Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal power plant at The Geysers, California. Above: Estimated
subterranean temperatures at a depth of 6 kilometers.
Photo and map from the National
Atlas Web site
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Geothermal energy is derived from heat that originates in the
Earth; it is considered to be a renewable energy source. Currently,
geothermal energy use falls into three main categories, each
of which employs its own specialized technology. Direct use of
hot springs and geothermal pools has been practiced for thousands
of years, and direct use continues today, with various recreational,
agricultural, and industrial applications. In direct use, geothermal
water is used in heating spas and pools, in aquaculture and greenhouses,
and in various industrial applications. A second category of
geothermal energy use, electric power generation, utilizes energy
in water and rocks at a greater depth beneath the Earth’s
surface. Electric power generation using geothermal resources
may take place in several different types of plants, but most
rely on the process of piping water or steam into a plant from
underground. Geoexchange systems, a third category of geothermal
energy use, are becoming increasingly common throughout the United
States and Europe. These systems use relatively shallow, but
constant, earth temperatures for efficient heating and cooling
of buildings.
This guide, a revision and update of TB 83-9, is not intended
as a comprehensive bibliography, but highlights selected works
and resources about geothermal energy. Many of these titles are
available in the reference collection in the Science and Business
Reading Room, located on the fifth floor of the Adams Building
at the Library of Congress.
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Berinstein, Paula. Geothermal energy. In her Alternative
energy: facts, statistics, and issues. Westport, CT, Oryx
Press, 2001. p. 126-140.
TJ808.B467 2001 <SciRR>
Brown, Charles E. Geothermal energy. In his World energy
resources. Berlin, New York, Springer, c2002. p. 157-165.
TJ163.2.B76 2002 <SciRR>
Counsil, John. Geothermal energy. In The Wiley encyclopedia
of energy and the environment. v. 1. Edited by Attilio Bisio
and Sharon Boots. New York, John Wiley & Sons, c1997. p 924-935.
TJ163.235.W55 1997 <SciRR>
McFarland, Ernest L. Geothermal energy. In Macmillan encyclopedia
of energy. v. 2. Edited by John Zumerchik. New York, Macmillan
Reference US A, 2001. v. 2, p. 572-579.
TJ163.28.M33 2001 <SciRR>
Wiser, Wendell H. Geothermal energy. In his Energy resources:
occurrence, production, conversion, use. New York, Springer,
c2000. p. 249-255.
TJ163.2.W58 2000 <SciRR>
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Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which
works on geothermal energy can be located in Library catalogs,
include the following:
Highly Relevant
GEOTHERMAL
ENGINEERING
GEOTHERMAL
POWER PLANTS
GEOTHERMAL
RESOURCES
Relevant
EARTH
TEMPERATURE
GEOTHERMAL
LEASES UNITED STATES
GROUND
SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
Related
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
HEAT
EXCHANGERS
SUSTAINABLE
ENGINEERING
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Geothermal energy. Edited by Mary H. Dickson and Mario
Fanelli. Chichester, Eng., New York, Wiley, c1995. 214 p.
Includes bibliographies.
TJ280.7.G416 1995
Geothermal energy: utilization and technology. Edited
by Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli. Sterling, VA, Earthscan,
c2005. 205 p.
Includes bibliographies.
TJ280.7.G443 2005 <SciRR>
Indirect solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy. Edited
by T. Nejat Veziroglu. New York, Nova Science Publishers. c1991.
623 p. (Energy and environmental progress 1, v. C)
Includes bibliographies.
TJ810.I378 1991
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Geothermal energy program. In Renewable power pathways: a
review of the U.S. Department of Energy’s renewable energy
programs. Committee on Programmatic Review of the U.S. Department
of Energy’s Office of Power Technologies, Board on Energy
and Environmental Systems, Commission on Engineering and Technical
Systems, National Research Council. Washington, National
Academy Press, c2000. p. 50-56.
Includes bibliographies.
http://www.nap.edu
TJ807.9.U6R455 2000
Geothermal heating: a handbook of engineering economics. Edited
by R. Harrison, N. D. Mortimer, and O. B. Smarason. Oxford, New
York, Pergamon Press, 1990. 556 p.
Includes bibliographies.
Supported by the Commission of the European Communities, (EUT
12942 EN), U.N.E.S.C.O., the Leverhulme Trust.
TJ280.7.G444 1990
Isotopic and chemical techniques in geothermal exploration,
development and use: sampling methods, data handling, interpretation.
Edited by Stefán Arnórsson. Vienna, International
Atomic Energy Agency, 2000. 351 p. Bibliography:
p. 343-351.
GB1199.5.I86 2000
Lee, Keng Choon. Geothermal power generation. In Encyclopedia
of energy .Cutler J. Cleveland, editor in chief. Amsterdam,
Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, c2004. v. 2, p. 875-893.
TJ163.28.E53 2004 <SciRR>
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Geothermal energy: the reliable renewable, Geothermal Resources
Council 2004 Annual Meeting, August 29-September 1, 2004, Hyatt
Grand Champions Resort & Spa, Indian Wells, California, U.S.A. Davis,
CA, Geothermal Resources Council, c2004. 692 p. (Geothermal Resource
Council. Transactions, v. 28)
Includes bibliographies.
GB1199.5.G46 2004
Geothermal biology and geochemistry in Yellowstone National
Park: Proceeding of the Thermal Biology Institute workshop, Yellowstone
National Park, WY, October 2003. Edited by William P. Inskeep
and Timothy R. McDermott. Bozeman, MT, Montana State University
Publications, 2005. 352 p.
Includes bibliographies.
GB1199.7.Y46G46 2005
Proceedings of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems Division--2005.
Presented at 2005 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress
and Exposition, November 5-11, 2005, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. Sponsored
by the Advanced Energy Systems Division. New York, ASME, c2005.
(AES, v. 45)
Includes bibliographies.
TJ163.7.P7595 2005
Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, 1995, Florence,
Italy, 18-31 May 1995. Edited by Enrico Barbier and others.
Auckland, NZ, International Geothermal Association; New York,
Elsevier Science, c1995. 5 v. Includes bibliographies.
GB1199.5.W67 1995
Renewable energy: renewables, the energy for the 21st century:
World Renewable Energy Congress VI, 1-7 July 2000, Brighton,
UK. Edited by A. A. M. Sayigh. Amsterdam, New York, Pergamon,
2000. 5 v.
Includes bibliographies.
TJ807.2.W67 2000
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Most reports listed below are available in the microform collection
of the Science Reading Room. These and other reports are sold by
the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS telephone: (703) 605-6585.
NTIS Web site: http://www.ntis.gov
Beurskens, Luuk. The cost of geothermal energy in the Western
U.S. region: a portfolio-based approach, a mean-variance portfolio
optimization of the regions’ generating mix to 2013. Albuquerque,
NM, Sandia National Laboratories, Sept. 2005. 28 p.
SAND 2005-5173
Available online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/
Erikson, Jody. The National Geothermal Collaborative, EERE-Geothermal
Program, final report. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Energy,
May 2006. 7 p.
DOE-SF-22363-NGC
Available online at: http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/883304-xeCU2D/
Geothermal energy: information on the Navy’s geothermal
program. Washington, General Accounting Office, June 2004.
46 p. (GAO-04-513)
PB2004105542
Hot dry rock technology. Albuquerque, NM, Albuquerque
Operations Office, 2005. 28 p.
DE2005583245
Renewable resources for America’s future. Washington,
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30 p.
PB2005103479
Available online at: http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf (PDF
-
1.61
MB)
(The freely available Adobe
Acrobat Reader is required to view and
print this resource.)
The Future of geothermal energy: impact of enhanced geothermal
systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st century. Cambridge,
MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. 358 p.
Available online at: http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf (14.1
MB PDF)
(The freely available Adobe
Acrobat Reader is required to view and print this resource.)
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ASTM Standards
ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for
Testing and Materials, is one of the largest voluntary standards
development organizations in the world. The Annual Book of ASTM
Standards can be consulted in the Science Reference collection
of the Library of Congress. ASTM standards can also be purchased
through ASTM International at: http://www.astm.org or
through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) at: http://www.ansi.org
ASTM International. Annual book of ASTM standards. West
Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International, c2002-
TA401.A653 <SciRR>
See especially v. 12.02 for standards related to geothermal
energy.
Selected ASTM standards related to geothermal energy include:
ASTM: E-947-83-2002. Standard specification for sampling single-phase
geothermal liquid or steam for purposes of chemical analysis. ASTM
book of standards, v. 12-02, 2005.
TA401.A653
ASTM: E-974-00-2006. Standard guide for specifying thermal performance
of geothermal power systems. ASTM book of standards, v.
12-02, 2006.
TA401.A653 <SciRR>
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Standard
Performance rating of direct geoexchange heat pumps: ARI standard
870-2005. Fairfax, VA, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
Institute, c2005. 15 p. (ANSI/ARI 2005-870)
Pamphlet Box <SciRR>
Available online at: http://www.ari.org/standardscert/standards/870-2001.htm
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Water-source heat pumps: testing and rating for performance.
Geneva, Switzerland, ISO, 1998. 37 p. (ISO 13256)
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Dissertations may be identified by using online resources or the
following indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult any
reference librarian about options. Some dissertations may be available
in full text through electronic resources on public terminals at
the Library of Congress.
Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement (1973-
annual)
Z5053.X47a
Digital Dissertations (1861-)
Electronic resource
Dissertation Abstracts International (1938- monthly)
Z5053.D57 and Electronic format
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Forrest, Andrew Ryan. Optimization of a geothermal heat pump
system with aboveground water storage. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI,
2003.
UMI publication number AAT 1412447 <MicRR>
Collation of the original: 101 p.
Dissertation (masters)--North Carolina State University, 2003.
Kanoglu, Mehmet. Design and optimization of geothermal power
generation, heating, and cooling. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 1999.
UMI publication number AAT 9934146 <MicRR>
Collation of the original: 137 p.
Dissertation (doctoral)--University of Nevada, Reno, 1999.
Mossop, Antony Patrick. Seismicity, subsidence and strain
at The Geysers geothermal field. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2001.
UMI publication number AAT 3002026 <MicRR>
Collation of the original: 167 p.
Dissertation (doctoral)--Stanford University, 2001.
Xie, Feng. Application of model predictive control to a geothermally
heated bridge deck. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2005.
UMI publication number AAT 1424883 <MicRR>
Collation of the original: 138 p.
Dissertation (masters)--Oklahoma State University, 2005.
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ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES that index relevant journal
articles and other literature on geothermal energy are listed below.
Consult reading room reference staff in order to access abstracting
and indexing services in electronic format on the public terminals
in the reading rooms at the Library of Congress.
Applied Science and Technology Abstracts (ASTA)
Z7913.I7 <SciRR> and Electronic
format
Environmental Issues and Policy Index
Electronic
format
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
Electronic
format
GEOBASE
Electronic
format
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Electronic
format
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Journals that often contain articles relevant to geothermal energy
include the following:
Energy |
HD9502.A1E533 |
Energy Conversion and Management |
TK2896.E48 |
Energy Sources |
TJ153.E4786 |
Geothermics |
GB1001.G47 |
GRC Bulletin |
GB1199.6.B84 |
Journal of Energy Resources Technology |
TJ163.13.T72 |
Power |
TJ1.P7 |
Power Engineering |
TJ1.P77 |
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers. Civil Engineering. |
TA1.P826 |
Renewable Energy |
TJ809.S6 |
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Batchelor, Tony. Geothermal energy: a major renewable energy
resource. Civil engineering, v. 158, Nov. 2005: 40-44.
TA1.P826
Bertani, Ruggero. World geothermal power generation 2001-2005. GRC
bulletin, v. 35, May/June 2006: 89-111.
GB1199.6.B84
Box, W. T. A second boom for geothermal? Power engineering,
v. 108, June 2004: 97.
TJ1.P77
Ghose, Mrinal K. Environmentally sustainable supplies of energy
with specific reference to geothermal energy. Energy sources,
v. 26, May 2004: 531-539.
TJ153.E4786
Hepbasli, A., and O. Akdemir. Energy and exergy analysis of a
ground source (geothermal) heat pump system. Energy conversion
and management, v. 45, Mar. 2004: 737-753.
TK2896.E48
Kagel, Alyssa, and Karl Gawell. Promoting geothermal energy:
air emissions comparison and externality analysis. Electricity
journal, v.18, Aug. 2005: 90-99.
HD9685.U4E415
Kujawa, Tomasz, Wladyslaw Nowak, and Aleksander A. Stachel. Utilization
of deep geological wells for acquisitions of geothermal energy. Energy,
v. 31, Apr. 2006: 650-664.
HD9502.A1E533
Lund, John W. Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 worldwide
review. Geothermics, v. 34, Dec. 2005: 691-727.
GB1001.G47
Ozgener, Onder, and Arif Hepbasli. Experimental performance analysis
of a solar assisted ground-source heat pump greenhouse heating
system. Energy & buildings, v. 37, Jan. 2005: 101-110.
TJ163.5.B84E523
Sliwa, Tomasz, and Andrzej Gonet. Theoretical model of borehole
heat exchanger. Journal of energy resources technology,
v. 127, June. 2005: 142-148.
TJ163.13.T72
Wicker, Ken. Geothermal: hotter than ever. Power, v.
149, Jan./Feb. 2005: 40-44.
TJ1.P7
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Selected Materials available in the Science Reading
Room pamphlet boxes include the following:
Duffield, Wendell A., and John H. Sass. Geothermal energy:
clean power from the Earth’s heat. Menlo Park, CA, U.S.
Geological Survey, 2003. 36 p. (Circular 1249)
Bibliography: p. 36.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/c1249.pdf
Geothermal today: geothermal energy program highlights.
U. S. Department of Energy, Golden, CO, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, 1999. 37 p.
Hulen, J. B., and P. M. Wright. Geothermal energy.
Salt Lake City, The Energy & Geoscience Institute, University
of Utah, 2001. 7 p.
Kagel, Alyssa, Diana Bates, and Karl Gawell. A guide to
geothermal energy and the environment. Washington, Geothermal
Energy Association, April 2005. 75 p.
Renewable resources for America’s future. Washington,
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005. 30 p.
http://www.doi.gov/initiatives/renewable_energy.pdf
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State Government Resources
California Energy Commission Geothermal Program
The program promotes geothermal energy development. Material
available at the Website
includes fact sheets on funded projects, an overview of geothermal
energy in California, and a section on geothermal energy for
students.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/geothermal/
Colorado Governor’s Office of Energy Management
and Conservation
Descriptions of geothermal sites and resources in Colorado, photos
and links.
http://www.state.co.us/oemc/programs/renewable/geothermal.htm
Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality
Includes a description of the Fairmont Hot Springs Resort project.
http://www.deq.state.mt.us/energy/Renewable/SolarGeothermal.asp
Nevada Commission on Mineral Resources
Oil, gas and geothermal forms and publications.
http://minerals.state.nv.us/forms/forms_ogg.htm
New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department
Geothermal energy sources and projects in New Mexico.
http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/ECMD/Geothermal/Geothermal.htm
Utah Geological Survey: Geothermal Resources
Databases, reports and maps, with the focus on geothermal resources
and use in Utah.
http://geology.utah.gov/emp/geothermal/index.htm
Federal Government Resources: U. S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
Energy Citations Database
http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/
Geothermal Technologies Subject Portal
http://www.osti.gov/geothermal/
Geothermal Energy, Idaho National Laboratory (INL)
INL works to establish geothermal energy as an economically competitive
contributor to U.S. energy supply. Reports, maps, software,
and contacts can be found at the Website.
http://geothermal.id.doe.gov/
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program (EERE)
Geothermal Technologies Program
Works in partnership with industry to establish geothermal energy
as an economically competitive contributor to the U.S. energy
supply. The site links to sections on geothermal basics, history,
news and other resources.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/
GeoPowering the West
State fact sheets, resource maps and program information is
available at the site.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/gpw/
How to Buy an Energy-efficient Heat Pump
Information about energy-efficient ground-source heat pumps,
from the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP).
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/femp/pdfs/gshp-pro-chal.pdf
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Geothermal Energy Program
http://www.nrel.gov/geothermal/
Center for Buildings and Thermal Systems
http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/buildings_thermal.html
Organizations, Associations and Research Programs
Energy & Geoscience Institute (EGI): Geothermal
Research Program
This unit of EGI performs basic and applied research in geothermal
exploration, reservoir delineatation, drilling, logging and production.
http://www.egi-geothermal.org
Environmental and Energy Study Institute
Promotes initiatives on sustainable policy; publications are
available at the Website.
http://www.eesi.org
European Geothermal House, European Geothermal Energy
Council (EGEC)
EGEC is an international organization that promotes use, research
and development of geothermal energy. This site offers a wide
range of information, ranging from introductory to specialized.
http://www.geothermie.de/egec_geothernet/menu/frameset.htm
Geo-Exchange, Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC)
GHPC works to increase awareness and use of geoexchange technology.
Information at this site ranges from an introductory video
to case studies.
http://www.geoexchange.org/
Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology
Provides technological information on geothermal energy for consultants,
developers, potential users and the general public. Offers
publications for download and purchase.
http://geoheat.oit.edu/
Geothermal Education Office (GEO)
The GEO site has world maps of geothermal energy production,
geothermal facts, classroom materials and other information.
http://geothermal.marin.org/
Geothermal Energy Association (GEA)
The GEA Website offers a useful section on geothermal basics
along with a directory of existing power plants.
http://www.geo-energy.org/
Geothermal Laboratory, Southern Methodist University
The Geothermal Lab site offers a very useful collection of maps
related to geothermal energy development and use, as well as
many publications and links to related databases.
http://www.smu.edu/geothermal/
Geothermal Resources Council (GRC)
GRC is an international educational and professional association
which encourages research and information transfer. The site
offers a virtual tour of a geothermal plant. Publications are
available for purchase, with some articles freely downloadable.
The Mexican professional journal Geotermia is also
available in electronic format.
http://www.geothermal.org/index.html
International Geothermal Association
Includes general information on geothermal energy, news, interactive
maps, images and links to the International Geothermal Conference
Papers Database.
http://iga.igg.cnr.it/index.php
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA)
IGSHPA advances ground source heat pump technology through training
and research. The site offers general and technical information,
with a directory of federal and state incentives and local
industry contacts.
http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/about/about_us.htm
National Geothermal Cooperative
A U.S. based collaborative of stakeholders in geothermal energy
development.
http://www.geocollaborative.org/index.htm
World Renewable Energy Congress/Network (WREC/WREN)
This organization sponsors international congresses on renewable
energy, and works to support and enhance the utilization and
implementation of renewable energy sources. It also publishes
newsletters and the annual journal Renewable Energy.
http://www.wrenuk.co.uk/index.html
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