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Your search term(s) "nephrotic syndrome" returned 60 results.

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Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome. Bethesda, MD: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 2008. 6 p.

The nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that can be the first sign of a disease that damages the tiny blood-filtering units called glomeruli in the kidneys, where urine is made. Written in nontechnical language, this fact sheet presents an overview of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Topics include the symptoms of the nephrotic syndrome; diagnostic tests that may be done to confirm the condition; other conditions that are associated with childhood nephrotic syndrome, such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; and treatment strategies for these conditions. Childhood nephrotic syndrome is most common between the ages of 18 months and 5 years. Nephrotic syndrome causes proteinuria, low levels of protein in the blood, less frequent urination, and swelling and weight gain from the buildup of fluid. Diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome requires urine and blood samples and may include a kidney biopsy. The fact sheet concludes with a brief summary of relevant research studies, a list of resource organizations for readers wanting additional information, and a brief description of the activities of the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NIKUDIC). 1 figure. 3 references.

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Diagnosis of Medical Renal Diseases. IN: Tanagho, E.; McAninch, J., eds. Smith’s General Urology. 17th ed. Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill. 2008. pp 521-530.

This chapter about the diagnosis of medical renal diseases is from an updated edition of a comprehensive textbook about urology that offers an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders common to the genitourinary tract. The authors note that hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, oliguria, polyuria, pain, renal insufficiency with azotemia, acidosis, anemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and hypertension may occur in a wide variety of disorders affecting any portion of the parenchyma of the kidney, the blood vessels, or the excretory tract. The workup of any patient with a possible renal disease should include a complete medical history and physical examination, a thorough examination of the urine, and blood and urine chemistry examinations as indicated. Specific diseases covered include glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal involvement in collagen diseases, diseases of the renal tubules and interstitium, hereditary renal diseases, anomalies of the proximal tubule, anomalies of the distal tubule, and unspecified renal tubular abnormalities. Renal biopsy may be indicated, in addition to helping with diagnosis, to determine prognosis; to follow progression of a lesion and response to treatment; to confirm the presence of a generalized disease, such as an autoimmune disorder, amyloidosis, or sarcoidosis; and to diagnose renal dysfunction in a transplanted kidney. 24 references.

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Glomerular Disease. IN: Nilsson, K.R.; Piccini, J.P., eds. Osler Medical Handbook. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 2006. pp. 719-730.

This chapter on glomerular disease is from a handbook that provides the essentials of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the latest in evidence-based medicine, for residents working bedside, in-patient care. The chapter begins with a presentation of essential Fast Facts and concludes with Pearls and Pitfalls useful to the practicing internist. The body of the chapter is divided into sections: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management. Specific topics covered in this chapter include the role of glomerulonephritis as a cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD); nephritic syndrome, which is characterized by red blood cells and casts on urine microscopy, hypertension, renal insufficiency, mild proteinuria, and edema; nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by more than 3 grams of proteinuria per day, low serum albumin, edema, and dyslipidemia; membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; diagnostic strategies that include seeking secondary causes of glomerular disease, which include HIV and hepatitis; the treatment of primary glomerular disease, which can include steroids and cytotoxic agents; the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs to reduce proteinuria and prevent further decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with glomerular disease; and the use of antihypertensive agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, and sodium restriction and diuretics in these patients. The chapter concludes with a list of references, each labeled with a 'strength of evidence' grade to help readers determine the type of research available in that reference source. 2 figures. 1 table. 19 references.

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Management of Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome. Pediatric Nephrology. 18(5): 426-430. May 2003.

This article reports on a study in which the authors reviewed the medical records of seven children with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) treated by unilateral nephrectomy (removal of one kidney), captopril, and indomethacin since 1990. After a median period of 54 months (range 36 to 88 months) follow-up, five patients were alive at a median age of 74 months (range 43 to 88 months). The authors present data that demonstrates that management of CNS with captopril and indomethacin therapy in combination with unilateral nephrectomy achieves significant improvements in plasma albumin and reduces the need for albumin infusions and time in the hospital, while growth in maintained. Second nephrectomy, dialysis, and transplantation can be delayed until the third year of life or longer. 5 figures. 2 tables. 31 references.

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Overview of Kidney Diseases in Children. Bethesda, MD: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 2003. 4 p.

The kidneys perform many functions, including removing wastes and extra water from the blood, regulating blood pressure, balancing chemicals like sodium and potassium, and making hormones that keep the blood and bones healthy. This fact sheet presents an overview of kidney diseases in children. Written in a question-and-answer format, the fact sheet covers the anatomy and function of the kidneys, risk factors for kidney diseases, the causes of kidney failure in children, acute kidney disease (hemolytic uremic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome), chronic kidney diseases (blocked urine flow, glomerular diseases, systemic diseases), the treatments for kidney failure, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and kidney transplantation, including from a living donor or from a deceased donor. The fact sheet concludes with a summary of research programs in this area, a list of resource organizations for readers wanting additional information, and a brief description of the activities of the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). 1 figure.

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Kidney Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Global Perspective of Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA. 2006. 266 p.

This textbook presents a global perspective of clinical practice regarding kidney disorders in children and adolescents. The book emphasizes diagnosis and treatment, rather than etiology, pathology, and pathogenesis, which are covered in other textbooks. The text includes 22 chapters: normal kidney function and development and the choice of laboratory studies in children; radiographic studies in children with kidney disorders; congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract; neonatal kidney problems; mass screening for kidney disease in children; hematuria and proteinuria; the nephrotic syndrome; acute nephritis; chronic nephritis in children, particularly IgA nephropathy; the evaluation, monitoring, and therapy of hypertension; cardiovascular disease in patients with kidney disorders in childhood and adolescence; urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux in children; nocturnal enuresis and voiding disorders; renal tubular disorders; acute renal failure and hemolytic uremic syndrome; chronic renal failure and dialysis options; the effects of kidney disorders on the endocrine system; nutritional and growth aspects of the care of children with kidney disease; immunization and anti-microbial therapy for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD); the social and developmental consequences of chronic kidney disease in children; renal transplantation in childhood; and the transition of children with renal diseases into adulthood. Each chapter includes black-and-white illustrations and photographs and concludes with an extensive list of references. The textbook begins with a section of full-color plates and concludes with a detailed subject index.

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Nephrotic Syndrome after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Do Glomerular Lesions Represent Renal Graft-versus-Host Disease?. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1(4): 685-694. July 2006.

Glomerular disease associated with nephrotic syndrome has rarely been recognized as a distinct complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. This review article considers whether these glomerular lesions represent renal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Case reports in the English and Japanese literature since 1988 have described variable glomerular histology, comprising mainly membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) in almost two thirds and minimal change disease (MCD) in nearly one quarter of patients. The authors found a close temporal relationship between the development of nephrotic syndrome shortly after cessation of immunosuppression and the diagnosis of chronic GVHD. An association of glomerular disease with simultaneous GVD was seen in 47 percent of patients overall. Nephrotic syndrome followed GVHD within 5 months in 60 percent of the combined MCD and MGN reports. A decrease in immunosuppressive medication use was linked to nephrotic syndrome occurrence within 9 months in 63 percent of patients with MCD and MGN. MCD occurred earlier after hematopoietic cell transplantation, was diagnosed sooner after medication change, and exhibited a better prognosis in comparison with MGN. The authors conclude that glomerular lesions after hematopoietic cell transplantation may therefore represent the kidney manifestation of GVHD. 1 figure. 2 tables. 67 references.

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Nephrotic Syndrome. IN: Hogg, R., ed. Kidney Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Global Perspective of Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA. 2006. pp 85-94.

This chapter about the nephrotic syndrome is from a textbook that presents a global perspective of clinical practice regarding kidney disorders in children and adolescents. The authors define the nephrotic syndrome as a clinical entity characterized by massive urinary protein losses, resulting in hypoalbuminemia and usually associated with edema formation. They review the clinical features; laboratory findings; pathogenesis of edema formation; definitions; classification; idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS); initial treatment; treatment of relapse; treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; alternative forms of therapy for INS; and complications of the nephrotic syndrome, including abnormalities in lipid metabolism, bacterial infections, viral infections, thromboembolic complications, loss of vitamins and hormones in the urine, and acute renal failure (ARF). 2 tables. 27 references.

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Randomized Study of Two Long-Course Prednisone Regimens for Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. American Journal of Kidney Disease. 41(6): 1155-1162. June 2003.

Long-course prednisolone regimens have been shown to be more effective than short-course regimens in sustaining remission of nephrotic syndrome in children. However, the most beneficial approach among the long-course regimens remains unknown. This article reports on a study of 73 children with new-onset nephrotic syndrome who were allocated at random to two long-course regimens and followed up for 2 years. Group A was administered prednisolone at a daily dose of 60 milligrams per meter squared for 6 weeks, followed by an alternate-day dose of 40 milligrams per meter squared for 6 weeks (the long daily regimen). Group B was administered the same daily dose for 4 weeks, followed by an alternate day dose for 4 weeks, then a tapering dosage (the long alternate-day regimen). Results showed that group B had a lower incidence of corticosteroid toxicities than group A during the initial treatment. In a subgroup of younger children, group B had a greater rate of sustained remission and fewer children with frequent relapses than group A, whereas in older children, both groups had similar good sustained remission rates. 5 figures. 6 tables. 16 references.

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Renal and Electrolyte Disorders, Sixth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. 703 p.

This textbook on renal (kidney) pathophysiology is designed for physicians in training who wish to maintain a current knowledge base and update their clinical skills. The text features clinically focused coverage of kidney pathophysiology. Fifteen chapters cover disorders of water metabolism; renal sodium excretion, edematous disorders, and diuretic use; the pathogenesis and management of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis; the pathogenesis and management of respiratory and mixed acid-base disorders; disorders of potassium metabolism; disorders of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) activity; normal and abnormal magnesium metabolism; disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; the kidney in hypertension (high blood pressure); the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of acute renal failure (ARF); the manifestations and pathogenesis of chronic renal failure (CFR); obstructive nephropathy; renal function in pregnancy; proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome; and the glomerulopathies. Each chapter concludes with a lengthy reference list and the text concludes with a detailed subject index.

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