On a clear sunny day, the sky above us looks bright blue. In the evening, the sunset
puts on a brilliant show of reds, oranges, and pinks. Why is the sky blue?
To understand why the sky is blue, we need to understand a little about our atmosphere and light.
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation (which means it travels in the form of waves possessing electric and
magnetic properties). Light from the sun or a light bulb may look white, but it is actually a combination of colors.
White light consists of all the colors we can see, and each of these colors has a different wavelength.
Wavelength is the distance between the crests of the light waves as they move through space.
The colors blend continuously into one another. At one end of the spectrum are the reds and oranges. These gradually shade
into yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The colors have different wavelengths, frequencies, and energies. Violet has the
shortest wavelength in the visible spectrum. That means that it also has the highest frequency and energy. Red has the longest wavelength,
and lowest frequency and energy.
Light travels in a straight line as long as nothing disturbs it. As light moves through the atmosphere, it continues to go straight
until it bumps into a bit of dust or a gas molecule (like oxygen or nitrogen). Then what happens to the light depends on the wavelength
and the size of the thing it hits.
Gas molecules are smaller than the wavelength of visible light. When light bumps into them, some of the light gets reflected, or bounces off the molecule,
while the rest of the energy is absorbed by the molecule. While all colors are scattered by air molecules, violet and blue are scattered most. The sky looks blue,
not violet, because our eyes are more sensitive to blue light (and the sun also emits more energy as blue light than as violet). This process of scattering is known as
Rayleigh scattering (named after Lord John Rayleigh, who first described it in the 1870's).
As you look at the horizon, the sky appears much paler in color. To reach you, the scattered blue light must pass through more air.
Some of it gets scattered away again in other directions. Therefore, less blue light reaches your eyes. The color of the sky near the horizon
appears paler or even whitish. If you go to high elevations, the sky directly overhead can be very dark blue or even bluish-violet. That is because
there are fewer molecules to scatter light at higher elevations, so only the shortest of wavelengths experience the most scattering as you go up further into the atmosphere. If you continued
upward even more, the sky would slowly turn black as scattering diminishes even more. Space is black because there are very few molecules to scatter light.
So why are sunrises and sunsets red?
At sunrise and sunset, the sunlight passes through more atmosphere than during the day when the sun
is higher in the sky. More atmosphere means more molecules to scatter the violet and blue light. If the path is long
enough, all the blue and violet light gets redirected out of your line of sight, while much of the pink, orange, and red colors
continue along the undeviated path between your eyes and the sun. This is why sunrises and sunsets often
are composed of pink, red, and orange colors.
When more molecules are in the atmosphere than normal, say after a major volcanic eruption, the most spectacular
sunrises and sunsets can occur. Dust and water particles reflect light just like gas molecules can, therefore having more
molecules in the air cause more scattering to occur, causing even less pinks and yellows to reach your eyes. More oranges and
reds reach your eyes in this situation leading to intense sunrises and sunsets.
This schematic shows how the path of light from the sun changes the color of the light when it reaches your eyes
depending on where you are on the earth (or what time of day it is). At midday when the light is coming in overhead, the light
appears blue. By sunset however, when more of the suns light passes through a thicker layer of atmosphere, more reds continue on to
be seen by the eye.