Cyclohexylamine (CASRN 108-91-8)
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0319
Cyclohexylamine; CASRN 108-91-8
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Cyclohexylamine
File First On-Line 09/07/1988
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
---|---|---|
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | on-line | 09/07/1988 |
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | no data |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Cyclohexylamine
CASRN — 108-91-8
Last Revised — 09/07/1988
The oral Reference Dose (RfD) is based on the assumption that thresholds exist for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis. It is expressed in units of mg/kg-day. In general, the RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Please refer to the Background Document for an elaboration of these concepts. RfDs can also be derived for the noncarcinogenic health effects of substances that are also carcinogens. Therefore, it is essential to refer to other sources of information concerning the carcinogenicity of this substance. If the U.S. EPA has evaluated this substance for potential human carcinogenicity, a summary of that evaluation will be contained in Section II of this file.
__I.A.1. Oral RfD Summary
Critical Effect |
Experimental Doses* |
UF |
MF |
RfD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Testicular damage Rat Chronic Oral Gaunt et al., 1976 Testicular damage Rat Chronic Oser et al., 1976 |
NOAEL: 600 ppm LOAEL: 2000 ppm |
100
|
1
|
2E-1
mg/kg/day |
*Conversion Factors: Investigators estimated intake of cyclohexylamine-HCl in male rats at 600 ppm at 24 mg/kg/day; thus, 24 mg/kg/day x 99.17/135.63 (ratio of mol. wt. of cyclohexylamine to cyclohexylamine-HCl) results in a dosage of cyclohexylamine of 18 mg/kg/day.
__I.A.2. Principal and Supporting Studies (Oral RfD)
Gaunt, I.F., J. Hardy, P. Grasso, S.D. Gangolli and K.R. Butterworth. 1976. Long-term toxicity of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 14(4): 255-268.
Oser, B.L., S. Carson, G.E. Cox, E.E. Vogin and S.S. Steinberg. 1976. Long- term and multigeneration toxicity studies with cyclohexylamin hydrochloride. Toxicologist. 6(1): 47-65.
Groups of 48 male and 48 female Wistar rats were fed diets containing 0, 600, 2000 or 6000 ppm cyclohexylamine hydrochloride for 104 weeks (Gaunt et al., 1976). The investigators estimated ingested dosages of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride at 24, 82 and 300 mg/kg/day for males and 35, 120 and 440 mg/kg/day for females. Parameters of toxicity investigated included behavior and appearance, body weight gain and body weights, food and water consumption, limited hematology, urinalysis and tests of kidney function, necropsy examination and histopathologic examination of a large number of tissues. Effects attributed to treatment included a dose-related decrease in mortality, decreased body weight gain and decreased terminal body weights. Food consumption was decreased at greater than or equal to 2000 ppm. Females at greater than or equal to 2000 ppm had elevated relative thyroid weights; males at greater than or equal to 2000 ppm had testicular degeneration, which was severe at 6000 ppm; minor hematologic effects occurred in both sexes at greater than or equal to 2000 ppm; and an increased frequency of pulmonary alveoli with foamy macrophages was observed in rats at 6000 ppm. The effects on body weight gain and body weights were observed in both sexes in all treated groups throughout the experiment.
In a six-generation dietary study (Oser et al., 1976), FDRL strain rats (30/sex/group) were fed diets of 0, 15, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg/day of cyclohexylamine-HCl in the parental (F0) generation. During the course of a 24-month chronic toxicity study, all F0 rats were bred six times. Parameters of toxicity investigated included behavior, appearance and survival, recorded body weights, food consumption, histopathology and hematology, blood chemistry and urinalysis. There was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of body weight gain in treated males (100 and 150 mg/kg/day groups) and treated females (greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg/day groups). This effect was attributed to decreased food intake. The incidence of testicular atrophy was statistically significant at both 50 and 150 mg/kg/day cyclohexylamine; however, the incidence was not elevated at 100 mg/kg/day relative to controls. There was reduced fertility in the 150 mg/kg/day group after the 4th and 5th mating, and at 100 and 150 mg/kg/day groups, there was a reduced number of live young/litter and the growth rate of the pups was reduced.
__I.A.3. Uncertainty and Modifying Factors (Oral RfD)
UF — The UF of 100 allows for uncertainty in the extrapolation from experimental animals to humans (10A) and to protect unusually sensitive individuals (10H).
MF — None
__I.A.4. Additional Studies/Comments (Oral RfD)
A subchronic rat study performed by the same group of investigators found adverse effects on body weight gain at 2000 but not at 600 ppm cyclohexylamine hydrochloride (Gaunt et al., 1974). Long-term (Hardy et al., 1976) and multigeneration studies (Kroes et al., 1977) in mice indicate that mice are less sensitive than rats to the adverse effects of cyclohexylamine. The chemical has not been associated with teratogenicity in rats or rabbits (Oser et al., 1976; Lorke and Machemer, 1983; Kennedy et al., 1969).
__I.A.5. Confidence in the Oral RfD
Study — High
Database — High
RfD — High
Confidence in the study is rated high because it was well-planned and conducted with adequate numbers of animals and evaluated the appropriate parameters of toxicity. Confidence in the database is high because the developmental and reproductive toxicity of cyclohexylamine has been adequately investigated. High confidence in the RfD follows.
__I.A.6. EPA Documentation and Review of the Oral RfD
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1987
Limited peer review and extensive Agency-wide review, 1987.
Other EPA Documentation — None
Agency Work Group Review — 09/17/1987
Verification Date — 09/17/1987
Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the RfD for Cyclohexylamine conducted in September 2002 did not identify any critical new studies. IRIS users who know of important new studies may provide that information to the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or (202)566-1676.
__I.A.7. EPA Contacts (Oral RfD)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — Cyclohexylamine
CASRN — 108-91-8
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — Cyclohexylamine
CASRN — 108-91-8
Not available at this time.
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — Cyclohexylamine
CASRN — 108-91-8
Last Revised — 12/01/1989
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
Gaunt, I.F., M. Sharratt, P. Grasso, A.B.G. Lansdown and S.D. Gangolli. 1974. Short-term toxicity of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12(5-6): 609-624.
Gaunt, I.F., J. Hardy, P. Grasso, S.D. Gangolli and K.R. Butterworth. 1976. Long-term toxicity of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 14(4): 255-268.
Oser, B.L., S. Carson, G.E. Cox, E.E. Vogin and S.S. Steinberg. 1976. Long- term and multigeneration toxicity studies with cyclohexylamin hydrochloride. Toxicologist. 6(1): 47-65.
Hardy, J., I.F. Gaunt, J. Hooson, R.J. Hendy and K.R. Butterworth. 1976. Long-term toxicity of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in mice. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 14(4): 269-276.
Kennedy, G.L., P.G. Sanders, M.S. Weinberg, D.W. Arnold and M.L. Keplinger. 1969. Reproduction studies in rats and rabbits with cyclohexylamine sulfate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 14: 656.
Kroes, R., P.W.J. Peters, J.M. Berkvens, H.G. Verschuuren, T. DeVries and G.J. Van Esch. 1977. Long-term toxicity and reproduction study (including a teratogenicity study) with cyclamate, saccharin, and cyclohexylamine. Toxicology. 8(3): 285-300.
Lorke, D. and L. Machemer. 1983. The effect of cyclohexylamine on the embryo following oral administration to mice and rats. Toxicol. Lett. 17: 137-143.
U.S. EPA. 1987. Health and Environmental Effects Document on Cyclohexylamine. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
_VI.B. Inhalation RfC References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
None
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — Cyclohexylamine
CASRN — 108-91-8
Date |
Section |
Description |
---|---|---|
09/07/1988 | I.A. | Oral RfD summary on-line |
04/01/1989 | V. | Supplementary data on-line |
12/01/1989 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
12/03/2002 | I.A.6. | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been added. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — Cyclohexylamine
CASRN — 108-91-8
Last Revised — 09/07/1988
- 108-91-8
- aminocyclohexane
- Cyclohexylamine
- hexahydroaniline