Crotonaldehyde (CASRN 123-73-9)
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0464
Crotonaldehyde; CASRN 123-73-9
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Crotonaldehyde
File First On-Line 06/01/1991
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
---|---|---|
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | no data | |
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | on-line | 06/01/1991* |
*A comprehensive review of toxicological studies was completed (07/27/05) - please see section II.D.2. for more information.
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Crotonaldehyde
CASRN — 123-73-9
Primary Synonym — Trans-2-butenal
Not available at this time.
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — Crotonaldehyde
CASRN — 123-73-9
Primary Synonym — Trans-2-butenal
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — Crotonaldehyde
CASRN — 123-73-9
Primary Synonym — Trans-2-butenal
Last Revised — 06/01/1991
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated (Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other than carcinogenicity.
_II.A. Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity
__II.A.1. Weight-of-Evidence Characterization
Classification — C; possible human carcinogen
Basis — Based on no human data and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatic neoplastic nodules (combined) in male F344 rats. The possible carcinogenicity of crotonaldehyde is supported by genotoxic activity and the expected reactivity of croton oil and aldehyde. Crotonaldehyde is also a suspected metabolite of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, a probable human carcinogen.
__II.A.2. Human Carcinogenicity Data
None.
__II.A.3. Animal Carcinogenicity Data
Limited. Only one animal carcinogenicity study of crotonaldehyde is available; it is limited by the use of only one sex of one species. In addition, fewer tumors were observed in the high-dose group than in the low- dose group.
Crotonaldehyde (>99% pure, in 85% aqueous solution) was administered to male F344 rats (23-27/group) ad libitum in the drinking water at 0, 0.6 or 6.0 mM (0, 42 or 421 mg/L, respectively) for 113 weeks (Chung et al., 1986). Survival rates of the dosed groups did not differ significantly from controls (approximately 63%). In the high-dose group there was approximately a 10% decrease in body weight starting at about week 8, suggesting an MTD had been reached. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms (including neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas) in the low-dose group. The incidences were 0/23, 9/27 (33%) and 1/23 (4%) in the control, low- and high-dose groups, respectively. The incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas alone were 0/23, 2/27 and 0/23, respectively. The incidence of enzyme-altered liver foci, which are considered precursors of neoplasms, was 1/23 (4%), 23/27 (85%) and 13/23 (57%) in the control, low- and high-dose groups, respectively. The increased incidences in both the low- and high-dose groups were statistically significant relative to controls; the incidences of enzyme altered liver foci also showed a statistically significant positive trend with dose (Wymer and Rice, 1991). The decreased incidence of neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions at the higher dose was not explained. Bladder tumors, an unusual finding, were noted in 2/27 rats in the low-dose group, but not in controls or in the high-dose group.
__II.A.4. Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity
The results of Salmonella mutagenicity assays are variable, possibly due to the use of different methods. Liquid suspension methods indicate that crotonaldehyde is mutagenic (Neudecker et al., 1981; Lutz et al., 1982; Ruiz- Rubio et al., 1984; Lijinsky and Andrews, 1980), while the results of plate incorporation studies were negative (Simmon et al., 1977; Florin et al., 1980; Cooper et al., 1987, 1988). Crotonaldehyde was negative for mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D3 (Simmon et al., 1977).
Crotonaldehyde induced chromosome aberrations and SCE in CHO cells (Galloway et al., 1987). Crotonaldehyde (without metabolic activation) has been shown in vitro to react with the deoxyguanosine nucleotide of DNA to form 1,N2-propanodeoxyguanosine, a 1,N2-cyclic guanine adduct (Chung et al., 1984). Crotonaldehyde was administered in the food (0 or 4000 ppm) or by injection (0 or 3500 ppm) to adult male Drosophila melanogaster (Woodruff et al., 1985). The injected animals showed a significant increase over controls in the percent lethals (0.36% vs. 0.05%) and in reciprocal translocations. There was no difference in the sex-linked lethal mutations in the animals that received the substance in their food.
Crotonaldehyde is a possible metabolite of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, which has been classified B2, a probable human carcinogen (Gray and Barnsky, 1971).
_II.B. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure
__II.B.1. Summary of Risk Estimates
Not available.
_II.C. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure
Not available.
_II.D. EPA Documentation, Review, and Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
__II.D.1. EPA Documentation
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1989
The 1989 Health and Environmental Effects Document for Crotonaldehyde has received Agency Review.
__II.D.2. EPA Review (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Agency Work Group Review — 03/07/1991
Verification Date — 03/07/1991
A comprehensive review of toxicological studies published through July 2005 was conducted. No new health effects data were identified that would be directly useful in the revision of the existing carcinogenicity assessment for Crotonaldehyde and a change in the assessment is not warranted at this time. For more information, IRIS users may contact the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or (202)566-1676.
__II.D.3. EPA Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — Crotonaldehyde
CASRN — 123-73-9
Primary Synonym — Trans-2-butenal
Last Revised — 06/01/1991
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
None
_VI.B. Inhalation RfC References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
Chung, F-L., R. Young and S.S. Hecht. 1984. Formation of cyclic 1,N2- propanodeoxyguanosine adducts in DNA upon reaction with acrolein or crotonaldehyde. Cancer Res. 44: 990-995.
Chung, F-L., T. Tanaka and S.S Hecht. 1986. Induction of liver tumors in F344 rats by crotonaldehyde. Cancer Res. 46(3): 1285-1289.
Cooper, K.O., G. Witz and C.M. Witmer. 1987. Mutagenicity and toxicity studies of several alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 9(3): 289-295.
Cooper, K., G. Witz and C. Witmer. 1988. Mutagenicity and toxicity studies of several alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. Reply to comments. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 11(1): 163-164.
Florin, I., L. Rutberg, M. Curvall and C.R. Enzell. 1980. Screening of tobacco smoke constituents for mutagenicity using the Ames test. Toxicology. 18: 219-232.
Galloway, S.M., M.J. Armstrong, C. Reuben, et al. 1987. Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster overay cells: Evaluations of 108 chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 10(Suppl. 10): 1-175.
Gray, J.M. and E.A. Barnsley. 1971. The metabolism of crotyl phosphate, crotyl alcohol and crotonaldehyde. Xenobiotica. 1(1): 55-67.
Lijinsky, W. and A.W. Andrews. 1980. Mutagenicity of vinyl compounds in Salmonella typhimurium. Teratogen Carcinog. Mutagen. 1(3): 259-267.
Lutz, D., E. Eder, T. Neudecker and D. Henschler. 1982. Structure- mutagenicity relationship in alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonylic compounds and their corresponding allylic alcohols. Mutat. Res. 93(2): 305-315.
Neudecker, T., D. Lutz, E. Eder and D. Henschler. 1981. Crotonaldehyde is mutagenic in a modified Salomnella typhimurium mutagenicity testing system. Mutat. Res. 91(1): 27-31.
Ruiz-Rubio, M., C. Hera and C. Pueyo. 1984. Comparison of a forward and a reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium measuring L-arabinose resistance and histidine prototrophy. Embo. J. 3(6): 1435-1440.
Simmon, V.F., K. Kauhanen and R.G. Tardiff. 1977. Mutagenic activity of chemicals identified in drinking water. In: Progress in Genetic Toxicology. D. Scott, B.A. Bridges and F.H. Sobels, Ed. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam. p. 249-258.
U.S. EPA. 1989. Health and Environmental Effects Document for Crotonaldehyde. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. EPA 600/8- 9/007.
Woodruff, R.C., J.M. Mason, R. Valencia and S. Zimmering. 1985. Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. V. Results of 53 coded compounds test for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mutagen. 7(5): 677-681, 688-689, 696-702.
Wymer, L. and G. Rice. 1991. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. Memorandum to R. Schoeny, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, May 20. Statistical significance of the reported incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms and enzyme altered liver foci in F344 rats in Chung et al., 1986.
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — Crotonaldehyde
CASRN — 123-73-9
Primary Synonym — Trans-2-butenal
Date |
Section |
Description |
---|---|---|
06/01/1991 | II. | Carcinogenicity assessment on-line |
06/01/1991 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory Action section on-line |
04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
12/03/2002 | II.D.2. | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been added. |
08/15/2005 | II.D.2. | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been removed and replaced by comprehensive literature review conclusions. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — Crotonaldehyde
CASRN — 123-73-9
Primary Synonym — Trans-2-butenal
Last Revised — 06/01/1991
- 123-73-9
- C4-H6-O
- CROTONALDEHYDE, (E)-
- ETHYLENE GLYCOL, DIPROPIONATE
- 1,2-ETHANEDIOL, DIPROPANOATE
- 2-Butenal, (E)-
- (E)-2-Butenal
- ALDEHYDE CROTONIQUE [French]
- beta-METHYL ACROLEIN
- Crotenaldehyde
- Crotonal
- Crotonaldehyde
- Crotonic aldehyde
- E-2-BUTENAL
- Ethylene dipropionate
- Ethylene propionate
- NCI-C56279
- Propylene aldehyde
- RCRA WASTE NUMBER U053
- Topanel
- Topanel CA
- TRANS-CROTONALDEHYDE
- trans-2-BUTENAL
- 2-BUTENAL (TRANS)