Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 98-333 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, August 7, 1998. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: JULY 1998 Payroll employment rose slightly, and unemployment was unchanged in July, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment edged up by 66,000 to 125.8 million, as growth was curtailed by strikes and plant shutdowns in automobile-related manufacturing. The jobless rate remained at 4.5 percent. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, 6.2 million in July, was little changed over the month. The unemployment rate remained at 4.5 percent; it has been below 5.0 percent since July 1997. The jobless rate for whites edged down by 0.2 percentage point to 3.8 percent, about the same as in May. The jobless rate for blacks increased over the month to 9.7 percent. Unemployment rates for the other major demographic groups--adult men (3.9 percent), adult women (4.0 percent), teenagers (13.8 percent), and Hispanics (7.2 percent)--were essentially unchanged in July. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) The number of unemployed persons on temporary layoff--those who have been given a date to return to work or expect to return within 6 months-- increased by 125,000 over the month to 966,000, reflecting the plant shutdowns in automobile-related manufacturing. The unemployment rate in durable goods manufacturing rose from 2.9 to 4.3 percent. (See tables A-5 and A-7.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was essentially unchanged over the month at 131.1 million. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--was 63.9 percent, little changed from the previous month’s rate. (See table A-1.) About 7.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in July. These multiple jobholders comprised 5.8 percent of total employment. In both June and July, the multiple jobholding rate was lower than it had been a year earlier. (See table A-10.) The civilian labor force was about unchanged at 137.3 million in July. The labor force participation rate was 66.9 percent, down from its all-time high of 67.3 percent at the beginning of the year. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in July. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. (See table A-10.) - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| June- Category | 1998 1/ | 1998 1/ | July |_________________|__________________________|change | I | II | May | June | July | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 137,524| 137,351| 137,364| 137,447| 137,296| -151 Employment..........| 131,080| 131,349| 131,453| 131,209| 131,067| -142 Unemployment........| 6,444| 6,002| 5,910| 6,237| 6,230| -7 Not in labor force....| 66,871| 67,554| 67,535| 67,639| 67,973| 334 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.7| 4.4| 4.3| 4.5| 4.5| .0 Adult men...........| 3.8| 3.6| 3.5| 3.7| 3.9| 0.2 Adult women.........| 4.3| 4.0| 3.9| 4.1| 4.0| -.1 Teenagers...........| 14.6| 14.0| 14.2| 14.6| 13.8| -.8 White...............| 4.0| 3.8| 3.7| 4.0| 3.8| -.2 Black...............| 9.4| 8.7| 9.0| 8.2| 9.7| 1.5 Hispanic origin.....| 6.9| 6.9| 6.8| 7.6| 7.2| -.4 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA 2/| Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 124,795|p125,518| 125,562|p125,758|p125,824| p66 Goods-producing 2/..| 25,296| p25,312| 25,301| p25,297| p25,134| p-163 Construction......| 5,881| p5,930| 5,917| p5,942| p5,960| p18 Manufacturing.....| 18,825| p18,803| 18,805| p18,776| p18,600| p-176 Service-producing 2/| 99,500|p100,206| 100,261|p100,461|p100,690| p229 Retail trade......| 22,274| p22,404| 22,423| p22,454| p22,579| p125 Services..........| 37,019| p37,349| 37,350| p37,501| p37,566| p65 Government........| 19,711| p19,803| 19,828| p19,816| p19,804| p-12 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.7| p34.6| 34.7| p34.6| p34.6| p.0 Manufacturing.......| 42.0| p41.7| 41.8| p41.8| p41.7| p-0.1 Overtime..........| 4.8| p4.6| 4.6| p4.6| p4.8| p.2 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 144.3| p144.6| 144.9| p144.8| p145.2| p0.4 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.59| p$12.73| $12.73| p$12.76| p$12.79| p$0.03 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 436.75| p440.46| 441.73| p441.50| p442.53| p1.03 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1998, household data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--totaled 374,000 in July, slightly higher than a year earlier. Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment edged up by 66,000 in July, after seasonal adjustment. A large strike-related decline in manufacturing partly offset a substantial increase in retail trade and gains in other service-producing industries and construction. (See table B-1.) Manufacturing employment fell by 176,000, as two strikes and related parts shortages led to plant shutdowns in several auto-related industries. (Persons on strike or on layoff for the entire survey reference period are not on payrolls and, thus, are not counted as employed in the establishment survey.) Employment in motor vehicles and equipment was down by 111,000 jobs; other declines at least partly attributable to the strikes (which were settled after the survey reference period) occurred in primary metals (-14,000), industrial machinery (-13,000), fabricated metals (-10,000), rubber and miscellaneous plastics (-7,000), and apparel and other textiles (-4,000). Manufacturing industries that had job losses unrelated to the strikes included food products (-9,000), electronic components (-7,000), and textile mill products (-5,000). Construction added 18,000 jobs in July and has added 238,000 jobs since October. Mining employment fell by 5,000, with the losses occurring in oil and gas extraction. A large increase in retail trade employment (125,000) reflected unusual strength in eating and drinking places (up 69,000), where growth has accelerated after a weak first quarter. Also contributing to the increase in retail trade were food stores and miscellaneous retail establishments, with gains of 16,000 jobs each, and building materials and garden supply stores and furniture stores, which added 6,000 jobs each. In wholesale trade, employment was essentially flat for the second month in a row. Finance, insurance, and real estate continued its strong growth trend, adding 32,000 jobs in July. All three components contributed to the gain. In finance, employment rose by 18,000, with security and mortgage brokerages accounting for most of the growth. Insurance continued to add jobs (8,000), and real estate employment grew by 6,000, following little change in the prior 2 months. Transportation and public utilities added 18,000 jobs in July. All of the gain was in transportation, which had experienced little growth in the prior month. The largest increases were in trucking, local and interurban passenger transit, and water transportation. Employment in services grew by 65,000 in July, only about half the average gain for the previous 12 months. Help supply services had a decline of 33,000 jobs, some of which was attributable to the shutdowns in the auto industry. Health services, which typically adds jobs each month, did not grow in July. Job losses in home health care and nursing homes offset gains in doctors’ offices and hospitals. Elsewhere in the services industry, robust growth continued in engineering and management services (26,000) and computer services (20,000). Amusement and recreation services and hotels and other lodging places also added jobs over the month. Government employment was little changed overall in July. Local government except education showed a decline of 18,000, as summer hiring was lighter than usual, and federal employment continued its long-term downward trend. An increase in state government employment mainly reflected a return to payrolls of public transportation workers following the settlement of a strike. - 4 - Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in July at 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 41.7 hours, while factory overtime rose by 0.2 hour to 4.8 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.3 percent to 145.2 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index fell by 1.6 percent to 107.3, reflecting in large part the effects of the strikes and layoffs in the auto-related industries. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 3 cents in July to $12.79, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings increased by 0.2 percent to $442.53. Over the year, average hourly and weekly earnings have risen by 4.2 and 4.5 percent, respectively. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for August 1998 is scheduled to be released on Friday, September 4, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1998, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 203,166 205,085 205,270 203,166 204,547 204,731 204,899 205,085 205,270 Civilian labor force.......................... 138,331 138,798 139,336 136,294 137,523 137,242 137,364 137,447 137,296 Participation rate...................... 68.1 67.7 67.9 67.1 67.2 67.0 67.0 67.0 66.9 Employed.................................... 131,350 132,265 132,769 129,661 130,994 131,383 131,453 131,209 131,067 Employment-population ratio............. 64.7 64.5 64.7 63.8 64.0 64.2 64.2 64.0 63.9 Agriculture............................... 3,849 3,718 3,866 3,452 3,132 3,350 3,335 3,343 3,441 Nonagricultural industries................ 127,501 128,546 128,903 126,209 127,862 128,033 128,118 127,867 127,626 Unemployed.................................. 6,981 6,534 6,567 6,633 6,529 5,859 5,910 6,237 6,230 Unemployment rate....................... 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 Not in labor force............................ 64,835 66,287 65,934 66,872 67,024 67,489 67,535 67,639 67,973 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,733 98,691 98,785 97,733 98,405 98,503 98,591 98,691 98,785 Civilian labor force.......................... 74,674 74,945 75,467 73,218 73,695 73,799 73,783 73,818 74,027 Participation rate...................... 76.4 75.9 76.4 74.9 74.9 74.9 74.8 74.8 74.9 Employed.................................... 71,157 71,618 72,049 69,711 70,297 70,831 70,685 70,570 70,605 Employment-population ratio............. 72.8 72.6 72.9 71.3 71.4 71.9 71.7 71.5 71.5 Unemployed.................................. 3,517 3,326 3,418 3,507 3,399 2,969 3,098 3,249 3,422 Unemployment rate....................... 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 89,888 90,700 90,802 89,888 90,502 90,580 90,622 90,700 90,802 Civilian labor force.......................... 69,614 69,968 70,202 69,171 69,451 69,697 69,624 69,545 69,790 Participation rate...................... 77.4 77.1 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.9 76.8 76.7 76.9 Employed.................................... 66,962 67,531 67,619 66,361 66,753 67,301 67,190 66,950 67,040 Employment-population ratio............. 74.5 74.5 74.5 73.8 73.8 74.3 74.1 73.8 73.8 Agriculture............................... 2,575 2,527 2,586 2,390 2,168 2,420 2,324 2,333 2,394 Nonagricultural industries................ 64,387 65,004 65,034 63,971 64,585 64,881 64,866 64,617 64,646 Unemployed.................................. 2,653 2,437 2,582 2,810 2,699 2,396 2,434 2,595 2,750 Unemployment rate....................... 3.8 3.5 3.7 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 105,433 106,394 106,484 105,433 106,141 106,228 106,308 106,394 106,484 Civilian labor force.......................... 63,656 63,854 63,869 63,076 63,827 63,443 63,581 63,628 63,270 Participation rate...................... 60.4 60.0 60.0 59.8 60.1 59.7 59.8 59.8 59.4 Employed.................................... 60,193 60,646 60,720 59,950 60,697 60,553 60,768 60,640 60,462 Employment-population ratio............. 57.1 57.0 57.0 56.9 57.2 57.0 57.2 57.0 56.8 Unemployed.................................. 3,463 3,207 3,149 3,126 3,130 2,890 2,813 2,989 2,808 Unemployment rate....................... 5.4 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,919 98,735 98,778 97,919 98,534 98,583 98,668 98,735 98,778 Civilian labor force.......................... 58,952 59,277 59,101 59,232 59,771 59,486 59,573 59,599 59,359 Participation rate...................... 60.2 60.0 59.8 60.5 60.7 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.1 Employed.................................... 56,243 56,828 56,569 56,693 57,186 57,075 57,253 57,172 57,000 Employment-population ratio............. 57.4 57.6 57.3 57.9 58.0 57.9 58.0 57.9 57.7 Agriculture............................... 902 799 868 831 717 705 755 747 793 Nonagricultural industries................ 55,342 56,030 55,701 55,862 56,470 56,370 56,499 56,424 56,207 Unemployed.................................. 2,708 2,449 2,532 2,539 2,585 2,411 2,320 2,427 2,359 Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 15,359 15,651 15,690 15,359 15,511 15,569 15,609 15,651 15,690 Civilian labor force.......................... 9,764 9,553 10,033 7,891 8,300 8,059 8,166 8,302 8,147 Participation rate...................... 63.6 61.0 63.9 51.4 53.5 51.8 52.3 53.0 51.9 Employed.................................... 8,145 7,905 8,580 6,607 7,055 7,007 7,010 7,088 7,027 Employment-population ratio............. 53.0 50.5 54.7 43.0 45.5 45.0 44.9 45.3 44.8 Agriculture............................... 371 392 412 231 247 225 256 262 254 Nonagricultural industries................ 7,773 7,513 8,168 6,376 6,808 6,782 6,754 6,826 6,773 Unemployed.................................. 1,620 1,648 1,453 1,284 1,245 1,052 1,156 1,215 1,120 Unemployment rate....................... 16.6 17.2 14.5 16.3 15.0 13.1 14.2 14.6 13.8 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 170,010 171,387 171,513 170,010 171,016 171,141 171,257 171,387 171,513 Civilian labor force.......................... 116,265 116,297 116,570 114,622 115,297 115,057 115,309 115,137 114,975 Participation rate........................ 68.4 67.9 68.0 67.4 67.4 67.2 67.3 67.2 67.0 Employed.................................... 111,323 111,576 112,047 109,851 110,605 110,859 111,025 110,535 110,630 Employment-population ratio............... 65.5 65.1 65.3 64.6 64.7 64.8 64.8 64.5 64.5 Unemployed.................................. 4,942 4,721 4,523 4,771 4,692 4,198 4,284 4,602 4,346 Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.8 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 59,465 59,618 59,768 59,096 59,201 59,307 59,366 59,257 59,403 Participation rate........................ 77.9 77.5 77.7 77.4 77.1 77.2 77.2 77.0 77.2 Employed.................................... 57,543 57,817 57,953 57,011 57,209 57,562 57,516 57,302 57,436 Employment-population ratio............... 75.4 75.2 75.3 74.7 74.5 74.9 74.8 74.5 74.6 Unemployed.................................. 1,922 1,801 1,816 2,085 1,992 1,745 1,850 1,955 1,967 Unemployment rate......................... 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 48,575 48,665 48,445 48,790 49,077 48,955 49,019 48,886 48,705 Participation rate........................ 59.6 59.3 59.0 59.9 59.9 59.7 59.8 59.6 59.3 Employed.................................... 46,726 46,961 46,711 47,072 47,276 47,300 47,416 47,197 47,087 Employment-population ratio............... 57.3 57.2 56.9 57.8 57.7 57.7 57.8 57.5 57.4 Unemployed.................................. 1,849 1,704 1,734 1,718 1,801 1,654 1,603 1,688 1,618 Unemployment rate......................... 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.3 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 8,226 8,014 8,356 6,736 7,019 6,795 6,924 6,994 6,867 Participation rate........................ 67.5 64.4 67.0 55.3 56.9 54.9 55.8 56.2 55.1 Employed.................................... 7,055 6,797 7,384 5,768 6,120 5,996 6,093 6,036 6,107 Employment-population ratio............... 57.9 54.6 59.2 47.3 49.6 48.5 49.1 48.5 49.0 Unemployed.................................. 1,171 1,217 972 968 899 799 831 958 760 Unemployment rate......................... 14.2 15.2 11.6 14.4 12.8 11.8 12.0 13.7 11.1 Men..................................... 14.5 16.0 12.9 15.0 14.9 12.7 14.0 14.7 13.1 Women................................... 14.0 14.3 10.2 13.7 10.6 10.7 9.8 12.6 8.9 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 24,006 24,349 24,381 24,006 24,257 24,289 24,317 24,349 24,381 Civilian labor force.......................... 15,877 16,182 16,413 15,524 15,971 15,907 15,756 16,013 16,059 Participation rate........................ 66.1 66.5 67.3 64.7 65.8 65.5 64.8 65.8 65.9 Employed.................................... 14,218 14,709 14,708 14,040 14,498 14,499 14,344 14,700 14,508 Employment-population ratio............... 59.2 60.4 60.3 58.5 59.8 59.7 59.0 60.4 59.5 Unemployed.................................. 1,659 1,473 1,706 1,484 1,473 1,408 1,412 1,313 1,551 Unemployment rate......................... 10.4 9.1 10.4 9.6 9.2 8.9 9.0 8.2 9.7 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,992 7,105 7,173 6,946 7,044 7,097 7,009 7,088 7,120 Participation rate........................ 73.0 73.1 73.7 72.5 72.8 73.2 72.2 73.0 73.2 Employed.................................... 6,411 6,619 6,537 6,371 6,511 6,573 6,536 6,599 6,485 Employment-population ratio............... 66.9 68.1 67.2 66.5 67.3 67.8 67.4 67.9 66.7 Unemployed.................................. 580 486 636 575 533 524 473 489 635 Unemployment rate......................... 8.3 6.8 8.9 8.3 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.9 8.9 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,688 7,841 7,910 7,691 7,935 7,822 7,787 7,866 7,921 Participation rate........................ 64.0 64.3 64.8 64.1 65.3 64.3 64.0 64.5 64.9 Employed.................................... 6,989 7,220 7,238 7,048 7,284 7,182 7,130 7,256 7,296 Employment-population ratio............... 58.2 59.2 59.3 58.7 60.0 59.0 58.6 59.5 59.8 Unemployed.................................. 699 621 673 643 651 640 657 609 625 Unemployment rate......................... 9.1 7.9 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.4 7.7 7.9 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 1,197 1,236 1,330 887 992 988 960 1,060 1,018 Participation rate........................ 49.5 50.5 54.3 36.7 40.9 40.6 39.4 43.4 41.6 Employed.................................... 817 871 933 621 703 744 678 846 727 Employment-population ratio............... 33.8 35.6 38.1 25.7 29.0 30.6 27.8 34.6 29.7 Unemployed.................................. 379 365 397 266 289 244 283 214 291 Unemployment rate......................... 31.7 29.6 29.9 30.0 29.1 24.7 29.4 20.2 28.6 Men..................................... 35.4 30.2 31.8 34.6 27.8 23.9 30.2 20.4 30.6 Women................................... 28.1 29.0 27.7 25.9 30.3 25.3 28.8 20.1 26.4 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 20,351 21,036 21,097 20,351 20,851 20,915 20,975 21,036 21,097 Civilian labor force.......................... 14,057 14,436 14,438 13,861 14,298 14,369 14,458 14,420 14,240 Participation rate........................ 69.1 68.6 68.4 68.1 68.6 68.7 68.9 68.5 67.5 Employed.................................... 12,909 13,394 13,351 12,772 13,305 13,434 13,480 13,328 13,219 Employment-population ratio............... 63.4 63.7 63.3 62.8 63.8 64.2 64.3 63.4 62.7 Unemployed.................................. 1,149 1,042 1,087 1,089 993 935 978 1,092 1,022 Unemployment rate......................... 8.2 7.2 7.5 7.9 6.9 6.5 6.8 7.6 7.2 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Educational attainment July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population.... 29,288 30,064 29,027 29,288 29,251 29,638 29,931 30,064 29,027 Civilian labor force.................. 12,281 12,988 12,269 12,554 12,392 12,664 12,690 12,888 12,548 Percent of population............. 41.9 43.2 42.3 42.9 42.4 42.7 42.4 42.9 43.2 Employed............................ 11,369 12,130 11,426 11,579 11,500 11,773 11,839 11,963 11,648 Employment-population ratio....... 38.8 40.3 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.7 39.6 39.8 40.1 Unemployed.......................... 911 858 842 975 891 891 851 925 901 Unemployment rate................. 7.4 6.6 6.9 7.8 7.2 7.0 6.7 7.2 7.2 High school graduates, no college (2) Civilian noninstitutional population.... 57,581 57,446 57,374 57,581 57,885 57,484 57,706 57,446 57,374 Civilian labor force.................. 37,700 37,174 36,912 37,987 37,931 37,340 37,496 37,096 37,219 Percent of population............. 65.5 64.7 64.3 66.0 65.5 65.0 65.0 64.6 64.9 Employed............................ 36,124 35,780 35,408 36,382 36,331 35,885 36,114 35,602 35,694 Employment-population ratio....... 62.7 62.3 61.7 63.2 62.8 62.4 62.6 62.0 62.2 Unemployed.......................... 1,576 1,394 1,504 1,605 1,600 1,454 1,383 1,494 1,525 Unemployment rate................. 4.2 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.1 Less than a bachelor's degree(3) Civilian noninstitutional population.... 42,322 41,880 42,293 42,322 42,313 42,303 42,024 41,880 42,293 Civilian labor force.................. 31,489 31,008 31,448 31,227 31,515 31,517 31,408 31,227 31,174 Percent of population............. 74.4 74.0 74.4 73.8 74.5 74.5 74.7 74.6 73.7 Employed............................ 30,492 30,151 30,496 30,239 30,471 30,669 30,437 30,333 30,224 Employment-population ratio....... 72.0 72.0 72.1 71.4 72.0 72.5 72.4 72.4 71.5 Unemployed.......................... 998 857 952 988 1,043 848 971 894 950 Unemployment rate................. 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.0 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population.... 41,171 42,464 43,309 41,171 42,085 42,197 42,090 42,464 43,309 Civilian labor force.................. 32,930 33,957 34,481 33,159 33,777 33,989 33,920 34,274 34,721 Percent of population............. 80.0 80.0 79.6 80.5 80.3 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.2 Employed............................ 32,168 33,337 33,839 32,474 33,145 33,419 33,364 33,674 34,146 Employment-population ratio....... 78.1 78.5 78.1 78.9 78.8 79.2 79.3 79.3 78.8 Unemployed.......................... 762 620 643 685 632 571 556 600 575 Unemployment rate................. 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 131,350 132,265 132,769 129,661 130,994 131,383 131,453 131,209 131,067 Married men, spouse present................... 42,589 42,582 42,794 42,582 42,779 42,865 42,471 42,539 42,837 Married women, spouse present................. 32,406 32,412 32,266 32,813 32,872 32,973 32,805 32,805 32,658 Women who maintain families................... 7,767 7,938 7,752 7,875 7,776 7,813 7,848 7,922 7,846 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 37,209 38,449 38,620 37,598 38,454 38,643 38,641 38,732 39,011 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 38,651 38,605 38,923 38,240 38,693 38,585 38,401 38,567 38,500 Service occupations........................... 18,066 18,123 18,111 17,550 17,752 17,478 17,749 17,873 17,584 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 14,539 14,799 14,584 14,234 14,656 14,673 14,853 14,509 14,312 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,773 18,344 18,431 18,476 18,179 18,447 18,322 18,120 18,145 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 4,111 3,944 4,098 3,531 3,269 3,495 3,479 3,503 3,503 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 2,156 2,145 2,285 1,897 1,866 1,987 1,871 1,841 2,018 Self-employed workers....................... 1,628 1,524 1,543 1,478 1,242 1,324 1,395 1,470 1,383 Unpaid family workers....................... 64 49 38 52 32 28 51 48 30 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 118,362 119,370 119,638 117,146 119,131 118,774 119,013 118,654 118,543 Government................................ 17,825 18,220 17,905 18,303 18,072 18,202 18,034 18,497 18,364 Private industries........................ 100,537 101,151 101,733 98,843 101,058 100,571 100,979 100,157 100,179 Private households...................... 960 968 1,021 911 1,022 1,014 1,015 961 974 Other industries........................ 99,578 100,183 100,712 97,932 100,037 99,557 99,964 99,195 99,205 Self-employed workers....................... 9,002 9,068 9,167 8,927 8,784 9,069 9,023 8,969 9,094 Unpaid family workers....................... 137 108 98 129 102 124 97 100 91 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,279 4,033 4,025 4,019 3,902 3,735 3,772 3,837 3,783 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,211 2,159 2,344 2,236 2,188 2,074 2,104 2,230 2,372 Could only find part-time work............ 1,726 1,431 1,383 1,489 1,445 1,300 1,344 1,246 1,192 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 15,727 17,191 16,168 18,055 18,448 18,084 18,662 18,665 18,584 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,123 3,871 3,882 3,858 3,726 3,608 3,630 3,676 3,632 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,115 2,086 2,256 2,121 2,057 1,998 2,024 2,151 2,261 Could only find part-time work............ 1,683 1,373 1,339 1,462 1,416 1,276 1,315 1,199 1,162 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 15,102 16,595 15,528 17,452 17,929 17,470 18,067 18,019 17,972 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 6,633 6,237 6,230 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 Men, 20 years and over....................... 2,810 2,595 2,750 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.9 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,539 2,427 2,359 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,284 1,215 1,120 16.3 15.0 13.1 14.2 14.6 13.8 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,149 952 998 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.3 Married women, spouse present................ 1,049 991 947 3.1 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 Women who maintain families.................. 652 591 576 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.7 6.9 6.8 Full-time workers............................ 5,329 4,905 4,957 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 Part-time workers............................ 1,305 1,300 1,285 5.4 5.7 4.8 4.7 5.2 5.3 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 751 670 676 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,626 1,559 1,522 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.8 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 729 648 655 4.9 4.5 3.7 4.4 4.3 4.4 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,470 1,339 1,354 7.4 6.9 6.1 6.5 6.9 6.9 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 244 244 263 6.5 7.1 5.8 6.4 6.5 7.0 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,105 4,908 4,863 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 Goods-producing industries................. 1,539 1,323 1,408 5.3 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 Mining................................... 27 26 24 4.1 3.7 2.3 1.3 3.9 3.7 Construction............................. 604 549 452 8.7 8.6 6.3 8.0 8.0 6.7 Manufacturing............................ 908 748 932 4.3 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.6 4.4 Durable goods.......................... 433 370 555 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.9 4.3 Nondurable goods....................... 475 378 377 5.4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.5 Service-producing industries............... 3,566 3,585 3,455 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.5 Transportation and public utilities...... 249 264 246 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.6 3.4 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,610 1,522 1,482 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.7 5.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 241 161 151 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 Services................................. 1,466 1,638 1,575 4.4 4.7 4.3 4.8 4.7 4.5 Government workers........................... 510 386 464 2.7 2.9 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.5 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 173 163 181 8.4 9.7 8.0 7.9 8.1 8.2 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,643 3,174 2,845 2,446 2,858 2,632 2,634 2,519 2,625 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,284 1,801 2,179 2,097 1,979 1,901 1,954 2,084 1,983 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,053 1,559 1,543 2,128 1,731 1,417 1,462 1,621 1,600 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 925 808 685 1,061 841 584 656 852 793 27 weeks and over........................... 1,128 751 858 1,067 891 833 806 769 807 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 15.8 12.8 13.7 16.5 14.3 14.3 14.6 13.8 14.3 Median duration, in weeks...................... 7.7 4.9 6.3 8.2 6.8 6.4 5.9 6.6 6.6 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 37.9 48.6 43.3 36.7 43.5 44.2 43.5 40.5 42.3 5 to 14 weeks................................ 32.7 27.6 33.2 31.4 30.1 31.9 32.3 33.5 31.9 15 weeks and over............................ 29.4 23.9 23.5 31.9 26.4 23.8 24.2 26.0 25.8 15 to 26 weeks............................. 13.3 12.4 10.4 15.9 12.8 9.8 10.8 13.7 12.8 27 weeks and over.......................... 16.2 11.5 13.1 16.0 13.6 14.0 13.3 12.4 13.0 NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... 2,895 2,628 2,847 2,954 2,980 2,631 2,772 2,819 2,908 On temporary layoff........................... 873 713 935 894 980 696 786 841 966 Not on temporary layoff....................... 2,022 1,915 1,912 2,060 2,000 1,935 1,986 1,978 1,941 Permanent job losers........................ 1,381 1,289 1,316 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs........ 642 626 596 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers..................................... 836 714 817 812 744 625 748 766 799 Reentrants...................................... 2,417 2,360 2,173 2,263 2,215 2,096 2,033 2,096 2,042 New entrants.................................... 833 832 731 564 549 511 493 532 463 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... 41.5 40.2 43.3 44.8 45.9 44.9 45.8 45.4 46.8 On temporary layoff.......................... 12.5 10.9 14.2 13.6 15.1 11.9 13.0 13.5 15.6 Not on temporary layoff...................... 29.0 29.3 29.1 31.2 30.8 33.0 32.8 31.8 31.3 Job leavers.................................... 12.0 10.9 12.4 12.3 11.5 10.7 12.4 12.3 12.9 Reentrants..................................... 34.6 36.1 33.1 34.3 34.1 35.7 33.6 33.7 32.9 New entrants................................... 11.9 12.7 11.1 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.2 8.6 7.5 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs......................................... 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 Job leavers.................................... .6 .5 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 Reentrants..................................... 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 New entrants................................... .6 .6 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force.............................................. 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force..................................... 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)............................. 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.................... 5.3 4.9 5.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers........................................ 5.9 5.5 5.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers......................... 9.0 8.4 8.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex July June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,633 6,237 6,230 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,350 2,318 2,230 11.0 10.7 9.5 10.0 10.6 10.3 16 to 19 years................................ 1,284 1,215 1,120 16.3 15.0 13.1 14.2 14.6 13.8 16 to 17 years.............................. 571 597 494 17.9 16.9 15.2 15.8 18.2 15.2 18 to 19 years.............................. 729 618 637 15.5 13.7 11.6 13.2 12.3 12.9 20 to 24 years................................ 1,066 1,103 1,109 7.9 8.0 7.4 7.6 8.1 8.2 25 years and over............................... 4,245 3,901 3,940 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 25 to 54 years................................ 3,750 3,480 3,460 3.8 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 55 years and over............................. 488 427 479 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.8 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,507 3,249 3,422 4.8 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 16 to 24 years................................ 1,293 1,246 1,293 11.5 11.2 9.7 11.0 10.8 11.4 16 to 19 years.............................. 697 653 672 17.2 16.5 14.0 16.0 15.3 15.9 16 to 17 years............................ 309 363 294 18.8 18.5 14.9 17.9 21.0 17.3 18 to 19 years............................ 385 303 371 16.1 15.2 13.3 14.8 11.8 14.6 20 to 24 years.............................. 596 592 621 8.3 8.1 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.7 25 years and over............................. 2,201 1,991 2,104 3.6 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.4 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,928 1,762 1,816 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 55 years and over........................... 274 231 283 3.0 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.9 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,126 2,989 2,808 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4 16 to 24 years................................ 1,057 1,073 937 10.4 10.1 9.2 9.0 10.3 9.1 16 to 19 years.............................. 587 562 448 15.3 13.4 12.1 12.3 13.9 11.5 16 to 17 years............................ 262 235 200 16.9 15.2 15.5 13.5 15.1 12.9 18 to 19 years............................ 344 315 266 14.8 12.2 9.8 11.4 12.7 11.2 20 to 24 years.............................. 470 511 489 7.5 7.9 7.5 6.9 8.0 7.7 25 years and over............................. 2,044 1,910 1,836 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,822 1,718 1,644 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 55 years and over........................... 214 196 196 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category July July July July July July 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 64,835 65,934 23,059 23,319 41,777 42,616 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 4,777 4,763 1,855 1,813 2,922 2,950 Searched for work and vailable to work now(1).............. 1,281 1,328 584 635 697 692 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 311 374 170 225 140 149 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 971 953 414 410 557 543 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 8,053 7,643 4,366 4,099 3,687 3,544 Percent of total employed................................... 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.7 6.1 5.8 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,514 4,253 2,703 2,485 1,810 1,769 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,608 1,563 534 539 1,075 1,024 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 258 308 185 223 72 86 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,625 1,456 920 821 705 636 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total......................... 122,660 126,166 126,882 125,797 122,811 124,914 125,234 125,562 125,758 125,824 Total private.................... 104,125 105,956 106,989 107,012 103,219 105,186 105,470 105,734 105,942 106,020 Goods-producing......................... 25,204 25,323 25,628 25,447 24,923 25,276 25,339 25,301 25,297 25,134 Mining................................ 603 579 585 584 593 587 582 579 579 574 Metal mining........................ 55.1 50.7 51.7 51.8 54 51 51 51 51 51 Coal mining......................... 96.0 91.9 90.9 91.0 95 93 92 92 90 91 Oil and gas extraction.............. 339.9 326.8 331.3 329.8 336 336 332 329 331 325 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 112.1 110.0 111.1 111.4 108 107 107 107 107 107 Construction.......................... 6,005 5,972 6,171 6,293 5,682 5,860 5,930 5,917 5,942 5,960 General building contractors........ 1,377.7 1,384.5 1,441.2 1,467.3 1,316 1,373 1,385 1,388 1,400 1,403 Heavy construction, except building. 855.6 850.2 877.0 894.6 789 805 819 819 820 828 Special trade contractors........... 3,771.5 3,737.4 3,852.6 3,930.8 3,577 3,682 3,726 3,710 3,722 3,729 Manufacturing......................... 18,596 18,772 18,872 18,570 18,648 18,829 18,827 18,805 18,776 18,600 Production workers................ 12,810 12,948 13,013 12,716 12,889 13,013 13,007 12,971 12,944 12,773 Durable goods........................ 10,934 11,161 11,207 10,947 10,988 11,166 11,170 11,156 11,144 10,993 Production workers................ 7,472 7,655 7,683 7,434 7,536 7,669 7,666 7,642 7,629 7,492 Lumber and wood products............ 802.8 799.9 810.7 813.1 793 801 802 803 800 801 Furniture and fixtures.............. 502.2 524.7 526.7 518.9 510 520 524 526 524 527 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 561.0 564.8 573.4 571.6 553 558 561 559 562 563 Primary metal industries............ 702.4 715.1 719.3 695.3 708 719 718 716 717 703 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 234.8 234.5 236.2 234.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,457.4 1,494.6 1,497.4 1,465.3 1,472 1,497 1,498 1,495 1,490 1,480 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,159.5 2,206.7 2,212.1 2,182.2 2,165 2,205 2,201 2,201 2,201 2,188 Computer and office equipment..... 379.3 376.8 375.7 372.7 377 381 377 376 374 371 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,683.6 1,710.3 1,717.0 1,699.1 1,690 1,722 1,720 1,716 1,715 1,703 Electronic components and accessories.................... 656.5 674.9 675.0 666.8 655 681 678 677 673 666 Transportation equipment............ 1,814.9 1,892.4 1,893.4 1,752.9 1,840 1,887 1,890 1,886 1,883 1,777 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 957.5 1,005.3 1,002.4 862.0 980 1,002 1,004 998 993 882 Aircraft and parts................ 503.0 522.8 523.7 525.1 504 525 525 524 524 527 Instruments and related products.... 865.0 864.4 867.1 863.3 865 868 867 866 864 863 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 385.2 387.9 389.9 385.1 392 389 389 388 388 388 Nondurable goods..................... 7,662 7,611 7,665 7,623 7,660 7,663 7,657 7,649 7,632 7,607 Production workers................ 5,338 5,293 5,330 5,282 5,353 5,344 5,341 5,329 5,315 5,281 Food and kindred products........... 1,715.5 1,676.8 1,703.9 1,728.9 1,687 1,704 1,708 1,710 1,706 1,697 Tobacco products.................... 38.0 37.4 36.7 36.5 42 41 42 41 40 40 Textile mill products............... 611.6 603.1 602.2 590.7 616 604 605 603 598 593 Apparel and other textile products.. 806.4 783.0 781.6 757.1 824 796 787 780 774 770 Paper and allied products........... 687.1 682.3 687.4 683.7 684 688 686 685 682 681 Printing and publishing............. 1,555.9 1,565.2 1,572.0 1,572.0 1,556 1,564 1,565 1,566 1,570 1,573 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,035.8 1,037.6 1,043.8 1,042.0 1,031 1,036 1,035 1,039 1,037 1,037 Petroleum and coal products......... 142.7 136.6 138.8 139.1 139 136 137 136 136 136 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 982.5 1,005.8 1,014.5 994.1 991 1,009 1,008 1,006 1,006 999 Leather and leather products........ 86.0 83.6 83.7 79.3 90 85 84 83 83 81 Service-producing....................... 97,456 100,843 101,254 100,350 97,888 99,638 99,895 100,261 100,461 100,690 Transportation and public utilities... 6,395 6,544 6,570 6,544 6,411 6,504 6,513 6,534 6,537 6,555 Transportation...................... 4,090 4,202 4,215 4,187 4,120 4,170 4,173 4,191 4,194 4,213 Railroad transportation........... 230.0 232.6 233.2 234.4 228 231 231 232 232 232 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 390.3 477.4 458.5 401.8 451 460 453 459 458 464 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,685.5 1,697.6 1,722.2 1,736.8 1,670 1,690 1,702 1,703 1,708 1,715 Water transportation.............. 190.9 186.8 189.9 196.6 180 183 181 185 183 187 Transportation by air............. 1,137.2 1,145.8 1,149.5 1,154.6 1,137 1,146 1,147 1,151 1,153 1,155 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.6 14.1 14.5 14.6 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 441.8 447.3 447.2 447.9 440 446 445 447 446 446 Communications and public utilities. 2,305 2,342 2,355 2,357 2,291 2,334 2,340 2,343 2,343 2,342 Communications.................... 1,431.3 1,484.9 1,494.4 1,494.9 1,425 1,475 1,484 1,486 1,489 1,488 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 874.0 856.9 860.7 862.5 866 859 856 857 854 854 Wholesale trade....................... 6,698 6,818 6,862 6,870 6,655 6,783 6,798 6,815 6,819 6,820 Durable goods....................... 3,966 4,065 4,094 4,104 3,942 4,039 4,050 4,059 4,068 4,074 Nondurable goods.................... 2,732 2,753 2,768 2,766 2,713 2,744 2,748 2,756 2,751 2,746 Retail trade.......................... 22,104 22,432 22,649 22,696 21,987 22,259 22,335 22,423 22,454 22,579 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 975.9 1,013.5 1,023.2 1,017.1 940 966 971 972 974 980 General merchandise stores.......... 2,658.7 2,701.5 2,728.1 2,740.1 2,713 2,759 2,784 2,788 2,788 2,796 Department stores................. 2,337.5 2,382.3 2,405.5 2,417.1 2,385 2,428 2,447 2,462 2,461 2,460 Food stores......................... 3,523.5 3,521.6 3,558.0 3,576.1 3,500 3,536 3,533 3,542 3,538 3,554 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,339.7 2,349.9 2,372.1 2,384.6 2,311 2,333 2,337 2,345 2,351 2,354 New and used car dealers.......... 1,054.8 1,059.8 1,065.3 1,070.4 1,051 1,056 1,058 1,060 1,064 1,067 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,082.9 1,080.1 1,097.4 1,103.1 1,093 1,098 1,105 1,106 1,110 1,111 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 1,000.2 1,041.9 1,048.3 1,056.5 1,010 1,048 1,045 1,055 1,059 1,065 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,775.1 7,861.5 7,960.3 7,952.8 7,616 7,645 7,681 7,714 7,724 7,793 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,747.5 2,861.7 2,861.8 2,865.3 2,804 2,874 2,879 2,901 2,910 2,926 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,188 7,310 7,404 7,452 7,095 7,258 7,289 7,311 7,334 7,366 Finance............................. 3,439 3,531 3,569 3,592 3,413 3,512 3,521 3,536 3,549 3,567 Depository institutions........... 2,044.1 2,038.5 2,055.5 2,062.2 2,027 2,041 2,041 2,044 2,043 2,046 Commercial banks................ 1,472.8 1,458.6 1,469.4 1,473.4 1,459 1,465 1,463 1,463 1,460 1,461 Savings institutions............ 263.9 263.9 266.3 267.8 262 262 263 264 265 266 Nondepository institutions........ 569.2 612.0 620.5 626.9 567 602 605 611 618 624 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 252.4 283.2 288.3 292.1 251 276 278 281 285 289 Security and commodity brokers.... 603.2 640.0 650.3 660.1 598 633 636 641 647 655 Holding and other investment offices........................ 222.5 240.1 242.3 243.0 221 236 239 240 241 242 Insurance........................... 2,272 2,319 2,336 2,346 2,259 2,302 2,312 2,320 2,328 2,336 Insurance carriers................ 1,543.5 1,578.3 1,590.8 1,601.1 1,534 1,566 1,574 1,579 1,586 1,594 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 728.5 740.5 744.7 745.2 725 736 738 741 742 742 Real estate......................... 1,477 1,460 1,499 1,514 1,423 1,444 1,456 1,455 1,457 1,463 Services2............................. 36,536 37,529 37,876 38,003 36,148 37,106 37,196 37,350 37,501 37,566 Agricultural services............... 758.3 758.0 789.3 792.6 682 695 706 700 707 713 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,878.4 1,788.3 1,874.7 1,920.5 1,738 1,755 1,767 1,769 1,773 1,780 Personal services................... 1,137.8 1,176.8 1,157.9 1,142.1 1,179 1,178 1,186 1,190 1,185 1,184 Business services................... 8,074.2 8,467.9 8,585.4 8,599.9 8,035 8,412 8,422 8,491 8,549 8,557 Services to buildings............. 944.9 980.0 985.9 986.1 940 966 965 975 975 979 Personnel supply services......... 3,018.7 3,134.4 3,192.2 3,172.5 3,004 3,149 3,140 3,156 3,184 3,156 Help supply services............ 2,691.7 2,801.4 2,850.9 2,831.6 2,673 2,819 2,806 2,818 2,847 2,814 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,417.7 1,575.0 1,597.1 1,618.2 1,420 1,538 1,561 1,578 1,599 1,619 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,133.6 1,154.7 1,167.2 1,172.2 1,125 1,145 1,146 1,153 1,160 1,164 Miscellaneous repair services....... 381.5 385.3 390.3 390.4 377 382 383 385 387 385 Motion pictures..................... 555.7 565.3 557.2 565.1 548 565 563 567 553 555 Amusement and recreation services... 1,873.9 1,755.5 1,941.9 2,005.3 1,582 1,647 1,660 1,662 1,675 1,686 Health services..................... 9,759.8 9,881.2 9,927.2 9,941.1 9,731 9,867 9,873 9,887 9,905 9,902 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,751.4 1,804.0 1,818.0 1,827.1 1,745 1,796 1,801 1,806 1,812 1,818 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,761.9 1,756.9 1,762.1 1,762.7 1,756 1,761 1,760 1,762 1,760 1,756 Hospitals......................... 3,883.9 3,938.9 3,960.3 3,972.8 3,871 3,925 3,938 3,945 3,954 3,959 Home health care services......... 716.5 686.0 684.5 674.2 716 698 687 684 683 674 Legal services...................... 963.7 971.8 994.7 1,000.7 948 970 972 977 980 984 Educational services................ 1,853.5 2,228.2 2,012.6 1,923.7 2,122 2,189 2,192 2,195 2,209 2,202 Social services..................... 2,516.1 2,634.6 2,625.9 2,633.6 2,531 2,587 2,595 2,609 2,630 2,637 Child day care services........... 518.1 597.6 569.5 537.9 572 575 577 575 583 588 Residential care.................. 727.0 748.4 755.1 759.9 719 744 746 749 748 752 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 98.4 94.8 98.3 99.9 90 92 92 91 91 91 Membership organizations............ 2,322.1 2,265.3 2,305.7 2,341.8 2,253 2,263 2,265 2,266 2,269 2,272 Engineering and management services. 3,035.0 3,206.0 3,252.0 3,278.1 3,013 3,164 3,178 3,212 3,232 3,258 Engineering and architectural services....................... 882.6 911.5 932.7 940.3 870 904 910 913 921 928 Management and public relations... 958.6 1,031.5 1,045.2 1,053.9 949 1,012 1,011 1,029 1,036 1,045 Services, nec....................... 50.5 51.6 52.4 52.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 18,535 20,210 19,893 18,785 19,592 19,728 19,764 19,828 19,816 19,804 Federal............................. 2,713 2,676 2,695 2,689 2,691 2,671 2,674 2,671 2,674 2,672 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,867.5 1,821.9 1,839.2 1,835.0 1,839 1,815 1,814 1,810 1,813 1,811 State............................... 4,382 4,697 4,487 4,414 4,617 4,619 4,620 4,637 4,626 4,634 Education......................... 1,645.5 1,993.3 1,753.3 1,649.3 1,933 1,928 1,925 1,932 1,926 1,929 Other State government............ 2,736.0 2,703.7 2,734.1 2,764.2 2,684 2,691 2,695 2,705 2,700 2,705 Local............................... 11,440 12,837 12,711 11,682 12,284 12,438 12,470 12,520 12,516 12,498 Education......................... 5,770.7 7,404.0 7,083.4 5,913.7 6,913 7,003 7,023 7,053 7,050 7,050 Other local government............ 5,669.4 5,433.2 5,628.0 5,768.5 5,371 5,435 5,447 5,467 5,466 5,448 1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 34.8 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.7 34.6 34.6 Goods-producing......................... 41.0 41.2 41.2 40.9 41.3 41.0 40.8 41.1 41.0 41.1 Mining................................ 45.1 44.4 44.0 43.6 45.3 43.8 44.1 44.6 43.8 44.4 Construction.......................... 40.1 39.2 39.1 40.0 39.0 38.5 38.7 38.6 38.4 39.1 Manufacturing......................... 41.2 41.8 41.8 41.1 41.9 41.8 41.4 41.8 41.8 41.7 Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.8 Durable goods........................ 41.9 42.5 42.5 41.4 42.7 42.5 41.9 42.4 42.4 42.1 Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.5 5.1 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.9 Lumber and wood products............ 40.8 41.4 41.6 41.0 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.0 Furniture and fixtures.............. 39.5 40.1 40.9 40.3 40.0 40.7 40.7 40.7 41.1 40.7 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.3 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.2 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.3 43.7 Primary metal industries............ 43.9 44.5 44.5 43.3 44.6 44.6 43.9 44.5 44.5 43.8 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.3 45.4 44.9 44.0 44.3 45.3 44.9 45.6 45.0 43.9 Fabricated metal products........... 41.6 42.5 42.6 41.4 42.5 42.4 41.8 42.6 42.5 42.2 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.8 43.1 43.2 42.3 43.5 43.3 42.6 43.0 43.2 43.0 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.2 41.2 41.4 40.7 42.1 41.4 41.1 41.4 41.4 41.4 Transportation equipment............ 42.4 43.7 43.0 40.8 44.1 43.4 42.1 43.3 42.8 42.4 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 42.1 44.1 42.7 39.5 44.4 43.5 42.0 43.3 42.4 41.6 Instruments and related products.... 41.2 41.2 41.3 40.6 41.8 41.5 41.3 41.4 41.3 41.3 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.5 39.9 39.9 39.2 40.4 40.5 40.1 40.0 40.0 40.0 Nondurable goods..................... 40.3 40.8 40.9 40.5 40.7 40.8 40.7 41.0 40.9 41.0 Overtime hours.................... 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.5 Food and kindred products........... 41.1 41.5 41.4 41.6 41.2 41.5 41.3 41.8 41.6 42.0 Tobacco products.................... 35.3 39.0 39.8 39.3 36.6 37.7 38.2 39.3 38.9 40.6 Textile mill products............... 40.6 41.1 41.5 40.5 41.4 41.2 41.0 41.3 41.1 41.1 Apparel and other textile products.. 36.6 37.4 37.8 36.9 37.1 37.2 37.7 37.4 37.4 37.3 Paper and allied products........... 43.3 43.3 43.5 42.8 43.5 43.4 43.0 43.5 43.6 43.3 Printing and publishing............. 38.1 38.1 38.0 38.2 38.4 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.3 38.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 42.7 43.0 43.1 42.6 43.1 43.4 43.1 43.1 43.1 42.9 Petroleum and coal products......... 42.8 42.9 43.3 43.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.0 41.9 42.0 41.1 41.7 41.5 41.7 42.1 42.0 42.1 Leather and leather products........ 37.8 37.4 38.1 36.1 38.3 37.9 37.3 37.3 37.6 36.2 Service-producing....................... 33.1 32.8 33.0 33.3 32.7 32.8 32.9 33.0 32.9 33.0 Transportation and public utilities... 39.5 39.5 39.7 39.7 39.3 39.8 39.6 39.8 39.6 39.6 Wholesale trade....................... 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.5 38.2 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 29.6 29.0 29.3 29.9 28.9 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.9 36.1 36.0 36.1 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.8 32.5 32.7 32.9 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.7 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry July May June July July May June July 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... $12.17 $12.70 $12.66 $12.67 $423.52 $439.42 $439.30 $440.92 Seasonally adjusted............. 12.27 12.73 12.76 12.79 423.32 441.73 441.50 442.53 Goods-producing......................... 13.93 14.28 14.27 14.35 571.13 588.34 587.92 586.92 Mining................................ 16.07 16.73 16.72 16.75 724.76 742.81 735.68 730.30 Construction.......................... 16.03 16.42 16.43 16.64 642.80 643.66 642.41 665.60 Manufacturing......................... 13.10 13.47 13.44 13.40 539.72 563.05 561.79 550.74 Durable goods........................ 13.61 13.98 13.94 13.83 570.26 594.15 592.45 572.56 Lumber and wood products............ 10.83 11.06 11.09 11.17 441.86 457.88 461.34 457.97 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.53 10.79 10.81 10.95 415.94 432.68 442.13 441.29 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.20 13.58 13.59 13.65 571.56 596.16 596.60 599.24 Primary metal industries............ 15.28 15.54 15.53 15.69 670.79 691.53 691.09 679.38 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 18.13 18.55 18.56 18.81 803.16 842.17 833.34 827.64 Fabricated metal products........... 12.66 13.02 13.00 12.89 526.66 553.35 553.80 533.65 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.02 14.36 14.41 14.45 600.06 618.92 622.51 611.24 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.69 13.05 13.07 13.16 522.83 537.66 541.10 535.61 Transportation equipment............ 17.20 17.65 17.47 17.06 729.28 771.31 751.21 696.05 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.52 18.16 17.86 17.21 737.59 800.86 762.62 679.80 Instruments and related products.... 13.50 13.75 13.69 13.76 556.20 566.50 565.40 558.66 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.51 10.79 10.81 10.81 415.15 430.52 431.32 423.75 Nondurable goods..................... 12.36 12.71 12.69 12.79 498.11 518.57 519.02 518.00 Food and kindred products........... 11.52 11.78 11.76 11.77 473.47 488.87 486.86 489.63 Tobacco products.................... 20.96 20.35 20.87 21.11 739.89 793.65 830.63 829.62 Textile mill products............... 10.02 10.37 10.36 10.40 406.81 426.21 429.94 421.20 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.19 8.46 8.50 8.49 299.75 316.40 321.30 313.28 Paper and allied products........... 15.16 15.50 15.44 15.65 656.43 671.15 671.64 669.82 Printing and publishing............. 13.01 13.32 13.30 13.38 495.68 507.49 505.40 511.12 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.59 17.11 17.05 17.23 708.39 735.73 734.86 734.00 Petroleum and coal products......... 20.00 20.80 20.74 20.80 856.00 892.32 898.04 911.04 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.57 11.85 11.82 11.91 474.37 496.52 496.44 489.50 Leather and leather products........ 8.78 9.33 9.35 9.27 331.88 348.94 356.24 334.65 Service-producing....................... 11.58 12.18 12.13 12.13 383.30 399.50 400.29 403.93 Transportation and public utilities... $14.99 $15.21 $15.24 $15.35 $592.11 $600.80 $605.03 $609.40 Wholesale trade....................... 13.38 13.96 13.89 13.98 512.45 536.06 531.99 536.83 Retail trade.......................... 8.27 8.71 8.69 8.70 244.79 252.59 254.62 260.13 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 13.21 13.99 13.94 13.95 474.24 505.04 501.84 503.60 Services.............................. 12.06 12.75 12.70 12.68 395.57 414.38 415.29 417.17 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent July Mar. Apr. May June July change Industry 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p from: June 1998- July 1998 Total private: Current dollars.............. $12.27 $12.63 $12.70 $12.73 $12.76 $12.79 0.2 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.55 7.72 7.74 7.73 7.75 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.89 14.25 14.25 14.27 14.28 14.33 .4 Mining...................... 16.15 16.82 16.72 16.77 16.72 16.82 .6 Construction................ 15.99 16.40 16.45 16.46 16.50 16.65 .9 Manufacturing............... 13.13 13.46 13.44 13.47 13.47 13.45 -.1 Excluding overtime4....... 12.42 12.73 12.76 12.78 12.76 12.73 -.2 Service-producing............. 11.73 12.10 12.19 12.23 12.26 12.30 .3 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.99 15.27 15.32 15.31 15.31 15.37 .4 Wholesale trade............. 13.45 13.84 13.88 14.00 13.98 14.06 .6 Retail trade................ 8.33 8.64 8.70 8.72 8.72 8.77 .6 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 13.36 13.85 14.00 14.03 14.08 14.11 .2 Services.................... 12.28 12.65 12.76 12.81 12.87 12.91 .3 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .3 percent from May 1998 to June 1998, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry July May June July July Mar. Apr. May June July 1997 1998 1998p 1998p 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998p 1998p Total private.................... 143.6 144.9 146.9 147.5 141.3 143.8 144.0 144.9 144.8 145.2 Goods-producing......................... 115.1 115.8 117.3 115.2 114.2 115.1 114.9 115.3 114.9 114.2 Mining................................ 58.8 55.7 55.8 55.2 57.8 55.6 55.4 56.0 54.7 54.8 Construction.......................... 171.4 165.2 170.9 179.0 156.1 158.7 161.5 160.5 160.5 163.8 Manufacturing......................... 106.5 109.0 109.8 105.3 108.9 109.7 108.7 109.4 109.1 107.3 Durable goods........................ 109.1 113.4 113.8 107.5 112.3 113.7 112.2 113.1 112.8 110.2 Lumber and wood products............ 142.7 143.6 146.7 145.4 142.3 143.6 143.8 143.8 143.7 143.1 Furniture and fixtures.............. 123.3 132.0 134.5 130.8 127.9 132.7 133.7 134.0 134.7 134.3 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 114.8 117.1 119.0 118.4 112.6 113.9 114.1 114.7 114.4 116.2 Primary metal industries............ 91.1 94.5 95.2 89.0 93.7 95.5 93.7 94.6 94.8 91.1 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 71.9 74.1 73.8 71.6 72.0 74.4 73.4 74.5 73.5 71.7 Fabricated metal products........... 113.0 118.8 119.5 113.0 117.2 119.1 117.5 119.2 118.4 116.8 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 106.8 110.9 111.4 106.8 109.3 111.1 109.1 110.1 110.8 109.4 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 108.1 109.7 110.5 106.8 111.4 111.3 110.1 110.7 110.4 109.5 Transportation equipment............ 120.5 129.3 126.8 107.1 127.7 128.7 124.6 127.0 125.1 113.3 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 153.5 166.3 160.2 121.6 166.5 164.6 158.9 161.8 157.2 131.9 Instruments and related products.... 74.7 76.2 76.5 75.4 76.1 76.8 76.6 76.6 76.3 76.8 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 100.1 101.9 102.5 98.8 104.2 104.1 103.4 102.0 102.0 102.0 Nondurable goods..................... 102.9 103.1 104.2 102.3 104.1 104.3 104.0 104.4 103.9 103.4 Food and kindred products........... 118.2 115.7 118.0 120.3 116.2 118.5 118.3 119.9 119.1 119.0 Tobacco products.................... 49.2 54.5 53.8 52.7 58.0 59.7 62.5 62.3 59.7 62.4 Textile mill products............... 87.4 87.4 88.2 84.2 90.0 87.8 87.4 87.7 86.8 85.9 Apparel and other textile products.. 70.4 69.2 69.6 65.6 73.4 70.2 70.0 68.8 68.3 67.9 Paper and allied products........... 110.6 109.7 111.1 108.5 110.7 111.1 109.9 110.7 110.5 109.1 Printing and publishing............. 124.9 124.2 124.1 124.5 126.1 125.3 124.7 125.6 125.4 125.7 Chemicals and allied products....... 99.4 102.5 103.4 101.5 100.4 103.4 102.7 102.8 102.8 102.2 Petroleum and coal products......... 77.1 73.6 75.8 76.5 74.5 73.6 73.1 73.9 73.3 73.8 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 140.7 148.0 149.8 143.0 145.2 147.2 148.1 148.9 148.4 147.4 Leather and leather products........ 37.3 36.5 37.0 33.0 40.0 37.3 36.7 36.1 36.4 34.5 Service-producing....................... 156.3 157.9 160.2 162.0 153.5 156.7 157.0 158.2 158.2 159.2 Transportation and public utilities... 129.7 130.6 131.9 131.6 129.3 130.9 130.2 131.5 130.7 131.5 Wholesale trade....................... 127.0 128.4 129.3 129.4 125.8 127.6 127.9 128.8 127.9 128.5 Retail trade.......................... 141.8 140.9 143.7 146.6 137.7 139.3 139.8 141.1 140.7 142.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 130.5 133.9 135.9 137.0 129.2 133.6 134.2 134.9 134.9 136.0 Services.............................. 190.5 193.6 196.4 198.7 186.8 191.9 192.3 193.7 194.5 194.8 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 59.3 60.5 67.0 64.5 58.6 63.3 63.8 61.7 61.5 60.4 64.0 61.7 1995.............. 62.5 60.0 54.9 55.6 47.8 55.6 54.8 59.0 58.0 55.8 54.5 58.8 1996.............. 50.8 64.6 59.6 56.6 62.8 61.0 57.3 61.5 56.0 62.5 62.2 60.7 1997.............. 58.0 61.4 59.8 63.6 60.1 54.6 61.1 59.1 60.0 64.3 62.4 64.9 1998.............. 63.8 58.7 59.6 56.9 56.6 p59.1 p52.9 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 64.5 69.2 69.9 68.4 66.6 67.1 69.0 69.5 66.2 65.6 66.6 66.3 1995.............. 63.6 61.4 59.4 53.1 55.2 53.2 59.7 60.1 59.1 58.0 56.6 54.6 1996.............. 61.9 62.8 64.0 63.8 63.5 64.9 64.2 61.5 63.9 64.2 67.0 66.6 1997.............. 64.9 63.3 65.6 66.2 63.9 61.2 60.1 65.9 67.4 68.1 70.8 71.9 1998.............. 68.4 67.3 64.2 61.7 p60.4 p57.6 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 70.9 69.9 69.7 71.2 70.2 69.8 69.8 70.2 68.7 67.4 66.7 65.4 1995.............. 66.4 60.1 59.1 57.3 59.0 60.1 57.6 60.4 59.7 59.3 61.1 63.2 1996.............. 62.8 65.4 64.7 65.7 66.2 65.0 66.4 66.0 66.2 67.6 66.9 66.3 1997.............. 67.6 67.0 65.3 64.9 65.6 67.3 68.0 67.3 70.6 72.3 73.3 72.6 1998.............. 72.1 70.9 p68.8 p63.5 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4 1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 69.1 68.3 1997.............. 69.8 67.6 69.2 70.1 69.8 69.8 71.2 71.2 71.1 73.0 72.9 p72.1 1998.............. p71.3 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1994.............. 56.8 56.5 60.1 59.0 53.6 58.3 59.0 55.8 53.6 56.5 58.3 56.8 1995.............. 54.7 54.3 46.4 53.2 42.4 44.2 46.4 49.6 48.6 52.2 45.3 48.2 1996.............. 42.8 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 50.7 47.1 55.4 47.8 52.9 54.3 55.4 1997.............. 49.3 54.3 50.0 56.8 51.4 52.2 50.4 48.9 56.5 57.2 56.1 60.8 1998.............. 55.8 51.8 52.5 48.6 45.0 p46.8 p41.4 Over 3-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 63.7 63.7 60.4 57.6 59.7 61.9 56.8 54.3 55.4 60.8 59.0 1995.............. 56.8 50.0 47.8 42.1 43.2 38.8 40.6 43.5 48.2 47.1 45.3 39.9 1996.............. 43.9 46.8 46.0 47.5 46.4 49.3 51.4 50.0 53.6 51.1 57.6 54.7 1997.............. 54.3 49.3 54.3 54.0 55.4 50.4 47.5 52.2 57.9 62.6 64.7 65.5 1998.............. 60.1 59.0 50.7 46.4 p42.8 p39.9 Over 6-month span: 1994.............. 60.4 62.9 61.2 62.6 59.4 57.2 57.6 58.6 58.6 54.7 57.2 55.0 1995.............. 55.4 46.4 42.8 40.3 41.4 42.4 41.0 41.0 43.9 43.2 43.2 45.3 1996.............. 42.1 45.3 46.4 47.1 48.2 48.6 51.1 50.4 52.9 52.9 53.2 52.2 1997.............. 54.3 54.3 51.4 52.9 51.4 55.0 56.8 57.6 60.4 64.4 67.6 65.8 1998.............. 61.5 56.8 p51.4 p41.0 Over 12-month span: 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6 1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.0 51.8 1997.............. 57.2 52.5 54.7 56.5 57.9 57.6 58.6 58.6 60.4 60.4 59.4 p57.9 1998.............. p54.0 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.