N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine (CASRN 621-64-7)
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0177
N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine;
CASRN 621-64-7
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS
only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA
health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research
and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent
a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and
explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are
provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
File First On-Line 03/31/1987
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
---|---|---|
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | no data | |
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | on-line | 07/01/1993 |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
CASRN — 621-64-7
Not available at this time.
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
CASRN — 621-64-7
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
CASRN — 621-64-7
Last Revised — 07/01/1993
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated (Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other than carcinogenicity.
_II.A. Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity
__II.A.1. Weight-of-Evidence Characterization
Classification — B2; probable human carcinogen
Basis — Increased tumor incidence at multiple sites in two rodent species and in monkeys administered the compound by various routes
__II.A.2. Human Carcinogenicity Data
Inadequate. Human exposure to nitrosamines results from contact with mixtures containing these compounds (e.g., cutting oils, tobacco products). Because of potential confounding by the other substances in these mixtures, data is of limited use in the evaluation of carcinogenicity of individual nitrosamines.
__II.A.3. Animal Carcinogenicity Data
Sufficient. As part of a survey of 65 N-nitroso compounds, Druckrey et al. (1967) administered N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine in drinking water to BD rats of unspecified sex. A total of 48 rats was treated in groups inferred to number 16, 16, 15 and 1 at doses of 4, 8, 15 or 30 mg/kg/day, respectively, for life. Of 48 treated animals, 45 developed liver carcinomas; tumor induction time was dose-related. Tumors of the esophagus and tongue were also observed.
N-nitrosodi-N-propylamine administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats in drinking water at 1.8 mg/day, 5 days/week for 30 weeks resulted in liver carcinomas (9/15), esophageal papillomas (6/15) and carcinomas (8/15) and nasal adenocarcinomas (8/15) (Lijinsky and Taylor, 1978, 1979). F344 rats of both sexes treated in a similar fashion with 0.9 mg/day developed esophageal carcinomas (20/20) and forestomach tumors (12/20) (Lijinsky and Reuber, 1981).
Corn oil gavage of male and female F344 rats (2 times/week for 30 weeks) produced nasal and liver carcinomas, and esophageal tumors; tumors at these sites were not found in controls (Linjinsky and Reuber, 1983).
A high incidence of malignant tumors at distant sites, primarily nasal cavity, liver and lungs, was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats of both genders receiving lifetime weekly s.c. injections of 24.36, 48.72 or 97.44 mg/kg N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (Reznik et al., 1975). Similar studies in hamsters reported increases in tumors of the nasal cavities, laryngobronchial tract and lungs (Pour et al., 1973, Althoff et al., 1973).
Macaque monkeys given weekly i.p. injections of 40 mg N-nitrosodi-n- propylamine for a total dose of 70 g had a higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas (6/6) compared with that of presumed historical controls (7/90) (Adamson and Sieber, 1979, 1983).
__II.A.4. Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine is mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium (IARC, 1978; Phillipson and Ioannides, 1985), E. coli (McMahon et al., 1979; Probst et al., 1981; Rao et al., 1981) and V79 cells and mouse lymphoma cells (Kuroki et al., 1977; Bartsch et al., 1980; Jones and Huberman, 1980). Evidence of DNA damage by this compound includes unscheduled DNA synthesis in in vitro exposed rat hepatocytes and HeLa cells (Martin et al., 1978; Probst et al., 1981) DNA breakage in in vivo treated rat liver (Brambilla et al., 1981; Bradley et al., 1982) and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells in vitro (Kaneko et al., 1978; Matsuoka et al., 1979; Ishidate et al., 1981).
Both presumed and documented metabolites of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine have been shown to be carcinogenic for hamsters and rats (IARC, 1978).
_II.B. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure
__II.B.1. Summary of Risk Estimates
Oral Slope Factor — 7.0E+0/mg/kg/day
Drinking Water Unit Risk — 2.0E-4/ug/L
Extrapolation Method — One-hit
Drinking Water Concentrations at Specified Risk Levels:
Risk Level
|
Concentration
|
---|---|
E-4 (1 in 10,000)
|
5E-1 ug/L
|
E-5 (1 in 100,000)
|
5E-2 ug/L
|
E-6 (1 in 1,000,000)
|
5E-3 ug/L
|
__II.B.2. Dose-Response Data (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
Tumor Type: hepatocellular carcinomas
Test animals: Rat/BD, sex not specified
Route: drinking water
Reference: Druckrey, 1967; Druckrey et al., 1967
Information in the references cited was used in quantitation of risk using the following relationship:
Ck/(t50)** n = d
where: C = conversion between mmol and mg = 130.2 mg/mmol
k = empirically derived constant estimated to be 1.7E+4 mmol/kg/day
t50 = median time of tumor induction = 728
n = representative value for dialkylnitrosamines as published by Druckrey = 2.3
d = daily dose of test compound, calculated from the above to be 0.57831 mg/kg/day
The slope factor for rats (BA) was calculated from a rearrangement of the one- hit model:
BA = -ln (0.5/day) = 1.20/mg/kg/day
Adjusting this value by the cube root of the assumed human body weight (70 kg) to the assumed rat body weight (0.35 kg) gives the human slope factor 7.02/mg/kg/day.
__II.B.3. Additional Comments (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
A reported value of n=2.2 for N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine was not used since a k for this value was not reported. The k used was estimated from a plot of k vs number of C-atoms for lower di-n-alkylnitrosamines.
The unit risk should not be used if the water concentration exceeds 5E+1 ug/L, since above this concentration the slope factor may differ from that stated.
__II.B.4. Discussion of Confidence (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
Small numbers of rats were treated in groups of unspecified size. Sex of the animals was not reported nor were specific tumor incidences. There was no control group.
_II.C. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure
Not available.
_II.D. EPA Documentation, Review, and Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
__II.D.1. EPA Documentation
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1986
The 1986 Health and Environmental Effects Profile has received Agency Review.
__II.D.2. EPA Review (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Agency Work Group Review — 02/11/1987
Verification Date — 02/11/1987
Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the cancer assessment for N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine conducted in September 2002 did not identify any critical new studies. IRIS users who know of important new studies may provide that information to the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or (202)566-1676.
__II.D.3. EPA Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
CASRN — 621-64-7
Last Revised — / /
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
None
_VI.B. Inhalation RfD References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
Adamson, R.H. and S.M. Sieber. 1979. The use of nonhuman primates for chemical carcinogenesis studies. ISBN 0-12-192750-4.
Adamson, R.H. and S.M. Sieber. 1983. Chemical carcinogenesis studies in nonhuman primates. EPA-600/9-83-008. NTIS PB 83-220137.
Althoff, J., F.W. Krueger and U. Mohr. 1973. Brief communication: Carcinogenic effect of dipropylnitrosamine and compounds related by beta- oxidation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51(1): 287-288.
Bartsch, H., C. Malaveille, A.M. Camus, et al. 1980. Validation and comparative studies on 180 chemicals with S. typhimurium strains and V79 Chinese hamster cells in the presence of various metabolizing systems. Mutat. Res. 76: 1-50.
Bradley, M.O., G. Dysart, K. Fitzsimmons, P. Harbach, J. Lewin and G. Wolf. 1982. Measurements by filter elution of DNA single- and double-strand breaks in rat hepatocytes: Effects of nitrosamines and gamma-irradiation. Cancer Res. 42(7): 2592-2597.
Brambilla, G., M. Cavanna, A. Pino and L. Robbiano. 1981. Quantitative correlation among DNA damaging potency of six N-nitroso compounds and their potency in inducing tumor growth and bacterial mutations. Carcinogenesis. 2(5): 425-429.
Druckrey, H., R. Preussmann, S. Ivankovic and D. Schmahl. 1967. Organotropism carcinogenic activities of 65 different N-Nitroso compounds in BD-rats. Z. Krebsforsch. 69(2): 103-201.
Druckrey, H. 1967. Quantitative aspects in chemical carcinogens. In: Potential Carcinogenic Hazards from Drugs, Evaluation of Risks, R. Truhart, Ed. UICC Monograph, Series 7. Berlin Springer-Verlag. p. 60-78.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1978. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man N-Nitrosodimethylamine. Some N-Nitroso Compounds. WHO, IARC, Vol. 17, Lyon, France. p. 51, 77, 83, 125, 177, 221, 257.
Ishidate, M., T. Sofuni and K. Yoshikawa. 1981. Chromosomal aberration tests in vitro as a primary screening tool for environmental mutagens and/or carcinogens. Gann Monogr. Cancer Res. 27: 95-108.
Jones, C.A. and E. Huberman. 1980. A sensitive hepatocyte-mediated assay for the metabolism of nitrosamines to mutagens for mammalian cells. Cancer Res. 40(2): 406-411.
Kaneko, A., M. Hayashi, K. Yoshikawa, et al. 1978. Chromosome aberration tests combined with S-9 metabolic activation system in vitro. Mutat. Res. 54: 240.
Kuroki, T., C. Drevon and R. Montesano. 1977. Microsome-mediated mutagenesis in V79 Chinese hamster cells by various nitrosamines. Cancer Res. 37(4): 1044-1050.
Lijinsky, W. and M.D. Reuber. 1981. Comparative carcinogenesis by some aliphatic nitrosamines in Fischer rats. Cancer Lett. 14(3): 297-302.
Lijinsky, W. and M.D. Reuber. 1983. Carcinogenesis in Fischer rats by nitrosodipropylamine, nitrosodibutylamine and nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine given by gavage. Cancer Lett. 19: 207-213.
Lijinsky, W. and H.W. Taylor. 1979. Carcinogenicity of methylated derivatives of N-nitrosodiethylamine and related compounds in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62(2): 407-410.
Lyjinsky, W. and H.W. Taylor. 1978. Comparative carcinogenicity of some derivatives of nitrosodi-n-propylamine in rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2(3-4): 421-426.
Martin, C.N., A.C. McDermid and R.C. Garner. 1978. Testing of known carcinogens and noncarcinogens for their ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. Cancer Res. 38(3): 2621-2627.
Matsuoka, A., M. Hayashi and M. Ishidate, Jr. 1979. Chromosomal aberration tests on 29 chemicals combined with S9 mix in vitro. Mutat. Res. 66(3): 277-290.
McMahon, R.E., J.C. Cline and C.Z. Thompson. 1979. Assay of 855 test chemicals in ten tester strains using a new modification of the ames test for bacterial mutagens. Cancer Res. 39(3): 682-693.
Phillipson, C.E. and C. Ioannides. 1985. Metabolic activation of nitrosamines to mutagens by various animal species including man. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34(3): 441-442.
Pour, P., F.W. Kruger, A. Cardesa, J. Althoff and U. Mohr. 1973. Carcinogenic effect of di-n-propylnitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51(3): 1019-1027.
Probst, G.S., R.E. McMahon, L.E. Hill, C.Z. Thompson, J.K. Epp and S.B. Neal. 1981. Chemically-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures: A comparison with bacterial mutagenicity using 218 compounds. Environ. Mutagen. 3(1): 11-32.
Rao, T.K., B.E. Allen, W. Winton, W. Lijinsky and J.L. Epler. 1981. Nitrosamine-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli K12 (343/113). l. Mutagenic properties of certain aliphatic nitrosamines. Mutat. Res. 89(3): 209-215.
Reznik, G., U. Mohr and F.W. Kruger. 1975. Carcinogenic effects of di-n- propylnitrosamine, beta-hydroxypropyl-n-propylnitrosamine and methyl-n- propylnitrosamine on Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 54(4): 937-943.
U.S. EPA. 1986. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Nitrosamines. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
CASRN — 621-64-7
Date |
Section |
Description |
---|---|---|
03/01/1988 | II.B.4. | Confidence statement revised |
03/01/1988 | II.D.3. | Contacts switched |
06/01/1990 | IV.F.1. | EPA contact changed |
06/01/1990 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory actions updated |
07/01/1993 | II.D.3. | Secondary contact's phone number changed |
04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
12/03/2002 | II.D.2. | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been added. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
CASRN — 621-64-7
Last Revised — 03/31/1987
- 621-64-7
- DIPROPYLAMINE, N-NITROSO-
- DIPROPYLNITROSAMINE
- DI-n-PROPYLNITROSAMINE
- DPN
- DPNA
- NDPA
- N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
- N-NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE
- N-NITROSODI-n-PROPYLAMINE
- N-NITROSO-N-PROPYL-1-PROPANAMINE
- PROPANAMINE, N-NITROSO-N-PROPYL-
- PROPYLAMINE, N-NITROSO-N-DI-
- RCRA WASTE NUMBER U111