-water processes; historical overview of development and natural history; marine and benthic communities; invertebrate infauna and epifauna; fish and fisheries; nekton, plankton, and oceanic influences, functional ecology and ecosystem trophodynamics; controversies and conservation issues; bibliography.

Zieman, J.C. 1982. The ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, DC. FWS/OBS-82/25. 158 pp.

Jaap, W.C. 1984. The ecology of the south Florida coral reefs: a community profile. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-82/08. 138 pp.

Odum, W.E., and C.C. McIvor. 1990. Mangroves. Pages 517-548 in R.L. Myers and J.J. Ewel, eds. Ecosystems of Florida. Univ. of Central Florida Press, Orlando.

Jaap, W.C., and P. Hallock. 1990. Coral reefs. Pages 574-616 in R.L. Myers and J.J. Ewel, eds. Ecosystems of Florida. Univ. of Central Florida Press, Orlando.

Phillips, N.W., and K.S. Larson, eds. 1990. Synthesis of available biological, geological, chemical, socioeconomic, and cultural resource information for the south Florida area. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Atlantic OCS Region. OCS Study MMS 90-0019. 657 pp.

Hendler, G., J.E. Miller, D.L. Pawson, and P.M. Kier. 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 390 pp. [Begun during a survey of Looe Key NMS and partially funded by the NMSP]

Ault, J.S., J.A. Bohnsack, and G.A. Meester. 1998. A retrospective (1979-1996) multispecies assessment of coral reef fish stocks in the Florida Keys. Fishery Bulletin 96(3): 395-414.

Jaap, W.C., J.L. Wheaton, and J.W. Fourqurean. 1998. Dry Tortugas benthic community characterization. [http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/tortugas/studyarea/jaap.html]

Bohnsack, J.A., D.B. McClellan, D.E. Harper, G.S. Davenport, G.J. Konoval, A.-M. Eklund, J.P.

Contillo, S.K. Bolden, P.C. Fischel, G.S. Sandorf, J.C. Javech, M.W. White, M.H. Pickett, M.W. Hulsbeck, J.L. Tobias, J.S. Ault, G.A. Meester, S.G. Smith, and J. Luo. 1999. Baseline data for evaluating reef fish populations in the Florida Keys, 1979-1998. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-427, 61 pp. [http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/PDFdocs/427techmemo.pdf]

Ault, J.S., S.G. Smith, G.A. Meester, J. Luo, J.A. Bohnsack, and S.L. Miller. 2002. Baseline multispecies coral reef fish stock assessments for the Dry Tortugas. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-487. 117 pp. [http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/PDFdocs/487techmemo.pdf]

Porter, J.W., and K.G. Porter, eds. 2002. The Everglades, Florida Bay, and coral reefs of the Florida Keys: an ecosystem sourcebook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1,000 pp.

Gray’s Reef: Draft Site Characterization of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, 1999, Lewis Taylor, 515 pp, Chapters: Executive Summary; Hardbottoms and Livebottoms of the South Atlantic Bight; Gray's Reef NMS Environmental and Historical/Cultural Conditions; Biological Communities of Gray's Reef; Pelagic and Benthic Ecosystems at Gray's Reef; Nutrients, Metabolism, Fluxes and Community Ecology; bibliography; index. Copy at Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary - request an electronic copy from site.

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale: A Site Characterization Study for the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 1994, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, 120 pp. Chapters: physical oceanography, nearshore communities, cetaceans, threatened and endangered species, traditional uses of environment, current and potential uses, management issues. 

Monterey Bay: Characterization available on the Web (http://www.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov/sitechar/index.html).  Contents: physical setting; biological communities; human influences; species list; bibliography.  Last updated 2/99.  This is a living document to be continually updated.

Olympic Coast: Ecological Characterization of the Pacific Northwest Coastal Region, 1980, Department of Interior, FWS/OBS/79/11-79/15, 5 volumes. In depth analysis of region, maps, modeling. 

Stellwagen Bank: Stellwagen Bank: A Guide to the Whales, Sea Birds, and Marine Life of the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, 1995, Nathalie Ward, Center for Coastal Studies, Down East Books, 232 pp.  A full-color field guide with more than 200 photos and illustrations, and essays authored by technical experts.

Characterization also available on the Web (http://vineyard.er.usgs.gov/char/l.html). 1996.  Contents: environmental, historical, cultural conditions that shaped the sanctuary; ecological communities; management.

Thunder Bay: Thunder Bay Region Inventory of Resources, 1993, Michigan Sea Grant Program (with funding from the NMSP).  Table of contents available at MSD HQ.