FOIA Counselor
Discovery and the Freedom of Information Act are two entirely distinct means by which information may be obtained from the federal government.
Discovery is a device used by a party in litigation in order to obtain information from an entity or an individual (usually an opposing party) relating to the subject matter of a case. Discovery requests are generally limited only by traditional standards of relevancy, privilege and burden. See, e.g., Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Discovery may be sought in written form through interrogatories, or in oral form through depositions. It may also be sought through requests for the production of documents. See Rule 34 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
The Freedom of Information Act, on the other hand, provides a general right of access to federal records. The FOIA may be used by "any person" to seek access to "reasonably described" records maintained by any federal agency. The access afforded by the FOIA is thus often duplicative of that available through discovery.
Attempts are often made by parties in litigation to use the FOIA in place of, or in addition to, discovery. Under present law there is no statutory prohibition to the use of FOIA as a discovery tool. The Supreme Court found in NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 143 n.10 (1975), that under existing law a requester's rights are not diminished by his or her status as a litigant.
The present use of the FOIA as a discovery tool can create problems for government attorneys in litigation. For example, government attorneys often do not realize that an opponent has duplicative access to information under the FOIA and may be exercising that right. Information obtained through the FOIA without the attorney's knowledge may take litigants by surprise when used by the opposing party. A government attorney must also be aware of a release of information under the FOIA which might prevent a later assertion of privilege.
Because of the problems which can be created by the use of the FOIA as a discovery tool, it is extremely important that agency personnel processing FOIA requests and government attorneys carefully coordinate their efforts.
Attorneys should inform agency personnel having custody of records that a related matter is in litigation and of the significance of the records to the litigation. The FOIA processors then will be able to advise the attorney of what requests have been made and of what material is contemplated to be released.
Similarly, where broad access to material is granted in discovery, subsequent assertion of FOIA exemptions for the material is usually not possible, so it is important to inform FOIA offices of discovery releases. See, e.g., North Dakota v. Andrus, 581 F.2d 177 (8th Cir. 1978). Notifying one another will ease problems for both groups.
The use of the FOIA in place of discovery has concerned government litigators and policymakers for some time. The Supreme Court also voiced its disapproval of the use of the FOIA as a discovery tool in NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214 (1978), stating that this was not an intended function of the act.
The Administration's proposed Freedom of Information Improvements Act of 1981 (see pp. 3-8) addresses this concern. Proposed new subsection (a)(3)(B) would prohibit the use of the FOIA as a discovery device by a party to a judicial or adjudicatory administrative hearing or by any requester acting for such a party. This would solve the problem of FOIA requests duplicating discovery access in litigation, while leaving untouched a requester's ability to make a request for information before litigation begins. Until such a proposed modification of existing law is enacted, however, government attorneys and FOIA personnel alike should make every effort possible to coordinate their actions.
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