Thiram (CASRN 137-26-8)
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0267
Thiram;
CASRN 137-26-8
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS
only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA
health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research
and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent
a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and
explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are
provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Thiram
File First On-Line 09/30/1987
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
---|---|---|
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | on-line | 07/01/1992 |
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | no data | 09/01/1991 |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Thiram
CASRN — 137-26-8
Last Revised — 07/01/1992
The oral Reference Dose (RfD) is based on the assumption that thresholds
exist for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis. It is expressed
in units of mg/kg-day. In general, the RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty
spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human
population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without
an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Please refer
to the Background Document for an elaboration of these concepts. RfDs
can also be derived for the noncarcinogenic health effects of substances
that are also carcinogens. Therefore, it is essential to refer to other
sources of information concerning the carcinogenicity of this substance.
If the U.S. EPA has evaluated this substance for potential human carcinogenicity,
a summary of that evaluation will be contained in Section II of this file.
__I.A.1. Oral RfD Summary
Critical Effect |
Experimental Doses* |
UF |
MF |
RfD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Neurotoxicity 2-Year Rat Feeding Study duPont, 1954 |
NOEL: 100 ppm diet LEL: 300 ppm diet |
1000
|
1
|
5E-3
mg/kg/day |
*Conversion Factors -- 1 ppm = 0.05 mg/kg/day (assumed rat food consumption)
__I.A.2. Principal and Supporting Studies (Oral RfD)
E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc. 1954. MRID. No. 0045162. HED Doc. No. 004550. Available from EPA. Write to FOI, EPA, Washington, DC 20460.
Twenty four rats/dose were fed 0, 100, 300, 1000, and 2500 ppm of thiram for 2 years. Observations and tests for effects included body weight, mortality, clinical signs, neurological examination, and microscopic examination of tissues. Weakness, ataxia, varying degrees of hind limb paralysis, and calcified masses in the basal ganglia and in the cerebellum were noted at 300, 1000, and 2500 ppm levels.
__I.A.3. Uncertainty and Modifying Factors (Oral RfD)
UF — An uncertainty factor of 100 was used to account for inter- and intraspecies differences. An additional UF of 10 was used to account for the severity of effect and the questionable quality of the database.
MF — None
__I.A.4. Additional Studies/Comments (Oral RfD)
Data Considered for Establishing the RfD:
1) 2-Year Feeding - rat: Principal study - see previous description; no core grade
2) 2-Year Feeding - dog: NOEL=200 ppm (5 mg/kg/day) (HDT); core grade supplementary (sex, age, histopathology and chemistry report not provided); (duPont, 1957)
3) Reproductive - rat: LEL=30 mg/kg/day (LDT) (reduced number of implants in pregnant females); (Short et al., 1976)
5) 80-Week Feeding - rat: NOEL=6.1 mg/kg/day; LEL=25.5 mg/kg/day (alopecia, a higher dose caused ataxia and hindlimb paralysis); (Lee and Peters, 1976)
Data Gap(s): Chronic Dog Feeding Study; Rat Reproduction Study; Rat Teratology Study; Rabbit Teratology
__I.A.5. Confidence in the Oral RfD
Study — Low
Database — Low
RfD — Low
The principal study is of low quality and is given a low confidence rating. Since the database on chronic exposure toxicity is incomplete, confidence in the database can be considered low to medium. Confidence in the RfD can also be considered low to medium.
__I.A.6. EPA Documentation and Review of the Oral RfD
Source Document — This assessment is not presented in any existing U.S. EPA document.
Other EPA Documentation — Pesticide Registration Standard, 1984; Pesticide Registration Files
Agency Work Group Review — 01/28/1987, 02/18/1987, 04/15/1987
Verification Date — 04/15/1987
Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the RfD for thiram conducted in August 2003 identified one or more significant new studies. IRIS users may request the references for those studies from the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or 202-566-1676.
__I.A.7. EPA Contacts (Oral RfD)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — Thiram
CASRN — 137-26-8
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — Thiram
CASRN — 137-26-8
Not available at this time.
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — Thiram
CASRN — 137-26-8
Last Revised — 07/01/1992
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc. 1954. MRID. No. 0045162. HED Doc. No. 004550. Available from EPA. Write to FOI, EPA, Washington, DC 20460.
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc. 1957. MRID. No. 00129609. HED Doc. No. 004550, 004551. Available from EPA. Write to FOI, EPA, Washington, DC 20460.
Lee, C.C. and P.J. Peters. 1976. Neurotoxicity and behavioral effects of thiram in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 17: 35-43.
Short, R.D., Jr., J.Q. Russel, J.L. Minor and C.C. Lee. 1976. Developmental toxicity of ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate and bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide in rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 35(1): 83-94.
_VI.B. Inhalation RfD References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
None
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — Thiram
CASRN — 137-26-8
Date |
Section |
Description |
---|---|---|
02/01/1989 | I.A. | Critical study citation year added |
09/01/1991 | II. | Carcinogenicity assessment now under review |
01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory actions updated |
07/01/1992 | I.A.2. | Principal study clarified |
07/01/1992 | I.A.4. | Text revised; citations added |
07/01/1992 | VI.A. | Oral RfD references on-line |
08/01/1995 | II. | EPA's RfD/RfC and CRAVE workgroups were discontinued in May, 1995. Chemical substance reviews that were not completed by September 1995 were taken out of IRIS review. The IRIS Pilot Program replaced the workgroup functions beginning in September, 1995. |
04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
10/28/2003 | I.A.6 | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — Thiram
CASRN — 137-26-8
Last Revised — 09/30/1987
- 137-26-8
- AATACK
- ACCELERATOR THIURAM
- ACETO TETD
- alpha,alpha'-DITHIOBIS(DIMETHYLTHIO)FORMAMIDE
- ARASAN
- ARASAN 70
- ARASAN 75
- ARASAN-M
- ARASAN 42-S
- ARASAN-SF
- ARASAN-SF-X
- AULES
- BIS((DIMETHYLAMINO)CARBONOTHIOYL) DISULPHIDE
- BIS(DIMETHYL-THIOCARBAMOYL)-DISULFID
- BIS(DIMETHYLTHIOCARBAMOYL) DISULFIDE
- BIS(DIMETHYLTHIOCARBAMOYL) DISULPHIDE
- BIS(DIMETHYLTHIOCARBAMYL) DISULFIDE
- CYURAM DS
- DISOLFURO DI TETRAMETILTIOURAME
- DISULFURE DE TETRAMETHYLTHIOURAME
- EKAGOM TB
- FALITIRAM
- FERMIDE
- FERNACOL
- FERNASAN
- FERNASAN A
- FERNIDE
- FLO PRO T SEED PROTECTANT
- FORMAMIDE, 1,1'-DITHIOBIS(N,N-DIMETHYLTHIO-
- HERMAL
- HERMAT TMT
- HERYL
- HEXATHIR
- KREGASAN
- MERCURAM
- METHYL THIRAM
- METHYL THIURAMDISULFIDE
- METHYL TUADS
- NA 2771
- N,N'-(DITHIODICARBONOTHIOYL)BIS(N-METHYLMETHANAMINE)
- N,N,N',N'-TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE
- N,N-TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULPHIDE
- NOBECUTAN
- NOMERSAN
- NORMERSAN
- PANORAM 75
- POLYRAM ULTRA
- POMARSOL
- POMARSOL FORTE
- POMASOL
- PURALIN
- RCRA WASTE NUMBER U244
- REZIFILM
- ROYAL TMTDSADOPLON
- SPOTRETE
- SPOTRETE-F
- SQ 1489
- TERAMETHYL THIURAM DISULFIDE
- TERSAN
- TERSAN 75
- TETRAMETHYLDIURANE SULPHITE
- TETRAMETHYLENETHIURAM DISULPHIDE
- TETRAMETHYLTHIOCARBAMOYLDISULPHIDE
- TETRAMETHYLTHIORAMDISULFIDE
- TETRAMETHYL-THIRAM DISULFID
- TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM
- TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM BISULFIDE
- TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE
- TETRAMETHYL THIURANE DISULFIDE
- TETRAMETHYLTHIURUM DISULFIDE
- TETRAPOM
- TETRASIPTON
- TETRATHIURAM DISULFIDE
- THILLATE
- THIMER
- THIOSAN
- THIOTEX
- THIOTOX
- Thiram
- THIRAM 75
- THIRAMAD
- THIRAM B
- THIRAME
- THIRASAN
- THIULIX
- THIURAD
- THIURAM
- THIURAM D
- THIURAM DISULFIDE, TETRAMETHYL-
- THIURAMIN
- THIURAM M
- THIURAMYL
- THYLATE
- TIRAMPA
- TIURAM
- TIURAMYL
- TMTD
- TMTDS
- TRAMETAN
- TRIDIPAM
- TRIPOMOL
- TTD
- TUADS
- TUEX
- TULISAN
- USAF B-30
- USAF EK-2089
- USAF P-5
- VANCIDA TM-95
- VANCIDE TM
- VUAGT-I-4
- VULCAFOR TMTD
- VULKACIT MTIC
- VULKACIT THIURAM
- VULKACIT THIURAM/C