p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD) (CASRN 72-54-8)
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0347
p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD); CASRN 72-54-8
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR DDD
File First On-Line 08/22/1988
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
---|---|---|
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | no data | |
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | on-line | 08/22/1988 |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)
CASRN — 72-54-8
Not available at this time.
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)
CASRN — 72-54-8
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)
CASRN — 72-54-8
Last Revised — 08/22/1988
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated (Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other than carcinogenicity.
_II.A. Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity
__II.A.1. Weight-of-Evidence Characterization
Classification — B2; probable human carcinogen
Basis — based on an increased incidence of lung tumors in male and female mice, liver tumors in male mice and thyroid tumors in male rats. DDD is structurally similar to, and is a known metabolite of DDT, a probable human carcinogen.
__II.A.2. Human Carcinogenicity Data
None. Human epidemiological data are not available for DDD. Evidence for the carcinogenicity in humans of DDT, a structural analog, is based on autopsy studies relating tissue levels of DDT to cancer incidence. These studies have yielded conflicting results. Three studies reported that tissue levels of DDT and DDE were higher in cancer victims than in those dying of other diseases (Casarett et al., 1968; Dacre and Jennings, 1970; Wasserman et al., 1976). In other studies no such relationship was seen (Maier-Bode, 1960; Robinson et al., 1965; Hoffman et al., 1967). Studies of occupationally exposed workers and volunteers have been of insufficient duration to determine the carcinogenicity of DDT to humans.
__II.A.3. Animal Carcinogenicity Data
Sufficient. Tomatis et al. (1974) fed DDD for 130 weeks at 250 ppm (TWA) to 60 CF-1 mice/sex. A statistically significant increase in incidence of lung tumors was seen in both sexes compared with controls. In males, a statistically significant increase in incidence of liver tumors was also seen.
NCI (1978) fed DDD at 411 and 822 ppm (TWA) to 50 B6C3F1 mice/sex/dose for 78 weeks. Actual doses were 350 or 630 ppm for 5 weeks, 375 or 750 ppm for 11 weeks, and 425 or 850 ppm for the next 62 weeks. After an additional 15 weeks, an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was seen in both sexes by comparison to controls, but the increase was not statistically significant.
NCI (1978) also fed DDD at 1647 and 3294 ppm TWA for males and 850 and 1700 ppm TWA for females for 78 weeks to 50 Osborne-Mendel rats/sex/dose. Males were fed 1400 or 2800 ppm for 23 weeks followed by 1750 or 3500 ppm for 55 weeks. Females were fed 850 or 1700 ppm for the entire 78 weeks. After an additional 35 weeks, an increased incidence of thyroid tumors (follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas) was observed in males. Due to a wide variation in incidence of these tumors in the control groups for DDD, DDE and DDT, the increased incidence was not statistically significant by comparison to concurrent controls. Although tumor incidence did not appear to be dose-related, the increase was significant at the low dose by comparison to historical controls. Thus, the pathologists' judgment and statistical results suggest a possible carcinogenic effect of DDD in male rats. NCI concluded that a definitive interpretation of the data was not possible.
__II.A.4. Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity
DDD is structurally similar to, and is a metabolite of, DDT, a probable human carcinogen, in rats (Peterson and Robinson, 1964), mice (Gingell and Wallcave, 1976), and humans (Morgan and Roan, 1977).
Positive effects were found with DDD in mammalian cytogenetic assays and a host-mediated assay (ICPEMC, 1984).
_II.B. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure
__II.B.1. Summary of Risk Estimates
Oral Slope Factor — 2.4E-1/mg/kg/day
Drinking Water Unit Risk — 6.9E-6/ug/L
Extrapolation Method — Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk
Drinking Water Concentrations at Specified Risk Levels:
Risk Level
|
Concentration
|
---|---|
E-4 (1 in 10,000)
|
1E+1 ug/L
|
E-5 (1 in 100,000)
|
1 ug/L
|
E-6 (1 in 1,000,000)
|
1E-1 ug/L
|
__II.B.2. Dose-Response Data (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
Tumor Type — liver
Test animals — mouse/CF-1, males
Route — diet
Reference — Tomatis et al., 1974
Administered
Dose (ppm) |
Human Equivalent
Dose (mg/kg)/day |
Tumor
Incidence |
---|---|---|
0
|
0
|
33/98
|
250
|
2.45
|
31/59
|
__II.B.3. Additional Comments (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
DDD used in the Tomatis study was 99% pure p,p'-isomer. In the NCI bioassay, technical grade DDD was used, in which 60% of the material consisted of the p,p'-isomer. The composition of the remaining 40% was unspecified, but it was stated that analysis by gas chromatography revealed at least 19 impurities.
The unit risk should not be used if the water concentration exceeds 1E+3 ug/L, since above this concentration the slope factor may differ from that stated.
__II.B.4. Discussion of Confidence (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
An adequate number of animals was tested. The slope factor was calculated using tumor incidence data from only one dose. The slope factor was similar to, and within a factor of 2, of the slope factors for this same site of three other structurally similar compounds: DDT, 3.4E-1/mg/kg/day; DDE, 3.4E-1/mg/kg/day; and dicofol, 4.4E-1/mg/kg/day.
_II.C. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure
Not available
_II.D. EPA Documentation, Review, and Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
__II.D.1. EPA Documentation
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1980, 1985
The 1985 Carcinogen Assessment Group's report has received Agency Review.
The 1980 Hazard Assessment Report has received peer review.
__II.D.2. EPA Review (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Agency Work Group Review — 06/03/1987, 06/24/1987
Verification Date — 06/24/1987
Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the cancer assessment for p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane conducted in November 2001 did not identify any critical new studies. IRIS users who know of important new studies may provide that information to the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or (202)566-1676.
__II.D.3. EPA Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)
CASRN — 72-54-8
Last Revised — 08/01/1989
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
None
_VI.B. Inhalation RfC References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
Casarett, L.J., G.C. Fryer, W.L. Yauger, Jr. and H. Klemmer. 1968. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human tissue. Hawaii. Arch. Environ. Health. 17: 306-311.
Dacre, J.C. and R.W. Jennings. 1970. Organochlorine insecticides in normal and carcinogenic human lung tissues. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 17: 277.
Gingell, R. and L. Wallcave. 1976. Metabolism of 14C-DDT in the mouse and hamster. Xenobiotica. 6: 15.
Hoffman, W.S., H. Adler, W.I. Fishbein and F.C. Bauer. 1967. Relation of pesticide concentrations in fat to pathological changes in tissues. Arch. Environ. Health. 15: 758-765.
ICPEMC (International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens). 1984. Report of ICPEMC task group 5 on the differentiation between genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens. ICPEMC Publication No. 9. Mutat. Res. 133: 1-49.
Maier-Bode, H. 1960. DDT in Koperfett des Menschen. Med. Exp. 1: 132-137. (Russian)
Morgan, D.P. and C.C. Roan. 1977. The metabolism of DDT in man. Essays Toxicol. 5: 39.
NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1978. Bioassay of DDT, TDE and p,p'-DDE for possible carcinogenicity. NCI Report No. 131. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 78-1386.
Peterson, J.R. and W.H. Robinson. 1964. Metabolic products of p.p'-DDT in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 6: 321.
Robinson, J., A. Richardson, C.G. Hunter, A.N. Crabtree and H.J. Rees. 1965. Organochlorine insecticide content of human adipose tissue in south-eastern England. Br. J. Ind. Med. 22: 220-224.
Tomatis, L., V. Turusov, R.T. Charles and M. Boicchi. 1974. Effect of long- term exposure to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, to 1,1- dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane, and to the two chemicals combined on CF-1 mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52(3): 883-891.
U.S. EPA. 1980. Hazard Assessment Report on DDT, DDD, DDE. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA. 1985. The Carcinogenic Assessment Group's Calculation of the Carcinogenicity of Dicofol (Kelthane), DDT, DDE and DDD (TDE). Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, carcinogen Assessment Group, Washington, DC, for the Hazard Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. (Internal Report) EPA-600/X-85-097.
Wasserman, M., D.P. Nogueira, L. Tomatis, et al. 1976. Organochlorine compounds in neoplastic and adjacent apparently normal breast tissue. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 478-484.
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)
CASRN — 72-54-8
Date |
Section |
Description |
---|---|---|
08/22/1988 | II. | Carcinogen summary on-line |
08/01/1989 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory Action section on-line |
04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
05/04/1998 | II.B.2. | Human Equivalent Dose typo corrected from 245 to 2.45 |
12/03/2002 | II.D.2. | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been added. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)
CASRN — 72-54-8
Last Revised — 08/22/1988
- 72-54-8
- 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane
- 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane
- 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane
- DDD
- 4,4'-DDD
- p,p'-DDD
- 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane
- dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane
- Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane, p,p'-
- dilene
- rothane
- TDE
- p,p'-TDE