Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. The most famous clone was a Scottish sheep named Dolly.
There are three different types of cloning:
- Gene cloning, which creates copies of genes or segments of DNA
- Reproductive cloning, which creates copies of whole animals
- Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells. Researchers hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or diseased tissues in the human body.
National Human Genome Research Institute
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Cloning
(National Human Genome Research Institute) - http://www.genome.gov/25020028
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Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells(National Human Genome Research Institute) - http://www.genome.gov/10004765
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Creating a Cloned Sheep Named Dolly(National Institutes of Health, Office of Science Education) - http://science-education.nih.gov/home2.nsf/Educational+ResourcesTopicsGenetics/BC5086E34E4DBA0085256CCD006F01CB?OpenDocument&Highlight=0,cloned+and+sheep
- FDA Releases Draft Guidance on Regulation of Genetically Engineered Animals(09/18/2008, Food and Drug Administration) - http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/ge_animals091808.html
- Animal Cloning and Food Safety(Food and Drug Administration) - http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/cloning011508.html
- Cloning "Myths"(Food and Drug Administration) - http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CloningRA_Myths.htm
- Human Cloning(American Association for the Advancement of Science) - http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/briefs/cloning/
- Primer on Cloning and Its Use in Livestock Operations(Food and Drug Administration) - http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CloningRA_Primer.htm
References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)
- Article: High-throughput analysis of the protein sequence-stability landscape using a quantitative... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=18674545&tool=MedlinePlus
- Article: No more cloning around. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=18666686&tool=MedlinePlus
- Article: Research on human embryonic stem cells and cloning for stem... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=18655360&tool=MedlinePlus
- Cloning -- see more articles - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=cloning,molecular[majr]+OR+cloning,organism[majr]+AND+humans[mh]+AND+english[la]+NOT+(letter[pt]+OR+editorial[pt])&doptcmdl=summary&cmd_current=Limits&pmfilter_EDatLimit=last+1+Year&tool=MedlinePlus
- Food and Drug Administration - http://www.fda.gov/
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National Human Genome Research Institute - http://www.genome.gov/
- Human Cloning(American Medical Association) - http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/4560.html
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Policy and Legislation Database(National Human Genome Research Institute) - http://www.genome.gov/PolicyEthics/LegDatabase/pubsearch.cfm
- Use of Cloning Technology to Clone a Human Being(Food and Drug Administration) - http://www.fda.gov/cber/genetherapy/clone.htm
- Genes and Gene Therapy - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genesandgenetherapy.html
- Genetics/Birth Defects - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticsbirthdefects.html
The primary NIH organization for research on Cloning is the National Human Genome Research Institute - http://www.genome.gov/