Benzaldehyde (CASRN 100-52-7)
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0332
Benzaldehyde; CASRN 100-52-7
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Benzaldehyde
File First On-Line 09/07/1988
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
---|---|---|
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | on-line | 09/07/1988 |
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | no data |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Benzaldehyde
CASRN — 100-52-7
Last Revised — 09/07/1988
The oral Reference Dose (RfD) is based on the assumption that thresholds exist for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis. It is expressed in units of mg/kg-day. In general, the RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Please refer to the Background Document for an elaboration of these concepts. RfDs can also be derived for the noncarcinogenic health effects of substances that are also carcinogens. Therefore, it is essential to refer to other sources of information concerning the carcinogenicity of this substance. If the U.S. EPA has evaluated this substance for potential human carcinogenicity, a summary of that evaluation will be contained in Section II of this file.
__I.A.1. Oral RfD Summary
Critical Effect |
Experimental Doses* |
UF |
MF |
RfD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forestomach lesions, Rat Oral Toxicity Kluwe et al., 1983 |
NOEL: 200 mg/kg/day LOAEL: 400 mg/kg/day |
1000
|
1
|
1E-1
mg/kg/day |
*Conversion Factors: Doses adjusted for gavage schedule of 5 days/week.
__I.A.2. Principal and Supporting Studies (Oral RfD)
Kluwe, W.M., C.A. Montgomery, H.D. Giles and J.D. Prejeau. 1983. Encephalopathy in rats and nephropathy in rats and mice after subchronic oral exposure to benzaldehyde. Food Chem. Toxicol. 21(3):245-250.
Kluwe et al. (1983) orally treated groups of 10 mice of each sex with 0, 75, 150, 300, 600 or 1200 mg/kg/day benzaldehyde, and groups of 10 rats of each sex with 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg/day benzaldehyde, 5 days/week for 13 weeks by corn oil gavage. Administration of 600 mg/kg/day in mice was associated with renal tubular necrosis, and administration of 400 mg/kg/day to rats resulted in forestomach hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. Using the rat NOEL of 200 mg/kg/day, multiplying by 5 days/7 days, and dividing by an uncertainty factor of 1000, results in an RfD of 0.1 mg/kg/day.
__I.A.3. Uncertainty and Modifying Factors (Oral RfD)
UF — The UF of 1000 includes factors of 10 for extrapolation from subchronic to chronic exposure, 10 for interspecies extrapolation, and 10 for consideration of sensitive human subgroups.
MF — None
__I.A.4. Additional Studies/Comments (Oral RfD)
Additional pertinent data regarding the chronic, subchronic or reproductive effects of oral or inhalation exposure to benzaldehyde, were not located in the available literature. The NTP (1986) assayed benzaldehyde in rat and mouse 2-year oral studies, and is currently doing chronic histopathology.
__I.A.5. Confidence in the Oral RfD
Study — Medium
Database — Low
RfD — Low
Confidence in the study was medium because, although two species were studied at five dose levels each and a NOEL and a LOAEL were defined, dosing was subchronic. The absence of appropriate supporting studies makes confidence in the database low. Confidence in the RfD is low because of these limitations.
__I.A.6. EPA Documentation and Review of the Oral RfD
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1985
Limited peer review and extensive agency-wide review, 1985.
Other EPA Documentation — None
Agency Work Group Review — 10/15/1987
Verification Date — 10/15/1987
Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the RfD for Benzaldehyde conducted in August 2003 did not identify any critical new studies. IRIS users who know of important new studies may provide that information to the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or 202-566-1676.
__I.A.7. EPA Contacts (Oral RfD)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — Benzaldehyde
CASRN — 100-52-7
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — Benzaldehyde
CASRN — 100-52-7
This substance/agent has not undergone a complete evaluation and determination under US EPA's IRIS program for evidence of human carcinogenic potential.
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — Benzaldehyde
CASRN — 100-52-7
Last Revised — 12/01/1989
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
Kluwe, W.M., C.A. Montgomery, H.D. Giles and J.D. Prejeau. 1983. Encephalopathy in rats and nephropathy in rats and mice after subchronic oral exposure to benzaldehyde. Food Chem. Toxicol. 21(3):245-250.
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1986. Benzaldehyde. Management Status Report. Research Triangle Park, NC.
U.S. EPA. 1985. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Benzaldehyde. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.
_VI.B. Inhalation RfC References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
None
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — Benzaldehyde
CASRN — 100-52-7
Date |
Section |
Description |
---|---|---|
09/07/1988 | I.A. | Oral RfD summary on-line |
12/01/1989 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
01/01/1992 | I.A.7. | Secondary contact changed |
01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory Action section on-line |
04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
03/12/2003 | I.A.3 | text edit |
10/28/2003 | I.A.6. | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been added. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — Benzaldehyde
CASRN — 100-52-7
Last Revised — 09/07/1988
- 100-52-7
- artificial-almond-oil
- Benzaldehyde
- benzene-carbonal
- benzoic aldehyde