TITLE: IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Field Crops PUBLICATION DATE: September 1993 ENTRY DATE: April 1995 EXPIRATION DATE: UPDATE FREQUENCY: CONTACT: Jane Gates Alternative Farming Systems Information Center National Agricultural Library Room 304, 10301 Baltimore Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 Telephone: (301) 504-6559 FAX: (301) 504-6409 Internet: afsic@nal.usda.gov DOCUMENT TYPE: text DOCUMENT SIZE: 341k (151 pages) ============================================================== ISSN: 1052-5378 United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Field Crops January 1991 - July 1993 QB 93-69 Quick Bibliography SeriesBibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject. However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent investigations on a given topic. They also serve the purpose of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other means. The bibliographies are derived from computerized on- line searches of the AGRICOLA data base. Timeliness of topic and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria. The author/searcher determines the purpose, length, and search strategy of the Quick Bibliography. Information regarding these is available upon request from the author/searcher. Copies of this bibliography may be made or used for distribution without prior approval. The inclusion or omission of a particular publication or citation may not be construed as endorsement or disapproval. To request a copy of a bibliography in this series, send the series title, series number and self-addressed gummed label to: U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library Public Services Division, Room 111 Beltsville, Maryland 20705 IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Field Crops January 1991 - July 1993 Quick Bibliography Series: QB 93-69 Updates QB 91-144 289 citations in English from AGRICOLA Jane Potter Gates Alternative Farming Systems Information Center September 1993National Agricultural Library cataloging Record: Gates, Jane Potter IPM and biological control of plant pests : field crops. (Quick bibliography series ; 93-69) 1. Pests--Integrated control--Bibliography. 2. Pests-- Biological control--Bibliography. 3. Field crops--Diseases and pests--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.93-69 AGRICOLA Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations appears below. JOURNAL ARTICLE: Citation # NAL Call No. Article title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title. Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6 Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41 (8). p.48-50. ill. BOOK: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information on pagination, indices, or bibliographies. Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987 Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition. Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987. Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography: p. 126. AUDIOVISUAL: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Supplemental information such as funding. Media format (i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV All aboard the nutri-train. Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools, 1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. + activity packet.IPM AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT PESTS: FIELD CROPS SEARCH STRATEGY Set Items Description S1 463 IPM S2 6746 INTEGRATED S3 18790 PEST S4 128482 MANAGEMENT S5 2310 INTEGRATED(W)PEST(W)MANAGEMENT S6 2383 IPM OR INTEGRATED(W)PEST(W)MANAGEMENT S7 6746 INTEGRATED S8 134489 CONTROL? S9 955 INTEGRATED(W)CONTROL? S10 3197 S6 OR INTEGRATED()CONTROL? S11 534 BIOCONTROL S12 27998 BIOLOGICAL S13 134489 CONTROL? S14 12748 BIOLOGICAL(W)CONTROL? S15 15616 S10 OR BIOCONTROL OR BIOLOGICAL()CONTROL? S16 14991 ALTERNATIVE? S17 177648 PEST? S18 134489 CONTROL? S19 8413 PEST?(N)CONTROL? S20 15689 S15 OR ALTERNATIVE? AND PEST?(N)CONTROL? S21 63215 SH=F821 S22 74282 INSECT()PEST? OR S21 S23 9039 S20 AND S22 S24 8928 S23/TI,DE,ID S25 7644 S24/ENG 255527 UD=9101 : UD=9999 S26 1674 S25 AND UD=9101:9999 S38 155412 FIELD()CROP? OR WHEAT OR CORN OR OATS OR BARLEY OR GRAIN? OR TOBACCO OR PEANUT? OR SUGARBEET? S53 199547 S38 OR SOYBEAN? OR ZEA()MAYS OR HORDEUM()VULGARE OR TRITICUM()AESTIVUM OR GOSSYPIUM OR COTTON OR CEREAL? OR SORGHUM S57 200579 S53 OR NICOTIANA()TABACUM S58 280 S26 AND S57 S59 255527 UD=9101 : UD=9999 S60 280 S58 AND UD=9101 : 9999 IPM AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT PESTS: FIELD CROPS 1 NAL Call. No.: 100 T31P 1988 Importations and shipments of parasites for biological control of Russian wheat aphid. Gilstrap, F.E.; McKinnon, L.K.; Gonzalez, D.; Woolley, J.B.; Wharton, R.A. College Station, Tex. : The Station; 1989 Aug. PR - Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (4674): 12 p.; 1989 Aug. Includes statistical data. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Diuraphis noxia; Parasites of insect pests 2 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 Il62C no.899 1987 1988 insect pest management guide field and forage crops.. Insect pest management guide Field and forage crops Kuhlman, Donald E.; Steffey, Kevin Lloyd, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Cooperative Extension Service, Illinois, Natural History Survey Division Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, in cooperation with Illinois Natural History Survey,; 1987. 29 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Circular (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cooperative Extension Service) ; 899.). Caption title. Revised annually. November 1987. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29). Language: English Descriptors: Field crops; Forage crops; Insect pests; Pesticides Abstract: Topics covered in this field and forage crops insect pest management guide include integrated pest management (IPM) and pest scouting, federal and state laws governing pesticide use, insecticide nomenclature, pesticide labels and safety, corn rootworm, wireworm, European corn borer, and reduced tillage and no-till corn insect pests and their control, forage insects, worker reentry periods, and additional information sources. Specific insecticide recommendations for soybean, alfalfa and clover, grain sorghum, small grains, sunflower, grass pasture, and noncrop area insect control are provided. It also contains tables of harvest restrictions and insecticide toxicities. This publication is revised annually. 3 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 Il62C no.1242 1987 1988 insect pest management guide stored grain.. Insect pest management guide Stored grain Weinzierl, Richard A. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Cooperative Extension Service Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service,; 1987. 7 p. ; 28 cm. (Circular (University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Cooperative Extension Service) ; 1242.). Caption title. November 1987. Includes bibliographical references (p. 7). Language: English Descriptors: Grain; Storage; Diseases and injuries; Insect pests; Control; Pesticides; Application; Study and teaching; Illinois Abstract: This annually revised guide contains insecticide and cultural control recommendations for managing stored-grain insect pests. Integrated pest management (IPM) concepts and applicator certification requirements for applying insecticides and fumigants are discussed. Addresses and telephone numbers of Illinois Poison Resource Centers and sources of additional information are provided. 4 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 1993 Corn--insect, disease, nematode, and weed control recommendations. Everest, J.W.; Patterson, M.G.; Mask, P. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1993 Jan. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (428): 10 p.; 1993 Jan. In subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Insect pests; Insect control; Insecticides; Plant disease control; Nematode control; Weed control; Herbicides; Application methods; Application rates 5 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Ability of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to search for, find, and attack European corn borer and corn earworm eggs on corn. Reid, C.D. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (1): p. 83-86; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; Ova; Biological control; Orius insidiosus; Predators of insect pests; Searching behavior Abstract: The ability of Orius insidiosus (Say) to search for, find, and destroy eggs of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was investigated in the field. Mobility of O. insidiosus on individual corn plants, attack rates on corn borer and corn earworm eggs, and searching capacity on corn plants were studied. Egg position on the corn plant and predator density affected egg mortality. Mortality rates rose with increased predator numbers. O. insidiosus searched in the corn silks first, followed by searching on the corn leaves but not in the tassel. 6 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Adherent starch granules for encapsulation of insect control agents. McGuire, M.R.; Shasha, B.S. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Aug. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (4): p. 1425-1433. ill; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diabrotica virgifera; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Encapsulation; Formulations; Starch granules; Adhesion Abstract: Granule carriers for insect control agents have been used for many years, especially for control of soil-borne pests. Granular baits have not been practical for foliar application because they do not stick well and are susceptible to removal by wind or rain. A simple and economic technique to prepare adherent granules has been developed. The granules are made of starch which, when applied to wet surfaces and allowed to dry, will adhere even in the presence of additional water. Granules were formulated by mixing pregelatinized starch with a water-organic solvent solution. Solvents tested included methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, 2-propanol, acetone, and 1,4- dioxane. The resulting mass, after drying, easily crumbled into particles that could then be sieved to desired particle sizes. Assays that measured resistance to wash-off demonstrated that granules made with 2-propanol were retained on both glass and cotton leaf surfaces, whereas granules made with water alone washed off easily. Granules made with 2- propanol and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner showed no loss of insecticidal activity when compared with granules made with water alone. A field study testing adult Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte attraction to traps baited with p- methoxycinnamaldehyde encapsulated within starch granules demonstrated a sustained rate of release of the attractant over a 12-d period. Possible benefits of an adherent pesticidal bait formulation are discussed. 7 NAL Call. No.: A00033 AGnews: vine weevil targeted; ag fellowship award; more fuel alcohol. San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1990 Sep15. BioEngineering news v. 11 (38): p. 2, 8; 1990 Sep15. Language: English Descriptors: Biological control; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Xenorhabdus; Curculionidae; Postsecondary education; Usda; Biotechnology; Ethanol production 8 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Air sampling of volatile sex pheromone components in a closed jar. Shani, A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 971-980; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ephestia cautella; Sex pheromones; Chemical composition; Volatile compounds; Air; Jars; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: A cotton wool plug, used as the source for pheromone release, was placed in closed 1-quart Mason jars, either at the mouth or at the rear of the jar. Air sampling of the two components of the sex pheromone (total 2.2 mg at the source) of the almond moth (Ephestia cautella) female showed that the saturation period near the source in still air was 20-22 hr and that far from the source was 40-50 hr, reaching a level of less than 1 ng/ml air. The ratio between the components (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, designated D, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate designated M, in the air was close to the original ratio for both sampling sites, albeit somewhat richer in the more volatile (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (source 77.0:23.0 D:M, air 73.0-74.3:27.0-25.7; source 80.1:19.9, air 77.6:22.4; source 25.1:74.9, air 23.9:76.1 D:M). The total amount of pheromone per milliliter of air was two to three times larger near the source than far from it at the early stages of the evaporation and saturation process. When the amount of pheromone applied to the source was tripled (7 mg), the amount far from the source was almost tripled, or the saturation time was cut by factor of two to three. 9 NAL Call. No.: S544.5.A17W74 Alfalfa seed production and pest management: introduction. Johansen, C. S.l. : Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, etc. :.; 1991 Jun. WREP - Western Region Extension Publication - Cooperative Extension Service v.): 3 p.; 1991 Jun. In the series analytic: Alfalfa seed production and pest management. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Seed production; Pollinators; Apis mellifera; Nomia melanderi; Megachile rotundata; Integrated pest management 10 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Alginate and cornstarch mycelial formulations of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Pereira, R.M.; Roberts, D.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (6): p. 1657-1661; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; Mortality; Biological control; Beauveria bassiana; Metarhizium anisopliae; Formulations; Alginates; Maize starch; Mycelium; Storage; Solar radiation Abstract: Dry mycelium of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in alginate and cornstarch formulations was evaluated for survival of the formulated mycelium, conidial production on mycelium after exposure to artificial solar radiation, and infectivity to southern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Alginate formulations were prepared with 1% sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Cornstarch formulations were prepared with gelatinized cornstarch and moist mycelium from liquid culture medium. Oil was added to some starch preparations. Results showed that cornstarch arid cornstarch- oil formulations produced more conidia per gram of incorporated mycelium than other preparations. In general, alginate formulations were less productive than pure mycelium. Cornstarch and cornstarch-oil formulations were best at preserving fungi at room temperature (22 degrees C), whereas all formulations provided similar reservation at 4 degrees C. Alginate formulations prevented degradation of fungi by artificial solar radiation, whereas cornstarch-oil was less effective than pure mycelium preparations. Mortality to D. undecimpunctata caused by mycelium formulated into alginate and cornstarch-oil preparations were comparable to that caused by pure mycelium preparations. A lag time of 3-4 d preceded disease development on test insects, because of the need for dry mycelium to produce conidia before initiating infection. 11 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Alginate pellet formulation of a Beauveria bassiana (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) isolate pathogenic to cereal aphids. Knudsen, G.R.; Johnson, J.B.; Eschen, D.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (6): p. 2225-2228; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Cereals; Seedlings; Aphidoidea; Diuraphis noxia; Schizaphis graminum; Beauveria bassiana; Biological control agents Abstract: An isolate of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin derived from aphids was grown in liquid media and formulated in alginate pellets with or without the addition of wheat bran. Biomass production in Sabouraud's broth + 1% yeast extract (SBY) was significantly higher than in potato dextrose broth. After 1 wk in SBY, yields averaged 3,080 pellets per liter. Pellets without bran weighed an average of 4.6 mg each, and pellets with bran weighed 9.4 mg each. After 5 mo storage, the fungus sporulated more profusely from pellets with bran (2.5 X 10(8) conidia per pellet) than from pellets) without bran (1.8 X 10(8) conidia per pellet). Sporulating pellets were placed on wheat seedlings infested with greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and incubated at high humidity. After 9-15 d, 3-44% of aphids killed by Beauveria were observed on wheat where pellets were added versus 0% in control The potential for use of pelletized B. bassiana for aphid control is discussed. 12 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 alpha-Tocopherol alteration of soybean antiherbivory to Trichoplusia ni larvae. Neupane, F.P.; Norris, D.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Oct. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (10): p. 1941-1951; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Trichoplusia ni; Feeding behavior; Glycine max; Pest resistance; Alpha-tocopherol; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The antioxidant vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, was tested as a candidate elicitor of alterable antiherbivory in soybean plants against cabbage looper larvae. Although a nonspecific antioxidant, vitamin E proved elicitory to the involved sulfhydryl-dependent receptor-energy transducer protein in soybean plasma membrane. Effects of alpha- tocopherol were dependent on dosage, time, and space in the plant. The observed elicited effects were all decreases in herbivory. The best negative phytochemical correlate of looper feeding was the percentage of increased total HPLC peak area of extractables from elicited as compared to nonelicited leaves. Some specific compounds, e.g., glyceollins, were quantitatively major components of the total profile of secondary metabolites. 13 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Analyzing cotton community communication networks to aid in the adoption of integrated pest management. Lame, M.L. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 2: p. 793-795; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Integrated pest management 14 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as natural control agents of pests in irrigated maize in Nicaragua. Perfecto, I. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (1): p. 65-70; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nicaragua; Zea mays; Irrigated conditions; Crop damage; Dalbulus maidis; Spodoptera frugiperda; Biological control; Formicidae Abstract: The effect of the natural ant community as a possible source of biological control for the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (De Long & Wolcott), was examined in irrigated maize, Zea mays L., in the Pacific plains of Nicaragua. By means of poison baits, ant-foraging activity was reduced in plots planted with maize and compared with control plots. Ants were found to significantly reduce fall armyworm and corn leafhopper abundance as well as damage by the fall armyworm to maize plants. The results are discussed in relation to establishing economic injury levels for the fall armyworm in irrigated maize and the possibility of incorporating ants as a component of an integrated pest management program on maize in Nicaragua. 15 NAL Call. No.: S67.P82 Aphids on cotton. O'Brien, P.J.; Baldwin, J.L.; Graves, J.B. Baton Rouge, La.? : The Service; 1991 Sep. Publication - Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service (2455): 9 p.; 1991 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium hirsutum; Aphis gossypii; Aphidoidea; Pest control; Biological control; Neozygites fresenii; Lysiphlebus testaceipes; Insecticides 16 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Assets of an IPM specialist with particular reference to Chilo. Odhiambo, T.R. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 571-576; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hosts of plant pests; Cultivars; Intercropping; Pest resistance; Chilo; Integrated pest management; Neurotoxins; Semiochemicals; Tropics Abstract: The main thrust of the article is to present the historical development of the idea of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) from the heyday of "pestophobia" (the insistence of elimination of any vestige of insect interference with the cosmetic appearance of our crops) which leads to the misuse and abuse of insecticides, to the era of employing IPM concepts, which leads to pest interventions which are necessarily knowledge-intensive. Illustrations are given using ICIPE'S research experience in developing an IPM approach to the control of Chilo through adaptation of relevant intercropping patterns, plant resistant cultivars and biological control agents. In this task, the Ipm specialist needs to gave three assests to be successful in the tropics: he needs to be a first-class natural historian; he requires to new knowledge on the traditional knowledge of the rural farmer, and to rationalize it scientifically, and he needs to be able to manipulate new innovations-both technical and social. 17 NAL Call. No.: 381 J825N Attacked corn plants call wasps to the rescue. Borman, S. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1992 Sep07. Chemical and engineering news v. 70 (36): p. 8; 1992 Sep07. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Biological control; Usda; Cotesia marginiventris; Terpenoids; Lepidoptera 18 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Autodissemination of a baculovirus for management of tobacco budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tobacco. Jackson, D.M.; Brown, G.C.; Nordin, G.L.; Johnson, D.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (3): p. 710-719; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kentucky; North Carolina; Nicotiana tabacum; Heliothis virescens; Mortality; Biological control; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses; Autographa californica Abstract: An autodissemination technique for control of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was tested for 2 yr in tobacco fields in Kentucky and North Carolina. We used pheromone-baited traps to attract male moths into contamination stations, where they were forced to crawl through a powder formulation of a baculovirus, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). After they were contaminated with AcNPV powder, males escaped back to the field. When males mated with wild females, they transferred some of the AcNPV powder to females, which in turn surface- contaminated their eggs. When larvae chewed through the egg chorion, some of them ingested enough viral polyhedra to become lethally infected. Tests of this autodissemination technique in the field required measurements of contamination rates of males, eggs, and larvae. Because a reliable method for sampling adult females of H. virescens is not available, their contamination rate could not be directly assessed. Pheromone-baited monitoring traps showed that 0-30% of the males were marked with a fluorescent marking powder, which was used in the AcNPV formulation. Examination by scanning electron microscopy showed that an average of 6.7-7.8% of the eggs collected from AcNPV-treated fields had polyhedra clustered on the upper hemisphere near the micropyle. Light microscope examination showed that an average of 0.7-11.9% of larvae reared from eggs collected in AcNPV-treated fields died from the virus. ACNPV-induced larval mortality peaked at approximately 25% at the Kentucky location in 1989. Although the autodissemination technique functioned, it was not economically effective because the AcNPV transmission and subsequent larval mortality were limited. In part, this may have been because the dispersal area of Heliothis moths was large relative to the small experimental plot size and the short distance between fields, resulting in migration of moths and dilution of AcNPV-induced mortality. 19 NAL Call. No.: 421 C16 Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillimen for European corn borer control: program for immediate and season-long suppression. Lewis, L.C.; Bing, L.A. Ottawa : Entomological Society of Canada; 1991 Mar. The Canadian entomologist v. 123 (2): p. 387-393; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Crop damage; Ostrinia nubilalis; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Beauveria bassiana; Formulations; Granules; Insecticidal action; Pesticide mixtures 20 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Bacillus thuringiensis: toxicity to tobacco budworms and synergistic interaction with insecticides. Plapp, F.W. Jr Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 725-726; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Heliothis virescens; Insect control; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Entomopathogenic bacteria; Insecticides 21 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Behavior and performance of Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) on fungal endophyte-infected and uninfected perennial ryegrass. Clement, S.L.; Lester, D.G.; Wilson, A.D.; Pike, K.S. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 583-588; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Lolium perenne; Endophytes; Acremonium; Biological control agents; Diuraphis noxia; Pest resistance Abstract: The behavior and performance of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), on fungal endophyte- infected and endophyte-free perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., was investigated in the laboratory and field. Aphids did not select endophyte-free over endophyte-infected leaf sheaths and stem segments in petri dish preference tests. Similarly, the probing behavior of D. noxia on endophyte-free and infected L. perenne did not vary in laboratory tests. However, compared with aphid counts on endophyte-free plants, counts on infected plants were significantly lower on the first day and thereafter in laboratory population growth tests. Numbers of D. noxia were higher on endophyte-free plants than on infected plants of L. perenne in replicated field plots. The results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of resistance involved, our knowledge of the performance of other cereal aphids on endophyte-infected grasses, and the use of endophytic fungi as aphid biocontrol agents. 22 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Bioassay of four entomophthoralean fungi (Entomophthorales) against Diuraphis noxia nd Metopolophium dirhodum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Feng, M.G.; Johnson, J.B. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 20 (1): p. 338-345; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Metopolophium dirhodum; Entomophthorales; Conidiobolus thromboides; Erynia; Biological control agents Abstract: A spore shower technique was used to test four species of aphid-derived entomophthoralean fungi, Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudiere & Hennebert) Humber, Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko, Conidiobolus thromboides Drechsler, and Conidiobolus coronatus (Constantin) Batko, against the cereal aphids, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker). Six endemic and five foreign isolates of the four fungal species were tested. There was variability in virulence among different isolates and species of the fungi and in susceptibility between the two aphid species. Low LC50's (i.e., high virulence) were produced with two C. coronatus isolates (2.2-4.0 spores/mm2), three C. thromboides isolates (2.3-13.2 spores/mm2), and two P. neoaphidis isolates (1.4-8.1 spores/mm2. Two Z. radicans isolates exhibited moderate virulence with LC50's ranging from 25.1 to 46.8 spores/mm2. Two isolates of C. thromboides that had been in long-term storage displayed relatively low virulence. Aphid colonies on leaves were more suitable for bioassays than aphids confined in wire mesh inoculation chambers. The latter were disadvantageous, because the aphid movement within the chamber adversely affected the determination of fungal inoculum exposure rates. These conditions also often induced the production of resting spores instead of primary conidia. 23 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Bioecological studies on Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich and its potential for biological control of Chilo partellus Swinhoe. Bahana, J.W. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 765-772; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Sorghum; Zea mays; Chilo partellus; Biological control; Ichneumonidae; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: Studies were carried out at Mbita Point Field Station, South Nyanza, western Kenya from 1984 to 1987 to determine the role of Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich in the population dynamics of Chilo partellus Swinhoe and its potential as a biological control agent against the stem borer. D. busseolae is a solitary endoparasitoid which parasitizes and completes its development in the pupa of C. partellus. The developmental period ranged from 64.5 +/- 9.5 days at 15 degrees C to 12.0 +/- 1.5 days at 30 degrees C for males, and from 66.7 +/- 9.8 days to 13.1 +/- 2.1 days for females, respectively. The intrinsic rate of natural increase of the parasitoid was 0.1375, and the population multiplied 24.21 times in the mean generation time of 28 days. The functional response was curvilinear. Field parasitism in maize and sorghum was evident 7 weeks after plant emergence (APE). Thereafter, parasitism was persistent until crop harvest. The range of parasitism was 0 to 45.5% (x = 23.3%) on maize and 9.7 to 90% (average = 36.0%) on sorghum respectively. Using laboratory and field observations, a model for the host searching process of D. busseolae has been constructed. The potential of the parasitoid in biological control programmes of C. partellus is also discussed. 24 NAL Call. No.: 100 AR42F Biological control of bollworms and budworms. Steinkraus, D.C.; Kring, T.J.; Young, S.Y.; Yearian, W.C. Fayetteville, Ark. : The Station; 1992 Jul. Arkansas farm research - Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station v. 41 (4): p. 18-19; 1992 Jul. Language: English Descriptors: Arkansas; Gossypium hirsutum; Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea; Biological control 25 NAL Call. No.: 100 OK4 (3) Biological control of cereal aphids in South America. Zuniga, E. Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 May. Miscellaneous publication - Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University (132): p. 257; 1991 May. In the series analytic: Aphid-Plant Interaction: Populations to Molecules / edited by D.C. Peters, J.A. Webster, and C.S. Chlouber. Paper presented at a symposium held August 12-17, 1990, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South America; Cereals; Metopolophium dirhodum; Sitobion avenae; Parasitoids; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents 26 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Biological control of Chilo spp. in maize, sorghum and millet. Mohyuddin, A.I. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 721-732. maps; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Millets; Sorghum; Zea mays; Chilo; Biological control; Natural enemies; Literature reviews Abstract: Eight species of the genus Chilo Zincken have been reported from maize, sorghum and millet. Out of these, four species C. agamemnon Bleszynksi, C. diffusilineus de Joannis, C. orichalcociliellus (Strand) and C. partellus (Swinhoe) are known pests of these crops. Others, C. sacchariphagus (Bojer) and C. suppressalis (Walker), are serious pests of sugar-cane and rice and have been occasionally recorded attacking maize, sorghum and millet. Their distribution is discussed. About 50 species of parasitoids and predators reported from various Chilo spp. are listed. Possibilities of biological control are discussed. 27 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Biological control of Chilo spp. in sugar-cane. David, H.; Easwaramoorthy, S. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 733-748; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saccharum officinarum; Chilo; Biological control; Microorganisms; Parasites of insect pests; Pathogens; Predators of insect pests; Literature reviews Abstract: Several species of Chilo occur on sugar-cane, out of which five have major pest status. Infestation by these pests causes losses in cane yield and sugar recovery. There are constraints involved in the use of cultural, mechanical and chemical control measures on a large scale, but the nature of the crop facilitates adoption or biological control. Many species of natural enemies occur in the sugar-cane agro- ecosystem, which is relatively less disturbed. They play a significant role in maintaining the pest populations at reasonably low level. In biological control, the egg parasite, Trichogramma spp., has been widely used with varying results. Among the larval parasites, Apanteles flavipes (Cameron) and Sturmiopsis inferens Townsend have been used on a limited scale and need further testing in other countries. The exotic tachinids introduced, failed to establish against Chilo spp. Not much work has been done on the predators, though the native predators play a significant role in reducing the pest densities. Among the entomopathogens, granulosis virus infecting Chilo infuscatellus Snellen has shown promise in the control of this pest and needs further evaluation in other agro-climatic regions. Future thrust for biological control of Chilo spp., in sugar-cane has also been indicated. 28 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Biological control of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in corn used as a trap crop. Purcell, M.; Johnson, M.W.; Lebeck, L.M.; Hara, A.H. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 21 (6): p. 1441-1447; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; Neoaplectana carpocapsae; Biological control agents; Trap crops Abstract: The planting of corn borders as a trap crop for the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet, potentially could cause increased infestation rates of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in adjacent tomatoes. The potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser for control of H. zea in corn borders was explored in research conducted both in Oahu and Maui, HI. Field tests were conducted to determine the concentration response of H. zea to S. carpocapsae in Oahu. The most effective of the treatments tested were 4,000 and 40,000 nematodes per milliliter of water, causing 57.6 +/- 5.4 and 74.5 +/- 17.4% mortality, respectively, 6 d after treatment. In corn border trials with tomatoes, treated corn had 15 times fewer living H. zea larvae and 97% less damage to corn ears than in untreated corn. There was a mean of 0.03 +/- 0.02 living H. zea larva per ear in the treated corn throughout the 9-wk treatment period, versus 0.45 +/- 0.06 larvae per ear in the untreated corn. The mean feeding damage to the corn ears was significantly greater in the untreated corn, at 3.8 +/- 0.25 cm, than the treated ears, at 0.16 +/- 0.02 cm. During the primary period of H. zea infestation (tomato harvests 1-4), the marketable yield of tomatoes with corn borders treated with S. carpocapsae was 18% higher than the untreated corn border treatments. However, the tomato plots with no corn borders had consistently higher yields than those with corn borders throughout the six harvests. 29 NAL Call. No.: 1 AG84PRO Biological control of the Alfalfa weevil. Washington, D.C. : The Department; 1991 Dec. Program aid PA - U.S. Department of Agriculture v.): 11 p.; 1991 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Medicago sativa; Hypera postica; Biological control; Life cycle; Microctonus; Parasites 30 NAL Call. No.: SB945.E75D36 1989 Biological control of the European corn borer. Danon, Vladimir Zagreb, Simunska, Yugoslavia : Institute for Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, [1989?]; 1989. 15 leaves ; 30 cm. Cover title. Final report. Project: 645. Language: English Descriptors: European corn borer; Corn 31 NAL Call. No.: Q320.A4 Biotech boosts seed proteins that halt feeding: a technology to protect stored grains. Cutler, K. Cedar Falls, Iowa : Freiberg Pub; 1991 May. AgBiotechnology news v. 8 (3): p. 12, 19; 1991 May. Language: English Descriptors: Amylases; Genetic engineering; Usda; Grain stores; Insect pests; Biological control 32 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 Budworms and bollworms targeted by a virus. Cooke, L. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1990 Oct. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 38 (10): p. 24-25. ill; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Nicotiana tabacum; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Biological control 33 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Caged versus uncaged releases of Russian wheat aphid natural enemies in four states in spring, 1991. Reed, D.K.; Elliott, N.C.; Flanders, R.V.; Hein, G.L.; Karner, M.A.; Michels, G.J. Jr; Walker, C.B. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 164-169; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Texas; Colorado; Nebraska; Diuraphis noxia; Cycloneda; Hippodamia variegata; Aphidius colemani; Aphidius matricariae; Aphelinus asychis; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents 34 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Calendar and monitored insecticide application for the control of cowpea pests. Afun, J.V.K.; Jackai, L.E.N.; Hodgson, C.J. Guildford : Butterworths; 1991 Oct. Crop protection v. 10 (5): p. 363-370; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nigeria; Vigna unguiculata; Insect control; Aphis craccivora; Megalurothrips sjostedti; Maruca testulalis; Integrated pest management; Monitoring; Population density; Economic thresholds; Chemical control; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Dimethoate; Application date; Timing; Decision making; Crop yield; Grain; Crop damage; Cost benefit analysis 35 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Can polyphagous predators control the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) in spring cereals? A simulation study. Ekbom, B.S.; Wiktelius, S.; Chiverton, P.A. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Dec. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 65 (3): p. 215-223; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rhopalosiphum padi; Biological control; Bembidion lampros; Pterostichus cupreus; Predators of insect pests; Simulation models 36 NAL Call. No.: SB950.2.I3I4 Can we really make use of beneficial insects in field crops?. Weinzierl, R. Urbana, Ill. : Cooperative Extension Service, Univ of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 1991. Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference summaries of presentations January 8, 9, 10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois / Univ of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Coop Ext Serv, in coop with the Illinois Natural History Survey. p. 81-87; 1991. "Proceedings of the 1991 Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference," January 8-10, 1991, Urbana, Illinois. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Field crops; Biological control; Beneficial insects 37 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 CenTari (a new BT strain for beet armyworm control on cotton). Larson, L.V.; Adir, H.M. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 1: p. 53-54; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai; Spodoptera exigua; Gossypium; Pest control; Biological control agents 38 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5 Characterization of two genes encoding Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins toxin to Coleoptera species. Donovan, W.P.; Rupar, M.J.; Slaney, A.C.; Malvar, T.; Gawron- Burke, M.C.; Johnson, T.B. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1992 Dec. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 58 (12): p. 3921-3927; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bacillus thuringiensis; Strains; Genes; Proteins; Toxicity; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Coleoptera; Biological control; Entomopathogenic bacteria Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis EG2838 and EG4961 are highly toxic to Colorado potato beetle larvae, and only strain EG4961 is toxic to southern corn rootworm larvae. To investigate the cause of the different insecticidal activities of EG2838 and EG4961, cryIII-type genes toxic to coleopterans were cloned from each strain. The cryIIIB gene, cloned as part of an 8.0- kb EcoRI fragment of EC2838 DNA, encoded a crystal protein (CryIIIB) of 74,237 Da. The cryIIIB2 gene, cloned as part of an 8.3-kb PstI-Asp718 fragment of EG4961 DNA, encoded a crystal protein (CryIIIB2) of 74,393 Da that was 94% identical to CryIIIB. Analysis of the transcriptional start sites showed that cryIIIB and cryIIIB2 were initiated from a conserved region located within 130 nucleotides upstream from the translation start sites of both genes. Although the CryIIIB and CryIIIB2 proteins were similar in sequence, they displayed distinct insecticidal activities: CryIIIB was one-third as toxic as CryIIIB2 to Colorado potato beetle larvae, and CryIIIB2, but not CryIIIB, was toxic to southern corn rootworm larvae. Genes encoding crystal proteins of approximately 32 and 31 kDa were located adjacent to the cryIIIB and cryIIIB2 genes, respectively. The 32- and 31-kDa crystal proteins failed to enhance the insecticidal activities of CryIIIB and CryIIIB2. 39 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7N45 Chinese wasp offers first biological control of corn's worst enemy. Holder, W. Belmont, N.Y. : Cooperative Extension Association of Allegany County; 1992 May. News and views v. 77 (4): p. 4; 1992 May. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Trichogramma ostriniae; Pest control; Integrated pest management 40 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Chronology of infection of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta: effect of development and vertical transmission. Sajap, A.S.; Lewis, L.C. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 21 (1): p. 178-182; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ostrinia nubilalis; Biological control; Body weight; Fecundity; Larvae; Longevity; Oviposition; Pupae; Nosema pyrausta; Parasites of insect pests; Vertical transmission Abstract: Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) detrimentally affected the development of its host, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Larvae exposed to the microsporidium during the first two stadia formed abnormal pupae or emerged as abnormal adults. Infections of later instars reduced average longevity of resultant adult females by at least 2 d and fecundity by at least 50%. Eggs from infected adults were contaminated with the microsporidium. The prevalence of transovarial-transovum infections, determined by the presence of spores in eggs or in emerging larvae, varied with the spore concentrations to which the parent females were exposed and with the time (within the oviposition period) that the eggs were laid. Per os infection of O. nubilalis larvae with N. pyrausta is important in maintaining this microsporidium in a population of O. nubilalis as well as reducing the vitality of the population. 41 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Colonization of six exotic parasites (Hymenoptera) against Diatraea grandiosella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in corn. Overholt, W.A.; Smith, J.W. Jr Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 19 (6): p. 1889-1902; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Zea mays; Diatraea grandiosella; Trichogramma; Allorhogas; Macrocentrus; Cotesia flavipes; Hymenoptera; Pediobius; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: Six exotic parasites, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh, Cotesia flavipes Cameron, Macrocentrus prolificus Wharton, Digonogastra kimballi Kirkland, and Pediobius furvus (Gahan), were colonized in commercial corn fields in the Texas High Plains against Diatraea grandiosella Dyar from 1985 to 1987. Colonization sites were monitored to estimate parasitization, dispersal, and parasite overwintering. D. kimballi, an external parasite of late instars, dispersed farther than other species and was the only parasite to demonstrate a propensity for overwintering. The pupal parasite, P. furvus, was capable of causing seasonal parasitization as high as 50.0% within 10 m of the colonization locus and showed the strongest numerical increase. The egg parasite, T. atopovirilia, caused 33.6% parasitization within 2 m of the colonization locus but was not recovered at greater distances. Parasitization by A. pyralophagus, which attacks medium-sized larvae, never exceeded 3.6% in any year of the study. Seasonal parasitization of C. flavipes, a parasite of late instars, was 0.0-14.5%, but the potential of this parasite as an effective natural enemy of D. grandiosella is limited by apparent encapsulation in the hosts and inability to overwinter. The polyembryonic larval parasite, M. prolificus, was not recovered during the 3-yr study. An aggregative response to host density was not detected for any of the parasites. The results of this study suggest that D. kimballi may be able to establish in the Texas High Plains, and that P. furvus may have potential as a biological control agent in a seasonal inoculative or inundative approach. 42 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 Comparative life table statistics of Diaeretiella rapae and Aphidius matricariae on the Russion wheat aphid. Reed, H.C.; Reed, D.K.; Elliott, N.C. Dalla, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1992 Dec. The Southwestern entomologist v. 17 (4): p. 307-312; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Diaeretiella rapae; Aphidius matricariae; Parasitoids; Life history; Biological control agents 43 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Comparison of efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes combined with antidesiccants applied by canopy sprays against three cotton pests (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Glazer, I.; Klein, M.; Navon, A.; Nakache, Y. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1636-1641; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Earias insulana; Helicoverpa armigera; Spodoptera littoralis; Biological control; Desiccants; Entomophilic nematodes; Neoaplectana carpocapsae Abstract: Ways to reduce larval populations of the cotton pests Earias insulana (Boisduval), Heliothis armigera Hubner, and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) by using the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (strain Mexican) were defined. In a screening assay, the survival at low relative humidities of nematode infective juveniles (IJs) treated with the antidesiccants Biosys 627 (15 and 20% wt/wt), Folicote (6% wt/wt), and natural wax (18% wt/wt) were three times higher than the control (25%). None of the antidesiccants tested, with the exception of New Film, had any adverse effect on nematode viability in aqueous solutions. Application to the foliage of 500 and 1,000 IJs/ml in water was required to attain > 85% control of E. insulana and S. littoralis, respectively, on bean plants. Addition of the antidesiccants Biosys 627 (20% wt/wt), natural wax (18% wt/wt), or Folicote (6% wt/wt) to the nematode suspension had a similar effect on insect mortality, with lower nematode concentrations (125 and 250 IJs/ml for E. insulana and S. littoralis, respectively). In the case of H. armigera, nematode suspension at a concentration as high as 5,000/ml water resulted in only 22% control. Addition of the antidesiccants resulted in a 4-fold increase (to 85-95%) of insect mortality. In microplot experiments, foliage application of S. carpocapsae 'Mexican' (250 IJs/ml) mixed with Folicote (6% wt/wt) resulted in a 61% reduction in the persistence of S. littoralis larvae on cotton plants. Damage to the foliage was reduced by 46% compared with the control. Substantial reduction (76%) of E. insulana larvae was achieved by application of 125 IJs/ml mixed with Folicote (6% wt/wt). 44 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72 The complementary effects of plant resistance and reduced pesticide dosage in field experiments to control the turnip root fly, Delia floralis, in swedes. Taksdal, G. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Feb. Annals of applied biology v. 120 (1): p. 117-125; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Norway; Brassica napus; Cultivars; Delia floralis; Delia radicum; Chlorfenvinphos; Dosage; Varietal resistance; Integrated control; Crop damage; Crop yield 45 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Concepts and achievements of IPM in cotton disease management. El-Zik, K.M. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1990. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. p. 15-19; 1990. Meeting held January 9-14, 1990, Las Vegas, Nevada. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Integrated pest management; Biological control; Fungicides; Verticillium; Wilts; Fungal antagonists 46 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Contact and volatile toxicity of insecticides to black cutworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in soil. Reed, J.P.; Hall, F.R.; Krueger, H.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (1): p. 256-261; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Crop damage; Agrotis ipsilon; Chlorpyrifos; Fonofos; Insecticides; Terbufos; Toxicity; Biological control agents; Carabidae; Pterostichus chalcites; Predators of insect pests Abstract: Field plot studies were conducted for 3 yr in conventional and no-tillage conditions to assess the contact and volatile toxicity of four granular soil insecticides-- chlorpyrifos, DPX-43898 (O,O-diethyl-O-1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl phosphorothiate), fonofos, and terbufos--against fourth-instar black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and adult carabids. Abnormally, high precipitation and low soil temperature hindered acquisition of a lethal dose by A. ipsilon from insecticide granules. Image analysis indicated that percentage contact area may contribute to differences in acquisition of soil insecticides by A. ipsilon larvae and two prevalent, predatory carabid species, Abascidus permundus L. and Pterostichus chalcites Say. Organophosphate insecticides active at the kilogram per hectare level in soil and possessing high vapor pressures (> 10 mPa) were poor candidates for control of A. ipsilon and contributed to a reduction in endemic carabid populations. 47 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Control of cotton insect and mite pests in subtropical Africa: current status and future needs. Gahukar, R.T. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991 Aug. Insect science and its application v. 12 (4): p. 313-338; 1991 Aug. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Africa; Gossypium hirsutum; Arthropod pests; Plant pests; Insect control; Mite control; Predatory arthropods; Predators of insect pests; Natural enemies; Parasitoids; Pathogens; Pest management; Agricultural research; Varietal resistance; Biological control; Pesticides; Insecticide resistance; Environmental impact; Literature reviews Abstract: About 70 insects and five mites regularly or occasionally infest the cotton crop in subtropical Africa. The economic importance of these pests varies according to the climate and cropping pattern in the region. Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and yellow tea mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) as foliage feeders and three bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders, Diparopsis watersi Roths. and Heliothis armigera Hbn., during boll formation and development, are major pests. Pesticides have been used extensively to suppress the pest populations and infestation levels in the crop. Natural enemies of certain pests occur in the region, nevertheless, their effectiveness in pest control is not well-known or fully exploited. Research on yield loss evaluation, pest ecology, varietal resistance and cultural practices is underway in several countries. Therefore, a global pest management in cotton is discussed in the context of local conditions and perspectives are highlighted. 48 NAL Call. No.: S530.J6 Control of the western spotted cucumber beetle using a predaceous nematode. Warshaw, A.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992. Journal of natural resources and life sciences education v. 21 (1): p. 101-103; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Steinernema; Diabrotica undecimpunctata; Zea mays; Biological control agents; Integrated pest management; Nematoda 49 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Conventional and alternative insecticides, including a granular formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, for the control of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Kenya. Medvecky, B.A.; Zalom, F.G. London : Taylor & Francis; 1992 Apr. Tropical pest management v. 38 (2): p. 186-189; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Sorghum; Zea mays; Crop damage; Busseola fusca; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki; Chemical control; Insect control; Ash; Diatomite; Ddt; Endosulfan; Trichlorfon 50 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Cool-season cover crops in the pecan orchard understory: effects on Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) and pecan aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae). Bugg, R.L.; Dutcher, J.D.; McNeill, P.J. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jun. Biological control v. 1 (1): p. 8-15; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Carya illinoensis; Orchards; Cover crops; Vicia villosa; Secale cereale; Population density; Biological control agents; Natural enemies; Hippodamia convergens; Coccinellidae; Coccinella septempunctata; Biological control; Rhopalosiphum padi; Frankliniella; Acyrthosiphon pisum; Acyrthosiphon kondoi 51 NAL Call. No.: 421 B87 Copidosoma graminis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a polyembryonic parasitoid of armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. Noyes, J.S. London : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International; 1989 Sep. Bulletin of entomological research v. 79 (3): p. 367-371; 1989 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Australia; Cereals; Gramineae; Pastures; Crop losses; Mythimna convecta; Noctuidae; Persectania ewingii; Biological control; Copidosoma; Descriptions; Geographical distribution; Morphology; New species; Parasites of insect pests 52 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Corn rootworm feeding on sunflower and other compositae: influence of floral terpenoid and phenolic factors. Mullin, C.A.; Alfatafta, A.A.; Harman, J.L.; Serino, A.A.; Everett, S.L. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (449): p. 278-292; 1991. In the series analytic: Naturally occurring pest bioregulators / edited by P. A. Hedin. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Helianthus annuus; Solidago canadensis; Plant composition; Antifeedants; Diabrotica virgifera; Terpenoids; Phenolic compounds; Biological control 53 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Cotton aphids: current status and future trends in management. Hardee, D.D.; O'Brien, P.J. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1990. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. p. 169-171; 1990. Meeting held January 9-14, 1990, Las Vegas, Nevada. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Aphis gossypii; Gossypium hirsutum; Insect pests; Insect control; Chemical control; Insecticides; Integrated pest management 54 NAL Call. No.: S67.P82 Cotton insect pest management. Baldwin, J.L.; Graves, J.B. Baton Rouge, La.? : The Service; 1990 Mar. Publication - Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service v.): 6 p.; 1990 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium hirsutum; Pest management; Insects; Insecticides; Integrated pest management; Biological control; Cultural control 55 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 AR4 Cotton pest management. Johnson, D.R. Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1990 May. EC - University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service (561): 53 p.; 1990 May. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Pest management; Insect pests; Insect control; Biological control agents; Field tests 56 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Cultural control of Chilo spp. in graminaceous crops. Seshu Reddy, K.V. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 703-712; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gramineae; Chilo; Cultural control; Insect control; Integrated control; Literature reviews Abstract: Twenty-seven species of Chilo which infest graminaceous crops are listed. The effects of various cultural practices such as time of planting, plant density, field sanitation, tillage, mulching, intercropping, proper fertilizer and water management on field populations of Chilo spp. are discussed. These practices have great potential as components of IPM for resource-limited farmers in the tropics. 57 NAL Call. No.: 420 F662 Deraecoris nebulosus (Heteroptera: Miridae): little known predator in cotton in the Mississippi Delta. Snodgrass, G.L. Winter Haven, Fla. : Florida Entomological Society; 1991 Jun. Florida entomologist v. 74 (2): p. 340-344; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Gossypium; Aphis gossypii; Heliothis virescens; Spodoptera exigua; Biological control; Deraeocoris; Predators of insect pests; Population density 58 NAL Call. No.: 421 J826 Detection of aphid lethal paralysis virus by immunofluorescence. Laubscher, J.M.; Von Wechmar, M.B. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul. Journal of invertebrate pathology v. 58 (1): p. 52-56; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Africa; Cereals; Aphidoidea; Diuraphis noxia; Rhopalosiphum padi; Biological control agents; Insect viruses; Paralysis; Diagnosis; Immunofluorescence Abstract: Indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to detect aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) in carefully dissected aphids. Aphids used in this study were taken from known infected Rhopalosiphum padi and Diuraphis noxia colonies and aphids collected from naturally infested small grains. ALPV-specific antibody was used to bind to the virus in the tissues, which in turn was detected with a goat anti-rabbit fluorescein isothionate labeled antibody. Results obtained indicate that immunofluorescence is a much more sensitive method than the double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It is of importance when testing for low levels of virus in infected aphid body tissues where inapparent infection can cause detection problems. Immunofluorescence is also an inexpensive method to do regular virus analyses. 59 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Development and reproduction of two populations of Eretmocerus species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Powell, D.A.; Bellows, T.S. Jr Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 21 (3): p. 651-658; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Hawaii; Cucumis sativus; Gossypium hirsutum; Bemisia tabaci; Biological control; Eretmocerus; Fertility; Longevity; Parasites of insect pests; Reproduction Abstract: A study was conducted to determine preimaginal developmental rate, adult survival, and fertility of two populations of Eretmocerus sp. that parasitize Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). An arrhenotokous parasitoid population was collected in Indio, Calif., and a thelytokous parasitoid population was collected from Oahu, Hawaii. Experiments were conducted with parasitoids reared on B. tabaci hosts living on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ('Delta Pine 61'), or cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. ('Poinsett 76'), in temperature controlled cabinets at 20.0 and 29.0 degrees C. Significant differences in preimaginal developmental periods were found between populations, temperatures, and plants. Adult longevity was greatest at lower temperatures. A limited preoviposition period existed. Fertilities were higher on cucumber and at 29.0 degrees C. The sex ratio of the arrhenotokous population favored females. The intrinsic rate of natural increase r(m) for the arrhenotokous population varied from 0.0610 to 0.1149 on cotton and from 0.0856 to 0.1824 on cucumber, at 20.0 and 29.0 degrees C. Values for rm for the thelytokous population varied from 0.0858 to 0.1608 on cotton and from 0.0980 to 0.2117 on cucumber, at 20.0 and 29.0 degrees C. The results indicate that biological control of B. tabaci would probably be better obtained by Eretmocerus sp. population from Hawaii at higher temperatures. 60 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Development of a biorational mycoinsecticide: Beauveria bassiana conidial formulation and its application against boll weevil populations (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Wright, J.E.; Chandler, L.D. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Aug. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (4): p. 1130-1135; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium hirsutum; Anthonomus grandis; Biological control; Beauveria bassiana; Field tests; Formulations; Mortality 61 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Diet and the susceptibility of Helicoverpa zea (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Forschler, B.T.; Young, S.Y.; Felton, G.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 21 (5): p. 1220-1223; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Glycine max; Gossypium hirsutum; Lycopersicon esculentum; Helicoverpa zea; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses; Susceptibility; Biological control agents 62 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Diets, feeding specialization, and predatory role of two lynx spiders, Oxyopes salticus and Peucetia viridans (Araneae: Oxyopidae), in a Texas cotton agroecosystem. Nyffeler, M.; Dean, D.A.; Sterling, W.L. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 21 (6): p. 1457-1465; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Insect pests; Oxyopidae; Oxyopes salticus; Predators of insect pests; Feeding behavior; Biological control agents Abstract: The predation ecology of the striped lynx spider, Oxyopes salticus Hentz, and green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Hentz), was studied during 108 h of visual observation in an insecticide-free cotton field in central Texas. Evidence obtained during this study indicates that lynx spiders were the dominant arthropod predators (among 134 cases of arthropod predation observed, 94 were attributable to lynx spiders). P. viridans is a powerful species (10.08 +/- 0.52 mm [mean +/- SEM] body length) compared with the significantly smaller O. salticus (4.24 +/- 0.16 mm). The O. salticus individuals fed on small-sized prey (2.41 +/- 0.17 mm average prey length). In contrast, the P. viridans individuals fed over a broader range of prey size classes and captured a higher proportion of the larger prey organisms (7.04 +/- 0.73 mm average prey length). However, the smallest P. viridans (less than or equal to 8 mm spider length) and the largest O. salticus (greater than or equal to 4.5 mm spider length) selected prey of similar average length (approximately 3 mm). The lynx spiders are polyphagous insectivores that feed on a variety of prey species predominantly in the insect orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. They also frequently eat other spiders. The most frequently captured prey of O. salticus were small Heteroptera (predominantly cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]), whereas P. viridans most frequently seized large stinging Hymenoptera (e.g., honey bee, Apis mellifera L.). The degree of the feeding specialization of the two spider species was mathematically assessed (niche breadth coefficients) and statistically compared; computed coefficients indicate that P. viridans is a significantly more polyphagous predator than the smaller-sized O. salticus. O. salticus, therefore, shows a better fit to the "model predator" of classical biological control because of its relative specialization. 63 NAL Call. No.: SB950.3.M3J68 Discrimination between parasitized and healthy hosts by Microplitis rufiventris Kok. Hegazi, E.M.; Shaaban, M.A.; El-Singaby, N.R. Kuala Lumpur : The Malaysian Plant Protection Society; 1990 Dec. Journal of plant protection in the tropics v. 7 (3): p. v, 183-190; 1990 Dec. Malay summary on page v. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Spodoptera littoralis; Parasites of insect pests; Braconidae; Parasitism; Host parasite relationships; Discrimination; Oviposition; Larvae; Physiological age; Biological control agents 64 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Distribution and seasonal abundance of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) parasitoids in Texas. Schuster, M.F.; Lidell, M.C. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (6): p. 2269-2273; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Triticum aestivum; Mayetiola destructor; Geographical distribution; Incidence; Seasonal abundance; Biological control; Eupelmus; Hymenoptera; Parasites of insect pests; Trichomalopsis Abstract: Parasitism in field populations of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), from four different north central Texas locations was observed during 1986-1988. Three species of parasitoids attacked the spring generation of the Hessian fly, whereas the fall generations were rarely parasitized. Parasitic activity occurred primarily during the month of May. Parasitism levels ranged from 0 to 87.5% and were affected by time of year, host density, geographic location, and the number of years Hessian flies had been present in an area. Homoporus destructor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was the most abundant parasitoid in Texas, followed by Eupelmus allynii (French) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) and Trichomalopsis subapterus (Forbes) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). 65 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Distribution of parasitism by Macrocentrus grandii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in maize infested by Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Onstad, D.W.; Siegel, J.P.; Maddox, J.V. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 20 (1): p. 156-159; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Macrocentrus grandii; Parasites of insect pests; Dispersal; Biological control agents Abstract: Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich is a braconid parasitoid of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Over a 3-yr period, we collected corn borer larvae from maize fields in Illinois to determine how host density and other factors influence the distribution of parasitism. The proportion of parasitized larvae was not density dependent at the single-stalk and field scales. Parasitism was always higher in the first generation of the bivoltine population. Proportion of parasitized larvae was correlated with the proportion of stalks that had at least one parasitized larva and with the frequency of infested stalks. These correlations indicated that searching and oviposition by the female parasitoid may be random among maize stalks. The apparent inefficiency of this parasitoid is discussed. 66 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Economic benefits of spider (Araneae) and insect (Hemiptera: Miridae) predators of cotton fleahoppers. Sterling, W.L.; Dean, A.; Abd El-Salam, N.M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (1): p. 52-57; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium; Cost benefit analysis; Crop losses; Psallus seriatus; Biological control; Araneae; Hemiptera; Miridae; Predators of insect pests; Simulation models Abstract: Spiders constitute some of the most important predators of the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), in cotton fields in East Texas. Simulation studies showed that spiders were worth three times the value of insects as predators of the cotton fleahopper. To assess the economic value of spiders, the TEXCIM40 model was used to forecast the benefits of spiders and predaceous insects in the management of cotton fleahoppers. Forecasts of crop losses attributable to cotton fleahoppers cannot be accurate if the effects of spiders and other predators are not assessed. Benefits of generalist predators ranged from $0.86 to $15.50/0.4047 ha (1 acre) during the 5 yr of data used in simulations. However, potential benefits of > $60.00/0.4047 ha may be possible in certain cotton fields. 67 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Economic implication of IPM for cotton diseases. Lacewell, R.D.; Robinson, J.R.C.; Masud, S.M. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1990. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. p. 23-26; 1990. Meeting held January 9-14, 1990, Las Vegas, Nevada. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Integrated pest management; Fungal diseases; Plant pathogenic fungi; Economic analysis 68 NAL Call. No.: HD101.S6 Economic risk efficiency of boll weevil eradication. Szmedra, P.I.; McClendon, R.W.; Wetzstein, M.E. Experiment, Ga. : The Association; 1991 Jul. Southern journal of agricultural economics - Southern Agricultural Economics Association v. 23 (1): p. 237-245; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Anthonomus grandis; Growth models; Simulation models; Integrated pest management; Risk; Federal programs; Program participants; Profitability; Agricultural regions; Deltas; Costs Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the economic risk efficiency of implementing a boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis [Boheman]) eradication (BWE) program in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producing regions of the Mississippi Delta. Alternative producer pest management practices and program cost sharing were incorporated into a biophysical cotton simulation model. Participation in aBWE program along with strict adherence to Cooperative Extension Service pest management guidelines proved to be the risk efficient practice. 69 NAL Call. No.: SB950.3.M3J68 Economic thresholds for insecticide application to rice: profitability and risk analysis to Filipino farmers. Smith, J.; Litsinger, J.A.; Bandong, J.P.; Lumaban, M.D.; Dela Cruz, C.G. Kuala Lumpur : The Malaysian Plant Protection Society; 1989 Apr. Journal of plant protection in the tropics v. 6 (1): p. 67-87; 1989 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Philippines; Oryza sativa; Hydrellia philippina; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis; Insect control; Chemical control; Loss prevention; Economic thresholds; Insecticides; Gross margins; Cost benefit analysis; Variable costs; Farm inputs; Crop yield; Grain; Yield losses; Crop damage; Decision making; Risk; Labor costs; Integrated pest management; Econometric models 70 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A2B74 Ecosystem diversification to encourage natural enemies of cereal aphids. Thomas, M.B.; Wratten, S.D. Surrey : British Crop Protection Council; 1990. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases v. 2: p. 691-696; 1990. Meeting held November 19-22, 1990, Brighton, England. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cereals; Aphididae; Biological control; Natural enemies; Predators of insect pests; Habitats 71 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Effect of cotton defoliants on leaf abscission, immature bolls, and lint yields in a short-season production system. Chu, C.C.; Henneberry, T.J.; Reynoso, T.Y. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (2): p. 268-272; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Gossypium hirsutum; Defoliants; Defoliation; Crop yield; Bolls; Lint; Irrigation scheduling; Application date; Pectinophora gossypiella; Integrated pest management 72 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Effect of host insect-host plant associations on selected fitness components of Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Bethke, J.A.; Nuessly, G.S.; Paine, T.D.; Redak, R.A. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Aug. Biological control v. 1 (2): p. 164-169; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Euphorbia pulcherrima; Nicotiana tabacum; Bemisia tabaci; Trialeurodes vaporariorum; Biological control agents; Encarsia formosa; Host parasite relationships; Parasites of insect pests; Host specificity 73 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 The effect of host size on quality attributes of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma pretisoum. Bai, B.; Luck, R.F.; Forster, L.; Stephens, B.; Janssne, J.A.M. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jul. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 64 (1): p. 37-48; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ephestia kuehniella; Helicoverpa zea; Manduca sexta; Plodia interpunctella; Sitotroga cerealella; Trichoplusia ni; Biological control; Insect control; Ova; Trichogramma pretiosum; Size 74 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72 The effect of introducing the aphid-pathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis into populations of cereal aphids. Wilding, N.; Mardell, S.K.; Brobyn, P.J.; Wratten, S.D.; Lomas, J. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1990 Dec. Annals of applied biology v. 117 (3): p. 683-691; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; Sitobion avenae; Metopolophium dirhodum; Erynia neoaphidis; Entomophthora planchoniana; Biological control; Application date; Infection; Conidia 75 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effect of oviposition deterrents from elderberry on behavioral responses by Heliothis virescens to host-plant volatiles in flight tunnel. Tingle, F.C.; Mitchell, E.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Aug. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (8): p. 1621-1631; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Oviposition deterrents; Plant composition; Extracts; Sambucus; Volatile compounds; Bioassays; Wind tunnels; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: In flight-tunnel assays, mated female Heliothis virescens (F.) moths responded by positive anemotaxis to volatiles from extracts of two host plants (cotton and tobacco), but they did not fly to an extract from elderberry (Sambucus simpsonii Rehd.), a nonhost that contains an oviposition deterrent for H. virescens. When the elderberry extract was mixed with extract from either cotton or tobacco, the flight response by moths to volatiles emanating from the extract blends was reduced significantly at most doses when compared to the positive response to extracts from either host alone. The number of landings (including brief contacts) and landings that resulted in oviposition on the substrates treated with extract blends also were reduced significantly in most tests. 76 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effect of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Herterorhabditidae) on nontarget arthropods. Georgis, R.; Kaya, H.K.; Gaugler, R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 20 (3): p. 815-822; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Insect pests; Steinernema; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Entomophilic nematodes; Biological control agents; Nontarget effects; Nontarget organisms Abstract: The effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on nontarget arthropods in the laboratory, field soils, and a stream were assessed. In the laboratory, adult predators were less susceptible to the nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steiner-nematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) than the immature stages. In field tests, entomopathogenic nematodes that had significantly suppressed pest populations (Popillia japonica Newman, japanese beetle, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, tawny mole cricket, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), black vine weevil, Delia radicum (L.), cabbage maggot, and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, western corn rootworm) did not adversely affect the numbers of nontarget soil arthropods in comparison with the untreated control. In contrast, broad-spectrum chemical insecticides (isofenphos, ethoprop, or chlorpyrifos used as chemical checks) significantly reduced or showed a tendency to reduce nontarget arthropod populations. In a stream trial, S. carpocapsae significantly reduced black fly larval populations, but the nontarget insects often increased in the treatment sites. Decreases in nontarget populations were matched by approximately equal or greater reductions in the upstream controls. We conclude that entomopathogenic nematodes do not adversely affect nontarget arthropods when used for short-term control of insect pests. 77 NAL Call. No.: 421 J829 The effect of Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis (Coleoptera: Histeridae) on three species of storage Bostrichidae infesting shelled maize. Rees, D.P. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991 Jan. Journal of stored products research v. 27 (1): p. 83-86; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maize; Grain stores; Dinoderus minutus; Prostephanus truncatus; Rhyzopertha dominica; Population decrease; Biological control; Teretriosoma nigrescens; Predators of insect pests Abstract: Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis (Coleoptera: Histeridae) is known as a predator of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Mexico and Central America, but not Africa. Over 8 weeks at 27 degrees C, 70% r.h., the yield of adults from cultures on maize initiated with 40 mixed-aged adult P. truncatus, Dinoderus minutus (Fab.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) was reduced by 83, 91 and 36% respectively when cultures were started with an additional five adult T. nigrescens. Weight loss to maize caused by the bostrichids was also reduced by 59, 65 and 28% respectively. The potential of the use of alternative prey species for the production of T. nigrescens prior to its possible use as a bio-control agent for control of P. truncatus in Africa is discussed. 78 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effect on Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) when rearing host fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on meridic diet containing foliage from resistant or susceptible corn genotypes. Riggin, T.M.; Isenhour, D.J.; Espelie, K.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 21 (1): p. 214-219; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Zea mays; Genotypes; Pest resistance; Susceptibility; Spodoptera frugiperda; Biological control; Cotesia marginiventris; Diet; Larvae; Longevity; Parasites of insect pests; Rearing techniques; Sex ratio Abstract: Larval weights for fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), were not significantly affected at two constant temperature regimes (24 and 27 degrees C) when larvae parasitized by Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) were reared on resistant versus susceptible corn genotypes. Results indicated that the third trophic level was not adversely affected by fall armyworm feeding on pinto bean diet containing resistant versus susceptible corn genotypes. Developmental times for C. marginiventris were shorter when the parasitoids were maintained at the higher temperature. Time from egg to cocoon formation at 24 degrees C was significantly less when hosts were fed diet containing foliage from the susceptible genotype 'Cacahuacintle X'. Parasitoid longevity was increased at the higher temperature regime and was not affected by the corn genotype. 79 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effects of below-ground predator-weed interactions on damage to peanut by southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Brust, G.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 19 (6): p. 1837-1844; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Arachis hypogaea; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; Weeds; Tyrophagus putrescentiae; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: The below-ground effects of weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Digitaria sanguinalis L., Setaria viridis L., Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.) and increased soil moisture on damage to peanut pods by southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, was investigated in a 2-yr field and greenhouse study. Field experiments demonstrated that weedy areas had less pod damage overall and higher predator numbers than nonweedy areas. However, increased soil moisture, which increased southern corn rootworm oviposition and egg and larval survival, confounded the results. Greenhouse studies showed that three broadleaf species and three grass species were not as good food sources as peanuts for southern corn rootworm larvae. Although the presence of weeds growing with peanuts did not lower larval survival, weeds did significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) slow larval developmental rate. In greenhouse studies, damage to peanut pods was approximately 66% in peanut-only (control) treatments, 55% in peanut + weed treatments, 32% in peanut predator treatments, and 9% in peanut + weed + predator treatments. The interaction of predators and weeds in lowering the amount of damage caused by southern corn rootworm was significant (P less than or equal to 0.05). Field and greenhouse experiments demonstrated that at least two factors were operating to reduce pest damage in this below-ground, multispecies plant association. Predators and the structural complexity of the weed-crop root association may be working synergistically to reduce southern corn rootworm damage to peanuts. 80 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of cotton plant allelochemicals and nutrients on behavior and development of tobacco budworm. Hedin, P.A.; Parrott, W.L.; Jenkins, J.N. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1107-1121; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Pest resistance; Heliothis virescens; Allelochemicals; Terpenoids; Gossypol; Interactions; Amino acids; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Female moths of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), oviposit in the terminals of the cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum (L.). The hatched larvae migrate to the terminal area and then to small squares (buds), on which they feed, finally burrowing into the anthers where they grow and develop. They attempt to avoid gossypol glands as they feed. Chemically related evidence explains, in part, these observations. The calyx crown of resistant lines (which is avoided) is high in the terpenoid aldehydes (TAs) including gossypol. HPLC data showed that the gossypol content of both susceptible and resistant glanded lines is equal, while the hemigossypolone and heliocides H1 and H2 are greatly increased in resistant lines and presumably are more closely associated with resistance. Analysis for total amino acids in cotton square tissues showed that there was a gradation from the calyx and calyx crown, which were lowest, to the anthers, the site of final insect development, which were highest. Synthetic diets mimicking amino acid distribution in anthers were found to be successful for larval growth and development. 81 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Effects of inherited sterility and insect resistant dentcorn silks on Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development. Carpenter, J.E.; Wiseman, B.R. Griffin, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1992 Oct. Journal of entomological science v. 27 (4): p. 413-420; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; Sterile insect release; Gamma radiation; Pest resistance; Integrated pest management 82 NAL Call. No.: 421 C16 Effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause of two Aphelinus spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing the Russian wheat aphid. Yu, D.S. Ottawa : Entomological Society of Canada; 1992 Sep. The Canadian entomologist v. 124 (5): p. 853-860; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alberta; Kazakh ssr; Diuraphis noxia; Aphelinus; Biological control agents; Diapause; Parasites of insect pests; Survival; Temperature 83 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effects of strip intercropping and no-tillage on some pest and beneficial invertebrates of corn in Ohio. Tonhasca, A. Jr; Stinner, B.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 20 (5): p. 1251-1258; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Agrotis ipsilon; Mythimna unipuncta; Slugs; Diabrotica virgifera; Ostrinia nubilalis; Intercropping; No-tillage; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: We tested two agronomic practices that are likely to increase plant and structural diversity, no-tillage and strip intercropping, for effects on corn invertebrate fauna. Some of the most common herbivores and natural enemies were sampled by direct counts and damage estimation from 1988 through 1990 on monoculture corn and strips of corn alternated with soybean, under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Among soil pests, cut-worms (mostly the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)); armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth); and slugs (Gastropoda) were more abundant in no- tillage plots, although only slugs caused severe damage. The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubitalis (Hubner), were generally more abundant in conventional tillage plots. Despite crop rotation, the strip-intercropping system (four rows of each crop) was less effective in reducing western corn rootworm infestation, especially in conventional tillage plots. In 1990 only, ladybugs (mostly Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer)) were more abundant in conventional tillage plots, whereas tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were more abundant in no-tillage plots. Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say) and Euschistus serous (Say); and spiders (Aranea) were not significantly affected by treatments. 84 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Effects of two prey species on the development of Hippodamia sinuata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae at constant temperatures. Michels, G.J. Jr; Behle, R.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (5): p. 1480-1484; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Hippodamia; Larvae; Biological control agents; Laboratory rearing; Predators of insect pests; Rhopalosiphum maidis; Schizaphis graminum; Temperature Abstract: The effects of prey species and constant temperature regimes on the development of Hippodamia sinuata Mulsant were studied. H. sinuata completed larval development faster on corn leaf aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), than on greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), at low temperatures, but no significant differences were evident at temperatures > 20 degrees C. H. sinuata began development at a lower threshold temperature (7.05 degrees C), and required more degree-days (338.63) for development when corn leaf aphids were the prey rather than greenbugs (12.90 degrees C, 259.54). At 25 and 30 degrees C, H. sinuata larvae consumed significantly more corn leaf aphids than greenbugs (both per day and total consumption), whereas significantly more greenbugs were consumed at 20 and 35 degrees C. The results of the studies confirm the importance of corn leaf aphids as an early-season, cool-temperature prey for H. sinuata. 85 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Effects of uncultivated corridors on arthropod abundances and crop yields in soybean agroecosystems. Rodenhouse, N.L.; Barrett, G.W.; Zimmerman, D.M.; Kemp, J.C. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 Feb. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 38 (3): p. 179-191; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Glycine max; Corridor systems; Monoculture; Crop yield; Arthropod pests; Predatory arthropods; Population density; Uncultivated ground; Integrated pest management; Alternative farming 86 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to control overwintering boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Frank, W.A.; Slosser, J.E. College Station, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1990 Mar. The Southwestern entomologist v. 15 (1): p. 77-78; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Anthonomus grandis; Beauveria bassiana; Biological control agents 87 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Enantiomeric synthesis of dominicalure, aggregation pheromone of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Liu, L.Y.; Lin, G.Q. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1921-1925; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rhyzopertha dominica; Aggregation pheromones; Enantiomers; Synthesis; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: (S)-(+)-1-Methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate, 1, and (S)-(+)-I-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, 2, the aggregation pheromone for lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F), were synthesized from crotylaldehyde in an overall yield of 30%. The chiral intermediate was prepared in 90% enantiomer excess, employing the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. 88 NAL Call. No.: 421 P193 Entomopathogenic fungi (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) infecting cereals aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Montana. Feng, M.G.; Nowierski, R.M.; Scharen, A.L.; Sands, D.C. San Francisco, Calif. : Pacific Coast Entomological Society; 1991 Jan. The Pan-Pacific entomologist v. 67 (1): p. 55-64; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Montana; Cereals; Aphididae; Biological control; Entomogenous fungi; Entomophthorales; Irrigated conditions; Dry conditions 89 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Entomopathogenicity of several fungi toward the English grain Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and enhancement of virulence with host passage of Paecilomyces farinosus. Hayden, T.P.; Bidochka, M.J.; Khachatourians, G.G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (1): p. 58-64; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Grain crops; Sitobion avenae; Biological control; Entomogenous fungi; Beauveria bassiana; Beauveria brongniartii; Conidiobolus obscurus; Erynia neoaphidis; Paecilomyces farinosus; Verticillium lecanii; Virulence Abstract: Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus was tested against the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), before and after selective subculturing of the fungus. When the stock culture of P. farinosus was tested against S. avenae, an LT50 of 11.1 d was observed. P. farinosus was subcultured by two methods. In the first method, P. farinosus was subjected to repeated passages through the host. In the second method, the fungus was repeatedly subcultured on an agar medium that contained sterilized S. avenae cuticle as the only nutrient source. In both cases, after three selective subcultures of P. farinosus, a decrease in the LT50 to approximately 5.0 d was observed. To our knowledge, the effect of serial in-vitro passage of an entomopathogenic fungus on cuticle of the host insect and the associated LT50 has not been previously studied. Repeated subculturing of the more virulent strain of P. farinosus on nonselective media did not result in an increase in LT50. Five other entomopathogenic fungi were assayed for their virulence towards S. avenae. These fungi were Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viegas, Erynia heoaphidis Remaudiere & Keller, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin, Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) Petch, and Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) Remaudiere & Keller. V. lecanii showed the greatest virulence, with an LT50 of 2.4 d. E. neoaphidis had an LT50 of 8.0 d, whereas treatment with B. bassiana resulted in an LT50 of 9.5 d. B. brongniartii had the lowest virulence of the strains tested against S. avenae with an LT50 of 11.7 d. 90 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 AN72 Epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf: a study in ecological complexity. Irwin, M.E.; Thresh, J.M. Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1990. Annual review of phytopathology v. 28: p. 393-424; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus; Disease transmission; Epidemiology; Disease vectors; Aphididae; Phenology; Plant ecology; Integrated pest management 91 NAL Call. No.: 421 C16 Eudorylas (Metadorylas) sp. (Diptera: Pipunculidae): a previously unreported parasitoid of Dalbulus maidis (Delong and Wolcott) and Dalbulus elimatus (Ball) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Vega, F.E.; Barbosa, P.; Panduro, A.P. Ottawa : Entomological Society of Canada; 1991 Jan. The Canadian entomologist v. 123 (1): p. 241-242. ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Zea mays; Dalbulus elimatus; Dalbulus maidis; Disease vectors; Maize rayado fino marafivirus; Mycoplasma-like organisms; Spiroplasma kunkelii; Biological control; Diptera; Parasites of insect pests 92 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 European corn borer sex pheromone: inhibition and elicitation of behavioral response by analogs. Schwarz, M.; Klun, J.A.; Uebel, E.C. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1591-1604; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ostrinia nubilalis; Sex pheromones; Analogs; Animal behavior; Inhibition; Structure activity relationships; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The male sexual behavior-stimulating and inhibiting properties of a series of analogs of the European corn borer sex pheromone were determined in a flight tunnel. The structural requirements for inhibition of pheromonal response were far less restrictive than those for elicitation of that response. Analogs that by themselves elicited upwind flight response from males at a low dose were generally less inhibitory to male response than many of the analogs that had no pheromonal activity. These findings suggest that many pheromone analogs bind to pheromone receptors without provoking behavioral response and possibly undergo slower degradation on the antenna than pheromonally active compounds. The disparity of response to analogs by two pheromonal types of the European corn borer indicates that the pheromone receptor and pheromone catabolic systems are biochemically very different in the two types. 93 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Evaluating Russian wheat aphid parasitoids for establishment potential in the Great Plains. Elliott, N.C.; Reed, D.K.; Nechols, J.R.; Kieckhefer, R.W.; Kindler, S.D.; Flanders, R.V.; French, B.W.; Arnold, D.C. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 160-163; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Kansas; Oklahoma; Diuraphis noxia; Diaeretiella rapae; Aphidius matricariae; Parasitoids; Biological control agents 94 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Evaluation of a pest advisory for corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestations in soybean. Herbert, D.A.; Zehnder, G.W.; Day, E.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (2): p. 515-519; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Glycine max; Infestation; Helicoverpa zea; Integrated pest management; Light traps; Pheromone traps; Advisory centers Abstract: Larval surveys of second-generation corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), taken in field corn in mid-July from 1976 to 1989 were used in a pest advisory program to predict potential for later infestations in Virginia soybeans. Estimates of statewide soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, acreage treated for corn earworm were used to evaluate survey predictions. Blacklight-trap and pheromone-trap moth catches from 1983 to 1989 were plotted to study trends in moth activity around soybean fields and to evaluate their use in the pest advisory. Total soybean acreage treated for corn earworm increased linearly with an increase in percent corn ears infested with corn earworm. Generally, <20% corn infestation resulted in <10% soybean acreage tested; a 20-35% infestation resulted in 28-35% acreage treated; and >35% infestation resulted in approximately 50% or more acreage treated. Corn earworm moth activity around soybean fields increased in late July to early August, peaked one time each season from 15 to 24 August, and ceased by mid-to late September. Pheromone traps provided timely detection of moths in individual fields; however, blacklight-trap catch was a better area-wide indicator of corn earworm infestation severity in soybeans. 95 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Evaluation of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) as a biological control agent against the cotton boll weevil. Morales-Ramos, J.A.; King, E.G. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 724; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Anthonomus grandis; Insect control; Biological control; Catolaccus; Entomogenous fungi 96 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Evaluation of starch encapsulation for formulation of grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) entomopoxviruses. McGuire, M.R.; Streett, D.A.; Shasha, B.S. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (6): p. 1652-1656; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Melanoplus sanguinipes; Orthoptera; Mortality; Biological control; Entomopoxvirus; Encapsulation; Formulations; Starch; Storage; Viability; Adjuvants; Carbaryl; Insect control Abstract: An entomopoxvirus isolated from Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and currently under consideration as a microbial control agent for rangeland grasshoppers was formulated in starch matrices containing various adjuvants and fed to M. sanguinipes nymphs. Percent mortality 21 d after exposure to granules containing molasses (a feeding stimulant) and carbon (an ultraviolet [UV] light screen) was 80%, whereas a formulation containing Congo red produced only 35% mortality. Although control mortality averaged 31%, percent infection of surviving control grasshoppers was only 1.5%. Percent infection of surviving grasshoppers fed starch- encapsulated virus containing molasses and carbon was 89.7%, whereas only 30% of the survivors were infected following exposure to granules with Congo red. A field test in which starch granules laced with carbaryl were applied to small rangeland plots demonstrated that grasshoppers located and fed upon the granules as readily as the commercial standard wheat bran bait. Survival of virus and acceptance of the starch bait by grasshoppers suggest that this versatile formulation technique should play a major part in the development of grasshopper microbial control products. 97 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Evaluation of two management strategies for stalk borer, Papaipema nebris, in corn. Davis, P.M.; Pedigo, L.P. Guildford : Butterworths; 1990 Oct. Crop protection v. 9 (5): p. 387-391; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Papaipema nebris; Stem borers; Larvae; Growth models; Heat sums; Emergence; Prediction; Timing; Permethrin; Insect control; Chemical control; Integrated pest management; Decision making 98 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Experiments using a simulation model of the Banks grass mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the predatory mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a corn microenvironment. Berry, J.S.; Holtzer, T.O.; Norman, J.M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Aug. Environmental entomology v. 20 (4): p. 1074-1078; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Oligonychus pratensis; Neoseiulus fallacis; Predatory mites; Simulation models; Biological control agents Abstract: The simulation model (MiteSim) of the mite predator-prey system consisting of Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), and the predatory mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) was used to evaluate mite population dynamics in Nebraska corn fields in relation to microenvironmental variables. Simulation results demonstrated the importance of using humidity and temperature conditions at the leaf surface instead of weather station conditions to simulate the mite system on corn in Nebraska. Also, humidity (in addition to temperature) was determined to be critically important in the population dynamics of the two mites. The temperature and humidity at the leaf surface of moderately drought-stressed corn (compared with well-watered corn) resulted in higher simulated populations of Banks grass mite. Simulation studies also showed that colonization of a corn field by less than one adult female Banks grass mite per plant in june can result in mite densities sufficient to cause crop loss by August (Banks grass mite biotic potential without extrinsic mortality). 99 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 An expert system for management of Delia coarctata (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in the United Kingdom. Jones, T.H.; Young, J.E.B.; Norton, G.A.; Mumford, J.D. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (5): p. 2065-2072; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Triticum; Winter wheat; Delia coarctata; Chemical control; Cultural control; Expert systems; Insecticides; Integrated pest management; Oviposition; Safety at work Abstract: A computer-based expert system (BULBFLY) has beendeveloped for the management of wheat bulb fly, Delia coarctata (Fallen), in theUnited Kingdom. The logical structure of the decision problem is described, together with factsand rules necessary for the estimation of egg numbers, crop susceptibility, and control effectiveness. With this knowledge and with various levels of information supplied by theuser of BULBFLY, the expert system provides recommendations on strategic and tacticaloptions for management of wheat bulb fly. BULBFLY gives comparative costs of the various treatments recommended, ecological and biological information on the pest, details ofcultural control practices, and general advice on the safe use of insecticides. Like otherknowledge-based systems in pest management, BULBFLY offers support for practical problem solving, identification of research needs, information provision and processing, and training. 100 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223 Feeding and toxic effects of floral sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes, and phenolics from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on western corn rootworm. Mullin, C.A.; Alfatafa, A.A.; Harman, J.L.; Everett, S.L.; Serino, A.A. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 Dec. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 39 (12): p. 2293-2299; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diabrotica virgifera; Antifeedants; Helianthus annuus; Plant composition; Phenolic compounds; Sesquiterpenoid lactones; Toxicity; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Feeding deterrents for adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), some of which were neurotoxic, were isolated from inflorescences of cultivated sunflower by chromatography of ethyl acetate solubles on Toyopearl TSK HW-40F and silica gel. Antifeedants, as measured through a consumption bioassay with treated squash flower disks containing cucurbitacin feeding stimulants for rootworm, were characterized by UV,1H and 13C NMR, and EIMS. Fractionation by these methods gave 15 active principles of which argophyllin A and 3-O- methylniveusin A, both sesquiterpene lactone angelates, were the most potent. Feeding deterrency decreased in the order sesquiterpenes >> diterpenes > flavonoids > dicaffeoylquinic acids. The diterpenoic acid grandifloric acid and its 15- angelate and the flavonoids nevadensin and quercetin beta-7-O- glucoside were much poorer antifeedants, although more abundant components of sunflower. Synergistic or antagonistic interactions for combinations of deterrents within or between the sesquiterpene, diterpene, and flavonoid classes were not found, indicating sunflower antifeedants act jointly in an additive fashion. The highly active antifeedant germacranolide angelates exhibit structural features and injected symptoms in adult rootworm similar to picrotoxinin, a gamma-aminobutyric acid gated chloride channel antagonist, suggesting a link between sesquiterpene neurotoxicity and GABA. 101 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Feeding responses of adult Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to eggs of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and green peach aphids (Homoptra: Aphididae). Hazzard, R.V.; Ferro, D.N. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Apr. Environmental entomology v. 20 (2): p. 644-651; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Myzus persicae; Coleomegilla maculata; Predators of insect pests; Ova; Feeding behavior; Biological control agents Abstract: Feeding responses that influence the effectiveness of a polyphagous endemic coccinellid, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), for biological control of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), in potato were examined in the laboratory. Consumption rate, functional response, prey preference, and the effect of alternate prey were studied for C. maculata adult females feeding upon eggs of Colorado potato beetle; Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and corn pollen were alternate food sources. C. maculata females continuously supplied with eggs attacked an average of 20.8 eggs per 48 h, and introduction of M. persicae significantly reduced but did not eliminate egg feeding. Females starved for 24 h showed a Type II functional response to egg density when offered 10-70 eggs per 24 h in small cages at 26 +/- 2 degrees C. Data fit well to the Holling disk equation, which predicted maximum egg consumption of 31.5 eggs per 24 h. The functional response curve showed suppression of egg feeding at high egg densities when aphids were present as alternate prey, but no effect was evident at low egg densities. There was no change in functional response with corn pollen as the alternate food. When Colorado potato beetle eggs and aphids were available in equal numbers, females did not prefer either prey at low prey densities, but they preferred aphids over eggs at high densities. Eggs were an adequate (but not optimal) diet for larval development and adult oviposition relative to M. persicae or corn pollen. Some implications for ecology and effectiveness of C. maculata for control of Colorado potato beetle in potato are discussed. 102 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Field evaluation of granular starch formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). McGuire, M.R.; Shasha, B.S.; Lewis, L.C.; Bartelt, R.J.; Kinney, K. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (6): p. 2207-2210; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Larvae; Tunnels; Bacillus thuringiensis; Biological control agents; Encapsulation; Formulations; Phagostimulants; Starch Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Berliner was encapsulated within cornstarch granules with the feeding stimulant Coax or the UV screen Congo red and tested at two field sites against European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), feeding in whorl-stage corn. These tests were done to determine the relative effect of these additives on efficacy of starch-encapsulated B. thuringiensis. At both sites, all treatments with B. thuringiensis significantly reduced tunneling by O. nubilalis. At one site, significant effects of addition of the phagostimulant were observed. When Coax was added at 1 or 10% of starch dry weight with 400 international units (IU) B. thuringiensis per mg dry granule weight, response of O. nubilalis was equivalent to that obtained with granules containing no feeding stimulant and 1,600 IU/mg. Also, granules with Coax and 400 IU/mg gave a response similar to that obtained from the commercial product Dipel 10G formulated at 1,600 IU/mg. At the other site, the effect of phagostimulant was not significant, primarily because O. nubilalis infestation levels were too low for precise discrimination among treatments. 103 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Field evaluation of Naturalis against the boll weevil: a biorational mycoinsecticide. Wright, J.E.; Chandler, L.D. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 677-679; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Anthonomus grandis; Insect pests; Beauveria bassiana; Biological control 104 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Field evaluation of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) against black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in field corn. Levine, E.; Oloumi-Sadeghi, H. Griffin, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1992 Oct. Journal of entomological science v. 27 (4): p. 427-435; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Agrotis ipsilon; Neoaplectana carpocapsae; Entomophilic nematodes; Biological control agents 105 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Field manipulation of Nomuraea riley (Moniliales: Moniliaceae): effects on soybean defoliators in coastal Ecuador. Stansly, P.A.; Orellana M, G.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (6): p. 2193-2195; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ecuador; Glycine max; Defoliation; Insect pests; Biological control; Field experimentation; Nomuraea rileyi; Coastal areas Abstract: Attempts to influence the prevalence of the entomophathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson in populations of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the soybean looper, Pseudoplusta includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were made in two field experiments with soybean (Glycine max L.) on Ecuador's humid coastal plain. Larval numbers and mortality were compared in large replicated plots sprayed with either conidia or the fungicides benomyl and chlorothalonil, and in untreated controls. N. rileyi conidia treatment caused a short-lived increase in larval mortality and no change in population levels of velvetbean caterpillar or soybean looper. The fungicide treatment persistently inhibited N. rileyi, causing significantly higher populations of the two defoliators. 106 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E4 Field manipulation of populations of individual staphylinid species in cereals and their impact on aphid populations. Dennis, P.; Wratten, S.D. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Feb. Ecological entomology v. 16 (1): p. 17-24; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: England; Triticum aestivum; Sitobion avenae; Tachyporus; Philonthus; Predators of insect pests; Population dynamics; Biological control agents 107 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Foreign exploration for natural enemies of Russian wheat aphid in Iran and in the Kunlun, Tian Shan, and Altai Mountain Valleys of The People's Republic of China. Gonzalez, D.; Gilstrap, F.; McKinnon, L.; Zhang, J.; Zareh, N.; Zhang, G.; Stary, P.; Wolley, J.; Wang, R. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 197-209; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iran; China; Diuraphis noxia; Predators; Parasitoids; Surveys; Biological control agents 108 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Formulation of socially efficient economic injury levels for insecticide use in IPM. Robinson, J.R.C.; Lacewell, R.D. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1990. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. p. 405-410; 1990. Meeting held January 9-14, 1990, Las Vegas, Nevada. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Insect pests; Gossypium hirsutum; Insecticides; Integrated pest management; Economic analysis; Production costs 109 NAL Call. No.: QH506.U34 Functional response of arthropod predators and its role in the biological control of insect pests in agricultural systems. O'Neil, R.J. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1990. UCLA symposia on molecular and cellular biology v. 112: p. 83-96; 1990. In the series analytic: New directions in biological control: Alternatives for suppressing agricultural pests and diseases / edited by R.R. Baker and P.E. Dunn. Proceedings of a UCLA Colloquium, January 20-27, 1989, Frisco, Colorado. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glycine max; Insect pests; Plant pests; Biological control; Biological control agents; Theory; Predators of insect pests; Natural enemies; Predatory arthropods; Predator prey relationships; Podisus maculiventris; Epilachna varivestis Abstract: The theory of the functional response of arthropod predators is reviewed. Predictions from theory are compared to results of a field study of predation in soybeans. Incongruities between theoretical predictions and empirical findings are identified and a hypothesis to explain the field results is suggested. The importance of the concept of the functional response to understanding predation in crops is discussed. 110 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Functional response of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in field cages. Morales-Ramos, J.A.; Cate, J.R. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Sep. Biological control v. 2 (3): p. 193-202; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Anthonomus grandis; Catolaccus; Parasitoids; Functional responses; Host parasite relationships; Population density; Host-seeking behavior; Age; Fecundity; Environmental factors; Parasitism; Biological control; Mathematical models 111 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Habitat use patterns by the seven-spotted lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a diverse agricultural landscape. Maredia, K.M.; Gage, S.H.; Landis, D.A.; Scriber, J.M. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jun. Biological control v. 2 (2): p. 159-165; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Michigan; Coccinella septempunctata; Biological control agents; Habitats; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Populus; Medicago sativa; Insect control; Tillage; No-tillage; Habitat selection; Prey; Aphidoidea; Availability; Ecology 112 NAL Call. No.: SB321.G85 Higher profits through better quality sweet corn. Bouncher, J. Storrs, Conn. : Coop. Ext. Serv., USDA, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Univ. of Conn; 1991 Dec. The Grower : vegetable and small fruit newsletter v. 91 (12): p. 5-6, 8; 1991 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Integrated pest management; Profits 113 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16D Histopathology of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (Reoviridae) infection in corn earworm, Helicaverpa zea (Boddie), larvae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bong, C.F.J.; Sikorowski, P.P. Ottawa, Canada : National Research Council of Canada; 1991 Aug. Canadian journal of zoology v. 69 (8): p. 2121-2127; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses; Larvae; Integrated pest management; Biological control agents; Histopathology 114 NAL Call. No.: SB599.J69 Host locating ability of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley in inshell peanuts under laboratory conditions. Brower, J.H. Clemson, S.C. : South Carolina Entomological Society; 1990 Oct. Journal of agricultural entomology v. 7 (4): p. 265-273; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Peanuts; Ephestia cautella; Trichogramma pretiosum; Parasites of insect pests; Stored products pests; Biological control agents; Laboratory tests 115 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Host preference studies on Trichogramma sp. nr. mwanzai Schulten and Feijen (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) in Kenya. Guang, L.Q.; Oloo, G.W. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 757-763; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Trichogramma; Biological control agents; Mass rearing; Parasites of insect pests; Host preferences; Busseola fusca; Chilo partellus; Eldana saccharina; Bombyx mori; Plant pests; Sitotroga cerealella Abstract: Host preference studies were conducted on Trichogramma sp. nr. mwanzai at 25 +/- 2 degrees C, 40-60% r.h. in the laboratory, using eggs of C. partellus, B. fusca, E. saccharina, S. cerealella and B. mori in choice and no- choice tests. Adults emerged within 9-10 days; ca. 70% parasitoids of both sexes emerged and mated between 0800-1000 hr, with a peak at 0800 hr. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the number of progeny per female from eggs of C. partellus (33.9 +/- 9.2), B. fusca (30.1 +/- 4.5) and S. cerealella (30.9 +/- 9.9) in no-choice tests, but progeny production was significantly less from E. saccharina and no parasitoid emerged from B. mori. In host age selection tests on C. partellus, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the number of offspring per female from eggs of age groups 0-2 days; offspring of day 3 were significantly less, and no parasitoid emerged from day 4 eggs. Up to 4 (mean, 1.9 +/- 0.6) adults emerged from a single egg of C. partellus. Since mass rearing technology exists for C. partellus and is available at ICIPE, it was concluded that day 0-2 eggs of this borer are more suitable for mass production of T. sp. nr. mwanzai. 116 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Host-plant resistance to insects in sorghum and its role in integrated pest management. Sharma, H.C. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1993 Feb. Crop protection v. 12 (1): p. 11-34; 1993 Feb. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Pest resistance; Cultivars; Genotypes; Arthropod pests; Integrated pest management; Literature reviews 117 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 How contact foraging experiences affect preferences for host- related odors in the larval parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Turlings, T.C.J.; Scheepmaker, J.W.A.; Vet, L.E.M.; Tumlinson, J.H.; Lewis, W.J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1577-1589; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cotesia marginiventris; Host-seeking behavior; Odors; Semiochemicals; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Responses of individual females of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris to the odors of four different complexes of host larvae feeding on leaves were observed in a four-arm olfactometer. The plant-host complexes were composed of fall armyworm (FAW) larvae or cabbage looper (CL) larvae feeding on either corn or cotton seedlings. Prior to testing, each female was given a brief foraging experience on a plant- host complex and was then exposed to the odors of the same complex in the olfactometer. The experienced females responded to familiar odors in a dose-related manner, and these responses were virtually identical to all four complexes. Preferences for the odors of one of two plant-host complexes were tested in dual choice situations. Generally, FAW odors were preferred over CL odors and corn odors over cotton odors. A short foraging experience significantly affected the females' odor preferences in favor of the odors released by the experienced complex. Additional experiments revealed that neither longer bouts of experience nor bouts that included ovipositions resulted in a stronger change in preference. Experience affected preference in combinations where only the host species was varied as well as in combinations where only the plant species was varied. The results, therefore, strongly indicate that both the plants and the hosts somehow are involved in the production and/or release of the semiochemicals that attract C. marginiventris. 118 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Ice-nucleating active bacteria decrease the cold-hardiness of stored grain insects. Lee, R.E. Jr; Strong-Gunderson, J.M.; Lee, M.R.; Davidson, E.C. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 371-374; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cryptolestes ferrugineus; Cryptolestes pusillus; Gibbium psylloides; Plodia interpunctella; Rhyzopertha dominica; Sitophilus granarius; Tenebrio molitor; Tribolium castaneum; Grain stores; Stored products pests; Biological control; Cold resistance; Ice nucleation; Pseudomonas syringae Abstract: This report provides further evidence that a freeze-dried, concentrated form of Pseudomonas syringae, an ice-nucleating active bacteria, reduces the cold tolerance of stored grain insect pests. Application of ice-nucleating bacteria to wheat or corn that contained insect pests decreased the insects' supercooling capacity: after treatment with 100 ppm of P. syringae the mean supercooling points of five insect species increased from 4.7 to 11.9 degrees C above untreated controls. Treatment with P. syringae also decreased the capacity of insects to survive a 24-h exposure to subzero temperatures. Decreases in cold tolerance were observed in eight species of stored grain pests: Indianmeal moth larvae, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner); red flour beetle adults, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); flat grain beetle adults, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr); rusty grain beetle adults, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens); Gibbium psylloides (Czenpinski); lesser grain borer adults, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); yellow mealworm larvae, Tenebrio molitor (L.); and granary weevil adults, Sitophilus granarius (L.). Results of this study provide further support for the use of ice- nucleating active bacteria as biological insecticides to kill over wintering insects by decreasing their low temperature tolerance. The approach may be particularly appropriate for the control of a variety of insect pests in restricted areas such as grain bins. 119 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Identification of food volatiles attractive to Glischrochilus quadrisignatus and Glischrochilus fasciatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Lin, H.; Phelan, P.L. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Dec. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (12): p. 2469-2480; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glischrochilus; Glischrochilus quadrisignatus; Food composition; Wheat flour; Doughs; Volatile compounds; Insect attractants; Insect traps; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Seven volatile compounds identified from the headspace of whole wheat bread dough were investigated for their role in attracting Glischrochilus quadrisignatus and G. fasciatus in the field. Traps baited with either whole wheat bread dough or a synthetic seven-component bread dough odor caught similar numbers of these beetles, suggesting that the seven-compound combination could simulate the behavioral effect of bread dough. A series of trials using traps baited with various combinations of these chemicals showed that five compounds were significantly active in attracting G. quadrisignatus and G. fasciatus, but not all were essential for maximum response. The simplest blend eliciting a level of response comparable to the seven-component combination included ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, ethanol, and racemic 2- methylbutanol, of which ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were essential and 2-methylbutanol was replaceable with 2-methylpropanol for G. quadrisignatus attraction. Ethyl acetate and ethanol were essential for comparable attraction of G. fasciatus. The chemical mediation of food finding in G. quadrisignatus and G. fasciatus is discussed in the context of volatile blends characterized for other nitidulid species. 120 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Impact of fungal epizootics on the biology and management of the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in soybean. Klubertanz, T.H.; Pedigo, L.P.; Carlson, R.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Apr. Environmental entomology v. 20 (2): p. 731-735; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Glycine max; Tetranychus; Neozygites; Biological control agents Abstract: A pathogenic fungus (Neozygites sp.) caused dramatic reductions in spider mite populations in artificially infested soybean plots in both 1987 and 1988. Buildup of the pathogen occurred for approximately two weeks, with the most devastating epizootic infecting 100% of living mites sampled and reducing mite intensity up to 95% over a six-day period. Fungal activity was very dependent upon environmental conditions, with spread of the disease occurring only during sustained cool and humid weather. Thick-walled resting (overwintering) spores were found in 7.8% of all mites sampled late in 1988. This is the first study in the Midwest to show that Neozygites sp. can overwinter away from its host. The impact of fungal epizootics on spider mite management is also discussed. 121 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 The impact of RWA biological control: some ideas on evaluating natural enemies in annual crop ecosystems. Gilstrap, F.; Bayon, I.; Michels, G. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 146-151; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Predators; Parasitoids; Biological control agents 122 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Impact of volunteer wheat on wheat insects in a wheat-soybean double-crop system. Buntin, G.D.; Cunfer, B.M.; Bridges, D.C. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1991 Oct. Journal of entomological science v. 26 (4): p. 401-407; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Mayetiola destructor; Double cropping; Tillage; Volunteer plants; Integrated pest management; Planting date 123 NAL Call. No.: 65.8 T133 Importation of natural enemies for the control of sugarcane insect pests in Taiwan in 1955 to 1989. Cheng, W.Y. Taipei : Taiwan Sugar Corporation; 1991 May. Taiwan sugar v. 38 (3): p. 11-17; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Taiwan; Saccharum officinarum; Insect pests; Pest control; Lixophaga diatraeae; Biological control agents; Metagonistylum minense; Paratheresia claripalpis; Bassus; Beauveria; Goniozus; Bracon hebetor; Trichospilus diatraeae 124 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Importations of natural enemies for biological control of Russian wheat aphid, 1988-1991. McKinnon, L.K.; Gilstrap, F.E.; Gonzalez, D.; Woolley, J.B.; Stary, P.; Wharton, R.A. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 136-145; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Diuraphis noxia; Predators; Parasitoids; Biological control agents 125 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 In vitro of Bracon mellitor and Catolaccus grandis with different insect hemolymph-based diets. Guerra, A.A. Dallas, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1992 Jun. The Southwestern entomologist v. 17 (12): p. 123-126; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Bracon mellitor; Catolaccus; In vitro; Mass rearing; Parasites of insect pests; Synthetic diets; Anthonomus grandis; Biological control; Gossypium 126 NAL Call. No.: 410 EC7 Indirect and direct effects in a tropical agroecosystem: the maize-pest-ant system in Nicaragua. Perfecto, I. Tempe, Ariz. : The Society; 1990 Dec. Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America v. 71 (6): p. 2125-2134; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nicaragua; Zea mays; Spodoptera frugiperda; Dalbulus maidis; Biological control; Carbofuran; Chlorpyrifos; Ecosystems; Formicidae; Insecticidal action; Interactions; Pesticide mixtures; Yield components 127 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Influence of a genetically modified endophytic bacterium on composition and decomposition of corn residue. Tester, C.F. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Nov. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (11): p. 1107-1112; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Clavibacter xyli; Strains; Genetic transformation; Recombination; Endotoxins; Genes; Genetic variation; Biological control agents; Physicochemical properties; Leaves; Stems; Crop residues; Decomposition Abstract: I have determined whether the presence of an endophytic bacterium alters the chemical properties of inoculated plants and compared decomposition of colonized residues with control residues in soil. Greenhouse-grown corn (Zea mays L.) plants (18 days old) were inoculated with either the endophytic bacteria Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis (MDE1) or a genetically engineered construction of C. xyli subsp. cynodontis which was transformed by inserting a gene encoding for production of a delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (MDR1.3). Leaves and stalks were harvested at maturity and various chemical and physical properties analyzed. In addition, leaf and stalk residues were incorporated into soil to determine the extent of their decomposition in a 63 day laboratory incubation study. Led residues from plants inoculated with MDR1.3 retained significantly more water than did those inoculated with buffer or MDE1. Leaves of inoculated plants contained significantly more C than did stalks of inoculated plants. Soluble proteins were the major contributors to the C content of leaves, whereas, soluble carbohydrates were predominant in the stalks. Inoculation with either MDR1.3 or MDE1 appeared to increase the quantity of N present in all plant parts. During early stages, leaf residues contained more readily decomposable substrates than did stalk residues. Leaves from plants inoculated with buffer decomposed significantly more after 63 days than those from plants inoculated with MDE1 or MDR1.3. In contrast, corn stalks inoculated with MDR1.3 decomposed significantly more than those inoculated with buffer or MDE1. Over the 63 day incubation ca 33% of the corn residues were decomposed. Although the presence of the endophytes, MDE1 and MDR1.3, during plant growth had some influence on chemical and physical properties of the residues, the extent of residue decomposition in soil (CO2 evolved in 63 days) was not substantially different. 128 NAL Call. No.: 421 J826 Influence of an Erynia neoaphidis infection on the relative rate of increase of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae. Schmitz, V.; Dedryver, C.A.; Pierre, J.S. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Jan. Journal of invertebrate pathology v. 61 (1): p. 62-68; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sitobion avenae; Biological control; Fecundity; Infection; Erynia neoaphidis; Population growth Abstract: Experiments were conducted in an attempt to model the action of Erynia neoaphidis on populations of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae. The rates of increase of healthy and infected S. avenae inoculated as adults on the day of the final molt were compared at four temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 degrees C). The same parameters were measured for those inoculated at each nymphal instar and at intervals in adult life at 20 degrees C. At 20 degrees C, the duration of the first three nymphal instars was the same for healthy aphids and those infected during the corresponding instar. For nymphs inoculated during each of the four instars, the incubation period of the mycosis was longer than the duration of that instar and no infected nymph which matured to adult produced progeny. Depending on the incubation and infection temperature, the reproductive rate of increase of aphids infected on the first day of adult life was 1.5 to 2.5 times less than for the healthy ones. As expected, at 20 degrees C, the later in life the adults were infected the less was the effect on the number of offspring produced relative to that of healthy ones. A simulation of the effect of time-limited infection on the number of offspring of infected aphids confirms the importance of this parameter in a model of the epidemiology of entomophthorosis on aphids. 129 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Influence of landscape structure on abundance and within-field distribution of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larval parasitoids in Michigan. Landis, D.A.; Haas, M.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Environmental entomology v. 21 (2): p. 409-416; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Michigan; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Ichneumonidae; Parasitoids; Biological control agents; Landscape Abstract: Studies were conducted at eight locations in Ingham County, Michigan, during 1989-1990 to determine the within- field distribution of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), larval parasitism. O. nubilalis larval sampling was conducted at multiple locations on three transects across large 1st-yr corn fields during the F1 and F2 generations. Plants were destructively sampled to determine O. nubilalis abundance and larvae were returned to the lab to determine parasitism. Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the dominant parasitoid of O. nubilalis in the sampled fields, accounting for 92.5% of the F1 and 99.2% of the F2 parasitism during 1989; and for 92.2% of the F1 and 99.1% of the F2 during 1990. Average parasitism by E. terebrans (n = 4 fields) was 4.9 and 18.7% of F1, 10.2 and 9.1% of F2 larvae during 1989 and 1990 respectively. The maximum E. terebrans parasitism observed (37.4%) of the O. nubilalis larvae in one field (F1, 1990), is the highest level reported for this species in the Midwest. Parasitism by E. terebrans during the F1 generation was greater along field margins than in field interiors in most fields during both years. During 1990, O. nubilalis larvae near wooded edges had significantly higher E. terebrans parasitism than those near nonwooded edges or field interiors. In the F2 generation, parasitism did not vary significantly from field margins to field interiors in either year. There was no consistent relationship between O. nubilalis larval density per infested plant and E. terebrans parasitism. These data suggest that local landscape structure, including proximity of particular noncrop habitats, plays an important role in the effectiveness of this natural enemy. 130 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Influence of panicle maturity on infestation of grain sorghum by corn earworm and sorghum webworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Georgia. Chamberlin, J.R.; All, J.N. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1991 Oct. Journal of entomological science v. 26 (4): p. 419-424; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Helicoverpa zea; Celama sorghiella; Panicles; Feeding behavior; Oviposition; Population density; Trichogramma; Biological control agents 131 NAL Call. No.: 410 EC7 Influence of plant allelochemicals on the tobacco hornworm and its parasitoid, Cotesia congregata. Barbosa, P.; Gross, P.; Kemper, J. Tempe, Ariz. : The Society; 1991 Oct. Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America v. 72 (5): p. 1567-1575; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nicotiana; Alkaloids; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Hordenine; Nicotine; Rutoside; Manduca sexta; Biological control agents; Cotesia; Host parasite relationships; Mortality; Parasites of insect pests 132 NAL Call. No.: 1 En82B n.s. no.100 The insect enemies of the cotton boll weevil. Pierce, W. Dwight; Cushman, R. A._1880-; Hood, Clifford E. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology,; 1912. 99 p., 3 leaves of plates : ill. ; 23 cm. (Bulletin (United States. Bureau of Entomology) ; no. 100.). Issued April 3, 1912. Bibliography: p. 97-99. Language: English Descriptors: Boll weevil; Biological control 133 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 SO85 Insect management. Manley, D.G. Brookings, S.D. : The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension Circular - University of South Dakota, Cooperative Extension Service v.): p. 39-47; 1992 Nov. In the series analytic: South Carolina Tobacco Growers Guide 1993. Language: English Descriptors: Nicotiana rustica; Integrated pest management; Insect pests; Aphididae; Crop losses 134 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 SO8E Insect management. Manley, D.G. Clemson, S.C. : The Service; 1991 Nov. Circular - Clemson University, Cooperative Extension Service v.): p. 35-43; 1991 Nov. In the series analytic: South Carolina tobacco growers guide 1992. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Nicotiana tabacum; Integrated pest management; Insect pests; Crop losses; Insecticides 135 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Insect management strategies for producing quality cotton in the desert southwest. Tollefson, S. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 1: p. 50-51; 1991. Paper presented at "Beltwide Cotton Production Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Gossypium hirsutum; Insect pests; Integrated pest management; Pest control; Crop quality; Crop production 136 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Insect pest management and socio-economic circumstances of small-scale farmers for food crop production in western Kenya: a case study. Saxena, K.N.; Okeyo, A.P.; Seshu Reddy, K.V.; Omolo, E.O.; Ngode, L. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1989. Insect science and its application v. 10 (4): p. 443-462. maps; 1989. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays; Vigna unguiculata; Integrated pest management; Intercropping; Pest resistance; Biological control; Farmers; Surveys 137 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Insect rearing management as a prerequisite in the development of IPM for sustainable food production. Ochieng-Odero, J.P.R.; Onyango, F.O.; Kilori, J.T.; Bungu, M.D.O. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991. Insect science and its application v. 12 (5/6): p. 645-651; 1991. Special issue: Aspects of pest management in relation to agricultural production and environmental conservation in Africa / edited by A.M. Alghali, N.K. Maniania, Mbaye Ndoye, and Z.M. Nyiira. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Busseola fusca; Chilo partellus; Biological control; Insect control; Integrated pest management; Laboratory rearing; Neoseiulus; Trichogramma; Parasites of insect pests; Plant pests Abstract: Insect rearing and its management is a prerequisite in developing IPM packages for various food crops. Insects reared for the development of these packages should be regularly monitored for quality in order to ensure success. This paper describes various methods of rearing followed at the ICIPE in the process of IPM development. The rearing of Chilo partellus is described as an example of large-scale rearing. Steps in the experimental rearing of Busseola fusca are outlined. The rearing of an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma mwanzai is described as a vital technology in the IPM of maize and sorghum. The value of quality control is emphasized using the rearing of the phytoseiid mite, Neoseiulus teke as an example. 138 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Insecticide resistance management: an integral part of IPM. Graves, J.B.; Leonard, B.R.; Burris, G.; Micinski, S.; Long, D.W.; O'Brien, P.J. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 1: p. 23-24; 1991. Paper presented at "Beltwide Cotton Production Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Insect pests; Integrated pest management; Insecticide resistance 139 NAL Call. No.: SB608.B4M63 1991 Integrated control of insect pests of sugarbeet final research report of the project, July 1984 to December 1990 at the NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Mohammad Shalid; Henneberry, T. J. Peshawar, Pakistan : NWFP Agricultural University,; 1991. 131 leaves ; 28 cm. PL. 480 programme. "Project no. PK-ARS-205. Grant no. FG. Pa-383. "Cooperating scientist: T.J. Henneberry. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-131). Language: English Descriptors: Sugar beet; Insect pests 140 NAL Call. No.: S544.5.A17W74 Integrated insect control practices. Mayer, D.F.; Johansen, C. S.l. : Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, etc. :.; 1991 Jun. WREP - Western Region Extension Publication - Cooperative Extension Service v.): 7 p.; 1991 Jun. In the series analytic: Alfalfa seed production and pest management. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Seed production; Integrated pest management; Pollinators; Pests; Weeds; Plant diseases 141 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Integrated management of rice tungro disease in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sama, S.; Hasanuddin, A.; Manwan, I.; Cabunagan, R.C.; Hibino, H. Guildford : Butterworths; 1991 Feb. Crop protection v. 10 (1): p. 34-40; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sulawesi; Oryza sativa; Rice tungro virus; Disease vectors; Nephotettix nigropictus; Nephotettix virescens; Population dynamics; Disease transmission; Epidemiology; Integrated pest management; Plant disease control; Planting date; Timing; Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility; Rotations; Integrated control; Cultural control; Genetic control 142 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 Integrated pest management. Linker, M. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1989 Dec. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University v.): p. 117-119; 1989 Dec. In series analytic: Tobacco Information--1990. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Integrated pest management; Tobacco 143 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Integrated pest management strategy for cowpea production under residual soil moisture in the Bida area of northern Nigeria. Alghali, A.M. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Jul. Tropical pest management v. 37 (3): p. 224-227; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nigeria; Vigna unguiculata; Ootheca; Maruca testulalis; Riptortus dentipes; Clavigralla tomentosicollis; Insect pests; Insect control; Chemical control; Cypermethrin; Dimethoate; Pesticide mixtures; Foliar spraying; Crop growth stage; Crop yield; Yield losses; Grain; Fodder; Floodlands; Infestation; Cultivars 144 NAL Call. No.: 421 B87 Integrated use of pink bollworm pheromone formulations and selected conventional insecticides for the control of the cotton pest complex in Pakistan. Critchley, B.R.; Chamberlain, D.J.; Campion, D.G.; Attique, M.R.; Ali, M.; Ghaffar, A. London : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International; 1991 Dec. Bulletin of entomological research v. 81 (4): p. 371-378; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pakistan; Gossypium hirsutum; Arthropod pests; Pectinophora gossypiella; Funnel traps; Insecticides; Integrated control; Mating disruption; Pheromones; Crop yield 145 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74 The integration of pest and disease control with weed control in winter cereals in Great Britain. Orson, J.H. Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1989. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 1: p. 97-106; 1989. Paper presented at the Brighton Crop Protection Conference--Weeds, November 20-23, 1989, at Brighton, England. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Great Britain; Cereals; Pest control; Weed control; Integrated control 146 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Integration of plant resistance, insecticides, and planting date for management of the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in winter wheat. Buntin, G.D.; Ott, S.L.; Johnson, J.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 530-538; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Triticum aestivum; Cultivars; Crop damage; Pest resistance; Mayetiola destructor; Disulfoton; Integrated pest management; Phorate; Planting date; Susceptibility; Cost effectiveness analysis Abstract: The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), can cause severe damage to soft red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, in the southeastern United States. The efficacy and cost effectiveness of in-furrow applications of disulfoton and phorate as alternatives to planting date modification and plant resistance for controlling Hessian fly damage in winter wheat was studied during the 1987-1988 and 1988-1989 seasons near Midville and Plains, Ga. The study consisted of a split-split plot design of two planting dates, three insecticide treatments, and four or six cultivars of soft red winter wheat. Populations were small and damage was minimal during the first season, but populations were large and damage was severe during the second season. Planting before the recommended planting date increased the severity of Hessian fly injury, but planting at the recommended date did not necessarily avoid Hessian fly damage during the fall. Applications of phorate and disulfoton were equally effective in controlling infestations in the fall and winter. Spring infestations also tended to be lower in treated than untreated plots. Plant resistance controlled Hessian fly damage throughout the season. Phorate reduced wheat seedling establishment in some trials, but this reduction did not adversely affect wheat productivity and economic returns. Low populations had little effect on wheat yield, test weight, and economic returns in 1987-1988. Hessian fly damage in 1988-1989 reduced grain yield, test weight, and straw weight in untreated susceptible cultivars. Use of a systemic insecticide at planting on Hessian fly susceptible cultivars provided a positive economic return regardless of planting date, and disulfoton and phorate provided similar economic benefits. When infestations were large, resistant cultivars provided a large economic benefit compared with an untreated susceptible cultivar. Insecticide use on a resistant cultivar was not economically justified. Planting a high-yie 147 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Interaction of maize weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in a small bulk of stored corn. Arbogast, R.T.; Mullen, M.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (6): p. 2462-2468; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Grain stores; Maize; Sitophilus zeamais; Stored products pests; Anisopteromalus calandrae; Biological control agents; Interactions; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: Monthly samples of a stored-corn ecosystem in southeastern Georgia were used to examine interaction between the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and its parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard). Counts of adults were made when the samples were taken. Counts were made again after the samples had been held at 30 degrees C and 60% RH for 1 wk and for 3 wk. Host and parasitoid develop within grain kernels; at any time, their numbers can be divided into interstitial and intrakernel populations. Interstitial populations, estimated by the first count, consisted of adults that were in the interstices of the grain mass when a sample was taken. In these populations, numerical response of the parasitoid to host density was clear and indicated a degree of natural control. The intrakernel populations, estimated by counts 2 and 3 combined, included immature stages and adults that had not yet emerged from grain kernels at the time of sampling. Analysis of these populations showed that the rate of parasitism responded to changes in host density, but lagged behind. This delayed density-dependence allowed enough fluctuation in the weevil population for significant damage to occur during periods of peak population density. Nevertheless, A. calandrae may be an effective biological control agent if it is introduced in sufficient numbers early in the storage period to suppress the initial buildup of weevil populations. For long storage periods, additional introductions would be required to prevent weevil populations from rebounding once the parasite population declined. 148 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Interactions between Diuraphis noxia, Zoophthora radicans and Aphelinus asychis: preliminary results of laboratory studies. Poprawski, T.J.; Mercadier, G.; Wraight, S.P. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 180-188; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Aphelinus asychis; Erynia radicans; Parasitoids; Biological control agents 149 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Interactions of Russian wheat aphid, a hymenopterous parasitoid and resistant and susceptible slender wheatgrasses. Reed, D.K.; Kindler, S.D.; Springer, T.L. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Sep. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 64 (3): p. 239-246; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Elymus trachycaulus; Pest resistance; Susceptibility; Diuraphis noxia; Biological control; Diaeretiella rapae; Interactions; Triticum aestivum 150 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Interspecific competition between parasitoids of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Rajapakse, R.H.S.; Ashley, T.R.; Waddill, V.H. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991 Aug. Insect science and its application v. 12 (4): p. 473-480; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spodoptera frugiperda; Insect pests; Ova; Larvae; Mortality; Chelonus insularis; Microgaster; Cotesia marginiventris; Parasitoids; Parasitism; Host parasite relationships; Interspecific competition; Animal competition; Animal behavior; Oviposition; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: Interspecific competition within larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), by the larval parasitoids, Cotesia (= Apanteles) marginiventris Cresson and Microplitis manilae Ashmead, and the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis Cresson was studied. Chelonus insularis was not able to compete successfully against Cotesia marginiventris, but was a successful competitor against Microplitis manilae. Multiple parasitization of larvae by either Cotesia marginiventris or Microplitis manilae, which as eggs were parasitized by Chelonus insularis, did not result in additional host mortality. Percentage parasitization under greenhouse conditions by Cotesia marginiventris of larvae parasitized previously by Chelonus insularis was two-fold higher in corn compared to sorghum and more than four-fold higher compared to Bermuda grass and itch grass. The host finding and behavioural sequence of oviposition of Cotesia marginiventris in FAW larvae already parasitized by Chelonus insularis consisted of nine steps. Microplitis manilae females changed their behaviour significantly by displaying a reduction of ca. fifty per cent in host examinations, 45% in ovipositor probes, and 55% in apparent ovipositions when Chelonus insularis parasitized larvae were presented. Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis manilae exhibited no significant behavioural changes in the per cent contacts, examinations and apparent ovipositions when attacking larvae parasitized previously by either Cotesia marginiventris or Microplitis manilae. 151 NAL Call. No.: 100 L93 (3) Introduction of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus for long-term suppression of velvetbean caterpillars in soybeans. Fuxa, J.R. Crowley, La. : The Station; 1991. Annual research report - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station (83rd): p. 295; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Glycine max; Anticarsia gemmatalis; Biological control; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses 152 NAL Call. No.: SB351.P3P432 IPM strategies for peanut insects in SAT Africa. Lynch, R.E. Griffin, Ga. : University of Georgia, Georgia Experiment Station; 1987-1988. Annual report of the Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP). p. 86-105; 1987-1988. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Burkina faso; Arachis hypogaea; Insect pests; Integrated pest management 153 NAL Call. No.: SB351.P3P432 IPM strategies for peanut insects in SAT Africa. Lynch, R.E.; Ouedraogo, A.P.; Dicko, I.O. Griffin, Ga. : University of Georgia, Georgia Experiment Station; 1989-1990. Annual report of the Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP). p. 95-112; 1989-1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Burkina faso; Arachis hypogaea; Insect pests; Integrated pest management 154 NAL Call. No.: SB351.P3P432 IPM strategies for peanut insects in SAT Africa. Lynch, R.E.; Ouedraogo, A.P. Griffin, Ga. : University of Georgia, Georgia Experiment Station; 1988-1989. Annual report of the Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP). p. 115-151; 1988-1989. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Burkina faso; Arachis hypogaea; Insect pests; Integrated pest management 155 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Isolation and identification of allelochemicals that attract the larval parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), to the microhabitat of one of its hosts. Turlings, T.C.J.; Tumlinson, J.H.; Heath, R.R.; Proveaux, A.T.; Doolittle, R.E. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2235-2259; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cotesia marginiventris; Semiochemicals; Zea mays; Seedlings; Volatile compounds; Host-seeking behavior; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females of the parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3- hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, alpha-trans- bergamotene, (E)-beta-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene. A synthetic blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However, preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results suggest that C marginiventris females, in their search for hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid experiences it in association with contacting host by- products. 156 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Isolation of corn semiochemicals attractive and repellent to western corn rootworm larvae. Hibbard, B.E.; Bjostad, L.B. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Dec. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (12): p. 3425-3439; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diabrotica virgifera; Zea mays; Plant composition; Semiochemicals; Insect attractants; Insect repellents; Isolation; Bioassays; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Dichloromethane extracts of germinating corn are significantly attractive to western corn rootworm larvae in choice tests with equal levels of carbon dioxide present on both sides of the choice. Two fractions that are significantly attractive and two fractions that are significantly repellent to larvae were isolated from these extracts of germinating corn by gas chromatography and silica gel chromatography. In a separate set of experiments, Porapak N was used to collect headspace volatiles from germinating corn; significantly more larvae were attracted to aliquots of these extracts in single- choice tests without added carbon dioxide present than to solvent controls. 157 NAL Call. No.: 421 J826 Laboratory evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana against the boll weevil (Curculionidae: Coleoptera). Wright, J.E.; Chandler, L.D. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of invertebrate pathology v. 58 (3): p. 448-449; 1991 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: Anthonomus grandis; Bioassays; Biological control; Beauveria bassiana; Conidia; Insecticidal action; Mode of action; Spore germination; Gossypium; Crop losses 158 NAL Call. No.: 420 EN82 Laboratory rearing and field observations of Lyctocoris campestris (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), a predator of stored- product insects. Parajulee, M.N.; Phillips, T.W. Lanham, Md. : The Society; 1992 Nov. Annals of the Entomological Society of America v. 85 (6): p. 736-743; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Grain stores; Anthocoridae; Stored products pests; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents; Laboratory rearing 159 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Large-scale use of hollow fibre and microencapsulated pink bollworm pheromone formulations integrated with conventional insecticides for the control of the cotton pest complex in Egypt. Moawad, G.; Khidr, A.A.; Zaki, M.; Critchley, B.R.; McVeigh, L.J.; Campion, D.G. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Jan. Tropical pest management v. 37 (1): p. 10-16; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Egypt; Gossypium; Pectinophora gossypiella; Insect control; Chemical control; Sex pheromones; Formulations; Microencapsulation; Integrated control; Insecticides; Crop yield; Bolls; Weight; Yield losses; Honeybees; Honey-getting capacity; Cross pollination 160 NAL Call. No.: SB599.J69 Late-season parasitoids of the fall armyworm in South Carolina. McCutcheon, G.S. Clemson, S.C. : South Carolina Entomological Society; 1991 Jul. Journal of agricultural entomology v. 8 (3): p. 219-221; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Zea mays; Sorghum bicolor; Spodoptera frugiperda; Larvae; Parasitoids; Braconidae; Ichneumonidae; Tachinidae; Integrated pest management 161 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Male European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), antennal responses to analogs of its sex pheromone: Strain, electroantennogram, and behavior relationships. Fescemyer, H.W.; Hanson, F.E. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 773-790; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ostrinia nubilalis; Strains; Sex pheromones; Analogs; Adaptation; Chemoreceptors; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Experiments were conducted to (1) determine whether the electroantennogram (EAG) can detect differences among the responses of antennae from males derived from the three strains of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and (2) characterize the EAG responses of each strain to isomeric forms of the natural pheromone, (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (TDA), and analogs possessing differences in the terminal alkyl group, cyclopropyl (CPA), or tert-butyl (TBA). EAG responses differed among the strains in two ways: (1) Antennae from ZZ males always produced an EAG to (Z)-TDA with an extended duration of response. This "signature" EAG response was found to be unique to the antennal response of ZZ males to (Z)-TDA, thus providing a relatively easy method of distinguishing live ZZ males from EE or ZE males. Correlated with this longer EAG response was a longer disadaptation time, i.e., the EAG response of ZZ antennae disadapted more slowly (ca. 10 min) than the response of EE antennae (2) Strain differences in the relative EAG amplitudes to isomers and analogs were observed at the stimulus amounts eliciting the peak EAG amplitude as follows: TDA greater than or equal to CPA > TBA for ZZ males and both isomers; TDA > CPA greater than or equal to TBA and CPA greater than or equal to TDA > TBA for EE males and the E and Z isomers, respectively; CPA > TBA greater than or equal to TDA for ZE males and both isomers. Dose-response relationships were seen for all compounds if amplitude ("peak height") of the EAG was used as a measure of response. However, if width of the EAG at half the peak height ("peak width") was used, then only the ZZ antennal response to (Z)-TDA resulted in a meaningful dose- response relationship. For all strains, The EAG amplitudes elicited by the Z isomers of any of the tested compounds were greater than those elicited by the corresponding E isomers. Therefore, the correlations between the relative EAG and upwind flight responses were observed in the ZZ (r = 162 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A2B74 Management of cereal pests and diseases in integrated farming systems. El Titi, A. Surrey : British Crop Protection Council; 1986. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases v. 1: p. 147-155; 1986. Paper presented at the British Crop Protection Conference-- Pests and Diseases, November 17-20, 1986, Brighton, England. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cereals; Insect control; Fungus control; Integrated control 163 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Management of cereal stem borers, especially Chilo partellus, using Microsporidia. Odindo, M.O. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991 Jun. Insect science and its application v. 12 (1/3): p. 51-55; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Africa; Kenya; Cereals; Chilo partellus; Lepidoptera; Stem borers; Biological control; Insect control; Microspora; Nosema; Production; Formulations Abstract: Lepidopteran stem borers account for heavy losses in cereals in areas where they are prevalent throughout Africa. Microsporidia, especially Nosema sp. may be developed for use in the management of this group of insect pests. Studies carried out so far show that the application of Nosema spores may increase yield up to 34% in sorghum when the plants are infested with Chilo partellus eggs and sprayed with the pathogen, and up to 80% in sorghum infested with borer larvae. The procedure for spore production is simple, and may easily be adapted for small scale industrial production by local or regional communities and organizations. In trials aimed at the mass production of Nosema sp. for the management of C. partellus, a yield of 109 spores/larva has been attained. If this production level can be maintained, then a system that produces only 6000 larvae/day would yield enough cadavers for preparation of 6000 1 daily. At the rate in which the pathogen suspension is applied as foliar sprays in the field, this would be sufficient to treat 5373 ha. If widely adopted, use of microsporidia would revolutionize cereal stem borer management in the tropics. 164 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Management of Chilo spp. in rice in Africa. Akinsola, E.A. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 815-823; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Africa; Oryza sativa; Cultivars; Ecosystems; Pest resistance; Stem borers; Chilo; Insect control; Integrated pest management; Natural enemies Abstract: Chilo species constitute one of the three major lepidopterous rice stem borers in Africa and their occurrence stretches across the different rice ecosystems; two major species, C. zacconius Bles. and C. diffusilineus (J. de Joannis) are found in West Africa, while C. partellus (Swinh.) and C. agamemnon Bles. appear to be the predominant species on rice in East and North Africa, respectively. A brief note is given on some aspects of the biology, especially the life history and behaviour of C. zacconius. Control measures are discussed as well as an integrated approach towards management based essentially on growing resistant varieties, conservation of natural enemies and adjusting planting dates. 165 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Management of Chilo spp. infesting cereals in eastern Africa. Minja, E.M. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 489-499; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: East Africa; Cereals; Hosts of plant pests; Lines; Pest resistance; Chilo orichalcociliellus; Chilo partellus; Chilo sacchariphagus; Biological control; Chemical control; Integrated pest management; Literature reviews Abstract: The distribution and existing control measures for three important Chilo spp. (C. partellus, C. orichalcocilliellus and C. sacchariphagus) to cereal crop production in 10 east African countries and their neighbouring Indian Ocean Islands are reviewed. Various cultural, biological, host-plant resistance/tolerance and chemical control methods developed in the past 30 years of cereal research programmes are discussed. Cultural methods are very effective on Chilo spp. control, but are not widely practised. Although several effective natural enemies have been identified for Chilo spp., very few systematic programmes of their utilization have been effected. Several resistant/tolerant maize and sorghum lines have been reported, but they are not yet fully used. Chemical control though effective, has proved rather unsuccessful in traditional agriculture. Suggestions to incorporate these control methods in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes for Chilo spp. in different places in the region are given. 166 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Management of Chilo spp. on sugar-cane with notes on mating disruption studies with the synthetic sex pheromone of C. sacchariphagus in Mauritius. Rajabalee, A. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 825-836; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mauritius; Saccharum officinarum; Chilo; Biological control; Chemical control; Cultural control; Geographical distribution; Integrated pest management; Mating disruption; Sex pheromones; Trapping; Literature reviews Abstract: Chilo spp. are among the most important stem borers of sugar-cane in the Old World. Chemical control is not very effective mainly because or the concealed habit of the borer larvae. Efforts have therefore mostly been directed to alternative methods of control such as cultural practices, varietal resistance, biological control and the use of sex pheromones. Varieties are not normally bred for borer resistance but very susceptible ones tend to eliminate themselves st the early stages of selection. Susceptibility is normally assessed on promising and released varieties. Classical introduction of exotic parasites has more or less reached a saturation point and biological control tends to be oriented towards the possible use of new or cross-bred strains. The importance of entomopathogens as a control component against Chilo spp. needs further studies. A great potential exists in the use of sex pheromones mainly as a means to disrupt mating, as shown by the promising results obtained through trials carried out in various countries. It is very important that the various methods or pest control available be used in combination with one another, taking into account the natural limiting factors of the environment. This would be an important contributing factor towards an objective of optimum yield at minimum cost in the management or Chilo spp. on sugarcane. 167 NAL Call. No.: 421 AN72 Management of diabroticite rootworms in corn. Levine, E.; Oloumi-Sadeghi, H. Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1991. Annual review of entomology v. 36: p. 229-255; 1991. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Canada; Zea mays; Diabrotica barberi; Diabrotica virgifera; Biological control; Cultural control; Insect traps; Insecticides; Integrated pest management; Monitoring; Pest resistance; Literature reviews 168 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Management of lepidopteran pests with insect resistant cotton: recommended approaches. Fischhoff, D.A. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 2: p. 751-755; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Lepidoptera; Pest resistance; Integrated pest management 169 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Managing black cutworms in corn. Landis, D.; Giebink, B. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Dec. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 2 p.; 1992 Dec. In subseries: IPM Facts. Language: English Descriptors: Agrotis ipsilon; Insect pests; Zea mays; Life cycle; Crop damage; Insect control; Insecticides 170 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Managing black cutworms in sugar beets. Landis, D.; Giebink, B. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Dec. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University v.): 2 p.; 1992 Dec. In subseries: IPM Facts. Language: English Descriptors: Agrotis ipsilon; Insect pests; Sugarbeet; Life cycle; Crop damage; Insect control; Insecticides 171 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Managing parasitoids for control of Heliothis and Helicoverpa species. Powell, J.E.; Laster, M.L.; Hardee, D.D. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 790-791; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea; Glabromicroplitis croceipes; Insect control; Biological control; Crop management 172 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Manipulation of larval diapause of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a potential mechanism of integrated pest management. Showers, W.B.; Keaster, A.J.; Witkowski, J.F.; Clement, S.L.; Chiang, H.C.; Sparks, A.N. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 19 (5): p. 1311-1319; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Minnesota; Iowa; Nebraska; Ohio; Missouri; Georgia; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Larvae; Diapause; Integrated pest management 173 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 A method for observing below-ground pest-predator interactions in corn agroecosystems. Brust, G.E. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1991 Jan. Journal of entomological science v. 26 (1): p. 1-8. ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Zea mays; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; Mesostigmata; Tyrophagus putrescentiae; Lasius; Staphylinidae; Carabidae; Coleoptera; Predators of insect pests; Soil; No-tillage; Biological control agents 174 NAL Call. No.: 448.3 AP5 Method to enhance growth and sporulation of pelletized biocontrol fungi. Knudsen, G.R.; Eschen, D.J.; Dandurand, L.M.; Wang, Z.G. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology; 1991 Oct. Applied and environmental microbiology v. 57 (10): p. 2864-2867; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Trichoderma harzianum; Beauveria bassiana; Biological control agents; Growth; Sporulation; Pellets; Polyethylene glycol; Hyphae; Soil fungi; Plant pathogens; Insect pests Abstract: The biocontrol fungi Trichoderma harzianum, used to control soilborne plant pathogens, and Beauveria bassiana, used to control insect pests, were formulated as mycelial biomass in alginate pellets with wheat bran added. After drying for 0, 4, or 16 b, pellets were placed in water or in aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 for 4 to 24 h and then allowed to continue drying. PEG-treated pellets containing T. harzianum showed significantly greater proliferation of hyphae in soil than untreated pellets or pellets treated with water. Production of conidia of T. harzianum from PEG-treated pellets was lower than production from untreated pellets after 4 days, although rates were equivalent after 7 days. In contrast, production of conidia of B. bassiana was significantly more rapid from PEG-treated pellets than from untreated pellets. Biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens or insect pests may be enhanced by rapid hyphal growth of T. harzianum in soil or rapid sporulation of B. bassiana on foliage, respectively. Therefore, PEG treatment may improve the efficacy of these biocontrol agents. 175 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Microhabitat and resource selection of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its natural enemies in Maryland field corn. Coll, M.; Bottrell, D.G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Apr. Environmental entomology v. 20 (2): p. 526-533; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Orius insidiosus; Coleomegilla maculata; Predators of insect pests; Microhabitats; Biological control agents Abstract: In western Maryland, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Hubner), exhibited three flight periods (from late May to mid-September 1986-1988) but completed only two generations in corn. Oviposition by corn borer moths increased when the tassels emerged and shed pollen. Peak density of the predators Orius insidiosus (Say) and Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) coincided with peak density of the borer's second-generation eggs and neonates. Second- generation egg masses and second and older instars were randomly distributed between plants in the field where first instars were aggregated. Corn borer females of the second flight period deposited most eggs (82%) on the ventral surfaces of leaves in the middle sections of plants near silking ears (76.7%). The emerging neonates initially dispersed randomly on the leaves. However, 30 min after emergence, most neonates cued on leaf axils, which served as the most common microhabitat for young larvae. Larval microhabitat differed substantially between the nonoverwintering and overwintering forms and between early and late instars of the nonoverwintering form. Leaf axils were the preferred microhabitat of young larvae, but preference shifted to stalks and ears as larvae matured. Overwintering larvae inhabited almost only stalks. Similarly, O. insidiosus adults and nymphs changed their within-plant distribution throughout the season. These changes in the distribution of borer larvae and their predators are discussed in relation to prey and pollen availability in different corn plant microhabitats. 176 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Minimizing financial risk in cotton pest management: a simulation case study. Szmedra, P.I.; McClendon, R.W. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1989. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences (Book 2): p. 458-462; 1989. Meeting held January 2-7, 1989, Nashville, Tennessee. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Gossypium hirsutum; Integrated pest management; Simulation models 177 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 A mobile workstation for use in an integrated pest management program on the Russian wheat aphid. Legg, D.E.; Bennett, L.E. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 66-69; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Integrated pest management; Computer hardware; Computer software 178 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Monitoring secondary outbreaks of the African armyworm in Kenya using pheromone traps for timing of Bacillus thuringiensis application. Broza, M.; Brownbridge, M.; Sneh, B. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1991 Jun. Crop protection v. 10 (3): p. 229-233; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Cereals; Gramineae; Spodoptera exempta; Insect control; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Timing; Application date; Monitoring; Population density; Pheromone traps 179 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Mortality of European corn borer larvae by natural enemies in different corn microhabitats. Coll, M.; Bottrell, D.G. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jun. Biological control v. 2 (2): p. 95-103; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Insect pests; Orius insidiosus; Natural enemies; Biological control; Insect control; Mortality; Life tables; Microhabitats; Prediction; Parasitism 180 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Native bacillus thuringiensis isolates for the management of Lepidopteran cereal pests. Brownbridge, M. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991 Jun. Insect science and its application v. 12 (1/3): p. 57-61; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Cereals; Chilo partellus; Spodoptera exempta; Spodoptera littoralis; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Strains; Isolation; Bioassays; Field tests; Screening Abstract: A range of materials were collected from a number of ecological and environmental zones within Kenya as being likely sources of entomopathogenic bacteria. These were soils, insect frass and dead insect material. Using an isolation protocol involving use of a selective medium, over 150 Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t.) strains were recovered from the sample material. Their identity as B. t. strains was confirmed by their growth characteristics, morphology and presence of a parasporal delta-endotoxin crystal. All strains were screened for activity against two Lepidopteran pest species, the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus and the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta. Isolates causing over 80% mortality in the screening assays were retained for further evaluation. The selected isolates were subjected to bioassay against C. partellus and S. littoralis. Following bioassay, the most toxic isolates were selected for screenhouse trials against C. partellus and field trials against a natural outbreak of S. exempta. In the screenhouse trials all of the B. t. treated plants showed reduced levels of damage and yields were 5 to 7 times higher than the yield obtained from the untreated, infested control plots. Three isolates, A-3, A-C-2 (isolated from insect material) and M-44-2 (isolated from soil) seemed to offer superior levels of protection. Two new B. t. isolates, K-26-21 and MF-4B-both 2, isolated from soils, showed high levels of toxicity to S. littoralis and S. exempta in the laboratory. When isolate K-26-21 was applied to maize seedlings in the field, almost total control of the larval population was achieved within 48 hr at each of the concentration levels tested. 181 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Natural control of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by entomopathogenic fungi (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales and parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Encyrtidae) on irrigated spring wheat in southwestern Idaho. Feng, M.G.; Johnson, J.B.; Halbert, S.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 20 (6): p. 1699-1710; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Triticum aestivum; Diuraphis noxia; Metopolophium dirhodum; Sitobion avenae; Entomogenous fungi; Biological control agents Abstract: Data on the natural control of cereal aphids, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Sitobion avenae (F.), by entomophthoralean fungi and hymenopterous parasitoids on furrow-irrigated spring wheat in southwestern Idaho are presented. The important fungi involved were Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudire & Hennebert) Humber and Conidiobolus spp., including C. obscurus (Hall and Dunn) Remaudire, C. thromboides Drechsler, and C. coronatus (Constantin) Batko. During 1986-1989, M. dirhodum and S. avenae populations usually reached or exceeded economic levels. D. noxia did not enter the region until late June 1981. It was the first aphid found infesting the crop in 1988 and reached high densities that summer but was not found in 1989, perhaps because of mortality during an extremely cold winter. Fungal infection occurred approximately 2, 3, and 6 wk after colonization of the crop by M. dirhodum, S. avenae, and D. noxia, respectively. Epizootics occurred each summer but usually after the crop was damaged by large aphid populations. An exception occurred during 1987 when M. dirhodum and S. avenae populations were effectively suppressed by mycoses, apparently enhanced by unusually frequent rainfall during late May and June. M. dirhodum experienced much higher mortality from fungal infection than did S. avenae and D. noxia. P. neoaphidis was the dominant fungus infecting M. dirhodum and D. noxia, whereas Conidiobolus spp. were most important on S. avenae. Entomophthora chromaphidis Burger & Swain and two Zoophthora species sporadically infected cereal aphids. Parasitoids, mainly Aphidius ervi Haliday for S. avenae and M. dirhodum and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) for D. noxia, usually attacked cereal aphids earlier than the fungi but were less influential during the decline of host populations. Multiple regression and correlation analysis indicated that mycoses and parasitoids made significant contributions to the reduction of peak populations of each ap 182 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 Natural enemies gang up on corn pests. Hardin, B. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1991 Aug. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 39 (8): p. 18-20; 1991 Aug. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Diatraea grandiosella; Insect control; Beauveria bassiana; Gliocladium roseum; Nosema pyrausta; Bacillus thuringiensis; Biological control agents; Natural enemies 183 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) from the Hawaiian Islands. Hara, A.H.; Gaugler, R.; Kaya, H.K.; Lebeck, L.M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 20 (1): p. 211-216. maps; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Heterorhabditis; Steinernema; Entomophilic nematodes; Surveys; Soil; Biological control agents Abstract: Soils from 351 sites representing ecologically diverse habitats from six Hawaiian Islands (sea level to 4,200 m) were assessed for entomopathogenic nematodes using the Galleria baiting technique. Twenty-four sites (6.8%) were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes. Twenty-two sites (6.3%) were positive for a Heterorhabditis sp. from the islands of Kauai (6), Oahu (5), Maui (4), Molokai (1), and Hawaii (6), and two sites were positive for a Steinernema sp. from Maui. No entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered from soils on the island of Lanai. Heterorhabditids were highly correlated with ocean beaches within 100 m of seashore (0 m elevation). These positive sites had soils containing sand grains from coral and shells with moderately alkaline pH (8.0) and low organic content (12%). The steinernematid isolates came from inland areas in silty clay and silt loam soils with higher organic content (15-35%). 184 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Natural prevalence of fungal pathogens, hymenopteran parasites, and dipteran predators of Diuraphis noxia and associated cereal aphid species in spring-planted grains in Colorado. Wraight, S.P.; Poprawski, T.J.; Meyer, W.L.; Peairs, F.B. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 170-179; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; Diuraphis noxia; Hymenoptera; Parasitoids; Diptera; Predators; Entomophthora; Entomogenous fungi; Biological control agents 185 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Naturalis: a biorational insecticide for boll weevil control. Knauf, T.A. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 1: p. 83-84; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Curculionidae; Insect pests; Biological control; Entomogenous fungi; New products 186 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7 Neither barium nor calcium prevents the inhibition by Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin of sodium- or potassium gradient-dependent amino acid accumulation by tobacco hornworm midgut brush border membrane vesicles. Wolfersberger, M.G. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1989. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 12 (4): p. 267-277; 1989. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Manduca sexta; Larvae; Midgut; Amino acids; Membranes; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki; Endotoxins; Barium; Calcium; Inhibition; Biological control agents 187 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1I66 Nematodes control armyworms in China. Zhang, A. Berkeley, Calif. : Bio-Integral Resource Center; 1993 May. The IPM practitioner v. 15 (5/6): p. 15; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: China; Mythimna separata; Mermithidae; Triticum aestivum; Biological control 188 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 Neozygites fresenii in aphis gossypii on cotton. Steinkraus, D.C.; Kring, T.J.; Tugwell, N.P. College Station, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1991 Jun. The Southwestern entomologist v. 16 (2): p. 118-122; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arkansas; Gossypium hirsutum; Aphis gossypii; Neozygites fresenii; Biological control agents 189 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 New developments in pesticides for IPM in Africa, with special reference to cotton pests. Sechser, B. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1989. Insect science and its application v. 10 (6): p. 815-820; 1989. Language: English Descriptors: Africa; Gossypium; Insect pests; Biological control agents; Insecticides; Integrated pest management 190 NAL Call. No.: 421 C16 New North American host records for Aphelinus sp. nr. varipes (Foerster) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): the western wheat aphid, Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), and the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Lajeunesse, S.E.; Johnson, G.D. Ottawa : Entomological Society of Canada; 1991 Mar. The Canadian entomologist v. 123 (2): p. 413-415; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Canada; Montana; U.S.A.; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; Agropyron; Diuraphis; Diuraphis noxia; New host records; Biological control; Aphelinus; Parasites of insect pests; Predators of insect pests 191 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Nontarget noctuids complicate integrated pest management monitoring of sweet corn with pheromone traps in Massachusetts. Weber, D.C.; Ferro, D.N. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Aug. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (4): p. 1364-1369; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; Mythimna unipuncta; Spodoptera frugiperda; Nontarget organisms; Noctuidae; Pheromone traps; Trapping; Insect attractants; Integrated pest management Abstract: Several nontarget species of noctuids were captured in pheromone traps used to monitor corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie); fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith); and armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) for sweet corn integrated pest management in Massachusetts. Captures of two Leucania species, in particular, have increased monitoring time, possibly distorted target catches, and complicated the transfer of monitoring activities to growers. 192 NAL Call. No.: QL461.A52 A novel approach to environmental risk assessment of pesticides as a basis for incorporating environmental costs into economic injury levels. Higley, L.G.; Wintersteen, W.K. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Sep. American entomologist v. 38 (1): p. 34-39; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North central states of U.S.A.; Field crops; Insect pests; Costs; Economic analysis; Environmental impact; Insecticides; Integrated pest management; Mathematical models; =plant protection 193 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76 Observations on the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis on crane fly larvae. Chard, J.M.; McKinlay, R.G.; Baty, J. Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists; 1990. Aspects of applied biology (24): p. 277-278; 1990. In the series analytic: The exploitation of micro-organisms in applied biology. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Seedlings; Crop damage; Tipula paludosa; Larvae; Soil insects; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis 194 NAL Call. No.: 391.8 T66 omega-Conotoxin GVIA and nifedipine inhibit the depolarizing action of the fungal metabolite, destruxin B on muscle from the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens). Bradfisch, G.A.; Harmer, S.L. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Toxicon v. 28 (11): p. 1249-1254; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Skeletal muscle; Membrane potential; Ion transport; Calcium ions; Antagonists; Toxins; Inhibition; Metabolites; Destruxins; Metarhizium anisopliae; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Recent studies on a group of fungal metabolites, collectively called the destruxins, have suggested that these compounds activate calcium influx in insect skeletal muscle. In this study, we have investigated the sensitivity of destruxin B to the voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists; omega-conotoxin GVIA, nifedipine, diltiazem and methoxyverapamil on skeletal muscle from the lepidopteran insect pest, tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens). At a concentration of 1.7 micromolar destruxin B caused a rapid decrease in the transmembrane resting potential. The effect of destruxin B on insect muscle was blocked by micromolar concentrations of omega-conotoxin GVIA and nifedipine but not by methoxyverapamil or diltiazem. The inhibitory activity of omega-conotoxin GVIA on invertebrate muscle tissue was surprising since this compound was previously thought to be selective to vertebrate nervous tissue. The sensitivity of the destruxin-stimulated depolarization to the two antagonists suggested that destruxin B activated a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored in the presence of omega-conotoxin GVIA and nifedipine to investigate the physiological role of the destruxin-activated channel. Neither antagonist altered the waveform of graded action potentials produced by synaptic activation. The lack of effect of omega-conotoxin GVIA and a high dose of nifedipine could be explained by the existence of two populations of pharmacologically distinct voltage-dependent calcium channels on the muscle membrane. One population which is involved with the production of graded action potentials is insensitive to omega-conotoxin GVIA and nifedipine. The other population is activated by destruxin B and inhibited by omega-conotoxin GVIA and nifedipine. 195 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Ovipositional and search behavior of predators: a measure of biological control potential. Kauffman, W.C.; LaRoche, S.L. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 152-154; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Biological control agents; Coccinellidae; Leucopis; Predators of insect pests 196 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Ovipositional response of three Heliothis species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to allelochemicals from cultivated and wild host plants. Mitchell, E.R.; Tingle, F.C.; Heath, R.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1817-1827; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Heliothis subflexa; Helicoverpa zea; Allelochemicals; Oviposition deterrents; Plant extracts; Oviposition attractants; Gossypium; Nicotiana; Physalis; Desmodium; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The role of plant allelochemicals on the oviposition behavior of Heliothis virescens (F.), H. subflexa (Guenee), and H. zea (Boddie) was investigated in the laboratory using a "choice" bioassay system. Fresh young leaves of tobacco, Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle, groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares (flower buds) were washed in methylene chloride or methanol, concentrated to 1 g equivalent of washed material, and applied to a cloth oviposition substrate. Each of the extracts-including groundcherry, a nonhost-stimulated oviposition by H. virescens. H. subflexa were stimulated to oviposit by groundcherry extract, its normal host, and extract from cotton squares, a nonhost. None of the extracts stimulated oviposition by H. zea, although all except groundcherry were from reported hosts. The sensitivity of the bioassay was confirmed by giving H. virescens and H. subflexa an opportunity to choose between extracts that showed stimulant qualities when tested independently versus only solvent-treated controls. In these tests, tobacco showed the highest level of stimulant activity for H. virescens; groundcherry exhibited the highest level of stimulation for H. subflexa. 197 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Ovipositional response of tobacco budworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cuticular labdanes and sucrose esters from the green leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa L. (Solanaceae). Jackson, D.M.; Severson, R.F.; Sisson, V.A.; Stephenson, M.G. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Dec. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (12): p. 2489-2506; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Oviposition attractants; Plant composition; Leaves; Nicotiana; Sucrose esters; Bioassays; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Field plots of three accessions of Nicotiana glutinosa L. (Nicotiana species accessions 24, 24A, and 24B) at Oxford, North Carolina and Tifton, Georgia were heavily damaged by natural populations of tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), during 1985-1989. Experiments in outdoor screen cages demonstrated that all accessions of N. glutinosa were as prone to oviposition by H. virescens moths as was NC 2326, a commercial cultivar of flue-cured tobacco, N. tabacum L. However, in greenhouse experiments, tobacco budworm larvae did not survive or grow as well when placed on plants of N. glutinosa as they did when placed on plants of NC 2326. Four labdane diterpenes (manool, 2-hydroxymanool, a mixture of sclareols, and labda-13-ene-8 alpha,15-diol[labdenediol]) and two sucrose ester fractions (2,3,4-tri-O-acyl-3'-O-acetyl- sucrose [G-SE-I] and 2,3,4,-tri-O-acyl-sucrose [G-SE-II) were isolated from green leaves of the three accessions of N. glutinosa. These components were bioassayed for their effects on the ovipositional behavior of tobacco budworm moths using small screen cages in a greenhouse at Oxford, North Carolina. Labdenediol, manool, and both sucrose ester fractions stimulated tobacco budworm moths to oviposit on a tobacco budworm-resistant Tobacco Introduction, T1 1112 (PI 124166), when these materials were sprayed onto a leaf. 198 NAL Call. No.: 100 OH3S (2) no.819 Parasites of the European corn borer in Ohio. Rolston, L. H. Wooster, Ohio : Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,; 1958. 35 p. : maps ; 23 cm. (Research bulletin (Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station) ; 819.). Cover title. Bibliography: p. 35. Language: English; English Descriptors: European corn borer; Parasites; Ohio; European corn borer; Biological control; Ohio; Corn; Diseases and pests; Ohio 199 NAL Call. No.: SB599.J69 Parasites of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Carolina. Wilson, J.A. Jr; DuRant, J.A. Clemson, S.C. : South Carolina Entomological Society; 1991 Apr. Journal of agricultural entomology v. 8 (2): p. 109-116; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Lixophaga; Lydella thompsoni; Pristomerus spinator; Agathis (hymenoptera); Trichogramma; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control agents 200 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 Parasitization of Diatraea muellerella on corn in Guerrero, Mexico. Rodriguez-del-Bosque, L.A.; Smith, J.W. Jr Dalla, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1991 Dec. The Southwestern entomologist v. 16 (4): p. 367-369; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Zea mays; Diatraea; Parasites of insect pests; Parasitoids; Trichogramma; Ova; Surveys; Biological control agents; Apanteles diatraeae 201 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae and Aphelinidae) and their effect on aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations in irrigated grain in southwestern Idaho. Feng, M.G.; Johnson, J.B.; Halbert, S.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 21 (6): p. 1433-1440; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; Zea mays; Aphididae; Braconidae; Aphelinidae; Parasitoids; Insect control; Biological control agents Abstract: A survey of parasitoids of cereal aphids was conducted on irrigated wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; and corn, Zea mays (L.) Moench., grown under irrigation in southwestern Idaho from 1986 to 1989. Six species of primary parasitoids (four species of Aphidiidae and two of Aphelinidae) and five species of hyperparasitoids (two species of Pteromalidae, one Megaspilidae, one Encyrtidae, and one Alloxystidae) were identified from 1,244 specimens obtained from the mummies of seven species of aphids that were found in the field or reared from 8,698 live, field-collected aphids. Aphidius ervi Haliday, most frequently parasitized Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Macrosiphon euphorbiae (Thomas) (>91% of the primary parasitoids obtained), whereas Praon sp. (possibly gallicum Stary) attacked these aphids only occasionally. Multiple species of parasitoids were reared from Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (six species), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (four species), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (five species), and R. maidis (Fitch) (four species); however, only Diaeretiella rapae (M'intosh) and Aphelinus varipes (Foerster) were of importance for D. noxia or R. padi. Other parasitoids, including Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), A. ervi, Praon sp., and Aphelinus sp., were occasionally found parasitizing this host. Developmental time at room temperature from host mummification to emergence of parasitoid adults was 5.0-5.5 d for A. ervi, 6.5-6.9 d for D. rapae, approximately 8.5 d for Praon sp., and 9.8-12.1 d for A. varipes, with variation among the aphid hosts. Parasitism suppressed the populations of S. avenae more than those of M. dirhodum on small grains. The role of parasitoids in control of D. noxia was limited; parasitism exceeded 5% only during times of declining host populations. On corn, a high rate of parasitism of S. avenae, M. dirhodum, and M. euphorbiae, primarily by A. ervi, was observed from mid-June through July, while R. p 202 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 Pest and predator populations following early-season cotton insect control in Arizona. Terry, L.I. College Station, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1991 Mar. The Southwestern entomologist v. 16 (1): p. 51-62; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Gossypium hirsutum; Insect pests; Predators of insect pests; Population dynamics; Insecticides; Integrated pest management 203 NAL Call. No.: QH540.E27 Pests and integrated control. Fick, G.W.; Power, A.G. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company; 1992. Ecosystems of the world v. 18: p. 59-83; 1992. In the series analytic: Field crop ecosystems / edited by C.J. Pearson. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Field crops; Insect pests; Insect control; Integrated control; Integrated pest management; Literature reviews; Plant pathogens; Plant diseases 204 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Population dynamics of cotton arthropods associated with optimum pest management and current insect control strategies. Scott, W.P.; Smith, J.W.; Parencia, C.R. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1983 Oct. Journal of entomological science v. 18 (4): p. 518-530; 1983 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Anthonomus grandis; Insect control; Integrated pest management 205 NAL Call. No.: 100 T31P Population dynamics of the greenbug and its parasitoids on winter wheat in Central Texas. Kring, T.J.; Gilstrap, F.E. College Station, Tex. : The Station; 1983 Sep. PR - Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (4140): 10 p.; 1983 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Triticum aestivum; Schizaphis graminum; Lysiphlebus testaceipes; Aphelinus; Diaeretiella rapae; Pachyneuron siphonophorae; Asaphes lucens; Alloxysta; Biological control; Natural enemies 206 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Population patterns of Chilo spp. in sorghum, maize and millets. Seshu Reddy, K.V.; Lubega, M.C.; Sum, K.O.S. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 549-554; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Millets; Sorghum; Zea mays; Chilo; Integrated pest management; Population dynamics; Literature reviews Abstract: The paper reviews the work done on the population patterns of Chilo spp. in relation to the phenological stages of sorghum, maize and millets. The stem borer Chilo partellus entered sorghum and maize crops at 2-3 weeks after emergence and continued till harvest. There were 3-4 peaks of larval population during a cropping season. Such studies not only reveal the relationship between the larval population density and the phenological stage of the plants at infestation time, but are also helpful in scheduling and timing pest management strategies. 207 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Populations of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its host, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), on resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. Wheatley, J.A.C.; Boethel, D.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (3): p. 731-738; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glycine max; Cultivars; Pest resistance; Susceptibility; Tetranychus urticae; Biological control; Phytoseiulus persimilis; Predators of insect pests Abstract: The populations of a predaceous mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, and its prey, the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were examined on a resistant and a susceptible soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, cultivar in the laboratory. Both predation and the resistant soybean cultivar reduced the phytophagous mite population, with the predation effect being the more pronounced. There was no indication of interaction of predation by P. persimilis and soybean cultivar on T. urticae mortality. When adequate prey were available, there was no indication of antibiosis on the predator population from feeding on prey reared on resistant plants. However, the P. persimilis population was reduced at the lowest prey density examined from lack of prey and subsequent cannibalism. 208 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Populations of Sitobion avenae and Aphidius ervi on spring wheat in the northwestern United States. Feng, M.C.; Nowierski, R.M.; Zeng, Z. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993 May. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 67 (2): p. 109-117; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Oregon; Washington; Triticum; Sitobion avenae; Aphidius ervi; Biological control agents; Population dynamics; Sequential sampling; Spatial distribution; Equations; Parasites of insect pests 209 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Possibilities for integrated control of the millet stem borer, Acigona ignefusalis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Nigeria. Ajayi, O. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (2): p. 109-117; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nigeria; Pennisetum Americanum; Coniesta ignefusalis; Integrated pest management; Pest resistance; Chemical control; Mixed cropping; Planting date Abstract: The millet stem borer, Acigona ignefusalis Hampson, can cause total crop failures when severe infestations occur such as happened in northern Nigeria in 1984. Research at the Institute for Agricultural Research at Samaru has shown that various millet types and varieties exhibit different levels of susceptibility to the stem borer, although no resistant varieties are yet available. Infestation and damage by the stem borer are strongly influenced by date of planting and rate and time of nitrogen fertilizer. The effect of mixed cropping with sorghum depends on the spatial arrangement of the component crops in the mixture as well as on the insect population pressure. Systemic insecticides, particularly granular carbofuran, have been found to control the stem borer more effectively than contact insecticides like carbaryl. Seed dressing with carbofuran has been found to be ineffective. Some natural enemies of the stem borer have been identified but their role in lowering damage to millet is minimal. The destruction of infested stems before the beginning or the rainy season is a very important control measure against the insect. The possibilities of integrating these various methods for stem borer control are discussed. 210 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Possible roles of cotton bud sugars and terpenoids in oviposition by the boll weevil. Hedin, P.A.; McCarthy, J.C. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 757-772; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Cotton; Anthonomus grandis; Oviposition; Plant composition; Pest resistance; Volatile compounds; Sugars; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Several cotton Gossypium spp. race stocks have been identified that possess resistance to the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh, because oviposition is decreased. In this work, a number of known cotton constituents that influence stimulation of feeding and attractancy for this insect were found to have little or no influence on oviposition. These include gossypol, beta-bisabolol, caryophyllene, some fatty acids and their methyl esters, some wax esters, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and chrysanthemin. Analysis of cotton bud surfaces showed that the content of volatile terpenoids was generally higher in resistant lines, but bioassays did not show decreased oviposition in the presence of the terpenoids. The sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) found in anthers, uniformly stimulated oviposition in the bioassay, and their content was higher in susceptible lines. These results suggest that a major basis of resistance to boll weevils as related to oviposition may be the decreased content of sugars in resistant lines. The analysis of free sugars in the anthers, and perhaps also the analysis of bud surface terpenoids, may provide a basis for selection or genetic production of cotton lines resistant to the boll weevil. 211 NAL Call. No.: SB327.M52 Potato leafhopper update. Landis, D. Saginaw, Mich. : Michigan Bean Shippers Association; 1991. Michigan dry bean digest v. 15 (3): p. 12-13; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Dry beans; Insect pests; Leafhoppers; Insecticides; Biological control; Chemical control 212 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.B5 Potential beneficial impact of Red Imported Fire Ant to Texas cotton production. Brinkley, C.K.; Ervin, R.T.; Sterling, W.L. Oxon : A B Academic Publishers; 1991. Biological agriculture and horticulture : an international journal v. 8 (2): p. 145-152; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium hirsutum; Solenopsis invicta; Predatory insects; Anthonomus grandis; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Psallus seriatus; Insect pests; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents; Economic impact; Computer analysis; Simulation models; Insect control; Cost benefit analysis; Crop production; Decision making; Relationships 213 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Potential larval diet devoid of hemolymph for in vitro rearing of Bracon mellitor. Guerra, A.A.; Robacker, K.M. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 723; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Anthonomus grandis; Insect control; Biological control; Bracon mellitor; Entomogenous fungi; In vitro culture 214 NAL Call. No.: SB933.34.U73 1992 The potential of entomopathogens for the control of white grub pests of corn in Mexico. Villalobos, F.J. Hampshire, England : Intercept; 1992. Use of pathogens in scarab pest management / edited by Trevor A. Jackson and Travis R. Glare. p. 253-260; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Zea mays; Melolontha; Biological control; Entomopathogens 215 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Potential of Nosema spp. (Microspora, Nosematidae) and viruses in the management of Chilo spp. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Odindo, M.O. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 773-778; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Chilo; Chilo partellus; Biological control; Insect viruses; Nosema; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: Laboratory and field assays carried out so far indicate that microsporidian pathogens, especially Nosema spp., may be exploited for the management of the spotted stalk borer Chilo partellus and possibly other Chilo spp. Several formulations have been tested for the application of Nosema spores in the field for borer management. Significantly high levels of control were achieved when the pathogen was sprayed on plants infested with borer larvae, compared with unsprayed plots. Sublethal dosages of Nosema spp. reduced the biological performance of C. partellus, as indicated by reduced fecundity in infected females, high mortality in pre-imagines as well as in the filial generations, and reduced lifespan. There was also a high level of deformity in the surviving adults. Such debilitating factors would subsequently result in a reduction of population levels. In sugar-cane pests, granulosis viruses have been observed to cause high natural mortalities in C. infuscatellus and C. sacchariphagus. Field infestation has been reduced by the application of the virus. Further, the presence of polyhedrosis viruses in C. partellus, and Chilo iridiscent virus in C. suppressalis, points towards the possibility of using this group of pathogens in Chilo control. 216 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Potential of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from celery looper for corn earworm and tobacco budworm control. Vail, P.V.; Henneberry, T.J.; Hoffmann, D.F.; Jech, L.F. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 2: p. 896-899; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Syngrapha; Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses; Insect control; Biological control agents 217 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Potential role of indigenous Coccinellidae in regulation of aphid populations in Central Arabia wheat fields. El Hag, E.T.A. London : Taylor & Francis; 1992 Oct. Tropical pest management v. 38 (4): p. 425-430; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saudi arabia; Triticum; Aphidoidea; Schizaphis graminum; Biological control; Insect control; Coccinella; Coccinella undecimpunctata; Hippodamia variegata; Predators of insect pests; Yield components 218 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Predation and dislodgment of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae), by adult Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). McConnell, J.A.; Kring, T.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 19 (6): p. 1798-1802; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Schizaphis graminum; Coccinella septempunctata; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: Adult Coccinella septempunctata L. were placed on grain sorghum plants, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, at four growth stages with one of three greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), densities under laboratory and field conditions. Greenbug predation and dislodgment rates for adults and nymphs were recorded during a 1-h observation period or until approximately 75% of the greenbugs were either consumed or dislodged. Greenbug nymphs were consumed at 4 and 1.3 times the rate of adults in laboratory and field tests, respectively. Adult greenbugs were 1.8 times and nymphs were 1.3 times more likely to be dislodged than consumed under laboratory conditions. In field tests, adults and nymphs were dislodged 5 and 4 times more often, respectively, than they were consumed. The number of greenbugs consumed/min in laboratory and field tests increased with plant stage and density with the exception of the bloom plant stage. The number of greenbugs dislodged for each consumed was directly related to prey density and plant stage. Evaluation of predator efficacy using only the number consumed may underestimate the effect of predation on greenbugs due to the dislodgment behavior. Dislodgment allows greenbugs to escape immediate predation, but may expose them to increased risk from other biotic and abiotic mortality factors. 219 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 Predators and parasitoids of Russian wheat aphid in central Mexico. Robinson, J. Dallas, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1992 Jun. The Southwestern entomologist v. 17 (12): p. 185-186; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Cereals; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; Diuraphis noxia; Biological control; Insect control; Parasites of insect pests; Predators of insect pests; Beneficial insects 220 NAL Call. No.: 420 EN86 Preliminary observations on Apion soleatum Wagner (Coleoptera: Apionidae) and an associated parasitoid, on South African cotton. Bennett, A.L.; Nel, A. Pretoria : The Society; 1990 Sep. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa v. 53 (2): p. 199-202; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Africa; Gossypium hirsutum; Apion; Eulophidae; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control agents 221 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Prepupal and pupal parasitism of Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Steinernema sp. in cornfields in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Raulston, J.R.; Pair, S.D.; Loera, J.; Cabanillas, H.E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1666-1670; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Texas; Helicoverpa zea; Spodoptera frugiperda; Biological control; Neoaplectana; Steinernema; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: An indigenous Steinernema sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) nematode parasitized prepupae and pupae of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), collected from fruiting cornfields in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, of Texas and northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Over a 5-yr period, 34% of all fields sampled contained parasitized corn earworm and 24.2% contained parasitized fall armyworm. Of 3,036 corn earworm prepupae and pupae collected during this study, 11.6% were parasitized; of 1,802 fall armyworm collected, 9.3% were parasitized. Parasitism by Steinernema sp. accounted for 49.4 and 46.1% of the mortality of corn earworm and fall armyworm prepupae and pupae, respectively. 222 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Prevalence of microorganisms in field-sampled borers on sorghum, maize, and cowpea in Western Kenya. Odindo, M.O.; Otieno, W.A.; Oloo, G.W.; Kilori, J.; Odhiambo, R.C. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1989. Insect science and its application v. 10 (2): p. 225-228; 1989. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Sorghum; Zea mays; Vigna; Chilo partellus; Busseola fusca; Maruca testulalis; Bacteria; Insect viruses; Entomogenous fungi; Biological control agents 223 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Preventive biological control of stored food mites in empty stores using Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank). Zdarkova, E.; Horak, E. Guildford : Butterworths; 1990 Oct. Crop protection v. 9 (5): p. 378-382; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Grain stores; Storage mites; Astigmata; Mesostigmata; Prostigmata; Biological control; Stored products pests; Cheyletus eruditus; Predators of insect pests; Mite control; Biological control agents; Population density 224 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Production of Nosema marucae for biological control of cereal stem borers. Odindo, M.O.; Amutalla, P.A.; Opondo-Mbai, M.; Odero, T.A. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993 May. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 67 (2): p. 143-148; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Sorghum; Zea mays; Chilo partellus; Biological control; Entomopathogenic protozoa; Laboratory rearing; Nosema; Stem borers 225 NAL Call. No.: 1 En82B n.s. no.59 Proliferation as a factor in the natural control of the Mexican cotton boll weevil. Hinds, W. E. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology,; 1906. 45 p., 6 leaves of plates : ill. ; 23 cm. (Bulletin (United States. Bureau of Entomology) ; no. 59.). Language: English Descriptors: Boll weevil; Cotton; Diseases and pests; Biological control 226 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Propagation and release of natural enemies for control of cotton insect and mite pests in the United States. King, E.G.; Powell, J.E. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1992 Dec. Crop protection v. 11 (6): p. 497-506; 1992 Dec. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Gossypium hirsutum; Insect pests; Mites; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Lygus; Anthonomus grandis; Pectinophora gossypiella; Insect control; Natural enemies; Predators of insect pests; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control agents; Integrated pest management; Predator augmentation; Parasitoid augmentation; Literature reviews 227 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Prospects and status for development of novel chemicals for IPM in cotton. Menn, J.J. Guildford : Butterworths; 1991 Oct. Crop protection v. 10 (5): p. 347-353; 1991 Oct. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Insect pests; Insect control; Chemical control; Integrated pest management; Insecticides; Semiochemicals; New products; Product development; Selectivity; Synthesis; Toxicology; Plant products; Pyrethroid insecticides; Avermectins; Azadirachtin; Bacillus thuringiensis; Insect growth regulators; Literature reviews 228 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Rate of increase and adult longevity of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the laboratory of four temperatures. Morales-Ramos, J.A.; Cate, J.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 21 (3): p. 620-627; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium; Anthonomus grandis; Biological control; Catolaccus; Laboratory rearing; Longevity; Parasites of insect pests; Reproduction; Temperature Abstract: The reproductive potential and longevity of adult females of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (an exotic parasitoid of the cotton boll weevil) were determined under laboratory conditions at four constant temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C +/- 1). The resulting data were used to calculate life tables and rates of increase at each temperature. The effect of food and water availability on longevity at 25, 30, and 35 degrees C was evaluated on groups of 10 adult wasps. A female of C. grandis oviposited means of 679.24, 498.8, 76.15, and 0.0 eggs at 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C, respectively, and had a mean longevity of 63.55, 46.35, 20.8, and 9.0 d at the same four temperatures respectively. The net reproductive rate was 58.4, 28.35, 4.3, and 0.0; the daily intrinsic rate of increase was 0.134, 0.159, 0.082, and 0.0; and the weekly rate of increase was 1.052, 1.327, 0.692, and 0.0 at 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C, respectively. The food treatments that included honey significantly increased longevity with respect to those treatments that lacked it. Treatment including only water did not increase longevity significantly with respect to the control (no food or water). 229 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1V4 Red-winged blackbird and starling feeding responses on corn earworm-infested corn. Okurut-Akol, F.H.; Woronecki, P.P. Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1990 Jul. Proceedings ... Vertebrate Pest Conference (14th): p. 296-301; 1990 Jul. Meeting held March 6-8, 1990, Sacramento, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; Infestation; Feeding behavior; Turdus merula; Sturnus vulgaris; Crop damage; Insect control; Biological control; Predators of insect pests 230 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Relationship of Heliothis zea predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens to canopy development in soybean as affected by Heterodera glycines and weeds. Alston, D.G.; Bradley, J.R. Jr; Schmitt, D.P.; Coble, H.D. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Mar. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 58 (3): p. 279-288; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Glycine max; Leaves; Plant development; Helicoverpa zea; Biological control; Beneficial arthropods; Entomopathogens; Heterodera glycines; Larvae; Mortality; Population dynamics; Natural enemies; Weeds; Alternative hosts 231 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Relative abundance of stable fly and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupal parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae; Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) on confinement dairies in California. Meyer, J.A.; Shultz, T.A.; Collar, C.; Mullens, B.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 20 (3): p. 915-921; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Dairy cattle; Stomoxys calcitrans; Musca domestica; Pteromalidae; Staphylinidae; Parasites of insect pests; Population density; Biological control agents Abstract: Four dairies in southern California were sampled weekly from April 1987 through June 1988 to determine the distribution and relative abundance of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica L., pupal parasites. Seven parasite species represented approximately 90% of the parasites recovered from stable fly and house fly pupae, and included Spalangia endius Walker, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), and Aleochara spp. U. rufipes had not been previously recorded to parasitize these hosts in California. Most of the U. rufipes recoveries were between April and June. The relative abundance of parasites recovered from stable flies and house flies on four southern California dairies varied slightly for some species, but the overall rate of parasitism only ranged from 13.4 to 19.9%. A limited number of stable fly and house fly pupal collections from dairies in central California revealed a much lower proportion of S. cameroni and a higher proportion of S. endius, when compared with southern California dairies. The majority of stable fly and house fly pupae sampled at four southern California dairies were associated with pure manure substrates. There was no significant difference between the relative abundance of parasites recovered from stable fly pupae sampled from manure, manure plus hay, or wet-hay substrates. Significantly fewer S. nigroaenea and significantly more M. zaraptor were recovered from house fly pupae developing in brewer's grain when compared with manure, manure plus hay, and wet-hay substrates. In pupal samples which contained both stable flies and house flies, S. cameroni was recovered significantly more often from stable fly pupae. In general, there were no significant differences between stable fly and house fly in parasitism by the seven parasite species. 232 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 Replacing fumigants with beneficial insects. Kinzel, B. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1991 Feb. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 39 (2): p. 14-16; 1991 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Grain stores; Stored products pests; Pest control; Beneficial insects; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents 233 NAL Call. No.: 1 En82B n.s. no.49 Report on the habits of the kelep, or Guatemalen cotton-boll- weevil ant. Cook, O. F. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology,; 1904. 15 p. ; 23 cm. (Bulletin (United States. Bureau of Entomology) ; no. 49.). Language: English Descriptors: Kelep; Boll weevil; Biological control 234 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Reveiw of the biology and control of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lep: Pyralidae). Nafus, D.M.; Schreiner, I.H. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Jan. Tropical pest management v. 37 (1): p. 41-56; 1991 Jan. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Ostrinia furnacalis; Oviposition; Geographical distribution; Life cycle; Diapause; Overlapping generations; Hosts of plant pests; Larvae; Insect control; Biological control; Predators of insect pests; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control agents; Natural enemies; Cultural control; Trapping; Chemical control; Insecticides; Economic thresholds; Crop yield; Yield losses; Literature reviews 235 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 The role of bacterial in the management of Chilo spp. Brownbridge, M. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 779-783; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Chilo; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Integrated pest management; Toxicity Abstract: Most field experiments in the microbial control of Chilo spp. have been performed using strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t.). Generally, low levels or control were obtained, which is probably due to the relatively narrow host range of the B. t. strains used. B. t. formulations and different B. t. strains obtained from overseas culture collections or isolated from material collected in Kenya were screened for activity against C. partellus. C. partellus was found to be susceptible to commercial preparations based on B. t. kurstaki only. The screening and bioassay work on identified B. t. strains showed differences in the toxicities of the various subspecies groups for C. partellus. There were also differences in the toxicity of isolates within the same subspecies. The most toxic exotic strain obtained was B. t. entomocidus. Excellent control of C. partellus larvae, on artificially infested plants, was obtained. Plant damage was significantly reduced and yield levels increased by 5 to 7 times over the untreated controls. Three strains, M-44-2, A-3, and A-C-2, gave the best levels of plant protection. Different methods of applying the pathogen to the crop have also been investigated. Aqueous suspensions and a granule/powder formulation have given very good levels or borer control in screenhouse experiments. 236 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 The role of local natural enemies in population dynamics of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) (Pyralidae) under subsistence farming systems in Kenya. Oloo, G.W. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1989. Insect science and its application v. 10 (2): p. 243-251; 1989. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Sorghum; Zea mays; Chilo partellus; Natural enemies; Biological control agents; Population dynamics; Insect control 237 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Roles of amino acids, protein, and fiber in leaf-feeding resistance of corn to the fall armyworm. Hedin, P.A.; Williams, W.P.; Davis, F.M.; Buckley, P.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1977-1995; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spodoptera frugiperda; Feeding behavior; Zea mays; Leaves; Plant composition; Amino acids; Plant protein; Fiber; Pest resistance; Interactions; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The free amino acids have been shown by isolational work and choice bioassays to be more important than all other factors evaluated in defining leaf-feeding resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to fall armyworm (FAW) [(Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)] larvae. 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone) and maysin, toxins present in corn, were shown not to be significant factors for leaf-feeding resistance to first- instar FAW larvae because of their low concentrations in the whorl. Amino acid analysis showed that while the ratios of the essential amino acids in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines were similar, them were differences in the nonessential amino acids, particularly aspartic acid, which was higher in R lines. Also, the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids was important, being too low in expressed whorl leaf juice (obtained from V(8)-V(10) growth stage plants) to support larval growth, although juice was stimulatory in choice tests. The total protein content of whorls in S lines was about 15% higher than in R lines, but the significance of this difference is uncertain, because nutritional tests showed that larval growth increased with total protein only up to 12% protein. Sugars were only slightly stimulatory. Thus, the amino acids along with higher hemicellulose content of R lines, established by us earlier, appear to explain much of the basis of resistance in corn to larval leaf-feeding of the FAW. 238 NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8 Russian wheat aphid: a growing problem for small-grain farmers. Robinson, J. Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Mar. Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (1): p. 57-62. ill; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Africa; America; Australia; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum; Crop damage; Genotypes; Genetic resistance; Diuraphis noxia; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Predators of insect pests 239 NAL Call. No.: aSB608.W5R97 1992 Russian wheat aphid biological control project manual.. RWA manual Russian wheat aphid biological control manual, Rev. and updated / by Robert Flanders.. Flanders, Robert; Odom, Hilary United States, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs, United States, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Professional Development Center Niles, Mich.? : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Professional Development Center, 1992-; 1992-9999. 1 v. (loose-leaf) : ill. ; 30 cm. Running title: RWA manual. Cover title: Russian wheat aphid biological control manual. Accompanied by pamphlet "Russian wheat aphid, how to recognize this new pest and its damage" (1 folded sheet (6 p.) : col. ill. ; 22 cm.). Includes index. PDC 04/92-01. Language: English Descriptors: Russian wheat aphid; Wheat 240 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27PN Russian wheat aphid: biology, damage, and management. Pike, K.S.; Allison, D. Corvallis, Or. : The Service; 1991 Jun. PNW - Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho State Universities, Cooperative Extension Service (371): 23 p.; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Washington; Oregon; Diuraphis noxia; Insect control; Beneficial insects; Varietal resistance; Biological control 241 NAL Call. No.: 100 OK4 (3) Russian wheat aphid management. Peairs, F.B. Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 May. Miscellaneous publication - Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University (132): p. 233-241; 1991 May. In the series analytic: Aphid-Plant Interaction: Populations to Molecules / edited by D.C. Peters, J.A. Webster, and C.S. Chlouber. Paper presented at a symposium held August 12-17, 1990, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Insect pests; Insect control; Integrated pest management 242 NAL Call. No.: 100 C12CAG Russian wheat aphid: natural enemies, resistant wheat offer potential control. Gonzalez, D.; Summers, C.G.; Qualset, C.O. Oakland, Calif. : Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California; 1992 Jan. California agriculture v. 46 (1): p. 32-34; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Diuraphis noxia; Biological control; Cereals; Parasites of insect pests; Migration; Economic thresholds; Pest resistance 243 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Screenhouse trials on the potential of Nosema marucae for the control of Chilo partellus. Odindo, M.O. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Dec. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 65 (3): p. 283-289; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum; Chilo partellus; Biological control; Foliar application; Nosema 244 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Screening of exotic and locally isolated Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strain in Kenya for toxicity to the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Brownbridge, M.; Onyango, T. London : Taylor & Francis; 1992 Jan. Tropical pest management v. 38 (1): p. 77-81; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Sorghum; Zea mays; Chilo partellus; Larvae; Biological control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Strains; Screening; Toxicity 245 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Searching strategy of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Wiedenmann, R.N.; O'Neil, R.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 21 (1): p. 1-9; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Indiana; Glycine max; Epilachna varivestis; Larvae; Population density; Biological control; Podisus maculiventris; Predators of insect pests; Host-seeking behavior; Mathematical models; Predation Abstract: Predation rates for the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) on third-instar Epilachna varivestis Mulsant were measured in field cages in soybeans, Glycine max L., over 3 yr. Attack rates in the first 2 yr averaged 0.47 attacks per predator per day and were consistently low at low prey density. Area searched by predators was estimated from attack rates, and the estimated search area decreased as prey density increased. In a third field season, attack rates averaged 0.5 attacks per day at low prey density and increased linearly at high density. A negative exponential function was used to develop a model that described search area as a function of prey density. The model estimated that area searched ranged from a maximum of 0.50 m2 at zero prey density to an asymptotic minimum of 0.055 m2 at high prey densities. Searching less area as prey density increases keeps attack rates low and consistent at low prey density, and searching a constant amount of area at high prey density results in increasing attack rates at higher prey density. The search strategy may result from balancing energetic costs and predation risks with the benefits gained from attacking prey. Also, the strategy may reflect the budgeting of time between searching and other time-consuming activities (e.g., reproduction) by the predator. Determining the search strategy of predators may provide a better understanding of the requisites of generalist predators living in ephemeral crop systems. 246 NAL Call. No.: 420 K13 Seasonal occurrence of Beauveria basssiana in the southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Texas High Plains. Knutson, A.E.; Gilstrap, F.E. Lawrence, Kan. : The Society; 1990 Apr. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society v. 63 (2): p. 243-251; 1990 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Zea mays; Diatraea grandiosella; Larvae; Beauveria bassiana; Biological control agents; Seasonality 247 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Seed treatments increase yield of farmer varietal field bean mixtures in the central African highlands through multiple disease and beanfly control. Trutmann, P.; Paul, K.B.; Cishabayo, D. Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1992 Oct. Crop protection v. 11 (5): p. 458-464; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rwanda; Phaseolus vulgaris; Benomyl; Captan; Carbendazim; Diazinon; Fungicides; Thiram; Seed treatment; Seed dressings; Plant pathogenic fungi; Colletotrichum lindemuthianum; Phaeoisariopsis griseola; Phoma exigua; Fusarium oxysporum; Insect pests; Ophiomyia; Endosulfan; Root rots; Leaf spotting; Plant density; Crop yield; Subsistence farming; Integrated pest management; Plant disease control; Insect control 248 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Significance of medium chain n-alkanes as accompanying compounds in hemipteran defensive secretions: an investigation based on the defensive secretion of Coridius janus. Gunawardena, N.E.; Herath, H.M.W.K.B. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Dec. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (12): p. 2449-2458; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pentatomidae; Defense; Secretions; Alkanes; Aldehydes; Toxicity; Insect repellents; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: A mixture of trans-2-hexenal; n-tridecane (60:40, w/w), the natural combination present in the defensive secretion of Coridius janus (Hemiptera; Pentatomidae) was shown by comparison with similar aldehyde mixtures having longer and shorter chain n-alkanes, to be the optimal combination as a fumigant and a repellent against three test insect species, Anoplolepis longipes, Sitotroga cerealella, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Toxic values obtained for the three insects, respectively: l/LC50, 1.72, 4.54, and 6.66 ppm while repellencies were 63%, 50%, and 69%. This study revealed that among t-2-hexenal: n-alkane combinations those with medium carbon chains, viz C-11 and C-12, also possessed high toxicities and repellencies comparable to that of the natural combination while those with shorter and longer n-alkanes possessed lower activity. Toxicities and repellencies of n- alkane series were only moderate to low showing highest toxic values for n-tridecane at l/LC50, 0.39, 2.32, and 2.32 ppm and repellencies at 31%, 30%, and 32% for the three test insects, respectively. This series, nevertheless, showed similar variation, medium length chains, C-11, C-12, and C-13 showing comparatively higher activity than other alkanes of shorter and longer chains. This study also revealed that the fumigant property of both alkane and aldehyde are of equal importance while repellency is heavily dependent on the aldehyde. 249 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Small plot testing of a radiation resistant strain of boll weevil. Villavaso, E.J.; McGovern, W.L.; North, D.T.; Smith, J.W. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 680-681; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium hirsutum; Anthonomus grandis; Insect pests; Pest control; Biological control; Sterilization 250 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Soil moisture, no-tillage and predator effects on southern corn rootworm survival in peanut agroecosystems. Brust, G.E. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Feb. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 58 (2): p. 109-121; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Arachis hypogaea; Crop damage; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; Biological control; Cultural control; Formicidae; Irrigation; No-tillage; Oviposition; Predators of insect pests; Soil arthropods; Soil water; Survival; Crop yield 251 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Sorghum midge and midge parasitism on Johnsongrass. Gilstrap, F.E.; Brooks, G.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 84 (2): p. 431-435; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Sorghum bicolor; Sorghum halepense; Spikelets; Growth stages; Contarinia sorghicola; Biological control; Aprostocetus diplosidis; Developmental stages; Eupelmus australiensis; Parasites of insect pests; Tetrastichus Abstract: Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense L., in the soft dough stage was the optimal spikelet developmental stage for monitoring sorghum midge and its hymenopterous parasites in johnsongrass. The soft dough stage contained the greatest percentage of late instar sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) and hymenopterous larvae and pupae. The parasite, Tetrastichus near blastophagi (Ashmead) emerged significantly earlier than midge parasites Eupelmus popa Girault, Aprostocetus diplosidis Crawford, or T. near venustus Gahan. Mean emergence times for E. popa, A. diplosidis, and T. near venustus were not significantly different from each other. T. near blastophagi was obtained only from pedicellate spikelets, whereas midges and the other three collected parasites were obtained from both pedicellate and sessile spikelets. 252 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.A2C47 Soybean: insect, disease, nematode and weed control recommendations. Auburn, Ala. : The Service; 1991 Jan. Circular ANR - Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University (413): 19 p.; 1991 Jan. In subseries: Integrated Pest Management. Language: English Descriptors: Glycine max; Pest control; Plant disease control; Insecticides; Nematicides; Herbicides; Fungicides; Insect pests 253 NAL Call. No.: SB205.S7S645 Soybeans: soybean insect management. Chaplin, J.W.; Sullivan, M.J. Clemson, S.C. : The Service; 1990 Feb. Soybean leaflet - Cooperative Extension Service, Clemson University v.): 8 p.; 1990 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Glycine max; Insect control; Insects; Integrated pest management; Insecticides 254 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Spatial density dependence in parasitism of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the field. Hopper, K.R.; Powell, J.E.; King, E.G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 20 (1): p. 292-302; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Gossypium hirsutum; Heliothis virescens; Glabromicroplitis croceipes; Helicoverpa zea; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: A field experiment addressed four questions concerning the interaction between Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) and Heliothis spp.: (1) what is the relation between the proportion of hosts parasitized and host density? (2) does this relation depend on the size of the areas (spatial scale) at which it is measured? (3) what is the relation between parasitoid search rate and host density? and (4) what is the relation between parasitoid distribution and host distribution? To answer these questions a cotton-field was artificially infested with various densities of Heliothis virescens (F.). M. croceipes was released uniformly across the field. At the scale of 30 by 60 m plots, the proportion of hosts parasitized by M. croceipes (adjusted for competition with other parasitoid species) increased from 0.41 +/- 0.08 (average +/- SE) to 0.60 +/- 0.06 as host density increased from 6,178 to 16,896 larvae/ha. The calculated search rate (area searched per parasitoid per unit time) of M. croceipes was independent of host density, and the density dependence in parasitism by M. croceipes could be explained completely by density dependence in adult female distribution. Natural populations of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck and Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) parasitized 9 and 7%, respectively, of the hosts collected. At the scale of plots, parasitism by C. nigriceps increased with host density, but parasitism by C. marginiventris was independent of host density. At the scale of 1 by 2 m quadrats, parasitism by all species was independent of host density. We discuss the implications of these results for biological control of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea and for theories of parasitoid foraging and population regulation. 255 NAL Call. No.: QL451.J6 Spiders in United States field crops and their potential effect on crop pests. Young, O.P.; Edwards, G.B. Lubbock, Tex. : American Arachnological Society; 1990. The journal of arachnology v. 18 (1): p. 1-27; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Insect pests; Araneae; Integrated pest management; Biological control agents 256 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development and damage potential as affected by inherited sterility and host plant resistance. Carpenter, J.E.; Wiseman, B.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 21 (1): p. 57-60; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Zea mays; Crop damage; Pest resistance; Spodoptera frugiperda; Radiation; Sterility; Integrated pest management Abstract: Male and female adults of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were exposed to a substerilizing dose (10 krads) of radiation, and their progeny were reared on corn, Zea mays L., foliage and meridic diets with varying concentrations of resistant corn silk. Mean leaf damage ratings for all corn entries were higher for plants infested with larvae from nonirradiated adults than for plants infested with larvae from irradiated males crossed with normal females. However, the rate of larval establishment on foliage of all corn entries was not affected by the larval treatment. Larvae from irradiated males crossed with normal females were equally competitive with normal larvae in all measured parameters of laboratory bioassays. Larvae from irradiated females also were competitive with normal larvae except in early larval development and time to adult eclosion. The results suggest that host plant resistance and inherited sterility would be compatible strategies for managing populations of the fall armyworm. 257 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Spray efficiency of aerial application of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in area-wide treatment of early season hosts of bollworms/budworms. Bell, M.R.; Hardee, D.D. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 624-626; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Gossypium hirsutum; Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea; Insect pests; Pest control; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses; Biological control; Aerial application 258 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Spring populations of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cotton fields: to spray or not to spray?. Zhang, Z.Q.; Chen, P. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991 May. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 35 (4): p. 349-351; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Jiangsu; Gossypium; Aphis gossypii; Pest control; Pesticides; Biological control 259 NAL Call. No.: SB608.C8P46 State of the art in host plant resistance in cotton. Jenkins, J.N. New York : Distributor, J. Wiley; 1989. Pest management in cotton / editors, M.B. Green, D.J. de B. Lyon. p. 53-69; 1989. (Ellis Horwood series in agrochemical sciences ;). Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Cultivars; Pest resistance; Integrated pest management; Anthonomus grandis; Heliothis virescens; Pectinophora gossypiella; Meloidogyne incognita; Disease resistance 260 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Strategies for integrated cotton pest control in the Sudan. 1. Cultural and legislative measures. El Amin, E.T.M.; Ahmed, M.A. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991. Insect science and its application v. 12 (5/6): p. 547-552; 1991. Special issue: Aspects of pest management in relation to agricultural production and environmental conservation in Africa / edited by A.M. Alghali, N.K. Maniania, Mbaye Ndoye, and Z.M. Nyiira. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sudan; Gossypium; Aphis gossypii; Bemisia tabaci; Helicoverpa armigera; Jacobiasca lybica; Spodoptera littoralis; Plant pests; Chemical control; Cultural control; Integrated pest management; Legislation Abstract: Commercial cotton growing in the Sudan dates from 1867. At present, about 400,000 ha of various cotton cultivars are grown under different irrigation systems. The production of this main cash crop has been faced with a multitude of entomological and pathological problems, some of which were tackled through the adoption of specific cultural practices or enforcement of legislative regulations. When cotton treatment with synthetic organic insecticides was initiated in the mid 1940s against Empoasca lybica de Berg, the impressive preliminary results have encouraged over-reliance on chemical control at the expense of other measures. This rather limited approach of control strategy has contributed partially to the appearance of new pests in damaging levels e.g. Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), Bemisia tabaci (Genn), Aphis gossypii (Glov) and Spodoptera littoralis. The principal measure for their control is insecticide application. The cost of crop protection soared to ten-fold during the last 20 years. The annual number of sprays applied to cotton increased from one to seven sprays. To overcome the ever increasing use and high costs of pesticides on cotton growing, the Agricultural Research Corporation undertook intensive research programmes to find answers to major crop protection problems. Since 1978 researchers are directing their efforts towards the development and implementation of integrated pest management strategies to include cultural and legislative measures, as well as the use of more selective insecticides. 261 NAL Call. No.: QP609.P78S78 Structure and function of protease inhibitors from legume seeds and cereal grains and their interaction with digestive enzymes of stored product insects. Birk, Y. United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1990. 18 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. "Final report"--Cover. "Project no. I-927-85"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18). Language: English Descriptors: Proteolytic enzyme inhibitors; Insect pests; Biological control 262 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Sudanese experience in integrated pest management of cotton. Abdelrahman, A.A.; Munir, B. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1989. Insect science and its application v. 10 (6): p. 787-794; 1989. Language: English Descriptors: Sudan; Gossypium; Jacobiasca lybica; Bemisia tabaci; Helicoverpa armigera; Aphis gossypii; Trichogramma pretiosum; Parasites of insect pests; Integrated pest management 263 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Suitability of prey infected by nuclear polyhedrosis virus for development, survival and reproduction of the predator Nabis roseipennis (Heteroptera: Nabidae). Ruberson, J.R.; Young, S.Y.; Kring, T.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 20 (5): p. 1475-1479; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Chrysodeixis includens; Larvae; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses; Nabis roseipennis; Biological development; Reproduction; Survival; Biological control agents Abstract: Consumption of nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected prey-larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)-by the predator Nabis roseipennis Reuter variously affected development, survival, and reproduction of the predators. Nymphs fed infected prey larvae developed significantly faster at 25 degrees C than nymphs fed uninfected prey. Nymphal survival was not affected by prey infection. Preoviposition periods were significantly longer for predator females maintained on infected prey throughout their lives than for those receiving uninfected prey during preimaginal or adult (or both) stages. Daily rates of oviposition were highest for females that received uninfected larvae as their nymphal diet, regardless of adult diet. In contrast, total fecundity was greatest for females receiving uninfected prey as adults, regardless of the nymphal diet. The nymphal diet, however, affected total fecundity of females. Consumption of infected larvae by adult predators significantly reduced their longevity, irrespective of the nymphal regimen. 264 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis by Trichogramma nubilale in sweet corn. Prokrym, D.R.; Adnow, D.A.; Ciborowski, J.A.; Sreenivasam, D.D. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jul. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 64 (1): p. 73-85; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Minnesota; Zea mays; Crop damage; Ostrinia nubilalis; Biological control; Trichogramma nubilale; Parasites of insect pests; Rearing techniques 265 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by endophytic Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Bing, L.A.; Lewis, L.C. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Aug. Environmental entomology v. 20 (4): p. 1207-1211; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Beauveria bassiana; Biological control agents; Insect control Abstract: The ubiquitous entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was applied to whorl-stage corn plants, Zea mays L., by foliar application of a granular formulation of conidia and by injection of a conidial suspension. Plants were analyzed at harvest for presence of B. bassiana and for the amount of tunneling by laboratory-reared European corn borer larvae, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). In 1989, 98.3% of the foliarly treated plants, 95.0% of the injected plants, and 33.3% of the nontreated plants were colonized by B. bassiana at harvest. In 1988, there were no significant differences between treatment effects on O. nubilalis tunneling in plants. In 1989, when environmental conditions were more conducive to fungal growth, tunneling was significantly greater in the control plants, followed by the injected and foliarly treated plants. When applied to foliage, B. bassiana provided the greatest amount of O. nubilalis suppression. The entomopathogenic fungus colonized the corn plant at whorl stage, moved within the plant, and persisted to provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis. 266 NAL Call. No.: aS21.R44A7 Suppression of pink bollworm by sterile moth releases. Henneberry, T.J.; Keaveny, D.F. III Beltsville, Md. : The Service; 1985 Apr. ARS - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (32): 78 p.; 1985 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; United states virgin Islands; Gossypium barbadense; Pectinophora gossypiella; Sterile insect release; Air transport; Biological control 267 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Survey of entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) of irrigated grain crops in southwestern Idaho. Feng, M.G.; Johnson, J.B.; Kish, L.P. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 19 (5): p. 1534-1542. ill; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; Zea mays; Aphididae; Entomogenous fungi; Entomophthora; Beauveria bassiana; Verticillium lecanii; Biological control agents 268 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Survival of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) in contact with residues of insecticides in cotton. Powell, J.E.; Scott, W.P. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1990. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. p. 275-277; 1990. Meeting held January 9-14, 1990, Las Vegas, Nevada. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glabromicroplitis croceipes; Biological control agents; Natural enemies; Parasites of insect pests; Insecticide resistance; Insecticide residues; Gossypium hirsutum 269 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Survival of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in contact with residues of insecticides on cotton. Powell, J.E.; Scott, W.P. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 20 (1): p. 346-348; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Glabromicroplitis croceipes; Insecticide residues; Toxicity; Profenofos; Acephate; Parasites of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: Survival of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) adults exposed to residues of insecticides applied at recommended rates to cotton was measured in 1989. In unsprayed cheek treatments, survival was 91.4% after 24 h. The organophosphates profenofos and acephate and the new- generation pyrethroid bifenthrin were highly toxic to M. croceipes. All other compounds tested showed some selectivity, including esfenvalerate, cypermethrin, thiodicarb, oxamyl, dicrotophos, dimethoate, and cyhalothrin in order of decreasing survival. The effectiveness of M. croceipes as a biocontrol agent of the bollworm and tobacco budworm might be improved through selective use of insecticides to which the parasitoid is tolerant. 270 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and five pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to abamectin and seven commercial insecticides. Geden, C.J.; Rutz, D.A.; Scott, J.G.; Long, S.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 435-440; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Musca domestica; Susceptibility; Abamectin; Biological control; Insecticides; Parasites of insect pests Abstract: Assays of five commercial insecticides applied as residual sprays at label rates to plywood indicated the most toxic insecticide overall for pteromalid parasitoids of house flies, Musca domestica L., was Atroban (permethrin), followed by Ciodrin (crotoxyphos), Rabon (tetrachlorvinphos), Ectrin (fenvalerate), and Cygon (dimethoate). Insecticide-susceptible house flies were susceptible to all five insecticides (mortality, 62-100%). Flies that were recently colonized from populations on dairy farms in New York were susceptible only to Rabon. Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) was the most susceptible parasitoid species overall to these insecticides, followed by Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Nasonia vitripennis Walker, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), and Spalangia cameroni Perkins. Compared with susceptible flies, newly colonized flies showed moderate resistance to avermectin B(1a) (abamectin). Abamectin was more toxic to all of the parasitoids except N. vitripennis and S. cameroni than to newly colonized house flies when exposed for 90 min to plywood boards treated with 0.001-0.1% abamectin. Space sprays with Vapona (dichlorvos) killed all of the parasitoids and susceptible flies and 64% of the newly colonized flies when insects were placed directly in the path of the spray; mortality was substantially lower among flies and parasitoids protected under 5 cm of wheat straw. Space sprays with Pyrenone (pyrethrins) killed > 86% of all insects exposed to the spray path except for the newly colonized flies (1% mortality); mortality of insects protected under straw was low (< 12%) except for S. cameroni (76%). Because responses of the five parasitoids to the different insecticides varied considerably, general conclusions about parasitoid susceptibility to active ingredients, insecticide class, or method of application were not possible. 271 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Systematics resources for biological control research. Gordon, R.D.; Schauff, M.E. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 155-159; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Biological control agents; Predators; Parasitoids; Taxonomy 272 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Temperature-dependent developmental rates of Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Morales-Ramos, J.A.; Cate, J.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 22 (1): p. 226-233; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Anthonomus grandis; Biological control; Catolaccus; Parasites of insect pests; Growth rate; Temperature Abstract: The duration of development of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (parasitoid of the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman) was determined at seven constant temperatures. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to test the fit of temperature-dependent developmental rates to the poikilotherm and Logan models. The mean total developmental time of C. grandis was significantly shorter in males than in females. The females completed development in 38.2, 22.5, 18.7, 15.0, 13.3, and 11.8 d from egg to emergence at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 degrees C. Development in males required 32.2, 18.0, 15.3, 13.0, 11.8, and 11.1 d from egg to adult at the same respective temperatures. All individuals were unable to complete development at 36 degrees C, but they developed successfully to the fifth instar at this temperature. No evidence of development was observed at 39 degrees C. The three models tested fitted the data similarly well; however, the Logan 1 model is recommended over Logan 2 because of its simplicity. Developmental rates of the boll weevil and the native parasitoid Bracon mellitor Say are compared with those observed on C. grandis. Implications on the adaptability of C. grandis to the South Texas environment are discussed. 273 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Temperature-dependent functional response of the parasitoid Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) attacking rusty grain beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Flinn, P.W. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 20 (3): p. 872-876; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wheat; Cryptolestes ferrugineus; Larvae; Cephalonomia; Parasites of insect pests; Temperature; Functional responses; Biological control agents Abstract: The effects of host density and temperature on the functional response of the bethylid parasitoid Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan) attacking fourth-instar rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) were examined. Five temperatures and six host densities were used. A type II functional response model was fit separately to each temperature. The maximum attack rate ranged from 7.5 larvae/12 h at 25 degrees C, to 2.9 larvae/12 h at 38 degrees C. Handling time and instantaneous search rate varied with temperature. A new functional response equation was developed in which handling time is a quadratic function of temperature. This equation explained 83% of the variation in attack rate. Although instantaneous search rate was also affected by temperature, it was sufficient to make only handling time a function of temperature because the two parameters were highly correlated. 274 NAL Call. No.: QL461.S65 Texas threshold recommendations in cotton: Sample size and accuracy for Heliothis spp. Walters, M.L.; Jenkins, O.C.; Walker, J.K. College Station, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society; 1990 Sep. The Southwestern entomologist v. 15 (3): p. 346-357; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium; Heliothis; Population dynamics; Insect control; Integrated pest management; Sampling 275 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Three trophic level interactions: allelochemicals, Manduca sexta (L.), and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner. Krischik, V.A.; Barbosa, P.; Reichelderfer, C.F. College Park, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1988 Jun. Environmental entomology v. 17 (3): p. 476-482; 1988 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Manduca sexta; Bacillus thuringiensis; Biological control; Allelopathy; Nicotine; Rutoside; Growth; Insect control Abstract: The role of plant allelochemicals in reducing the ability of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner to kill larvae of Manduca sexta (L.) was studied by comparing the effects of the alkaloid nicotine and the flavonoid rutin on the toxicity of B. thuringiensis. Concentrations of nicotine and rutin reflecting levels found in tobacco and tomato plants (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0% wet weight) were incorporated into the synthetic diet containing 0.001% B. thuringiensis and B. thuringiensis-free diet. Survivorship of M. sexta larvae increased at higher levels of nicotine (0.6, 0.8, 1.0% wet weight), but higher concentrations of rutin did not increase larval survivorship. Experiments on colony growth of B. thuringiensis on nutrient agar containing nicotine or rutin (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9% wet weight) demonstrated that nicotine reduced colony growth to a greater extent than rutin. Consequently, plant allelochemicals potentially are an important factor in reducing larval mortality caused by B. thuringiensis on certain crops. Specialist herbivores that can tolerate high concentrations of allelochemicals may gain protection from pathogens by feeding on plants or plant parts with higher levels of toxins. 276 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 Thwarting one of cotton's nemeses. Senft, D. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1991 Aug. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 39 (8): p. 21-22; 1991 Aug. Language: English Descriptors: California; Cotton; Integrated pest management; Pectinophora gossypiella; Crop damage; Genetic engineering; Sterilization; Sterile insect release; Biological control 277 NAL Call. No.: 421 J826 Transmission of Nosema pyrausta in adult European corn borers. Solter, L.F.; Maddox, J.V.; Onstad, D.W. Duluth, Minn. : Academic Press; 1991 Mar. Journal of invertebrate pathology v. 57 (2): p. 220-226; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Ostrinia nubilalis; Biological control; Disease transmission; Fecundity; Longevity; Mating behavior; Mortality; Nosema pyrausta; Sexual transmission Abstract: The microsporidium Nosema pyrausta causes a chronic disease in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. This disease may be important in the natural regulation of this pest. We performed two studies to investigate transmission of the disease in adult European corn borers. In the first study, adult corn borers became infected when spores were ingested via a water/food source. In the second study, uninfected females and their offspring rarely became infected after the females mated with infected males; however, other sources of contamination could be implicated when infection did occur. We determined that infected males mated as effectively as uninfected males and produced offspring. Levels of infection, however, may influence these capabilities. 278 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Tritrophic relationships of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), a hymenopterous parasitoid (Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh), and resistant and susceptible small grains. Reed, D.K.; Webster, J.A.; Jones, B.G.; Burd, J.D. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jun. Biological control v. 1 (1): p. 35-41; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Avena sativa; Triticum; Triticale; Diuraphis noxia; Pest resistance; Insect control; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Antibiosis; Diaeretiella rapae; Biological control agents; Trophic levels 279 NAL Call. No.: 421 J826 Two new isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis pathogenic to Spodoptera litura. Whitlock, V.H.; Lo, M.C.; Kuo, M.H.; Soong, T.S. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Jul. Journal of invertebrate pathology v. 58 (1): p. 33-39; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Taiwan; Spodoptera litura; Larvae; Mortality; Pupae; Biological control; Insect control; Bacillus thuringiensis; Pathogenicity; Soil bacteria Abstract: Both the standard Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (HD-1) and the formulated commercial product resulted from this strain have shown limited pathogenicity against the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura). However, two new isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (K-2074 and K-2178) isolated from Taiwan have been identified through an active screening program to be highly pathogenic against the tobacco cutworm. In this paper, we present results of characterization and the pathogenicity of these two new isolates. 280 NAL Call. No.: 421 B87 Two new species of Digonogastra Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on Neotropical pyralid borers (Lepidoptera) in maize, sorghum and sugarcane. Wharton, R.A.; Smith, J.W. Jr; Quicke, D.L.J.; Browning, H.W. London : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International; 1989 Sep. Bulletin of entomological research v. 79 (3): p. 401-410; 1989 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Texas; Gramineae; Saccharum officinarum; Sorghum; Zea mays; Diatraea; Eoreuma loftini; Biological control; Braconidae; Descriptions; Male genitalia; Morphology; New species; Parasites of insect pests 281 NAL Call. No.: QH301.A76 Utilization of an endophytic fungus for insect resistance in New Zealand ryegrass. Barker, G.M.; Prestidge, R.A.; Pottinger, R.P. Wellesbourne, Warwick : The Association of Applied Biologists; 1990. Aspects of applied biology (24): p. 279-281; 1990. In the series analytic: The exploitation of micro-organisms in applied biology. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Zealand; Lolium perenne; Crop damage; Crop losses; Pest resistance; Listronotus bonariensis; Larvae; Resistance mechanisms; Acremonium; Fungal spores; Vertical transmission; Biological control agents; Insect control 282 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Utilization of natural enemies of Chilo spp. for management in Africa. Greathead, D.J. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1990. Insect science and its application v. 11 (4/5): p. 749-755; 1990. Special issue: Tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops: a new synthesis / edited by K.N. Saxena and K.V. Seshu Reddy. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Cereal Stem Borer Chilo, July 25-29, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Africa; Chilo; Biological control; Insect control; Microorganisms; Natural enemies Abstract: Knowledge on the natural enemies of graminaceous stem borers is outlined, with special reference to mortality of Chilo spp. as crop pests in Africa. The quantitative scanty information available suggests that over 90% mortality of eggs and larvae takes place before the larvae become established as borers in the crop and that mortality of the older larvae and pupae is much lower. Possible manipulations of natural enemies to increase mortality further are reviewed. In view of the largely negative results of past classical biological control introductions the prospects do not appear very promising. However, the results do indicate some possibilities which should be investigated, notably trials with Apanteles spp. (Braconidae) and intra-continental redistribution of important species with restricted distributions. For short-term biological control, development of microbial biopesticides seems a more promising strategy than augmentation of insect parasitoids by breeding and release, particularly on small farms. A third possibility, enhancement of the action of native natural enemies by environmental manipulation, merits more attention as part of an integrated crop production approach to the improvement of the quantity and reliability of yields for the small farmer. 283 NAL Call. No.: 420 K13 Vertical transmission of two baculoviruses infectious to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using an autodissemination technique. Nordin, G.L.; Brown, G.C.; Jackson, D.M. Lawrence, Kan. : The Society; 1990 Jul. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society v. 63 (3): p. 393-398. ill; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis; Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses; Vertical transmission; Biological control agents; Transovarial transmission 284 NAL Call. No.: 421 J826 Virulence of the nematode (Steinernematids and Heterorhabditis)-Bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp.) complex to the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Glazar, I.; Galper, S.; Sharon, E. Duluth, Minn. : Academic Press; 1991 Jan. Journal of invertebrate pathology v. 57 (1): p. 94-100; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spodoptera littoralis; Larvae; Mortality; Biological control; Entomophilic nematodes; Heterorhabditis; Neoaplectana feltiae; Neoaplectana glaseri; Pathogenicity; Virulence; Xenorhabdus 285 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Volatiles mediating plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions: electroantennogram responses of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens, and a parasitoid, Microplitis demolitor, to green leaf volatiles. Ramachandran, R.; Norris, D.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Aug. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (8): p. 1665-1690; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Chrysodeixis includens; Microplitis demolitor; Volatile compounds; Electroantennograms; Parasitoids; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Electroantennograms were recorded from an herbivore, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a parasitoid, Microplitis demolitor (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), exposed to 5- through 12-carbon aliphatic compounds of several chemical classes. The response of the herbivore was higher for the 6- and/or 7- carbon hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones. The response of the parasitoid was higher for the 7- and 8- carbon hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones. Responses of the herbivore and the parasitoid to alcohols were similar. Both the herbivore and the parasitoid were most sensitive to aldehydes and ketones, and least sensitive to alcohols and hydrocarbons. Responses of the parasitoid to hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones were numerically higher than those of the herbivore. The adaptive significance of differential olfactory sensitivity between the herbivore and the natural enemy is discussed in relation to tritrophic interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies. 286 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N7S3 Wasp attacks tarnished plant bugs. Canton, N.Y. : Agricultural Division, St. Lawrence County Cooperative Extension Association; 1991 Jan. St. Lawrence County agricultural news v. 75 (1): p. 13; 1991 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: Alfalfa; Insect pests; Biological control; Peristenus 287 NAL Call. No.: S27.A3 Wheat aphid] A simple decision support and educational tool for economic management of the Russian wheat aphid infesting winter. Legg, D.E.; Kumar, R. S.l. : The Council; 1992. Great Plains Agricultural Council publication (142): p. 62-65; 1992. Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, January 26-28, 1992, Fort Worth, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Diuraphis noxia; Integrated pest management; Computer programming; Computer software; Insect control 288 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Wheat foliage consumption by grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) infected with Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus. Olfert, O.; Erlandson, M.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Dec. Environmental entomology v. 20 (6): p. 1720-1724; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Melanoplus sanguinipes; Entomopoxvirus; Feeding behavior; Biological control agents Abstract: First-instar grasshoppers infected with Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus consumed 25% less food within 5 d (75 degree-days (DD), base 10 degrees C) after inoculation with 5 X 10(3) virus occlusion bodies. Grasshoppers ate 25 and 40% less food by the end of the second week (200 DD, base 10 degrees C) after being infected as first instars with 5 X 10(2) and 5 X 10(3) occlusion bodies per individual, respectively. When infected as third instars with 1 X 10(4) and 1 X 10(5) occlusion bodies per individual, grasshoppers ate 20 and 35% less food by the second week of the study, respectively. The mean amount of food consumed by infected grasshoppers over the course of the study was 36, 31, 76, and 57% that of noninfected grasshoppers at dosages of 5 X 10(2) or 5 X 10(3) occlusion bodies per first instar, and 1 X 10(4) or 1 X 10(5) occlusion bodies per third instar. This study suggests that an application of entomopoxvirus to first-instar grasshoppers will reduce their damage potential by causing initial mortality, by reducing the amount of plant material consumed by the surviving grasshoppers, and by preventing grasshopper maturation and reproduction (at higher doses). The negative influence of entomopoxvirus on grasshoppers in the interim between infection and death is integral to future evaluations of its potential as a crop protection measure. 289 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Winter cover crop suppression practices and natural enemies of armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in no-till corn. Laub, C.A.; Luna, J.M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 21 (1): p. 41-49; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Zea mays; Mythimna unipuncta; Biological control; Glyptapanteles militaris; Natural enemies; Parasites of insect pests; Tachinidae; Cover crops; Secale cereale; Mowing; Paraquat; Insect control Abstract: Rye, Secale cereale L., used as a winter cover crop was killed by the herbicide paraquat or by mowing with a rotary mower. In subsequent no-till corn, Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Periscepsia laevigata (Wulp) (Diptera: Tachinidae) were the most abundant of twelve species of parasitoids that emerged from field- collected larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth). No effects of cover crop suppression practices were detected for parasitism rates for any individual species or for total armyworm parasitism. Seasonal parasitism rates ranged from 32 to 45%. Higher numbers of Pterostichus spp. and Scarites spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) occurred early in the corn season in the mowed cover crop treatment compared with the herbicide killed cover crop treatment. Subsequent reduction of larval densities of armyworm in mowed plots following higher predator densities suggests the role of these generalist predators in biological control of armyworm. AUTHOR INDEX Abd El-Salam, N.M. 66 Abdelrahman, A.A. 262 Adir, H.M. 37 Adnow, D.A. 264 Afun, J.V.K. 34 Ahmed, M.A. 260 Ajayi, O. 209 Akinsola, E.A. 164 Alfatafa, A.A. 100 Alfatafta, A.A. 52 Alghali, A.M. 143 Ali, M. 144 All, J.N. 130 Allison, D. 240 Alston, D.G. 230 Amutalla, P.A. 224 Arbogast, R.T. 147 Arnold, D.C. 93 Ashley, T.R. 150 Attique, M.R. 144 Bahana, J.W. 23 Bai, B. 73 Baldwin, J.L. 15, 54 Bandong, J.P. 69 Barbosa, P. 91, 131, 275 Barker, G.M. 281 Barrett, G.W. 85 Bartelt, R.J. 102 Baty, J. 193 Bayon, I. 121 Behle, R.W. 84 Bell, M.R. 257 Bellows, T.S. Jr 59 Bennett, A.L. 220 Bennett, L.E. 177 Berry, J.S. 98 Bethke, J.A. 72 Bidochka, M.J. 89 Bing, L.A. 19, 265 Birk, Y. 261 Bjostad, L.B. 156 Boethel, D.J. 207 Bong, C.F.J. 113 Borman, S. 17 Bottrell, D.G. 175, 179 Bouncher, J. 112 Bradfisch, G.A. 194 Bradley, J.R. Jr 230 Bridges, D.C. 122 Brinkley, C.K. 212 Brobyn, P.J. 74 Brooks, G.W. 251 Brower, J.H. 114 Brown, G.C. 18, 283 Brownbridge, M. 178, 180, 235, 244 Browning, H.W. 280 Broza, M. 178 Brust, G.E. 79, 173, 250 Buckley, P.M. 237 Bugg, R.L. 50 Bungu, M.D.O. 137 Buntin, G.D. 122, 146 Burd, J.D. 278 Burris, G. 138 Cabanillas, H.E. 221 Cabunagan, R.C. 141 Campion, D.G. 144, 159 Carlson, R.E. 120 Carpenter, J.E. 81, 256 Cate, J.R. 110, 228, 272 Chamberlain, D.J. 144 Chamberlin, J.R. 130 Chandler, L.D. 60, 103, 157 Chaplin, J.W. 253 Chard, J.M. 193 Chen, P. 258 Cheng, W.Y. 123 Chiang, H.C. 172 Chiverton, P.A. 35 Chu, C.C. 71 Ciborowski, J.A. 264 Cishabayo, D. 247 Clement, S.L. 21, 172 Coble, H.D. 230 Coll, M. 175, 179 Collar, C. 231 Cook, O. F. 233 Cooke, L. 32 Critchley, B.R. 144, 159 Cunfer, B.M. 122 Cushman, R. A. 132 Cutler, K. 31 Dandurand, L.M. 174 Danon, Vladimir 30 David, H. 27 Davidson, E.C. 118 Davis, F.M. 237 Davis, P.M. 97 Day, E.R. 94 Dean, A. 66 Dean, D.A. 62 Dedryver, C.A. 128 Dela Cruz, C.G. 69 Dennis, P. 106 Dicko, I.O. 153 Donovan, W.P. 38 Doolittle, R.E. 155 DuRant, J.A. 199 Dutcher, J.D. 50 Easwaramoorthy, S. 27 Edwards, G.B. 255 Ekbom, B.S. 35 El Amin, E.T.M. 260 El Hag, E.T.A. 217 El Titi, A. 162 El-Singaby, N.R. 63 El-Zik, K.M. 45 Elliott, N.C. 33, 42, 93 Erlandson, M.A. 288 Ervin, R.T. 212 Eschen, D.J. 11, 174 Espelie, K.E. 78 Everest, J.W. �4 Everett, S.L. 52, 100 Felton, G.W. 61 Feng, M.C. 208 Feng, M.G. 22, 88, 181, 201, 267 Ferro, D.N. 101, 191 Fescemyer, H.W. 161 Fick, G.W. 203 Fischhoff, D.A. 168 Flanders, R.V. 33, 93 Flanders, Robert 239 Flinn, P.W. 273 Forschler, B.T. 61 Forster, L. 73 Frank, W.A. 86 French, B.W. 93 Fuxa, J.R. 151 Gage, S.H. 111 Gahukar, R.T. 47 Galper, S. 284 Gaugler, R. 76, 183 Gawron-Burke, M.C. 38 Geden, C.J. 270 Georgis, R. 76 Ghaffar, A. 144 Giebink, B. 169, 170 Gilstrap, F. 107, 121 Gilstrap, F.E. 1, 124, 205, 246, 251 Glazar, I. 284 Glazer, I. 43 Gonzalez, D. 1, 107, 124, 242 Gordon, R.D. 271 Graves, J.B. 15, 54, 138 Greathead, D.J. 282 Gross, P. 131 Guang, L.Q. 115 Guerra, A.A. 125, 213 Gunawardena, N.E. 248 Haas, M.J. 129 Halbert, S.E. 181, 201 Hall, F.R. 46 Hanson, F.E. 161 Hara, A.H. 28, 183 Hardee, D.D. 53, 171, 257 Hardin, B. 182 Harman, J.L. 52, 100 Harmer, S.L. 194 Hasanuddin, A. 141 Hayden, T.P. 89 Hazzard, R.V. 101 Heath, R.R. 155, 196 Hedin, P.A. 80, 210, 237 Hegazi, E.M. 63 Hein, G.L. 33 Henneberry, T. J. 139 Henneberry, T.J. 71, 216, 266 Herath, H.M.W.K.B. 248 Herbert, D.A. 94 Hibbard, B.E. 156 Hibino, H. 141 Higley, L.G. 192 Hinds, W. E. 225 Hodgson, C.J. 34 Hoffmann, D.F. 216 Holder, W. 39 Holtzer, T.O. 98 Hood, Clifford E. 132 Hopper, K.R. 254 Horak, E. 223 Irwin, M.E. 90 Isenhour, D.J. 78 Jackai, L.E.N. 34 Jackson, D.M. 18, 197, 283 Janssne, J.A.M. 73 Jech, L.F. 216 Jenkins, J.N. 80, 259 Jenkins, O.C. 274 Johansen, C. 9, 140 Johnson, D.R. 55 Johnson, D.W. 18 Johnson, G.D. 190 Johnson, J.B. 11, 22, 181, 201, 267 Johnson, J.W. 146 Johnson, M.W. 28 Johnson, T.B. 38 Jones, B.G. 278 Jones, T.H. 99 Karner, M.A. 33 Kauffman, W.C. 195 Kaya, H.K. 76, 183 Keaster, A.J. 172 Keaveny, D.F. III 266 Kemp, J.C. 85 Kemper, J. 131 Khachatourians, G.G. 89 Khidr, A.A. 159 Kieckhefer, R.W. 93 Kilori, J. 222 Kilori, J.T. 137 Kindler, S.D. 93, 149 King, E.G. 95, 226, 254 Kinney, K. 102 Kinzel, B. 232 Kish, L.P. 267 Klein, M. 43 Klubertanz, T.H. 120 Klun, J.A. 92 Knauf, T.A. 185 Knudsen, G.R. 11, 174 Knutson, A.E. 246 Kring, T.J. 24, 188, 205, 218, 263 Krischik, V.A. 275 Krueger, H.R. 46 Kuhlman, Donald E. 2 Kumar, R. 287 Kuo, M.H. 279 Lacewell, R.D. 67, 108 Lajeunesse, S.E. 190 Lame, M.L. 13 Landis, D. 169, 170, 211 Landis, D.A. 111, 129 LaRoche, S.L. 195 Larson, L.V. 37 Laster, M.L. 171 Laub, C.A. 289 Laubscher, J.M. 58 Lebeck, L.M. 28, 183 Lee, M.R. 118 Lee, R.E. Jr 118 Legg, D.E. 177, 287 Leonard, B.R. 138 Lester, D.G. 21 Levine, E. 104, 167 Lewis, L.C. 19, 40, 102, 265 Lewis, W.J. 117 Lidell, M.C. 64 Lin, G.Q. 87 Lin, H. 119 Linker, M. 142 Litsinger, J.A. 69 Liu, L.Y. 87 Lo, M.C. 279 Loera, J. 221 Lomas, J. 74 Long, D.W. 138 Long, S.J. 270 Lubega, M.C. 206 Luck, R.F. 73 Lumaban, M.D. 69 Luna, J.M. 289 Lynch, R.E. 152, 153, 154 Maddox, J.V. 65, 277 Malvar, T. 38 Manley, D.G. 133, 134 Manwan, I. 141 Mardell, S.K. 74 Maredia, K.M. 111 Mask, P. 4 Masud, S.M. 67 Mayer, D.F. 140 McCarthy, J.C. 210 McClendon, R.W. 68, 176 McConnell, J.A. 218 McCutcheon, G.S. 160 McGovern, W.L. 249 McGuire, M.R. 6, 96, 102 McKinlay, R.G. 193 McKinnon, L. 107 McKinnon, L.K. 1, 124 McNeill, P.J. 50 McVeigh, L.J. 159 Medvecky, B.A. 49 Menn, J.J. 227 Mercadier, G. 148 Meyer, J.A. 231 Meyer, W.L. 184 Michels, G. 121 Michels, G.J. Jr 33, 84 Micinski, S. 138 Minja, E.M. 165 Mitchell, E.R. 75, 196 Moawad, G. 159 Mohammad Shalid 139 Mohyuddin, A.I. 26 Morales-Ramos, J.A. 95, 110, 228, 272 Mullen, M.A. 147 Mullens, B.A. 231 Mullin, C.A. 52, 100 Mumford, J.D. 99 Munir, B. 262 Nafus, D.M. 234 Nakache, Y. 43 Navon, A. 43 Nechols, J.R. 93 Nel, A. 220 Neupane, F.P. 12 Ngode, L. 136 Nordin, G.L. 18, 283 Norman, J.M. 98 Norris, D.M. 12, 285 North, D.T. 249 Norton, G.A. 99 Nowierski, R.M. 88, 208 Noyes, J.S. 51 Nuessly, G.S. 72 Nyffeler, M. 62 O'Brien, P.J. 15, 53, 138 O'Neil, R.J. 109, 245 Ochieng-Odero, J.P.R. 137 Odero, T.A. 224 Odhiambo, R.C. 222 Odhiambo, T.R. 16 Odindo, M.O. 163, 215, 222, 224, 243 Odom, Hilary 239 Okeyo, A.P. 136 Okurut-Akol, F.H. 229 Olfert, O. 288 Oloo, G.W. 115, 222, 236 Oloumi-Sadeghi, H. 104, 167 Omolo, E.O. 136 Onstad, D.W. 65, 277 Onyango, F.O. 137 Onyango, T. 244 Opondo-Mbai, M. 224 Orellana M, G.J. 105 Orson, J.H. 145 Otieno, W.A. 222 Ott, S.L. 146 Ouedraogo, A.P. 153, 154 Overholt, W.A. 41 Paine, T.D. 72 Pair, S.D. 221 Panduro, A.P. 91 Parajulee, M.N. 158 Parencia, C.R. 204 Parrott, W.L. 80 Patterson, M.G. 4 Paul, K.B. 247 Peairs, F.B. 184, 241 Pedigo, L.P. 97, 120 Pereira, R.M. 10 Perfecto, I. 14, 126 Phelan, P.L. 119 Phillips, T.W. 158 Pierce, W. Dwight 132 Pierre, J.S. 128 Pike, K.S. 21, 240 Plapp, F.W. Jr 20 Poprawski, T.J. 148, 184 Pottinger, R.P. 281 Powell, D.A. 59 Powell, J.E. 171, 226, 254, 268, 269 Power, A.G. 203 Prestidge, R.A. 281 Prokrym, D.R. 264 Proveaux, A.T. 155 Purcell, M. 28 Qualset, C.O. 242 Quicke, D.L.J. 280 Rajabalee, A. 166 Rajapakse, R.H.S. 150 Ramachandran, R. 285 Raulston, J.R. 221 Redak, R.A. 72 Reed, D.K. 33, 42, 93, 149, 278 Reed, H.C. 42 Reed, J.P. 46 Rees, D.P. 77 Reichelderfer, C.F. 275 Reid, C.D. 5 Reynoso, T.Y. 71 Riggin, T.M. 78 Robacker, K.M. 213 Roberts, D.W. 10 Robinson, J. 219, 238 Robinson, J.R.C. 67, 108 Rodenhouse, N.L. 85 Rodriguez-del-Bosque, L.A. 200 Rolston, L. H. 198 Ruberson, J.R. 263 Rupar, M.J. 38 Rutz, D.A. 270 Sajap, A.S. 40 Sama, S. 141 Sands, D.C. 88 Saxena, K.N. 136 Scharen, A.L. 88 Schauff, M.E. 271 Scheepmaker, J.W.A. 117 Schmitt, D.P. 230 Schmitz, V. 128 Schreiner, I.H. 234 Schuster, M.F. 64 Schwarz, M. 92 Scott, J.G. 270 Scott, W.P. 204, 268, 269 Scriber, J.M. 111 Sechser, B. 189 Senft, D. 276 Serino, A.A. 52, 100 Seshu Reddy, K.V. 56, 136, 206 Severson, R.F. 197 Shaaban, M.A. 63 Shani, A. 8 Sharma, H.C. 116 Sharon, E. 284 Shasha, B.S. 6, 96, 102 Showers, W.B. 172 Shultz, T.A. 231 Siegel, J.P. 65 Sikorowski, P.P. 113 Sisson, V.A. 197 Slaney, A.C. 38 Slosser, J.E. 86 Smith, J. 69 Smith, J.W. 204, 249 Smith, J.W. Jr 41, 200, 280 Sneh, B. 178 Snodgrass, G.L. 57 Solter, L.F. 277 Soong, T.S. 279 Sparks, A.N. 172 Springer, T.L. 149 Sreenivasam, D.D. 264 Stansly, P.A. 105 Stary, P. 107, 124 Steffey, Kevin Lloyd, 2 Steinkraus, D.C. 24, 188 Stephens, B. 73 Stephenson, M.G. 197 Sterling, W.L. 62, 66, 212 Stinner, B.R. 83 Streett, D.A. 96 Strong-Gunderson, J.M. 118 Sullivan, M.J. 253 Sum, K.O.S. 206 Summers, C.G. 242 Szmedra, P.I. 68, 176 Taksdal, G. 44 Terry, L.I. 202 Tester, C.F. 127 Thomas, M.B. 70 Thresh, J.M. 90 Tingle, F.C. 75, 196 Tollefson, S. 135 Tonhasca, A. Jr 83 Trutmann, P. 247 Tugwell, N.P. 188 Tumlinson, J.H. 117, 155 Turlings, T.C.J. 117, 155 Uebel, E.C. 92 United States, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs, United States, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Professional Development Center 239 United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund 261 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Cooperative Extension Service 3 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Cooperative Extension Service, Illinois, Natural History Survey Division 2 Vail, P.V. 216 Vega, F.E. 91 Vet, L.E.M. 117 Villalobos, F.J. 214 Villavaso, E.J. 249 Von Wechmar, M.B. 58 Waddill, V.H. 150 Walker, C.B. 33 Walker, J.K. 274 Walters, M.L. 274 Wang, R. 107 Wang, Z.G. 174 Warshaw, A.R. 48 Weber, D.C. 191 Webster, J.A. 278 Weinzierl, R. 36 Weinzierl, Richard A. 3 Wetzstein, M.E. 68 Wharton, R.A. 1, 124, 280 Wheatley, J.A.C. 207 Whitlock, V.H. 279 Wiedenmann, R.N. 245 Wiktelius, S. 35 Wilding, N. 74 Williams, W.P. 237 Wilson, A.D.� 21 Wilson, J.A. Jr 199 Wintersteen, W.K. 192 Wiseman, B.R. 81, 256 Witkowski, J.F. 172 Wolfersberger, M.G. 186 Wolley, J. 107 Woolley, J.B. 1, 124 Woronecki, P.P. 229 Wraight, S.P. 148, 184 Wratten, S.D. 70, 74, 106 Wright, J.E. 60, 103, 157 Yearian, W.C. 24 Young, J.E.B. 99 Young, O.P. 255 Young, S.Y. 24, 61, 263 Yu, D.S. 82 Zaki, M. 159 Zalom, F.G. 49 Zareh, N. 107 Zdarkova, E. 223 Zehnder, G.W. 94 Zeng, Z. 208 Zhang, A. 187 Zhang, G. 107 Zhang, J. 107 Zhang, Z.Q. 258 Zimmerman, D.M. 85 Zuniga, E. 25 SUBJECT INDEX Abamectin 270 Acephate 269 Acremonium 21, 281 Acyrthosiphon kondoi 50 Acyrthosiphon pisum 50 Adaptation 161 Adhesion 6 Adjuvants 96 Advisory centers 94 Aerial application 257 Africa 47, 163, 164, 189, 238, 282 Agathis (hymenoptera) 199 Age 110 Aggregation pheromones 87 Agricultural regions 68 Agricultural research 47 Agropyron 190 Agrotis ipsilon 46, 83, 104, 169, 170 Air 8 Air transport 266 Alberta 82 Aldehydes 248 Alfalfa 286 Alginates 10 Alkaloids 131 Alkanes 248 Allelochemicals 80, 131, 196 Allelopathy 275 Allorhogas 41 Alloxysta 205 Alpha-tocopherol 12 Alternative farming 85 Alternative hosts 230 America 238 Amino acid sequences 38 Amino acids 80, 186, 237 Amylases 31 Analogs 92, 161 Animal behavior 92, 150 Animal competition 150 Anisopteromalus calandrae 147 Antagonists 194 Anthocoridae 158 Anthonomus grandis 60, 68, 86, 95, 103, 110, 125, 157, 204, 210, 212, 213, 226, 228, 249, 259, 272 Antibiosis 278 Anticarsia gemmatalis 151 Antifeedants 52, 100, 131 Apanteles diatraeae 200 Aphelinidae 201 Aphelinus 82, 190, 205 Aphelinus asychis 33, 148 Aphididae 70, 88, 90, 133, 201, 267 Aphidius colemani 33 Aphidius ervi 208 Aphidius matricariae 33, 42, 93 Aphidoidea 11, 15, 58, 111, 217 Aphis craccivora 34 Aphis gossypii 15, 53, 57, 188, 258, 260, 262 Apion 220 Apis mellifera 9 Application 3 Application date 34, 71, 74, 178 Application methods 4 Application rates 4 Aprostocetus diplosidis 251 Arachis hypogaea 79, 152, 153, 154, 250 Araneae 66, 255 Arizona 135, 202, 266 Arkansas 24, 188 Arthropod pests 47, 85, 116, 144 Asaphes lucens 205 Ash 49 Astigmata 223 Australia 51, 238 Autographa californica 18 Availability 111 Avena sativa 278 Avermectins 227 Azadirachtin 227 Bacillus thuringiensis 6, 19, 20, 38, 102, 178, 180, 182, 193, 227, 235, 244, 275, 279 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai 37 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki 49, 186 Bacteria 222 Barium 186 Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus 90 Bassus 123 Beauveria 123 Beauveria bassiana 10, 11, 19, 60, 86, 89, 103, 157, 174, 182, 246, 265, 267 Beauveria brongniartii 89 Bembidion lampros 35 Bemisia tabaci 59, 72, 260, 262 Beneficial arthropods 230 Beneficial insects 36, 219, 232, 240 Benomyl 247 Bioassays 75, 156, 157, 180, 197 Biological control 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 59, 60, 64, 66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 96, 100, 103, 105, 109, 110, 117, 118, 119, 125, 126, 128, 132, 136, 137, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 171, 178, 179, 180, 185, 187, 190, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 205, 207, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 257, 258, 261, 264, 266, 270, 272, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 284, 285, 286, 289 Biological control agents 11, 21, 22, 25, 28, 33, 37, 41, 42, 46, 48, 50, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 72, 76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 93, 98, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131, 147, 148, 158, 173, 174, 175, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 195, 199, 200, 201, 208, 212, 216, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226, 231, 232, 234, 236, 246, 254, 255, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 273, 278, 281, 283, 288 Biological development 263 Biotechnology 7 Body weight 40 Boll weevil 132, 225, 233 Bolls 71, 159 Bombyx mori 115 Bracon hebetor 123 Bracon mellitor 125, 213 Braconidae 63, 160, 201, 280 Brassica napus 44 Burkina faso 152, 153, 154 Busseola fusca 49, 115, 137, 222 Calcium 186 Calcium ions 194 California 59, 71, 231, 242, 276 Canada 167, 190 Captan 247 Carabidae 46, 173 Carbaryl 96 Carbendazim 247 Carbofuran 126 Carya illinoensis 50 Catolaccus 95, 110, 125, 228, 272 Celama sorghiella 130 Cephalonomia 273 Cereals 11, 25, 51, 58, 70, 88, 145, 162, 163, 165, 178, 180, 219, 242 Chelonus insularis 150 Chemical composition 8 Chemical control 34, 49, 53, 69, 97, 99, 143, 159, 165, 166, 209, 211, 227, 234, 260 Chemoreceptors 161 Cheyletus eruditus 223 Chilo 16, 26, 27, 56, 164, 166, 206, 215, 235, 282 Chilo orichalcociliellus 165 Chilo partellus 23, 115, 137, 163, 165, 180, 215, 222, 224, 236, 243, 244 Chilo sacchariphagus 165 China 107, 187 Chlorfenvinphos 44 Chlorpyrifos 46, 126 Chrysodeixis includens 263, 285 Clavibacter xyli 127 Clavigralla tomentosicollis 143 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis 69 Coastal areas 105 Coccinella 217 Coccinella septempunctata 50, 111, 218 Coccinella undecimpunctata 217 Coccinellidae 50, 195 Cold resistance 118 Coleomegilla maculata 101, 175 Coleoptera 38, 173 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 247 Colorado 33, 184 Computer analysis 212 Computer hardware 177 Computer programming 287 Computer software 177, 287 Conidia 74, 157 Conidiobolus obscurus 89 Conidiobolus thromboides 22 Coniesta ignefusalis 209 Contarinia sorghicola 251 Control 3 Copidosoma 51 Corn 30, 198 Corridor systems 85 Cost benefit analysis 34, 66, 69, 212 Cost effectiveness analysis 146 Costs 68, 192 Cotesia 131 Cotesia flavipes 41 Cotesia marginiventris 17, 78, 117, 150, 155 Cotton 210, 225, 276 Cover crops 50, 289 Crop damage 14, 19, 34, 44, 46, 49, 69, 146, 169, 170, 193, 229, 238, 250, 256, 264, 276, 281 Crop growth stage 143 Crop losses 51, 66, 133, 134, 157, 281 Crop management 171 Crop production 135, 212 Crop quality 135 Crop residues 127 Crop yield 34, 44, 69, 71, 85, 143, 144, 159, 234, 247, 250 Cross pollination 159 Cryptolestes ferrugineus 118, 273 Cryptolestes pusillus 118 Cucumis sativus 59 Cultivars 16, 44, 116, 141, 143, 146, 164, 207, 259 Cultural control 54, 56, 99, 141, 166, 167, 234, 250, 260 Curculionidae 7, 185 Cycloneda 33 Cypermethrin 143 Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses 113 Dairy cattle 231 Dalbulus elimatus 91 Dalbulus maidis 14, 91, 126 Ddt 49 Decision making 34, 69, 97, 212 Decomposition 127 Defense 248 Defoliants 71 Defoliation 71, 105 Delia coarctata 99 Delia floralis 44 Delia radicum 44 Deltas 68 Deraeocoris 57 Descriptions 51, 280 Desiccants 43 Desmodium 196 Destruxins 194 Developmental stages 251 Diabrotica barberi 167 Diabrotica undecimpunctata 48 Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi 10, 79, 173, 250 Diabrotica virgifera 6, 52, 83, 100, 156, 167 Diaeretiella rapae 42, 93, 149, 205, 278 Diagnosis 58 Diapause 82, 172, 234 Diatomite 49 Diatraea 200, 280 Diatraea grandiosella 41, 182, 246 Diazinon 247 Diet 78 Dimethoate 34, 143 Dinoderus minutus 77 Diptera 91, 184 Discrimination 63 Disease resistance 259 Disease transmission 90, 141, 277 Disease vectors 90, 91, 141 Diseases and injuries 3 Diseases and pests 198, 225 Dispersal 65 Disulfoton 146 Diuraphis 190 Diuraphis noxia 1, 11, 21, 22, 33, 42, 58, 82, 93, 107, 121, 124, 148, 149, 177, 181, 184, 190, 195, 219, 238, 240, 241, 242, 271, 278, 287 Dosage 44 Double cropping 122 Doughs 119 Dry beans 211 Dry conditions 88 Earias insulana 43 East Africa 165 Ecology 111 Econometric models 69 Economic analysis 67, 108, 192 Economic impact 212 Economic thresholds 34, 69, 234, 242 Ecosystems 126, 164 Ecuador 105 Egypt 159 Eldana saccharina 115 Electroantennograms 285 Elymus trachycaulus 149 Emergence 97 Enantiomers 87 Encapsulation 6, 96, 102 Encarsia formosa 72 Endophytes 21 Endosulfan 49, 247 Endotoxins 127, 186 England 106 Entomogenous fungi 88, 89, 95, 181, 184, 185, 213, 222, 267 Entomopathogenic bacteria 20, 38 Entomopathogenic protozoa 224 Entomopathogens 214, 230 Entomophilic nematodes 43, 76, 104, 183, 284 Entomophthora 184, 267 Entomophthora planchoniana 74 Entomophthorales 22, 88 Entomopoxvirus 96, 288 Environmental factors 110 Environmental impact 47, 192 Eoreuma loftini 280 Ephestia cautella 8, 114 Ephestia kuehniella 73 Epidemiology 90, 141 Epilachna varivestis 109, 245 Equations 208 Eretmocerus 59 Erynia 22 Erynia neoaphidis 74, 89, 128 Erynia radicans 148 Ethanol production 7 Eulophidae 220 Eupelmus 64 Eupelmus australiensis 251 Euphorbia pulcherrima 72 European corn borer 30, 198, 198 Expert systems 99 Extracts 75 Farm inputs 69 Farmers 136 Fecundity 40, 110, 128, 277 Federal programs 68 Feeding behavior 12, 62, 101, 130, 229, 237, 288 Fertility 59 Fiber 237 Field crops 2, 36, 192, 203 Field experimentation 105 Field tests 55, 60, 180 Floodlands 143 Fodder 143 Foliar application 243 Foliar spraying 143 Fonofos 46 Food composition 119 Forage crops 2 Formicidae 14, 126, 250 Formulations 6, 10, 19, 60, 96, 102, 159, 163 Frankliniella 50 Functional responses 110, 273 Fungal antagonists 45 Fungal diseases 67 Fungal spores 281 Fungicides 45, 247, 252 Fungus control 162 Funnel traps 144 Fusarium oxysporum 247 Gamma radiation 81 Genes 38, 127 Genetic control 141 Genetic engineering 31, 276 Genetic resistance 238 Genetic transformation 127 Genetic variation 127 Genotypes 78, 116, 238 Geographical distribution 51, 64, 166, 234 Georgia 50, 78, 122, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154, 172, 256 Gibbium psylloides 118 Glabromicroplitis croceipes 171, 254, 268, 269 Gliocladium roseum 182 Glischrochilus 119 Glischrochilus quadrisignatus 119 Glycine max 12, 61, 85, 94, 105, 109, 120, 122, 151, 207, 230, 245, 252, 253 Glyptapanteles militaris 289 Goniozus 123 Gossypium 13, 37, 43, 57, 66, 110, 125, 157, 159, 168, 189, 196, 210, 227, 228, 258, 260, 262, 272, 274 Gossypium barbadense 266 Gossypium hirsutum 15, 20, 24, 32, 45, 47, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 71, 80, 86, 95, 103, 108, 135, 138, 144, 171, 176, 185, 188, 202, 204, 212, 213, 220, 226, 249, 254, 257, 259, 268, 269 Gossypol 80 Grain 3, 34, 69, 143 Grain crops 89 Grain stores 31, 77, 118, 147, 158, 223, 232 Gramineae 51, 56, 178, 280 Granules 19 Great Britain 145 Gross margins 69 Growth 174, 275 Growth models 68, 97 Growth rate 272 Growth stages 251 Habitat selection 111 Habitats 70, 111 Hawaii 28, 59, 183 Heat sums 97 Helianthus annuus 52, 100 Helicoverpa armigera 43, 260, 262 Helicoverpa zea 5, 24, 28, 32, 61, 73, 81, 94, 113, 130, 171, 191, 196, 204, 212, 216, 221, 226, 229, 230, 254, 257, 269 Heliothis 274, 283 Heliothis subflexa 196 Heliothis virescens 18, 20, 24, 32, 57, 75, 80, 171, 194, 196, 197, 204, 212, 216, 226, 254, 257, 259, 269 Hemiptera 66 Herbicides 4, 252 Heterodera glycines 230 Heterorhabditis 183, 284 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 7, 76 Hippodamia 84 Hippodamia convergens 50 Hippodamia variegata 33, 217 Histopathology 113 Honey-getting capacity 159 Honeybees 159 Hordenine 131 Hordeum vulgare 90, 184, 190, 193, 201, 219, 238, 267 Host parasite relationships 63, 72, 110, 131, 150 Host preferences 115 Host specificity 72 Host-seeking behavior 110, 117, 155, 245 Hosts of plant pests 16, 165, 234 Hydrellia philippina 69 Hymenoptera 41, 64, 184 Hypera postica 29 Hyphae 174 Ice nucleation 118 Ichneumonidae 23, 129, 160 Idaho 11, 181, 201, 208, 240, 267 Illinois 3, 5, 65, 102, 104, 277 Immunofluorescence 58 In vitro 125 In vitro culture 213 Incidence 64 Indiana 245 Infection 74, 128 Infestation 94, 143, 229 Inhibition 92, 186, 194 Insect attractants 119, 156, 191 Insect control 4, 8, 12, 20, 34, 47, 49, 53, 55, 56, 69, 73, 75, 80, 87, 92, 95, 96, 97, 100, 111, 117, 119, 137, 143, 155, 156, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 169, 170, 171, 178, 179, 182, 194, 196, 197, 201, 203, 204, 210, 212, 213, 216, 217, 219, 226, 227, 229, 234, 236, 237, 240, 241, 247, 248, 253, 265, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 282, 285, 287, 289 Insect growth regulators 227 Insect pests 2, 3, 4, 31, 53, 55, 62, 76, 103, 105, 108, 109, 123, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 143, 150, 152, 153, 154, 169, 170, 174, 179, 185, 189, 192, 202, 203, 211, 212, 226, 227, 241, 247, 249, 252, 255, 257, 261, 286 Insect repellents 156, 248 Insect traps 119, 167 Insect viruses 58, 215, 222 Insecticidal action 19, 126, 157 Insecticide residues 268, 269 Insecticide resistance 47, 138, 268 Insecticides 4, 15, 20, 46, 53, 54, 69, 99, 108, 134, 144, 159, 167, 169, 170, 189, 192, 202, 211, 227, 234, 252, 253, 270 Insects 54, 253 Integrated control 44, 56, 141, 144, 145, 159, 162, 203 Integrated pest management 9, 13, 16, 34, 39, 45, 48, 53, 54, 67, 68, 69, 71, 81, 85, 90, 94, 97, 99, 108, 112, 113, 116, 122, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 146, 152, 153, 154, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 176, 177, 189, 191, 192, 202, 203, 204, 206, 209, 226, 227, 235, 241, 247, 253, 255, 256, 259, 260, 262, 274, 276, 287 Interactions 80, 126, 147, 149, 237 Intercropping 16, 83, 136 Interspecific competition 150 Ion transport 194 Iowa 19, 120, 172, 265 Iran 107 Irrigated conditions 14, 88 Irrigation 250 Irrigation scheduling 71 Isolation 156, 180 Jacobiasca lybica 260, 262 Jars 8 Jiangsu 258 Kansas 93 Kazakh ssr 82 Kelep 233 Kentucky 18 Kenya 23, 49, 115, 136, 163, 178, 180, 206, 215, 222, 224, 236, 244 Labor costs 69 Laboratory rearing 84, 137, 158, 224, 228 Laboratory tests 114 Lambda-cyhalothrin 34 Landscape 129 Larvae 40, 63, 78, 84, 97, 102, 113, 150, 160, 172, 186, 193, 230, 234, 244, 245, 246, 263, 273, 279, 281, 284 Lasius 173 Leaf spotting 247 Leafhoppers 211 Leaves 127, 197, 230, 237 Legislation 260 Lepidoptera 17, 163, 168 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 101 Leucopis 195 Life cycle 29, 169, 170, 234 Life history 42 Life tables 179 Light traps 94 Lines 165 Lint 71 Listronotus bonariensis 281 Literature reviews 26, 27, 47, 56, 116, 165, 166, 167, 203, 206, 226, 227, 234 Lixophaga 199 Lixophaga diatraeae 123 Lolium perenne 21, 281 Longevity 40, 59, 78, 228, 277 Loss prevention 69 Louisiana 15, 54, 151, 249 Lycopersicon esculentum 61 Lydella thompsoni 199 Lygus 226 Lysiphlebus testaceipes 15, 205 Macrocentrus 41 Macrocentrus grandii 65 Maize 77, 147 Maize rayado fino marafivirus 91 Maize starch 10 Male genitalia 280 Manduca sexta 73, 131, 186, 275 Maruca testulalis 34, 143, 222 Maryland 175, 179 Mass rearing 115, 125 Mathematical models 110, 192, 245 Mating behavior 277 Mating disruption 144, 166 Mauritius 166 Mayetiola destructor 64, 122, 146 Medicago sativa 9, 29, 111, 140 Megachile rotundata 9 Megalurothrips sjostedti 34 Melanoplus sanguinipes 96, 288 Meloidogyne incognita 259 Melolontha 214 Membrane potential 194 Membranes 186 Mermithidae 187 Mesostigmata 173, 223 Metabolites 194 Metagonistylum minense 123 Metarhizium anisopliae 10, 194 Metopolophium dirhodum 22, 25, 74, 181 Mexico 91, 200, 214, 219, 221, 280 Michigan 111, 129 Microctonus 29 Microencapsulation 159 Microgaster 150 Microhabitats 175, 179 Microorganisms 27, 282 Microplitis demolitor 285 Microspora 163 Midgut 186 Migration 242 Millets 26, 206 Minnesota 172, 264 Miridae 66 Mississippi 57, 176, 254, 257 Missouri 172 Mite control 47, 223 Mites 226 Mixed cropping 209 Mode of action 157 Monitoring 34, 167, 178 Monoculture 85 Montana 88, 190 Morphology 51, 280 Mortality 10, 18, 60, 96, 131, 150, 179, 230, 277, 279, 284 Mowing 289 Musca domestica 231, 270 Mycelium 10 Mycoplasma-like organisms 91 Mythimna convecta 51 Mythimna separata 187 Mythimna unipuncta 83, 191, 289 Myzus persicae 101 Nabis roseipennis 263 Natural enemies 26, 47, 50, 70, 109, 164, 179, 182, 205, 226, 230, 234, 236, 268, 282, 289 Nebraska 33, 172 Nematicides 252 Nematoda 48 Nematode control 4 Neoaplectana 221 Neoaplectana carpocapsae 28, 43, 104 Neoaplectana feltiae 284 Neoaplectana glaseri 284 Neoseiulus 137 Neoseiulus fallacis 98 Neozygites 120 Neozygites fresenii 15, 188 Nephotettix nigropictus 141 Nephotettix virescens 141 Neurotoxins 16 New host records 190 New products 185, 227 New species 51, 280 New York 39 New Zealand 281 Nicaragua 14, 126 Nicotiana 131, 196, 197 Nicotiana rustica 133 Nicotiana tabacum 18, 32, 72, 134 Nicotine 131, 275 Nigeria 34, 143, 209 No-tillage 83, 111, 173, 250 Noctuidae 51, 191 Nomia melanderi 9 Nomuraea rileyi 105 Nontarget effects 76 Nontarget organisms 76, 191 North Carolina 18, 79, 142, 173, 230, 250 North central states of U.S.A. 192 Norway 44 Nosema 163, 215, 224, 243 Nosema pyrausta 40, 182, 277 Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses 18, 61, 151, 216, 257, 263, 283 Nucleotide sequences 38 Odors 117 Ohio 46, 83, 85, 172, 198, 198, 198 Oklahoma 33, 93 Oligonychus pratensis 98 Ootheca 143 Ophiomyia 247 Orchards 50 Oregon 208, 240 Orius insidiosus 5, 175, 179 Orthoptera 96 Oryza sativa 69, 141, 164 Ostrinia furnacalis 234 Ostrinia nubilalis 19, 39, 40, 65, 83, 92, 102, 129, 161, 172, 175, 179, 199, 264, 265, 277 Ova 5, 73, 101, 150, 200 Overlapping generations 234 Oviposition 40, 63, 99, 130, 150, 210, 234, 250 Oviposition attractants 196, 197 Oviposition deterrents 75, 196 Oxyopes salticus 62 Oxyopidae 62 Pachyneuron siphonophorae 205 Paecilomyces farinosus 89 Pakistan 144 Panicles 130 Papaipema nebris 97 Paralysis 58 Paraquat 289 Parasites 29, 198 Parasites of insect pests 1, 23, 27, 40, 41, 51, 59, 63, 64, 65, 72, 78, 82, 91, 114, 115, 125, 131, 137, 147, 150, 190, 199, 200, 208, 215, 219, 220, 221, 226, 228, 231, 234, 238, 242, 251, 254, 262, 264, 268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 280, 289 Parasitism 63, 110, 150, 179 Parasitoid augmentation 226 Parasitoids 25, 42, 47, 93, 107, 110, 121, 124, 129, 148, 150, 160, 184, 200, 201, 271, 285 Paratheresia claripalpis 123 Pastures 51 Pathogenicity 279, 284 Pathogens 27, 47 Peanuts 114 Pectinophora gossypiella 71, 144, 159, 226, 259, 266, 276 Pediobius 41 Pellets 174 Pennisetum Americanum 209 Pentatomidae 248 Peristenus 286 Permethrin 97 Persectania ewingii 51 Pest control 15, 37, 39, 123, 135, 145, 232, 249, 252, 257, 258 Pest management 47, 54, 55 Pest resistance 12, 16, 21, 78, 80, 81, 116, 136, 146, 149, 164, 165, 167, 168, 207, 209, 210, 237, 242, 256, 259, 278, 281 Pesticide mixtures 19, 126, 143 Pesticides 2, 3, 47, 258 Pests 140 Phaeoisariopsis griseola 247 Phagostimulants 102 Phaseolus vulgaris 247 Phenolic compounds 52, 100 Phenology 90 Pheromone traps 94, 178, 191 Pheromones 144 Philippines 69 Philonthus 106 Phoma exigua 247 Phorate 146 Physalis 196 Physicochemical properties 127 Physiological age 63 Phytoseiulus persimilis 207 Plant composition 52, 75, 100, 156, 197, 210, 237 Plant density 247 Plant development 230 Plant disease control 4, 141, 247, 252 Plant diseases 140, 203 Plant ecology 90 Plant extracts 196 Plant pathogenic fungi 67, 247 Plant pathogens 174, 203 Plant pests 47, 109, 115, 137, 260 Plant products 227 Plant protection 192 Plant protein 237 Planting date 122, 141, 146, 209 Plodia interpunctella 73, 118 Podisus maculiventris 109, 245 Pollinators 9, 140 Polyethylene glycol 174 Population decrease 77 Population density 34, 50, 57, 85, 110, 130, 178, 223, 231, 245 Population dynamics 106, 141, 202, 206, 208, 230, 236, 274 Population growth 128 Populus 111 Postsecondary education 7 Predation 245 Predator augmentation 226 Predator prey relationships 109 Predators 107, 121, 124, 184, 271 Predators of insect pests 5, 25, 27, 33, 35, 46, 47, 57, 62, 66, 70, 77, 79, 83, 84, 101, 106, 109, 158, 173, 175, 190, 195, 202, 207, 212, 217, 218, 219, 223, 226, 229, 232, 234, 238, 245, 250 Predatory arthropods 47, 85, 109 Predatory insects 212 Predatory mites 98 Prediction 97, 179 Prey 111 Pristomerus spinator 199 Product development 227 Production 163 Production costs 108 Profenofos 269 Profitability 68 Profits 112 Program participants 68 Prostephanus truncatus 77 Prostigmata 223 Proteins 38 Proteolytic enzyme inhibitors 261 Psallus seriatus 66, 212 Pseudomonas syringae 118 Pteromalidae 231 Pterostichus chalcites 46 Pterostichus cupreus 35 Pupae 40, 279 Pyrethroid insecticides 227 Radiation 256 Rearing techniques 78, 264 Recombination 127 Relationships 212 Reproduction 59, 228, 263 Resistance mechanisms 281 Rhopalosiphum maidis 84 Rhopalosiphum padi 35, 50, 58 Rhyzopertha dominica 77, 87, 118 Rice tungro virus 141 Riptortus dentipes 143 Risk 68, 69 Root rots 247 Rotations 141 Russian wheat aphid 239 Rutoside 131, 275 Rwanda 247 Saccharum officinarum 27, 123, 166, 280 Safety at work 99 Sambucus 75 Sampling 274 Saskatchewan 89 Saudi arabia 217 Schizaphis graminum 11, 84, 205, 217, 218 Screening 180, 244 Searching behavior 5 Seasonal abundance 64 Seasonality 246 Secale cereale 50, 289 Secretions 248 Seed dressings 247 Seed production 9, 140 Seed treatment 247 Seedlings 11, 155, 193 Selectivity 227 Semiochemicals 16, 117, 155, 156, 227 Sequential sampling 208 Sesquiterpenoid lactones 100 Sex pheromones 8, 92, 159, 161, 166 Sex ratio 78 Sexual transmission 277 Simulation models 35, 66, 68, 98, 176, 212 Sitobion avenae 25, 74, 89, 106, 128, 181, 208 Sitophilus granarius 118 Sitophilus zeamais 147 Sitotroga cerealella 73, 115 Size 73 Skeletal muscle 194 Slugs 83 Soil 173, 183 Soil arthropods 250 Soil bacteria 279 Soil fungi 174 Soil insects 193 Soil water 250� Solanum tuberosum 101 Solar radiation 10 Solenopsis invicta 212 Solidago canadensis 52 Sorghum 23, 26, 49, 206, 222, 224, 236, 243, 244, 280 Sorghum bicolor 61, 116, 130, 136, 160, 218, 251 Sorghum halepense 251 South Africa 58, 220 South America 25 South Carolina 134, 160, 199, 253 South Dakota 93 Spatial distribution 208 Spikelets 251 Spiroplasma kunkelii 91 Spodoptera exempta 178, 180 Spodoptera exigua 37, 57 Spodoptera frugiperda 14, 78, 126, 150, 160, 191, 221, 237, 256 Spodoptera littoralis 43, 63, 180, 260, 284 Spodoptera litura 279 Spore germination 157 Sporulation 174 Staphylinidae 173, 231 Starch 96, 102 Starch granules 6 Steinernema 48, 76, 183, 221 Stem borers 97, 163, 164, 224 Stems 127 Sterile insect release 81, 266, 276 Sterility 256 Sterilization 249, 276 Stomoxys calcitrans 231 Storage 3, 10, 96 Storage mites 223 Stored products pests 114, 118, 147, 158, 223, 232 Strains 38, 127, 161, 180, 244 Structure activity relationships 92 Study and teaching 3 Sturnus vulgaris 229 Subsistence farming 247 Sucrose esters 197 Sudan 260, 262 Sugar beet 139 Sugarbeet 170 Sugars 210 Sulawesi 141 Surveys 107, 136, 183, 200 Survival 82, 250, 263 Susceptibility 61, 78, 146, 149, 207, 270 Syngrapha 216 Synthesis 87, 227 Synthetic diets 125 Tachinidae 160, 289 Tachyporus 106 Taiwan 123, 279 Taxonomy 271 Temperature 82, 84, 228, 272, 273 Tenebrio molitor 118 Terbufos 46 Teretriosoma nigrescens 77 Terpenoids 17, 52, 80 Tetranychus 120 Tetranychus urticae 207 Tetrastichus 251 Texas 1, 33, 41, 60, 64, 66, 84, 124, 125, 205, 212, 221, 228, 246, 251, 274, 280 Theory 109 Thiram 247 Tillage 111, 122 Timing 34, 97, 141, 178 Tipula paludosa 193 Tobacco 142 Toxicity 38, 46, 100, 235, 244, 248, 269 Toxicology 227 Toxins 194 Transovarial transmission 283 Trap crops 28 Trapping 166, 191, 234 Trialeurodes vaporariorum 72 Tribolium castaneum 118 Trichlorfon 49 Trichoderma harzianum 174 Trichogramma 41, 115, 130, 137, 199, 200 Trichogramma nubilale 264 Trichogramma ostriniae 39 Trichogramma pretiosum 73, 114, 262 Trichomalopsis 64 Trichoplusia ni 12, 73 Trichospilus diatraeae 123 Triticale 278 Triticum 99, 208, 217, 238, 278 Triticum aestivum 64, 74, 106, 111, 122, 146, 149, 181, 184, 187, 190, 201, 205, 219, 267, 288 Trophic levels 278 Tropics 16 Tunnels 102 Turdus merula 229 Tyrophagus putrescentiae 79, 173 U.S.A. 29, 149, 167, 190, 226, 255 U.S.S.R. 238 Uk 74, 99 Uncultivated ground 85 United states virgin Islands 266 Usda 7, 17, 31 Variable costs 69 Varietal resistance 44, 47, 240 Varietal susceptibility 141 Vertical transmission 40, 281, 283 Verticillium 45 Verticillium lecanii 89, 267 Viability 96 Vicia villosa 50 Vigna 222 Vigna unguiculata 34, 136, 143 Virginia 94, 289 Virulence 89, 284 Volatile compounds 8, 75, 119, 155, 210, 285 Volunteer plants 122 Washington 21, 208, 240 Weed control 4, 145 Weeds 79, 140, 230 Weight 159 Wheat 239, 273 Wheat flourp 119 Wilts 45 Wind tunnels 75 Winter wheat 74, 99 Xenorhabdus 7, 284 Yield components 126, 217 Yield losses 69, 143, 159, 234 Zea mays 4, 5, 14, 17, 19, 23, 26, 28, 39, 41, 46, 48, 49, 65, 78, 81, 83, 91, 97, 98, 102, 104, 111, 112, 113, 126, 127, 129, 136, 155, 156, 160, 167, 169, 172, 173, 175, 179, 182, 191, 199, 200, 201, 206, 214, 222, 224, 229, 234, 236, 237, 244, 246, 256, 264, 265, 267, 280, 289