Chemical Sampling Information
	Lead, Inorganic (as Pb)
Quick Links General Description Exposure Limits Health Factors Monitoring Search    [use word(s)/phrase ] Table of Contents By Name A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z By CAS Number General Description Synonyms: Synonyms vary depending upon specific compound such as Lead Arsenate; Lead Chromate OSHA IMIS Code Number: 1591 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 7439-92-1 Other Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Numbers: 1317-36-8 (lead monoxide); 3687-31-8 (lead(II) arsenate); 7645-25-2 (lead arsenate); 7758-97-6 (lead chromate); 7784-40-9 (lead arsenate); 18454-12-1 (lead chromate oxide) NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: OF7525000 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Lead: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more Exposure Limits OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1025 -- 0.05 mg/m3 TWA; 0.03 mg/m3 Action Level OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.62 -- 0.05 mg/m3 TWA; 0.03 mg/m3 Action Level OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1027 requirements identical to 1910.1025. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 0.05 mg/m3 TWA; Appendix A3 - Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans; BEI National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 0.050 mg/m3 TWA; Appendix C - Supplementary Exposure Limits (Air concentrations should be maintained so that worker blood lead remains less than 0.060 mg Pb/100 g of whole blood.) Health Factors Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Group B2, probable human carcinogen. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Lead and Lead Compounds, Inorganic - Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 100 mg/m3 (as Pb) Potential symptoms: ): Lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); insomnia; facial pallor; anorexia, weight loss, malnutrition; constipation; abdominal pain; colic; anemia; gingival lead line; tremor; paralysis of wrist, ankles; decreased hand-grip strength; encephalopathy; kidney disease, gout; eye, skin irritation; decreased hearing acuity; elevated blood pressure; reduced sperm count, impaired sperm motility and abnormal morphology; headache; possible deficits in some neuropsychological performance measures (verbal memory, visuospacial abilities, executive functions); mood changes (irritability, depression); nausea, vomiting; seizures, coma, death (at extremely high exposures). Health Effects: Nephrotoxicity (HE3); Cumulative blood effects (HE12); Cumulative neurologic effects (HE7); Reproductive Hazards (HE5). Affected organs: Eyes, GI tract, CNS, kidneys, blood, gingival tissue. Date Last Revised: 08/27/2004 Literature Basis: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Lead. International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Lead. EPA Air Toxics Website: Lead compounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network. Barth, A., et al.: Reduced cognitive abilities in lead-exposed men. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 75(6): 394-398, 2002. Counter, S.A. and Buchanan, L.H.: Neuro-ototoxicity in andean adults with chronic lead and noise exposure. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44(1): 30-38, 2002. Glenn, B.S., Stewart, W.F., Links, J.M., Todd, A.C. and Schwartz, B.S.: The longitudinal association of lead with blood pressure. Epidemiology 14(1): 30-36, 2003. Goodman, M., LaVerda, N., Clarke, C., Foster, E.D., Iannuzzi, J. and Mandel, J.: Neurobehavioral testing in workers occupationally exposed to lead: systematic review and meta-analysis of publications. Occup. Environ. Med. 59(4): 217-223, 2002. Henreting, F.M.: Lead. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th Ed., Goldfrank, L.R., Flomenbaum, N.E., Lewin, N.A., Weisman, R.S., Howland, M.A., Hoffman, R.S., eds. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange, pp. 1277-1302, 1998. Lindgren, K.N., Ford, D.P. and Bleecker, M.L.: Pattern of blood lead levels over working lifetime and neuropsychological performance. Arch. Environ. Health 58(6): 373-379, 2003. Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Lead-Metallic and Inorganic. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 1369-1372. Rubens, O., Logina, I., Kravale, I., Eglite, M. and Donaghy, M.: Peripheral neuropathy in chronic occupational inorganic lead exposure: a clinical and electrophysiological study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 71(2): 200-204, 2001. Wu, T.N., et al.: Effects of lead and noise exposures on hearing ability. Arch. Environ. Med. 55(2): 109-114, 2000. Monitoring Methods used by OSHA Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method: sampling media: Mixed Cellulose Ester Filter (MCEF) 0.8 microns maximum volume: 960 Liters   minimum volume: 480 Liters   maximum flow rate: 2.0 L/min current analytical method: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy; AAS method reference: OSHA Manual of Analytical Methods (OSHA ID-121) method classification: Fully Validated alternate analytical method: Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma; ICP/AES, ICP/MS method reference: OSHA Manual of Analytical Methods (OSHA ID-125G & OSHA ID-206) method classification: Fully Validated note: If the filter is not overloaded, samples may be collected up to an 8-hour period. On-Site Sampling Techniques/Methods: note: On-site surface sampling test kits are commercially available. OSHA neither endorses these kits nor recommends their use. The effectiveness and applicability of these kits are the responsibility of the user. Wipe sampling: Ghostwipe - Whatman Smear Tab filter. 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