Appendix 4-A
Lipsey and Derzon’s Classes of Risk Factors

Antisocial Behavior

Physical Violence
    Violence, physical
    Violence, recidivism

Aggression
    Aggressive and disruptive behavior
    Aggression, cannot tell
    Aggression toward objects
    Verbal aggression

Person crimes
    Crimes against persons
    Sexual offenses
    Violence, mixed

General offenses
    Crime, index/serious
    Crimes, mixed
    Property crimes
    Recidivism
    Status offenses

Problem behavior
    Aggressively inclined
    Antiestablishment
    Antisocial behavior
    Poor behavior rating
    Problem behavior
    Temper tantrums
    Undesirable temperament

Substance use
    Illicit drug use
    Alcohol use
    Tobacco use

Personal Characteristics

Gender
    Male gender

Ethnicity
    Minority race

IQ
    Learning problems
    Low IQ
    Low IQ, nonverbal
    Low IQ, verbal
    Low language ability

Medical/physical
    Developmental history
    Medical conditions
    Medical examinations
    Physical development

School attitude/performance
    Dropped out from school
    Low interest in education
    Low school achievement
    Poor-quality school
    Truancy

Psychological condition
    Behavior characteristics
    High activity level
    High daring
    Impulsiveness
    Poor eating habits
    Psychopathology
    Short attention span

Family Characteristics

Antisocial parents
    Criminal parent
    Parent psychopathology
    Parent violent

Abusive parents
    Child emotional abuse
    Maltreated as child
    Neglected as child
    Physically abused as child
    Sexually abused as child

Broken home
    Broken home
    Separated from parents

Parent-child relations
    Discipline, mixed
    Discipline, punitive
    Low parent involvement
    Low supervision
    Low warmth
    Negative attitude to child
    Poor parent-child relations
    Poor parental practices
    Severity in child training

Socioeconomic status
    Low SES, family
    Low SES, juvenile
    Low-quality neighborhood
    Low-status job, parents
    Not employed, juvenile

Other family characteristics
    Parent background
    High family stress
    Large family size
    Marital discord
    Social

Social ties
    Few social activities
    Low popularity

Antisocial peers
    Antisocial peers
    Peer criminality
    Peer normlessness