COASTAL ISSUES AND INFORMATION NEEDSA Summary of the Coastal Issues Symposium held
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Identify key research issues, information gaps, and long-term data |
DOI Land Management Needs
Provide an opportunity for client agencies (e.g., FWS, NPS) to identify
their priority coastal issues that require research and technical
assistance toward the development of resource management planning,
policy development and resource protection.
Communication and Partnership
Provide an opportunity to foster communication among BRD coastal
scientists, other USGS Divisions, and client bureaus; focus discussions
on research capabilities that reflect the needs of coastal land
managers.
Strategies
Summarize the key issues, client needs, and opportunities for
productive partnerships and develop a strategy for developing a
comprehensive coastal studies program that is responsive to land
managers and maintains professional excellence.
AGENDA
Wednesday, Feb. 10
2 - 2:10pm SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES
Charles Roman
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center - Univ of Rhode Island
Keynote Addresses
2:10 - 2:35 PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS OF COASTAL HABITATS
David Burdick
Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, University of New Hampshire
2:35 - 3:00 NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT: SOURCES AND ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES
Scott Nixon
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island
3:00 - 3:20 Break3:20 - 3:45 SHORELINE CHANGE PROCESSES
James Allen
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center - Boston
3:45 - 4:10 LONG-TERM COASTAL DATA AND LTER PROGRAMS
Bruce Hayden
University of Virginia and National Science Foundation, Div. of Environmental Biology
USGS Coastal Research Capabilities
4:10 - 4:35 USGS COASTAL AND MARINE GEOLOGY PROGRAM
Peter Barnes
USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program - Reston
4:35 - 5pm USGS WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
Peter Weiskel
USGS Water Resources Division, Massachusetts-Rhode Island District
Thursday, Feb. 11
Issues and Research Needs: DOI Land Managers
8:00a - 8:10 INTRODUCTION TO CLIENT NEEDS AND PERSPECTIVES
Janet Keough
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center - Laurel
8:10 - 9:10 NPS COASTAL ISSUES AND NEEDS
Carl Zimmerman (Assateague Island National Seashore, MD)
David Manski (Acadia National Park, ME)
Michael Rikard (Cape Lookout National Seashore, NC)
Steve Cinnamon (National Lakeshores, Midwest Regional Office)
9:10 - 9:40 FWS REFUGE ISSUES AND NEEDS
Janith Taylor
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 5
9:40 - 10:00 Break10:00 - 10:40 FWS COASTAL PROGRAMS
Jay Hestbeck
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 5
10:40 - 10:50 CONTAMINANTS ISSUES RELATED TO NPS AND FWS UNITS
Barnett Rattner
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center - Laurel
Symposium Summary
10:50 - 11 SUMMARY AND CHARGE FOR THE WORKGROUP
Hilary Neckles
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center - Augusta
1:30p - 4:40 COASTAL BREAKOUT SESSION
Continued discussion of coastal issues
Organizers: James Allen, Janet Keough, Hilary Neckles, Charles Roman
USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT OF COASTAL SYSTEMS Issues
Increasing world population and continued settlement of the coastal zone is causing nutrient enrichment of coastal ecosystems worldwide. Residential, agricultural, and urban development associated with burgeoning coastal populations has resulted in increased nutrient levels of both surface and ground water supplies. Anthropogenic sources of nutrient loading include septic systems, sewage treatment plants, and fertilizer application. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen from fuel emissions also contributes to nutrient enrichment of coastal waters, as does mineralization of organic matter inputs from agriculture and aquaculture operations, sewage waste water, and industrial effluents. Excessive nutrient enrichment causes changes in the structure and function of coastal ecosystems. Common ecosystem responses include increased algal growth, increased community metabolism, and decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations. Ultimate changes in ecosystem structure include shifts in the dominant primary producers and alterations of communities of benthos, shell- and finfish, and higher consumers.
Research Needs Relevant to Resource Management
1. Quantify nutrient loading to coastal waters from surface water, ground water, and atmospheric sources.2. Develop models to predict nutrient loading from easily measurable parameters within developed and undeveloped watersheds.3. Determine responses of coastal ecosystems to nutrient loading and identify thresholds for specific habitat responses.4. Quantify responses of higher trophic levels to coastal nutrient enrichment.5. Determine adequate buffer distances adjacent to upland development projects to protect wetland and estuarine habitats from excessive nutrient inputs.
6. Quantify the cumulative effects of localized point- and non-point source nutrient inputs on coastal watersheds.
PHYSICAL ALTERATIONS OF COASTAL HABITATS
Issues
Historically, human activities have altered coastal vegetated environments through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct physical alterations to salt marsh and seagrass habitats include sediment fill associated with upland development, storm protection, or dredge spoil disposal; sediment removal associated with ditching or dredging projects; and physical disturbance from vessels and aquaculture operations. Indirect alterations result from disruptions to physical processes that contribute to maintaining ecosystem structure and function. Examples of such indirect habitat alterations include restriction of tidal flow with dams, causeways, undersized culverts, and other obstructions; changes in freshwater inputs due to dams, sewer and storm drain outfalls, and other types of upland development; and stabilization of shorelines with groins, jetties, and seawalls. Direct and indirect alterations operate at multiple scales, from the level of individual plants to watersheds. In many cases the long-term and cumulative impacts on the structure, function, and sustainability of coastal habitats are unknown. This type of information is needed to guide restoration efforts and predict the outcomes of specific restoration actions. Ultimately, best management practices must be defined to minimize negative effects of surrounding land use on coastal wetland and estuarine habitats.
Research Needs Relevant to Resource Management
7. Determine the long-term impacts of anthropogenic physical disturbance on the structure, function, and sustainability of coastal habitats
8. Evaluate the cumulative effects of small, incremental alterations on coastal habitats
9. Quantify ecosystem responses to various habitat restoration and enhancement practices
10. Identify ecological indicators, standards, and criteria for evaluating the success of restoration efforts
11. Identify immediate threats to living resources from recreational and commercial activities in the coastal zone (e.g. personal watercraft, tour boats, commercial fishing practices)
12. Quantify the causal relationships between physical habitat alterations and detrimental effects of invasive species
13. Identify critical habitat conditions to protect, restore, and manage rare species that are threatened by physical alterations to coastal ecosystems
LONG-TERM MONITORING AND RESEARCH
ISSUES
Biological and physical structures and processes in the coastal zone are driven to a great extent by long-term and large-scale climate- and ocean- related phenomena. Seasonal and annual variability in storms, ocean temperature, erosion/deposition patterns, shoreline development, and plant and animal community development and succession, are examples of coastal processes that require long-term records to understand. Layered over regional processes are local, human developments, such as revetments, channel dredging, introduction of species, and the like; coastal ecosystems respond to such human interventions over the course of years. Understanding long-term phenomena requires a knowledge of ecosystem variation at many scales - seasonal, annual, interannual, decadal and longer - in order to conserve and manage coastal resources at the appropriate scale. Too often, we mistake interannual variation for effects of human impacts or, at minimum, cannot separate human impacts from natural variation. Long-term data can assist us in separating local from regional and anthropogenic from natural effects. Coastal ecosystem managers in the Department of Interior and other agencies need to be able to address their management needs at the appropriate scale and distinguish long-term trends from short-term natural variation. Managers need to target efforts on trends that can be managed and improved and to recognize ecosystem responses to long-term effects, such as sea-level rise, that cannot be controlled but may be accommodated. Long-term studies and long-term monitoring can provide managers with the necessary information on variation, scale and trends.
LONG-TERM SCIENCE APPROACHES TO SUPPORT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Expand programs within USGS to aid DOI Partners in long-term
monitoring and assessment, addressing individual large units or
complexes of unitsProvide incentives for scientists to participate in monitoring programs
with encouragement, funding, opportunities for data analysis, and
publications on long-term data setsHost a series of workshops with Partner Bureaus on the topic of
long-term monitoring and analysis, including setting measurable goals
and objectives, identification of monitoring indicators, approaches to
data analysis, and using data in adaptive managementEstablish a Science Advisory Board for individual or complexes of
National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges to assist with design and
review of scientific research and monitoringSupport long-term GIS platforms for National Parks, Wildlife Refuges,
and other DOI management unitsDevelop a program to acquire LIDAR data for every coastal park and
refuge every 3-5 years and provide GIS analytical support
APPENDIX - DOI SCIENCE INFORMATION NEEDS
NATIONAL PARK SERVICEAssateague Island National Seashore
Carl Zimmerman
National Park Service
Assateague Island National Seashore
7206 National Seashore Lane
Berlin, MD 21811
(410) 641-1443 x 21314. Threats to estuarine water quality from adjacent land use practices and developmentIssue: Runoff from residential and agricultural lands adjacent to park may threaten aquatic resources in the park.Information needs:
Hydrologic and water quality model
Response of fisheries to environmental conditions
Atmospheric deposition data
Chemical contaminants in living resources
Remote sensing tools
Nutrient reduction tools
15. Impacts to coastal processes from adjacent navigation project (Ocean City Inlet)
Issue: A jetty blocks longshore transport of sediment so that the shoreline down-drift of the jetty is sediment starved. A mitigation project involves moving sediment from one side of the inlet to the other.
Information needs:
Automation of geomorphic change data analysis
Post-mitigation habitat assessment
Post-mitigation rare, threatened, and endangered species assessment
16. Protection and management of rare, threatened, and endangered species
Issue: Information on the biology and ecology of rare, threatened, and endangered species is needed to enhance conservation efforts.
Information needs:
Rare species survey
Seabeach Amaranth reintroduction strategy
Tiger beetle (Cicindela sp.) biology and impact mitigation strategies
Piping plover banding/marking to determine critical habitat conditions
17. Impacts to island habitats from non-native species
Issue: Several non-native species potentially threaten island ecosystems. One species (feral horses) is actively managed to maintain a low population size.
Information needs:
Census methods for Sika Deer
Genetic variability in feral horse populations
Nutria surveillance
Impacts of horses on freshwater ponds
Sika Deer grazing effects
18. Threats from recreational and commercial activities within park boundaries
Issue: Assateague Island National Seashore receives heavy beach use; some areas allow ORVs and some are restricted to foot traffic. Commercial fishing (hydraulic clamming) also occurs within Park boundaries.
Information needs:
Assess benefits to submerged Aquatic vegetation (SAV) of
Ano-take@ sanctuary (no clamming zones)Personal watercraft effects
Fisheries catch and effort data
Hydraulic clamming impacts on SAV
Fisheries management plans
19. Other issues
Information needs:
Baseline inventories - invertebrates, groundwater
Long-term monitoring program development - groundwater, herptiles
Mosquito ditch restoration
Acadia National Park
David Manski
National Park Service
Acadia National Park
P.O. Box 177
Bar Harbor, ME 046091.
Air pollution
Issue: Acadia National Park is a Class 1 airshed under the Clean Air Act. Because of Acadia's unique location in relation to patterns of continental air flow the Park is a recipient of much air pollution. Determining the biological ramifications of airborne pollutants, including ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, mercury, and acid precipitation on Park ecosystems is a high priority.
Information needs:
How does long-term ozone exposure
affect plant genetics and communities?How do elevated mercury concentrations
in Park fish and wildlife affect
productivity and behavior?Do PCB contaminant burdens in Park bald
eagles change over time?What other atmospherically transported
toxic substances pose public health
and/or ecological risks to Park visitors
and natural resources (e.g., dioxins)?How do Park watersheds, forests, and
estuaries respond to nitrogen deposition?What are the effects of episodic
acidification on stream biota?How does fire influence the fate of
atmospherically deposited metals and
organic compounds?Are Park biota at risk from UV exposure?
2. Increasing development
Issue: Continued residential development adjacent to the Park boundary potentially threatens Park resources.
Information needs:
How do Park coastal wetlands respond to
increasing amounts of septic waste and
yard fertilizers associated with new and
expanding residential development on
Mount Desert Island?What are the ecological consequences for
Park plant and animal populations of
increasing habitat fragmentation outside
the Park boundary?
3. Conservation of biological diversity - plants
Issue: Acadia supports a very diverse flora due to its location at the intersection of two biogeographic regions and its topography. Many plant species in the Park are considered locally rare and several are listed as globally rare. Although inventories of Park flora have been completed, basic information on factors controlling the distribution and abundance of rare species and communities is lacking. Invasive plant species pose a significant threat to native plant communities in the Park.
Information needs:
Some of the rarest Park plants are
abundant in other parts of Maine or
New England. Should the NPS be
concerned about their rarity in Acadia
National Park? What is the Park role
in protecting rare plants?
Should we be trying to protect certain
plant populations when their rarity may
be related to a natural extinction or
the result of vegetation succession?What are the statistically appropriate
long-term monitoring techniques for
small populations of rare plants?What are cost-effective techniques to
control highly invasive non-native plants
at the Park, such as Japanese
barberry, alder buckthorn, and oriental
bittersweet?How do sub-alpine plant communities and
boreal forests at Acadia respond to
anticipated changes in climate?What are the long-term effects of
browsing on plant succession in a
post-fire forest environment?
4. Conservation of biological diversity - animals
Issue: Good baseline inventory data exist on some groups of animals, including large mammals, birds, and invertebrates. The historic invertebrate records are particularly extensive, from nearly 30-years of invertebrate surveys in the first part of this century. Baseline data on other animal groups is lacking (estuarine and anadromous fish) or incomplete (amphibians and reptiles). Information on the ecology of various species is also needed.
Information needs:
Have there been changes in the
invertebrate fauna over the last 75
years?What are the effects of landscape
disturbance on native pollinators?What are the most cost-effective
techniques to monitor changes in
terrestrial invertebrates?How do harlequin duck survival rates vary
among sexes, age classes, and seasons?What is the status of common eiders
nesting on Park offshore islands?What birds nest in Park estuaries?
What role do Park estuaries play as
staging habitat for migratory birds?What raptors nest in the Park?
How have beaver populations responded
to forest succession?What are the effects of fish stocking
on native freshwater aquatic ecosystems?
5. Social science
Issue: Acadia receives 3 million visitors annually. Information needs focus on maintaining high quality visitor experiences while protecting park resources.
Information needs:
What are the most effective
interpretive techniques to educate
visitors about important Park natural
resource issues?
What are appropriate visitor carrying
capacities for sensitive Park habitats
such as mountain summits and offshore
islands?What are appropriate visitor carrying
capacities for the Schoodic Peninsula
and Isle au Haut?How satisfied are visitors with the
Park's new shuttle bus system?
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Jerry Banta, Superintendent
Julie Van Stappen, Resource Management specialist
Route 1, Box 4
Bayfield, WI 54814
(715) 779-3397
Issues and Information Needs:
Coastal dynamics and sand deposition --
effects on facilitiesContaminants -- bioaccumulation in eagles
and furbearersCommercial fishing waste and
bioaccumulation
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
Dale Engquist, Superintendent
Bob Daum, Resource Management Specialist
1100 N. Mineral Springs Road
Porter, IN 46304
(219) 926-7561
Issues and Information Needs:
Create standardized E. coli monitoring
for NPS open water swimming beachesCreate standardized protocols to monitor
white-tailed deer populations and
impacts of deer on vegetationDetermine best methods of controlling
aggressive exotic vegetation
Determine best methods of monitoring
rare vegetationStudy biological impacts, water quality
impacts, and public reaction to personal
watercraft in NPS areas that allow themDetermine best methods for the
vegetative restoration of a sedge
meadow that has succeeded into a wet
forest system once the unnatural
drainage patterns (ditches) have been
removedExamine the genotypes of selected
isolated native plant species to
determine the effects of fragmentation
on their populationAssist Park with shoreline erosion studies
Isle Royale National Park
Doug Barnard, Superintendent
Jack Oelfke, Chief, Resource Management
800 E. Lakeshore Drive
Houghton, MI 49931-1895
(906) 482-0986
Issues and Information Needs:
Impacts of motorized recreation on other recreationists
Identification of coastal brook trout habitat
Impacts of hydrocarbon emissions from boats
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
Grant Petersen, Superintendent
Brian Kenner, Chief, Resource Management
P.O. Box 40
N8391 Sand Point Road
Munsing, MI 49862
(906) 387-2607
Issues and Information Needs:
Impacts of motorized recreation on other recreationists
Impacts of boats on loons, disturbance from tour boats
Monitoring of colony nesting birds
Human impacts on colony nesting birds, effects of tour
boat operations (e.g. feeding)
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
Ivan Miller, Superintendent
Steve Yancho, Resource Management specialist
9922 Front Street
Empire, MI 49630-9797
(616) 326-5134
Issues and Information Needs:
Coastal dynamics and dune failure
Piping plovers - habitat identification, predation, nest success
User conflict - motorized recreation, impacts on other recreationists
Dune erosion/geomorphology
Timing of precipitation and erosion
Water quality
Southeastern Coastal Parks (Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Canaveral National Seashore, Biscayne National Park)Michael Rikard
Cape Lookout National Seashore
131 Charles Street
Harkers Island, NC 28531
(252) 728-22501. Physical coastal processesIssue: Dredging, groins, jetties, and beach nourishment programs alter natural sediment transport processes and affect Park resources.
Information needs:
Oregon Inlet (Cape Hatteras National Seashore)
Cape Hatteras lighthouse
Drum Inlet (Cape Lookout National Seashore)
Effects of Naval Base operations on Cumberland
Island National SeashoreHistoric structures (Fort Sumpter and Port Pulaski)
2. Water qualityIssue: Activities adjacent to Park boundaries may affect Park aquatic resources.
Information needs:
Biscayne National Park
Canaveral Mosquito Lagoon
Effects of commercial fishing
3. Ground water withdrawalIssue: Withdrawal of ground water in support of adjacent developed areas may threaten Park resources.
Information needs:
Cape Hatteras National Seashore
4. Protection and management of rare, threatened, and endangered speciesIssue: Information on the biology and ecology of rare, threatened, and endangered species is needed to enhance conservation efforts.
Information needs:
Sea turtles vs. native raccoons
Piping plovers
Sea beach amaranth
5. Impacts to island habitats from non-native species Issue: Several non-native or invasive species potentially threaten island ecosystems.
Information needs:
Feral pigs at Cumberland Island National Seashore
Feral horses at Cumberland Island and Cape Lookout
National SeashoresFeral cats
Nutria
Plants - Phragmites
6. Visitor use
Issue: Recreational activities may threaten Park resources.Information needs:
Effects of off-road vehicles
Effects of personal watercraft
Effects of hunting and fishing
7. Inventory and monitoring of Park resourcesIssue: Basic information on the status and trends of Park resources is needed to guide conservation and management decisions.
Information needs:
Coastal processes
Vegetation
Wildlife
US FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
National Wildlife Refuges in the Northeast
Jan Taylor
US Fish and Wildlife Service
336 Nimble Hill Road
Newington, MH 03801
(603) 431-55811.
Mosquito control issues
Issue: Application of chemicals for mosquito control may affect non-target aquatic invertebrates and other wildlife. Past marsh manipulation for mosquito control has altered the structure of saltmarsh habitat.
Information needs:
Effects of mosquito control chemicals on
shorebird, waterfowl, and wading bird
food resourcesImpacts of chemical application on other
salt marsh wildlife such as saltmarsh
sparrow and seaside sparrowSelection of appropriate management in
response to past habitat alterations:
restoration versus enhancementEffects of management on site selection
by salt marsh wildlife
2. Coastal restoration techniques compatible with objectives for USFWS Trust Resources and mosquito control
Issue: Restoration activities in current use include Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) as defined by the USFWS. Information on ecosystem responses of coastal wetlands to OMWM and other restoration activities is needed.
Information needs:
Hydrologic, physical, and ecological
responses to ditch-pluggingDetermination of standards and criteria
for evaluating restoration successCoastal wetland tours for increased
communication and training
3. Land use practices in the coastal zone
Issue: Increasing development, public use, and recreational interest in the coastal zone may threaten wildlife resources.
Information needs:
Effects of horseshoe crab harvest on
populations
Lack of methods for monitoring
horseshoe crabsEffects of bulk-heading projects
Effects of recreational activities on
coastal dependent birds during nesting
and migration seasons is needed for
Comprehensive Conservation Planning.Unknown buffer distances adjacent to
upland development projects to protect
tidal, riparian, and estuarine habitats.
4. Coastal migratory bird issues
Issue: Information on the biology and ecology of migratory birds is needed to enhance management and conservation efforts.
Information needs:
Possible effects of herring and great
black-backed gulls on piping ploversIdentification of important foraging
areas used by coastal birds, especially
colonial species, that nest or roost on
refuge landsAvailability of fish stocks from one year
to the next for colonial birdsEffects of snow goose eat-outs
Ecological Services Programs in the Northeast
Susan Essig
US Fish and Wildlife Service
300 Westgate Center Drive
Hadley, MA 01035-9589
(413) 253-86111.
Wildlife use of seasonally saturated wetlands on the coastal plain
Issue: From New Jersey south on the Atlantic Coast, the coastal plain is characterized by wet flatwoods dominated by loblolly pine and other species, including various hardwoods. Many of these wetlands are isolated and are not currently regulated under Federal law. USFWS has trust responsibilities for wetlands in general, and for recovery of the Delmarva fox squirrel, an endangered species that uses this particular type of wetlands.
Information needs:
What species are at risk due to unregulated development
of these wetlands?To what extend do wildlife rely on these drier-end wetlands?
2. Buffers for wildlife protection
Issue: Many wetland and riverine restoration projects are undertaken annually by the USFWS, NRCS, EPA, and US Army Corps of Engineers, both to improve the integrity of coastal watersheds and to mitigate for permitted wetland conversions. However, protocols do not exist for the types and widths of upland buffers that should be included in stream reforestation or wetland restoration projects.
Information needs:
What are adequate sizes of buffers
along wetlands and streams to support
wildlife?How dependent are wetland wildlife on
wetland buffers and stream corridor
buffers?
3. Appropriate level of monitoring for wetland restoration or creation projects
Issue: Despite the investment of Federal funding in wetland restoration and, to a lesser amount, creation, the preponderance of effort is expended on determining areas suitable for restoration, securing any necessary permits, and the actual restoration activity. Very little attention has been given to monitoring in either the restoration or regulatory (i.e. restoration as compensatory mitigation) arenas. It is critical that an appropriate level of monitoring be instituted to ensure that projects are meeting their scientific objectives.
Information needs:
What hydrologic indicators should be
monitored to determine whether a
restored wetland is recreating the lost
functions and values of the original system?What vegetation indicators should be
monitored to determine whether a
restored wetland is recreating the lost
functions and values of the original
system?What is the appropriate longevity of a
monitoring program?
4. Cumulative impacts of coastal developmentIssue: Degradation of estuarine and nearshore habitats is a product of numerous small-scale development projects that incrementally affect water quality and aquatic resources. The cumulative impacts of such small-scale alterations are poorly understood.
Information needs:
What are the cumulative effects of
small-scale development such as septic
systems, docks and pier construction,
and localized non-point source pollution
on coastal watersheds and estuarine
systems?
5. Essential components of watershedsIssue: Coastal watersheds in the Northeast are generally degraded to varying extents. Indicators of general ecosystem health should be developed to help decision makers prioritize restoration projects.
Information needs:
What are the characteristics of an
ecologically healthy watershed?What characteristics must be maintained
to sustain ecological health?
To what extent can a watershed be
degraded and still maintain ecological
functions (i.e., can Aassimilative
capacity@ be measured)?
6. Habitat requirements for living resourcesIssue: The Chesapeake Bay Federal Interagency Program published AHabitat Requirements for Chesapeake Bay Living Resources@ in 1991. Since this time, similar characterizations have been done for other estuaries.
Information needs:
Augment existing literature on species
determined to be characteristic or
indicator species of an estuary.
7. Species at riskIssue: Proactive strategies are needed to reverse species= declines and preclude the need for listing under the Endangered Species Act.
Information needs:
Ecology of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon
Survey of Chesapeake Bay tributaries
for Atlantic sturgeonStatus of population of the rare skipper,
known from only one marsh in Virginia.
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