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IndexA Accidents airport, 121 air transportation, 105, 111, 117, 326–327 commuter carrier, 105, 119, 121 general aviation, 105, 123, 330 hazardous material-related, 111, 112 near mid-air collisions, 124, 429 on-demand air taxi, 105, 122 by phase of operation, 121 buses, 105, 138 transit, 148–153 data sources, 429–435 distribution by mode of transport, 105–106 fatalities. See Fatalities grade crossing, 105, 110 hazardous materials-related, 111–112 highway, 334 injuries. See Injuries motorcycle, 105, 135, 338 motor vehicle, 105, 111, 129, 135, 338 alcohol involvement, 133, 139 circumstances and conditions, 133, 141 effectiveness of restraint devices, 144, 431 hazardous material-related, 111, 112 number of vehicles in, 133 by posted speed limit, 142 petroleum spills, 315 pipeline, 102, 105, 361, 363 property damage. See Property damage, accidents railroad, 105, 111–112, 148–153, 165, 433–434 distribution by type, 163 hazardous material-related, 111, 112 railroad employees in, 166 by train-miles traveled, 165 recreational boating, 105, 172 personal watercraft, 172 transit systems, 105, 147–153, 352, 432–433 truck, 105, 136, 342 waterborne transportation, 105, 111, 112, 171, 434 Accommodations, travel, 53 Administrator’s Fact Book, 406 ADT Automotive Used Car Market Report, 414 Aerospace Facts and Figures, 412 Aerospace Industries Association, 412 Age of vehicles/vessels Amtrak fleet, 39 marine vessels, 40–41 motor vehicles, 33 railroad locomotive fleet, 39 transit vehicles, 38 Age patterns, population, xvii traveler characteristics, 52, 54 trends, xvii Agricultural sector economic indices, 189, 190, 191, 192, xviii gasoline demand, 242, 383 Air bags, 144 Air Carrier Financial Statistics Quarterly, 407, 445 Air carriers accidents, 105, 117, 119, 326–327, 429 hazardous materials-related, 111, 112 by phase of operation, 121, 429 See also Air carriers, fatalities; Air carriers, injuries aircraft miles traveled, 45, 322–323, 369 arrivals/departures, 56, 419–420 accident rate per, 117, 119 canceled flights, 85, 427 data sources/analysis, 407, 409–410, 417, 419–420, 421, 422, 426, 429, 463–464 delayed flights, 426, 427 causes, 85 number of, 85 diverted flights, 85 energy consumption, 240, 381 fatalities, 99, 117, 119, 326, 327 hazardous materials-related, 111 by phase of operation, 121 fleet characteristics, 17 freight transportation, 419–420 length of haul, 65, 375 revenue per ton-mile, 210 revenue tons, 56 ton-miles, 64, 325–326, 374 fuel consumption, 238, 243, 379, 384, 463–464 efficiency/intensity, 257, 258, 393, 394, 465 injuries, 102, 117, 119, 429 hazardous materials-related, 111 See also Air carriers, fatalities mishandled baggage reports, 84, 426 number of aircraft, 13, 322 number of employees, 322 number of operators, 4, 321, 407 number of revenue passengers, 56, 324, 325 on-time flight operations, 84, 426, 427 passenger fare trends, 205, 323, 445 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 372 average trip length, 65, 375, 422 revenue per, 209 passengers denied boarding by, 83, 426 revenue freight, 210 operating, 211, 321 passenger, 56, 209 vehicle-miles traveled, 417 See also Aircraft; Airports; Air transportation; Commuter air transportation; General aviation Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, 420 Aircraft accident rate, 117 data sources, 409–410, 412 exhaust emissions carbon monoxide, 295 lead, 301 nitrogen oxides, 296 particulate matter, 298, 299 standards, 286–287 sulfur dioxide, 300 volatile organic compounds, 297 fleet characteristics, 17–18 flight hours, 117, 322–323 fuel consumption, 243, 384 fuel prices, 199 miles traveled, 45, 369 accident and injury rates, 117 fuel consumption, 243, 384 passenger miles, 323 per aircraft, 243, 384 revenue miles, 322 number of, 13, 409–410 producer price indices, 201 sales/delivery of, 15, 412 See also Air carriers; Air transportation; Commuter air transportation; General aviation Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers, 419, 420 Airports accidents, 121 aircraft departures, number of, 56 causes of flight delays, 85 data sources, 406, 415, 420 noise exposure, 317, 470–471 number of, 5, 406 number of passengers boarded, 58–59, 420 passenger screening results, 125, 429 private use, 5 public use, 5 runway conditions, 5, 33, 415 Air quality areas not meeting federal standards, 306–310 urban trends, 302–305 See also Exhaust emissions; specific pollutant Air taxi, 99, 102, 105, 108, 122, 326, 327 data sources, 409, 429 Air traffic control, 215 causes of flight delays, 85 Air Traffic Statistics, 422 Air transportation accidents, 105, 111, 112 data sources, 429, 445, 452, 453–454 economic value, 181, 182 employees injuries and fatalities, 113 productivity, 219 trends, 212, 213, 215 wages and salaries, 216–218 fatalities, 99, 113 federal expenditures, 226, 453–454 federal revenues from, 224, 225, 452 freight growth, 72 hazardous materials, 77 gasoline demand, 242, 383, 460 hazardous materials incidents, 111, 112 injuries, 102, 111, 112 long-distance travel characteristics, 51 near mid-air collisions, 124, 429 passenger arrivals from foreign countries, 60 passenger departures to foreign countries, 61 passenger expenditures, 197 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 372 passenger screening results, 125 personal consumption expenditures, 202, 203 producer price indices, 201 transportation-related demand, 183, 185 See also Air carriers; Aircraft; Airports; Commuter air transportation; General aviation Alabama port tonnage, 70 urban air pollution, 302 Alaska areas not meeting national air quality standards, 306 Canadian border crossings, 62 international trade gateways, 66 port tonnage, 70 Alcohol-related incidents motor vehicle, 133 blood alcohol concentration, 139 fatalities, 133, 139 prevention, 144 in recreational boating, 172 state laws, 140 in transit systems, 156, 157 Alternative fuels, 245, 460–461 American Automobile Association, 445 American Gas Association, 406, 407, 446 American Petroleum Institute, 421, 425, 441 American Public Transit Association, 411, 413, 418–419, 422, 445, 446, 463, 464 American Travel Survey, 419 American Trucking Association, 420, 425 Amtrak age of vehicles, 39, 416 car-miles traveled, 45, 252, 354, 369 data sources/analysis, 403–405, 407, 411, 413, 416, 422, 428, 446 delays, 95 employees, 353 energy consumption, 238, 240, 252, 354, 379, 381 efficiency/intensity, 257, 263, 393 locomotive fleet characteristics, 39 miles of track operated, 3, 353, 367 data sources, 403–405 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of vehicles, 13, 353, 411 on-time performance, 95, 428 operating expenses, 353 operating revenue, 211, 353, 446 passenger fare trends, 205, 354, 446 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 354, 372 revenue per passenger-mile, 209, 354 stations served, 8, 368, 407 train-miles traveled, 45, 252, 354, 369 trip length, 65, 354, 375, 422 Annual Energy Review, 440, 457–458 Annual Report of Consumer Expenditure Survey, 444 Annual Retail Trade Survey, 437 Argentina, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Arizona airports, 58 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 306 international trade gateways, 66, 68 Mexican border crossings, 63 roadway congestion, 90, 91 cost values, 93, 94 fuel wasted due to, 265, 266, 268, 269 urban air pollution, 303, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 87, 88 Arkansas roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303 urban traffic delays, 87 Arson, 155 Assault, 154, 156 Association of American Railroads, 403, 407, 408, 411, 416, 419, 421, 425, 446, 464, 465 Association of Oil Pipe Lines, 405, 407, 421, 422, 425 Australia air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Austria, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Automated Broker Interface System, 424 Automobiles. See Passenger cars; Personal use vehicles Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act, 452
B Bahama Islands air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Barbados air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Barges, 40, 41, 356, 358, 359 revenue per ton-mile, 210 Basic Petroleum Data Book, 421, 425, 441 Belgium air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Bermuda air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Bicycle Council, 413 Bicycle Manufacturers Association, 413 Bicycles data sources, 413 fatalities, 99, 108, 132, 133 injuries, 102 as means of transport to work, 50 producer price indices, 201 sales/delivery of, 15 Boating Statistics, 412 Boats. See Marine vessels; Recreational boating Bobit Publishing Co., 414 Bomb threats, 125, 429 Brazil air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Bridges, condition of, 37, 416 Budget of the United States, 450, 453 Bureau of Census, 410, 423, 437, 438, 439–440, 441–442, 446, 448, 450, 451, 455, 462 Bureau of Economic Analysis, 436–437, 449 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 403, 408, 416, 419, 421, 436, 440, 441, 442, 443–444, 447, 448, 449–450 Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 407, 417, 419, 420, 422, 423, 427, 429, 445, 450, 463 Internet site, 425 Burglary, 155 Buses accidents, 105, 138, 148–153 average trip length, 65, 375, 422 Canadian border crossings, 62 data sources, 422, 445 economic indices, 344 employees, 344, 450 energy consumption, 240, 381 fatalities, 99, 108, 132, 138, 148–153, 345–346 freight transportation expenditures, 198 fuel consumption, 238, 249, 345, 379, 389 fuel economies, 249, 257, 262, 345, 389, 393, 399 injuries, 102, 138, 148–153 intercity, 197, 198, 203, 205, 209, 212, 344 labor productivity, 219 long-distance travel characteristics, 51 Mexican border crossings, 63 number of, 13, 344 number of operators, 344 number of passengers, 345 passenger expenditures, 197 passenger fare trends, 205 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 345, 372 personal consumption expenditures, 203 professional operators, 215, 217 revenue per passenger-mile, 209 sales/delivery of, 15 school, 197, 212, 344 transit, 212 accidents and injuries, 148–153 age of vehicles, 38 average trip length, 351 criminal behavior in, 154–158, 433 economic indices, 347, 348 fuel economies, 257, 262, 351–352, 393, 399 inventory, 349 number of, 13 passenger expenditures, 197 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 350, 372 speed, 351 vehicle miles-traveled, 45, 350, 369 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 249, 344, 345, 369, 389 accident and injury rate, 138 Business travel fleet characteristics, 20 general aviation fleet, 328, 329, 330 trip characteristics, 52 vehicle sales, 23
C CAFE standards, 261, 398 California airports/water ports, 58, 59, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 306 international trade gateways, 66, 67, 68 Mexican border crossings, 63 roadway congestion, 89, 90 cost values, 92, 93, 94 fuel wasted due to, 267, 268, 269 urban air pollution, 302, 303, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 86, 87 Canada air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 data sources, 422, 423, 424–425 land freight shipments border crossings, 68 value, 75 land-passenger border crossings, 62 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Carbon dioxide emissions, 311, 468–469 Carbon monoxide emissions, 295 federal standards, 273–291 in reformulated gasoline engines, 294 by vehicle type, 292–293, 467 Carload Way Bill Statistics, 425 Carpools, 50 Cars. See Passenger cars; Personal-use vehicles China air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 space launches, 79 Cities. See Urban areas; specific state Clean Air Act, 468 Amendments of 1990, 441 Coal consumption by transportation sector, 237 federal government consumption, 253, 391 Coastwise transportation, 64, 65, 69, 356, 357, 358, 374, 375, 376 Colombia air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Colorado airports/water ports, 58 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 306–307 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 264, 267 urban air pollution, 302 urban traffic delays, 86 Commercial Space Launch Act, 426 Commercial vehicle production, 21, 27 Commodity Flow Surveys, 72, 73–74, 423–424 Communications industries/services, 189, 190, 191, 192 Commuter air transportation accidents, 105, 119, 429 by phase of operation, 121 aircraft-miles traveled, 119 arrivals/departures, 119 data sources, 429 fatalities, 99, 108, 119, 429 by phase of operation, 121 flight hours, 119 injuries, 102, 119, 429 Commuter rail transportation accidents, 148–153 age of vehicles, 38 average trip length, 65, 351, 375, 422 criminal behavior in, 154–158, 433 data sources, 422 economic indices, 347, 348 energy consumption, 351, 352 fatalities, 108, 148–153 injuries, 148–153 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of transit operators, 349 number of vehicles, 13, 349 passenger fare trends, 205 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 350, 372 revenue per passenger-mile, 209 speed, 351 system mileage, 3, 367 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 350, 369 Commuter travel, 50 See also Business travel; Commuter air transportation; Commuter rail transportation; Transit vehicles/systems Connecticut areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303, 304 urban traffic delays, 86 Construction industries, 189, 190, 191, 192, xviii Consumer Expenditure Survey, 444–445 Consumer price indices, 200, 210, 441–443 Consumer spending, 202 cost of automobile ownership, 204, 445 data sources, 438, 440, 444–446 fares, 197, 203, 205, 347, 348, 354, 440, 445–446 freight, 198 fuel, 199, 200, 440–443 household, xviii taxis, 336 user-operated transportation, 203, 204, 336 Containerships, 29 Corrosive materials, 78 Courier services, 72, 77, 340, 446 Crashes. See Accidents; Fatalities; Injuries Criminal acts air passenger screening results, 125, 429 state DUI/DWI regulations, 140 in transit systems, 154, 433 Crude oil, 9, 65, 76, 361, 375, 377 Current Population Survey, 439 Czech Republic, motor vehicle production, 26–28
D Data sources/analysis, v age of vehicles/vessels, 415, 416–417 airports, 406, 415, 420 air transportation, 407, 409–410, 412, 417, 419–420, 422, 426, 429, 445, 453–454, 463–464 passenger screening, 429 safety, 429 Amtrak, 403–405, 407, 411, 413, 416, 422, 428, 446 bicycles, 413 buses, 422, 445 commuter rail transportation, 422 consumer price indices, 441–443 economic indices, 436–455 exhaust emissions, 466–469 freight tonnage/ton-miles, 420–426 fuel consumption/efficiency, 414, 458–466 fuel prices, 440–441 gas pipeline, 405–406, 407, 435, 446 General Estimates System, 134, 135, 137, 138 government revenues/expenditures, transportation-related, 450–455 Gross Domestic Product, 436–439 hazardous materials, 423–424, 435 international travel, 420 long-distance traveler/trip characteristics, 419 motorcycles, 413, 431 motor vehicles, 410, 412, 414, 415, 417–418, 427–428, 430–432, 462–463 use/effectiveness of restraints, 431, 432 noise exposure, 470–471 number of vehicles/carriers, 407–412 oil pipeline, 405–406, 407, 421, 422, 425, 446 oil spills/leaks, 469–470 petroleum supply, 457–458 port traffic, 422–423 producer price indices, 443–444 property damage reporting thresholds, 114 railroads, 403, 407–408, 411, 413, 416, 419, 421, 425, 433–434, 446, 464 recreational boating, 412, 434 roadway congestion, 427–428 roadways, 403, 404–405, 406, 415–416 safety performance, 429–435 sales of vehicles/vessels, 412–413, 414 system mileage, 403–406 transit systems, 405, 411, 413, 416, 418–419, 432–433, 445–446, 454, 464 transportation employment, 429, 447–450 trucks/trucking, 408, 410–411, 414, 420, 425, 446 vehicle-miles traveled, 417–419 waterborne transportation, 405, 408, 411–412, 413, 415, 417, 421–422, 423, 425, 434, 446, 464 Delaware, urban air pollution, 305 Demand responsive transit accidents and injuries, 108, 148–153 average trip length, 351 criminal behavior in, 154–158 economic indices, 347, 348 energy consumption, 351–352 fleet characteristics, 20 number of employees, 349 number of operators, 349 number of vehicles, 13, 349 passenger expenditures, 197 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 350, 372 professional operators, 215, 217 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 350, 369 See also Taxis Demographics educational attainments, 55 gender, 54, xvii, xviii race/ethnicity, 54 traveler/trip characteristics, 54–55, 419 See also Age patterns, population; Population, U.S. Denmark air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Diesel engine emissions federal standards, 273–284, 288 rates, 293 Diesel fuel, 199, 245, 250, 252, 389, 460 Amtrak consumption, 354 consumption by transportation sector, 238, 239, 240, 241, 379, 381 marine vessel consumption, 358 District of Columbia, 58 air quality, 307 roadway congestion, 91 cost values, 94 fuel wasted due to, 266, 269 traffic delays, 87 urban air pollution, 305 Dominican Republic air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Drug abuse, 156 See also Alcohol-related incidents
E Economic indices air carrier performance, 56, 209, 210, 211, 321, 322–326 aircraft sales, 15 Amtrak, 353 bus operations, 344 commodity shipments, value of, 73–74 compensation in transportation industries, 216–218 consumer price indices, 200, 441–443 data sources/analysis, 436–455 disposable personal income, 202 freight transportation expenditures, 198 growth, 72 revenue per ton-mile, 210 fuel prices, 199, 200 gas pipeline operations, 362 government expenditures, transportation-related, 184, 186, 187, 188, 223, 226 government revenues, transportation-related, 223–225 gross domestic product, 181–186, 189–192, xviii by social function, 193 household expenditures, xviii household income, xviii long-distance travel and, 55 international trade freight shipments, 66–67, 75 transportation-related exports, 183, 185 oil pipeline revenues, 361 operating revenues, by mode, 211 passenger car sales, 21–24 passenger fare trends, 205, 323 passenger-mile trends, 194 personal expenditures by economic category, 202 passenger expenditures, 197 transportation services, 202, 203 personal watercraft sales, 172 producer price indices, 201, 443–444 rail transport, 181, 182, 198, 203, 210, 211, 353, 446 revenue per passenger-mile, by mode, 209 traffic congestion costs, 92–94, 427–428 transit operations, 347–348 transportation equipment, 201 transportation-related final demand, 183–188 transportation services, 201 trucking, 181, 182, 201, 203, 211, 219, 340 See also Employment; Fuel economies; Gross Domestic Product; International trade Economic Report of the President, 439 Educational attainment, traveler characteristics, 55 Educational services, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193 personal expenditures, 202 Electric power, 245 Amtrak consumption, 252, 263, 354 consumption by transportation sector, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 379, 381, 461 data sources, 440 federal government consumption, 253, 391 transit vehicle consumption, 250, 389 Emergency preparedness, 224, 225, 453 Employment gender distribution, xviii means of transport to work, 50 pipeline, 361 transportation occupations, 353, 356 air carrier, 322 bus transportation, 344 data sources, 429, 447–450 distribution by mode, 212–214, 215 fatalities, 113, 355, 429 motor vehicle-related, 336 productivity, 219, 449–450 professional operators, 215, 217 railroad injuries, 162, 166 roadway operations/construction, 213, 333 transit, 349 trends, 212–214, 215 trucking, 340 wage and salary trends, 216–218, 448–450 traveler status, 55 Energy consumption carbon dioxide emissions, 311 by economic sector, 232 federal government, 253, 391 transit vehicles/systems, 351–352 for transportation, 231, 232, 237 by mode, 240–241, 381 See also Fuel consumption; Fuel efficiency/intensity; Gasoline; Natural gas; Petroleum Energy Data Report, 405, 407 Energy efficiency/intensity. See Fuel efficiency/intensity Energy Information Administration, 425, 440, 441, 457–458, 459, 460, 462, 464, 468, 469 Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., 405, 407, 420, 421, 422, 446 Environmental protection. See Exhaust emissions, federal standards; Recycling Ethanol fuel, 245, 461 Europe space launches, 79 See also specific country Exhaust emissions, 292–293, 294 carbon dioxide, 311, 468–469 carbon monoxide, 273–295 data sources, 466–469 federal standards aircraft engines, 286–287 heavy heavy-duty trucks, 284 light-duty vehicles, 273 light heavy-duty trucks, 283 light trucks, 273, 274–281 locomotives, 288–289 marine engines, 290–291 medium-duty passenger vehicles, 282 motorcycles, 285 lead, 301, 468 nitrogen oxides, 273–294, 296 particulate emissions, 273–284, 288, 298, 299 in reformulated gasoline engines, 294 sulfur dioxide, 300, 467, 468 Experimental aircraft, 18 Explosives detected at airports, 125, 429 shipments, 78 Exports. See International trade
F FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 409, 417 Fatalities air transportation, 99, 117, 326, 327, 429 commuter carrier, 119, 121 general aviation, 123, 330 on-demand air taxi, 122, 326, 327 by phase of operation, 121 bicyclist, 99, 108, 132, 133 buses, 99, 108, 132, 138, 148–153, 345–346 comparison across modes, 433 data sources, 429–435 distribution by mode, 99–100, 108–109 grade crossing, 99, 108, 110, 355 hazardous materials-related, 111 highway, 334 motorcycle, 99, 108, 132, 135, 338 motor vehicle, 99, 108, 129 alcohol involvement, 133, 139 circumstances and conditions, 141 by highway type, 130–131 nonoccupant, 132, 133 number of vehicles in accident, 133 by posted speed limit, 142 prevention, 144, 432 by vehicle type, 132 occupational, 113, 166, 429 pedestrian, 99 pipeline-related, 99, 108, 361, 363 railroad, 99, 108, 111, 113, 148–153, 165, 355, 433–434 among railroad employees, 166 by train-miles traveled, 164, 165 by type of accident, 163 recreational boating, 172 personal watercraft, 172 transit systems, 99, 108, 147–153, 352, 432–433 truck, 99, 108, 132, 136, 342 waterborne transportation, 99, 108, 113, 171, 359, 360, 434 Federal Aviation Act, 407 Federal Aviation Administration, 114, 406, 409–410, 415, 417, 420, 425, 426, 429, 452, 463, 470–471 Operations Network database, 426, 427 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 408, 421, 425, 446 Federal government contributions to GDP, 189–192 employment, transportation-related, 213, 447–448, 453–455 energy consumption, 253, 391, 464–465 exhaust emission standards, 273–291 revenues, transportation-related, 223–225, 450–453 road ownership, 332 spending, transportation-related, 184, 186, 187, 188, 226 transit subsidies, 347 trust funds, 224, 225, 227, 452, 453 See also specific U.S. department or agency Federal Highway Administration, 114, 410, 415–416, 422, 451, 454, 455, 459, 462, 463, 468 Highway Performance Monitoring System, 403, 404–405, 406, 410, 417–418, 427 Federal Maritime Administration, 454 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 408 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, 408 Federal Railroad Administration, 114 Federal Railroad Commission, 425 Federal Reserve Board of Governors, 439, 440 Federal Transit Act, 405, 445–446 Federal Transit Administration, 114, 405, 407, 411, 413, 416, 418–419, 422, 432, 445, 463, 464 Ferries, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 357 age of vessels, 38 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 372 vessel miles traveled, 45, 369 Financial services, 189, 190, 191, 192, xviii Fishing, commercial, 356, 359 Flammable materials, 78 Florida airports/water ports, 58, 70, 71 international trade gateways, 66, 67 roadway congestion, 89, 90, 91 cost values, 92, 93, 94 fuel wasted due to, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269 urban air pollution, 302, 303, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 86, 87, 88 Food services, 193 consumer price indices, 200 personal expenditures, 202 Foreign Trade Zones, 75 For-hire transportation services, 72, 193, xviii economic value, 181–182, 189, 190, 191, 192 employment, 212–214 Formaldehyde emissions, 273–282 France air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Freight Commodity Statistics, 425 Freight transportation air carrier, 419–420 growth, 72 revenue tons, 56 ton-miles, 64, 325–326, 374 by commodity, 73–74, 423–424 data sources, 421–422, 423–424, 440 expenditures, 198, 440 growth, 72 hazardous materials, 77, 78 length of haul, 65, 342, 375, 421–422 by commodity, 63–74 multiple mode, 72, 77 petroleum products, 76 See also Oil pipelines producer price indices, 201 rail growth, 72 international, 75 operating revenues, 353 ton-miles, 64, 374 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 369 truck, 340–342 growth, 72 international, 75 number of interstate carriers, 4 ton-miles, 64, 341, 374 waterborne, 29, 40–41, 70–71 distribution by vessel type, 29 domestic, 64, 69, 374, 376 fleet characteristics/performance, 29, 40–41, 356–359 growth, 72 international, 69, 376 top ports, 70–71 See also International trade; Tonnage/ton-miles Fuel consumption alternative fuels, 245, 460–461 Amtrak, 239, 241, 379, 381 aviation, 199, 238, 240, 243, 329, 379, 381, 384, 460 federal government, 253, 391 buses, 249, 389 data sources, 414, 440–443, 458–465 efficiency. See Fuel efficiency/intensity federal government, 253, 391 gas pipeline operations, 363 by mode, 238–241, 379–381, 462–464 motorcycles, 246, 337, 386 motor vehicle, 199, 238, 240, 244, 337, 345, 379, 381, 385, 462 highway demand, 334 passenger cars, 246, 337, 386 price trends, 199, 200, 440–443 railroad, 238, 240, 251, 354, 379, 381, 390, 464 taxes, 200, 224, 225, 331 transit vehicles, 238, 240, 250, 379, 381, 389 trucks, 248, 249, 341, 388 wastage due to congestion, 264–269, 465–466 water transportation, 239, 241, 358, 379, 381 Fuel efficiency/intensity aircraft, 243, 257, 258, 384, 393, 394 Amtrak, 257, 263, 393 buses, 249, 345, 389 CAFE standards, 261, 398 data sources, 465–466 highway vehicles, 257, 260, 338, 393, 396 motorcycles, 246, 257, 260, 338, 386, 393, 396 new truck sales, 25 passenger cars, 24, 246, 257, 260, 261, 338, 386, 393, 396, 398 imported, 261, 398 railroad, 251, 262, 354, 390, 399 transit buses, 257, 262, 393, 399 trucks, 25, 248, 249, 261, 341, 388, 398
G Gas Facts, 406, 407, 446 Gasohol, 245 Gasoline, 441 consumer spending, 336 cost of operating automobile, 204 data sources, 459–460 marine vessel consumption, 358 personal consumption expenditures, 203 price trends, 199, 200 transportation consumption, 238, 239, 240, 241, 250, 329, 379, 381, 389, 459–460 transportation-related demand, 183, 185, 187, 188, 242, 383 Gender labor force participation rate, xviii population distribution, xvii traveler characteristics, 54 General aviation aircraft, 13 data sources, 409, 412, 417, 429 economic indices, 328 energy consumption, 240, 381 fatalities, 99, 108, 429 fleet characteristics, 17–18, 328–329 fuel consumption, 238, 329, 379 new aircraft, sales/delivery of, 15 number of aircraft, 328 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 329, 372 safety performance, 99, 105, 108, 123, 330, 429 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 329, 369, 417 General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity and Avionics Survey, 429, 463 General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, 417 General Aviation and Air Taxi Activity Survey, 409 General Aviation Manufacturers Association, 412 General Aviation Statistical Databook, 412 General Estimates System, 134, 135, 137, 138 Georgia airports/water ports, 58, 66, 71 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 264, 267 urban air pollution, 302 urban traffic delays, 86 Germany air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 new retail car sales to U.S., 22 Glider aircraft, 18 Government expenditures, transportation-related, 23, 184, 186, 187, 188, 223, 225, 453–455 highway, 331 transit systems, 347 marine vessel ownership, 357 revenues, transportation-related, 223–225, 450–453 highway, 331 trust fund balances, 227 See also Taxes vehicle fleet, 20 See also Federal government; State and local government Grade-crossing accidents and injuries, 99, 102, 105, 108, 110, 162, 166, 355 Grand Cayman air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Great Lakes, 356, 358 freight transportation growth, 72 short tons, 69, 376 Greece air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Gross Domestic Demand, 187, 188, 436 Gross Domestic Product, xviii distribution by industry, 189–192 for-hire transportation services, 181–182 methodology for analyzing, 436–439 by social function, 193 transportation-related final demand, 183–186, 438–439 trends, 194 Guam, air quality, 307 Guided vehicles, 148–153
H Haiti air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Hawaii airports/water ports, 58, 71 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303 urban traffic delays, 86 Hazardous Materials Regulations, 408 Hazardous materials shipments, 453 accidents, 105, 111–112, 435 associated fatalities, 99, 108, 111, 435 associated injuries, 102, 111, 435 by class, 78 data sources, 423–424, 435 modal distribution, 77 by pipeline, 4, 435 accidents, 105 associated fatalities, 99, 108 associated injuries, 102 Health Care Financing Administration, 436 Health services, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193 consumer price indices, 200 personal expenditures, 202 Helicopters, 17, 412 sales/delivery of, 15 Highway Performance Monitoring System, 403, 404–405, 406, 410, 417–418, 427 Highways. See Roadways Highway Statistics, 403, 406, 410, 416, 417, 422, 451 Highway vehicles accidents, 105, 430–431 hazardous materials-related, 111, 112 data sources, 430–432 energy consumption, 238, 239, 240–241, 379, 381, 460–461, 462 alternative fuels, 245 gasoline demand, 242, 383 exhaust emissions, 296–301, 466–468 carbon monoxide, 295 lead, 301 nitrogen oxides, 296 particulate matter, 298, 299 sulfur dioxide, 300 volatile organic compounds, 297 fatalities, 99, 430 alcohol-related, 139 occupational, 113 freight transportation expenditures, 198 injuries, 102, 430–431 hazardous materials-related, 111 miles traveled, 45, 47, 369, 371 new, sales/delivery of, 15 numbers of, 13 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 372 See also Buses; Light Trucks; Motorcycles; Motor vehicles; Passenger cars; Personal-use vehicles; Trucks and trucking Homicide, 154 Hong Kong air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Household characteristics, xviii expenditures on household operations, 202 long-distance trips, 51–53, 55 Hydrocarbon emissions federal standards, 273–291 in reformulated gasoline engines, 294 by vehicle type, 292–293
I Idaho, 307 Illinois airports/water ports, 58, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 international trade gateways, 66 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 92, 94 fuel wasted due to, 266, 269 urban air pollution, 302, 304 urban traffic delays, 87 Immigrant population, xvii Imports. See International trade India, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Indiana airports/water ports, 59, 71 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 roadway congestion, 89, 90 cost values, 92, 93 fuel wasted due to, 264, 265, 267, 268 urban air pollution, 302, 303 urban traffic delays, 86, 87 Industry Productivity Measures, 449 Injuries air transportation, 102, 111, 112, 117, 429 commuter carrier, 119 general aviation, 123 on-demand air taxi, 122 bicyclists, 102 buses, 102, 138, 148–153 data sources, 429–435 distribution by mode of transport, 102–103 grade crossing, 102, 110, 162 hazardous materials-related, 111 highway, 334 motorcycle, 102, 135 motor vehicle, 102, 129, 135, 136, 138 pedestrians, 102 pipeline-related, 102, 361, 363 railroad, 102, 111–112, 148–153, 162, 165, 433–434 among railroad employees, 166 by train-miles traveled, 164, 165 by type of accident, 163 recreational boating, 172 personal watercraft, 172 transit systems, 102, 147–153, 352, 432–433 truck, 102, 136 waterborne transportation, 102, 111, 112, 171, 359, 434 See also Fatalities Inland Waterways Revenue Act, 453 Insurance, 203, 336 Internal Revenue Service, 436 International trade aircraft sales, 183, 185 air freight, 325, 326 automobile sales, 22, 183, 185 data sources, 422, 423, 424–425 gateway cities, 66–67, 68, 422 land shipments, 68, 75, 424–425 natural gas, 231 petroleum, 231 transportation-related demand, 183, 185, 438–439 value of shipments, 66–67, 422 waterborne, 69, 358, 376, 422–423 International Trade Administration, 412, 420 International travel air arrivals/departures, 60, 61, 324, 325 air carrier revenue/expenses, 321, 322, 323 Canadian border traffic, 62 data sources, 420 economic value, 183, 185 Mexican border traffic, 62 waterborne, 356 Interstate Commerce Commission, 417, 420, 421, 446 Interstate highways, 334 condition, 34, 35 fatalities, 130–131 system mileage, 7, 8, 332, 333, 368 vehicle-miles traveled, 47, 336, 337, 371 Interstate motor carriers, 4, 408 Iowa roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 304 urban traffic delays, 87 Ireland air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Israel air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Italy air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28
J Jamaica air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Japan air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 new retail car sales to U.S., 22
K Kansas roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303 urban traffic delays, 86 Kentucky areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 roadway congestion, 89, 90 cost values, 92, 93 fuel wasted due to, 264, 267, 268 urban air pollution, 302, 303 urban traffic delays, 86, 87 Korea air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61
L Labor. See Employment Licensing and registration aircraft, 409 motor vehicle registration, 244, 246, 248, 249, 336, 410 consumer spending, 336 state government revenues, 331 trucks, 340 recreational boats, 412 space launches, 425–426 transit vehicles, 249, 250 Lighter-than-air aircraft, 18 Light rail. See Railroads, light rail Light trucks, 25 accidents, 136 data sources, 414 exhaust emissions federal standards, 273–281 rates, 292, 293, 294 fatalities, 108, 132, 136 fuel consumption, 248, 388 efficiency/intensity, 25, 257, 260, 261, 393, 396, 398 injuries, 136 safety belt use, 143 sales, 25 vehicle-miles traveled, 136 See also Trucks and trucking Liquefied petroleum gas, 29, 285 Liquid Pipeline Directory, 405, 407 Lloyd’s Maritime Information Service, 411–412, 413, 415 Lloyd’s Register, 411–412, 413, 415 Local government. See State and local government Local travel employment, 212, 215, 216, 217, 218 expenditures, 198 trucking operations, 340 See also Commuter travel; Transit vehicles/systems Long-distance travel by calendar quarter, 51 data sources, 419 by distance traveled, 51 household characteristics, 55 household trips, 51–53 person-miles, 51–55 person trips, 51–55 by purpose of trip, 52 traveler characteristics, 54–55 travel party characteristics, 52 trip duration, 53 types of lodging used, 53 vehicle miles, 51–55 vehicle trips, 51–55 by vehicle type, 51 See also International travel Louisiana airports/water ports, 58, 70 international trade gateways, 66, 67 roadway congestion, 90 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 302, 304 urban traffic delays, 87
M Mail and parcel shipments air carrier revenue tons, 56 growth, 72 hazardous materials, 77 international, 75 Maine Canadian border crossings, 62 port tonnage, 71 Maintenance and repair, including parts automobile costs, 204 automobile spending, 336 employment trends in transportation industries, 213 marine vessels, 356 motor vehicle-related employment, 336 natural gas pipeline, 362 personal consumption expenditures, 203 Malaysia, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Manufacturing sector economic indices, 189, 190, 191, 192, xviii transportation equipment employment trends, 213 producer price index, 201 Marine Safety Information System, 434, 469 Marine vessels, 13, 29 accidents, 105, 111, 112, 171, 434 See also Marine vessels, fatalities; Marine vessels, injuries barge, 40, 41, 356, 359 containerships, 29 data sources, 408, 411–412, 413, 415, 417 dry cargo, 40, 41 employees injuries and fatalities, 113 in manufacturing and repair, 213, 356 energy consumption, 238, 240, 358, 379, 381, 464 exhaust emissions carbon monoxide, 295 nitrogen oxides, 296 particulate matter, 298, 299 standards, 290–291 sulfur dioxide, 300 volatile organic compounds, 297 fatalities, 99, 108, 171, 359, 360, 434 among employees, 113 fleet characteristics, 29, 356–357, 413, 415, 417 freighters, 29 government owned, 357 hazardous materials incidents, 111, 112 injuries, 102, 111, 112, 171, 434 long-distance travel characteristics, 51 manufacturing and repair, employment trends, 213, 356 merchant fleet, 15, 29, 357, 415 new, sales/delivery of, 15 number of, 13, 40–41, 356–357, 411–412 number of operators, 4, 356, 408 passenger, 40, 41, 356, 357, 359 petroleum spills, 315 producer price indices, 201 roll-on/roll-off, 29 sail, 360 tankers, 29, 40, 41, 315, 356, 357, 358, 359 towboats, 40, 41 See also Recreational boating; Waterborne transportation Maritime Administration, 411, 413, 415, 423, 454 Maryland airports/water ports, 58, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 international trade gateways, 66 roadway congestion, 89, 91 cost values, 92, 94 fuel wasted due to, 264, 266, 267, 269 urban air pollution, 302, 305 urban traffic delays, 86, 88 Massachusetts airports/water ports, 58, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 international trade gateways, 67 roadway congestion, 89, 90 cost values, 92, 93 fuel wasted due to, 264, 266, 267, 269 urban air pollution, 302, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 86, 87 Medium-duty passenger vehicles, 282 Merchant fleet, U. S., 29, 357, 411–412, 413, 415 Merchant Fleets of the World, 411, 413 Methanol fuel, 245, 285, 461 Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether, 245, 460–461 Metric conversions, 367–399 Metropolitan areas. See Urban areas Mexico air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 data sources, 424–425 land freight shipments border crossings, 68 value, 75 land-passenger border crossings, 63 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Michigan airports/water ports, 58, 71 Canadian border crossings, 62 international trade gateways, 66, 68 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 264, 267 urban air pollution, 302, 303 urban traffic delays, 86 Mileage. See Passengers-miles traveled; System mileage; Vehicle-miles traveled Mining industries, 189, 190, 191, 192, xviii Minnesota airports/water ports, 58, 70, 71 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 Canadian border crossings, 62 international trade gateways, 68 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303 urban traffic delays, 87 Mississippi port tonnage, 70 roadway congestion cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265 urban air pollution, 303 urban traffic delays, 87 Missouri, 58 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307 port tonnage, 70 roadway congestion, 89, 90 cost values, 93, 94 fuel wasted due to, 265, 266, 268, 269 urban air pollution, 303, 304 urban traffic delays, 86, 87 Montana areas not meeting national air quality standards, 307–308 international trade gateways, 67 Monthly Survey of Industrial Electricity Use, 440 Motor Carrier Management Information System, 408 Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act, 408 Motorcycle Industry Council, Inc., 413 Motorcycles accidents, 105, 135, 338 See also Motorcycles, fatalities; Motorcycles, injuries data sources, 413 exhaust emissions federal standards, 285 rates, 292, 294 fatalities, 99, 108, 132, 135, 338 fuel economies, 246, 257, 260, 337–338, 386, 393, 396 helmet use, 143, 144 injuries, 102, 135 See also Motorcycles, fatalities licensing and registration, 336 as means of transport to work, 50 new, sales/delivery of, 15 number of, 13 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 337, 372 producer price indices, 201 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 246, 336, 337, 369, 386 accident and injury rate, 135 Motor Vehicle Facts, 412 Motor vehicles accidents, 105, 129, 430–431 alcohol involvement, 133, 139 circumstances and conditions, 141 by posted speed limit, 142 at railroad crossings, 99, 102, 105, 108, 110, 162 See also Motor vehicles, fatalities; Motor vehicles, injuries age of vehicles, 33 data sources, 410–411, 430–432, 459–460 employment related to, 336 energy consumption, 240, 381 fatalities, 99, 108, 129, 430 alcohol involvement, 133 circumstances and conditions, 141 effectiveness of restraint devices, 144, 431 by highway type, 130–131 number of vehicles in accident, 133 occupant/nonoccupant, 132, 133 by posted speed limit, 142 by vehicle type, 132 fleet characteristics, 20 fuel consumption, 238, 244, 334, 337–338, 379, 385, 414, 459–460 federal government, 253, 391 fuel prices, 199, 200 grade-crossing accidents and injuries, 99, 102, 105, 108, 110, 162 injuries, 102, 129, 135, 136, 138, 162, 430–431 See also Motor vehicles, fatalities licensing and registration, 336 long-distance travel characteristics, 51–55 as means of transport to work, 50 number of, 410–411 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 337, 372 passenger restraints, 143, 144, 431 personal consumption, 183, 185, 187, 188 expenditures, 203 producer price indices, 201 production, 21, 26–28, 414 employment trends, 213 professional operators, 215, 217 repair expenditures, 203 sales, 15, 21–25, 414 scrapped, 318, 471 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 336–337, 369 accident and injury rate, 129 See also Buses; Highway vehicles; Motorcycles; Passenger cars; Personal-use vehicles; Trucks and trucking
N National Automotive Dealers Association, 414 National Bicycle Dealers Association, 413 National Bridge Inventory Database, 416 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 114, 134, 137, 138, 430–431, 432, 454 National Income and Product Accounts, 436, 438, 449 National Occupant Protection Use Survey, 431 National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems, 415 National Transit Database, 405, 407, 411, 413, 416, 418–419, 422, 432–433, 445, 463, 464 National Transportation Safety Board, 429 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, 418–419, 462 Natural gas compressed, 238, 240, 245, 250, 379, 381, 389 consumption, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 379, 381, 461 federal government, 253, 391 motor vehicle, 245, 250, 389 international trade, 231 liquefied, 245 merchant fleet, 29 motor vehicle emissions standards, 285 pipelines accidents, 102, 105, 363, 435 associated fatalities, 99, 108, 363, 435 associated injuries, 102, 363, 435 data sources, 406, 407, 408, 435, 446 economic indices, 362 employment trends, 212, 362 fuel consumption, 363 number of operators, 4, 362 operating revenue, 211 production, 363 system mileage, 3, 9, 362, 367, 406, 407 production, 231 Navigation Data Center, 408, 411, 417 Near Midair Collisions Systems database, 429 Nebraska areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 304 urban traffic delays, 87 Netherland Antilles air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Netherlands air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Nevada, 58 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303 urban traffic delays, 87 New Hampshire, 302 New Jersey airports, 58 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308 international trade gateways, 66 port tonnage, 70 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 302, 303, 304 urban traffic delays, 87 New Mexico areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 264, 267 urban air pollution, 302 urban traffic delays, 86 New York state airports/water ports, 58, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308 Canadian border crossings, 62 international trade gateways, 66, 67, 68 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269 urban air pollution, 302, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 86, 87 Nitrogen oxide emissions federal standards, 273–291 vehicle rates, 296, 467 in reformulated gasoline engines, 294 by vehicle type, 292–293 Noise exposure data sources, 470–471 high noise areas, 317 highway noise barrier construction, 316, 470 North Carolina, 58 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 264, 267 urban air pollution, 303, 304 urban traffic delays, 86 North Dakota, 67, 68
O Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 414 Occupational Employment Statistics, 448–449 Office of Airline Information, 407, 417, 419, 420, 422, 427, 429, 445, 463 Office of Airport Safety and Standards, 406 Office of Management and Budget, 450 Office of Pipeline Safety, 408, 435, 453 Ohio airports/water ports, 58, 59, 71 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308 international trade gateways, 66 roadway congestion, 89 cost values, 92 fuel wasted due to, 264, 267 urban air pollution, 302, 305 urban traffic delays, 86 Oil. See Oil pipelines; Petroleum Oil Pipeline Research Institute, 405, 407, 446 Oil pipelines crude, 9, 65, 76, 361, 375, 377 data sources/analysis, 405–406, 407, 421, 422, 425, 446 employment, 361 expenditures, 198 labor productivity, 219 leaks/spills, 315 length of haul, 65, 361, 375, 422 number of operators, 361 operating revenue, 211, 361 revenue per ton-mile, 210 safety performance, 361 system mileage, 3, 9, 361, 367 data sources, 405–406, 407 ton-miles of product, 64, 76, 361, 374, 377, 421 Oklahoma roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265 urban air pollution, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 87 Operations Network database, 426, 427 Oregon airports/water ports, 58, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308 international trade gateways, 67 roadway congestion, 89, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 264, 266, 267, 269 urban air pollution, 304 urban traffic delays, 86, 87
P Panama Republic air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Parcels. See Mail and parcel shipments Particulate emissions, 467–468 federal standards, 273–284, 288 trends, 298, 299 Passenger cars accidents, 105, 134, 338 See also Passenger cars, fatalities; Passenger cars, injuries age of vehicles, 33, 415 Canadian border crossings, 62 commuter characteristics, 50 consumer spending, 336 cost of owning and operating, 204, 445 data sources, 414, 415, 430–432, 445 exhaust emissions federal standards, 273 rates, 292, 293, 294 fatalities, 99, 108, 132, 133, 134, 338 fleet characteristics, 20, 414 fuel consumption, 238, 240, 246, 337, 379, 381, 386 efficiency/intensity, 24, 246, 257, 260, 338, 386, 393, 396, 465 injuries, 102, 134 See also Passenger cars, fatalities licensing and registration, 336 long-distance trip characteristics, 51 Mexican border crossings, 63 number of, 13 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 337, 372 personal consumption expenditures, 203 person-hours of traffic delay, 86–88 purchase expenditures, 197 safety belt use, 143, 144 use characteristics, 20 work commute, 50 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 246, 336, 337, 369, 386 accident and injury rate, 134 vehicle production, 21 vehicle sales, 15, 21–24, 414 vehicle size, 24 world production, 26 See also Motor vehicles; Personal-use vehicles Passenger-miles traveled air, 48, 51, 323, 372, 417 fuel economies, 257, 258, 294, 393 general aviation, 329 revenues per, 209 Amtrak, 48, 354, 372 fuel economies, 257, 263, 393 data sources, 417–419 fuel consumption, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 393, 394, 396, 399 highway, 48, 51, 337, 341, 345, 372 fuel economies, 257, 260, 393, 396 revenues per, 209 long-distance trip characteristics, 51–55 passenger revenue, 209 rail, 48, 51, 373 revenues per, 209 transit, 48, 348, 350, 372 fuel economies, 257, 262, 393, 399 revenues per, 209, 348 traveler characteristics, 54–55 trip characteristics, 51–53, 65, 375 by vehicle type, 48, 372 water transport, 51 Pedalcycles. See Bicycles Pedestrian traffic, 50 Canadian border crossings, 62 fatalities, 99, 108, 132, 133 injuries, 102 Mexican border crossings, 63 Pennsylvania airports/water ports, 58, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 308–309 international trade gateways, 67 port tonnage, 71 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 266, 268 urban air pollution, 302, 303, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 87 Personal-use vehicles age of vehicles, 20 Canadian border crossings, 62 consumer spending, 336 fleet characteristics, 20 long-distance travel characteristics, 51 Mexican border crossings, 63 number of, 13 sales, 15 use characteristics, 20 See also Light trucks; Motorcycles; Motor vehicles; Passenger cars Petroleum consumption, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 379, 381 federal government, 253, 391 data sources, 425, 457–458 demand, by economic sector, 233, 378, 459 energy demand met by, 232 highway demand, 334 international trade, 231 production, 231, 457–458 spills and leaks, 315, 469–470 transportation by mode, 76, 425 waterborne, 29, 76 See also Oil pipelines Petroleum Supply Annual, 425 Philippines air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Pipelines, 72 accidents, 102, 105 associated fatalities, 99, 108 associated injuries, 102 data sources, 408 economic value, 181, 182 employment trends, 212, 450 productivity, 219 wages and salaries, 216, 218 energy consumption, 238, 240, 379, 381 federal expenditures, 226, 455 federal revenues from, 224, 225, 453 gas. See Natural gas, pipelines hazardous liquid, 4, 99 international shipments, value of, 75 leaks/spills, 315 number of operators, 4 oil. See Oil pipelines producer price indices, 201 Poland, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Police air travel-related arrests, 125, 429 fleet characteristics, 20 motor vehicle accident reports, 430 Pollution areas not meeting national air quality standards, 306–310 noise, 317 petroleum spills, 315 storage tank leaks, 316 urban air quality trends, 302–305 See also Exhaust emissions Population, U.S., xvii households, xviii labor force, xviii traveler characteristics, 54–55 trends, 194 See also Demographics Ports Canadian gateways, 68, 75 data sources, 422–423 federal trust fund, 227 harbor maintenance, 227 Mexican gateways, 68, 75 top tonnage ports, 70–71, 423 top trade gateways, 66–67, 422 waterborne tonnage, 70–71, 357–358 See also Airports Portugal, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Postal services. See Mail and parcel shipments Producer price indices, 201, 210, 443–444 Productivity, in transportation sectors, 219, 449–450 Property damage, accidents in hazardous materials incidents, 112 in railroad accidents, 110, 165 recreational boating accidents, 172 reporting thresholds, 114 transit accidents, 147 waterborne transportation accidents, 171 Public transportation attendants, 215, 217 use characteristics, 50 See also Transit systems Puerto Rico airports/water ports, 58, 71 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309 urban air pollution, 304, 305
R Race/ethnicity, traveler characteristics, 54 Radioactive materials, 54 Railroad Facts, 403, 411, 416, 419, 421, 464, 465 Railroad Freight Rate Index, 408, 419, 421 Railroads accidents, 105, 165, 433–434 distribution by type, 163 hazardous material-related, 111–112 by train-miles traveled, 165 transit systems, 148–153 See also Railroads, fatalities; railroads, injuries Canadian border crossings, 62, 68 car-miles traveled, 45, 251, 354, 369, 390, 419 data sources/analysis, 403, 407, 411, 413, 416, 419, 421, 425, 433–434, 446, 464 economic value, 181, 182 employees injuries and fatalities, 113, 166, 355 productivity, 219 trends, 212, 213, 215, 353 wages and salaries, 216–218 equipment manufacturing employment trends, 213 producer price index, 201 exhaust emissions carbon monoxide, 295 nitrogen oxides, 296 particulate matter, 298, 299 standards, 288–289 sulfur dioxide, 300 volatile organic compounds, 297 fatalities, 99, 108, 165, 355, 433–434 among employees, 113, 166, 355 hazardous material-related, 111 by train-miles traveled, 164, 165 transit systems, 148–153 by type of accident, 163 federal expenditures, 226, 454–455 freight, 421 expenditures, 198 fuel economies, 262, 399 growth, 72 hazardous materials, 77 length of haul, 65, 354, 375 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of international gateway crossings, 68 number of vehicles, 13 oil/petroleum products, 76, 377, 425 operating revenues, 353 revenue per ton-mile, 210 ton-miles transported, 64, 354, 374 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 369 fuel consumption, 238, 240, 251, 379, 381, 390, 464 efficiency/intensity, 251, 262, 354, 390, 399, 465 grade crossing accidents and injuries, 99, 102, 105, 108, 110, 162, 355 hazardous materials shipments, 77, 111, 112 heavy rail systems accidents and injuries, 148–153 age of vehicles, 38 criminal behavior in, 154–158 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of vehicles, 13 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 372 system mileage, 3 transit, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 369 injuries, 102, 162, 165, 433–434 among employees, 162, 166 hazardous material-related, 111–112 by train-miles traveled, 164, 165 transit systems, 148–153 by type of accident, 163 See also Railroads, fatalities light rail accidents and injuries, 148–153 age of vehicles, 38 average trip length, 351 criminal behavior in, 154–158 economic indices, 347, 348 energy consumption, 351, 352 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of vehicles, 13 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 350, 372 system mileage, 3, 367 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 369 locomotive fleet characteristics, 39, 416 long-distance travel characteristics, 51 Mexican border crossings, 63, 68 number of operators, 4, 353, 407–408 number of stations, 8, 407 number of vehicles, 13, 353, 411 operating expenses, 353 operating revenue, 211, 353, 446 passenger expenditures, 197, 353, 446 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 372 personal consumption expenditures, 203 petroleum products transport, 76, 377 producer price indices, 201 system mileage, 3, 353, 367, 403 train-miles traveled, 45, 165, 251, 369, 390, 419 accident and injury rates, 164, 165, 166 transit system age of vehicles, 38 economic indices, 347, 348 inventory, 349 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of vehicles, 13 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 350, 372 stations served, 8, 368 system mileage, 3, 367 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 369 See also Amtrak; Commuter rail transportation Railroad Ten-Year Trends, 407 Rape, 154 Recreational boating accidents, 105, 172 alcohol-related incidents, 172 data sources, 412, 434 fatalities, 99, 108, 172, 359, 360 injuries, 102, 172, 359 new vessels, sales/delivery of, 15 number of vessels, 13, 357 accident and injury rates, 172 personal watercraft, 172, 290, 434 Recreational vehicles, 15 Recycling scrap motor vehicles, 318, 471 waste emissions, 295–301 Rental vehicle fleet, 20 Repairs. See Maintenance and repair, including parts Research and Special Programs Administration, 114, 408, 435, 453 Revenues, transportation air carrier, 321 Amtrak, 353, 354 buses, 344 data sources, 445–446 foreign trade gateways, 66–67 freight, 210 by commodity, 73–74 growth, 72 top foreign trade gateways, 66–67 government. See Government, revenues imports from Canada, 75 from Mexico, 75 natural gas pipelines, 362 oil pipeline, 210, 211, 361 operating, 211, 321, 353, 356, 446 passenger, 209 rail, 211, 353, 416, 446 transit systems, 347–348 trucking, 211, 340 waterborne transportation, 211, 356 Rhode Island roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 266, 269 urban air pollution, 304 urban traffic delays, 87 R.L. Polk, Co., 414, 415, 471 Roadways accidents, 334 bridges, 37 condition, 34–36, 37, 333, 415–416 congestion, 427–428 cost values, 92–94 fuel wastage associated with, 264–269, 465–466 index, 89–91 data sources/analysis, 403, 406, 415–416, 427–428 employment, in construction/operations, 213, 333 fatalities, 130–131, 334 functional classification, 332–333 distribution, 7, 8 fatality rate, 130–131 government ownership, 332 government revenues/expenses, 331, 452–453, 454 injuries, 334 noise barrier construction, 316 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 51, 209, 337, 341, 345, 372 petroleum demand, 334 rail crossing accidents and injuries, 99, 102, 105, 108, 110, 162, 166 speed limits, 142 system mileage, 3, 6, 7, 8, 332–333, 367, 368 data sources, 403, 406 urban traffic delays, 86–88 vehicle-miles traveled, 47, 334, 341, 344, 371, 417–418 Robbery, 154 Romania, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Rural areas bridges, 37 population, xvii roadways conditions, 34–35, 37, 333 fatalities, 130–131 government ownership, 332 miles of road, 7, 8, 332, 333, 368 vehicle-miles traveled, 47, 334, 336, 337, 341, 344, 371 Russia motor vehicle production, 26–28 space launches, 79
S Safety belt use, 143, 144, 431, 432 School buses, 197, 212, 344, 345 Scrap freight shipments, 74 motor vehicle, 318, 471 Service industry economic indices, 189, 190, 191, 192, xviii transportation-related, 201, 212, 216 Sex offenses, 154, 156 Shifts in Petroleum Transportation, 421 Smoke opacity standards, 282–284, 288 Socioeconomic status household income, 55, xviii trip/traveler characteristics, 55 South Carolina international trade gateways, 66 port tonnage, 71 urban air pollution, 302, 303 South Korea, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Space launches, 79, 425–426 Spain air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Speed limits, motor vehicle, 142 State and local government contributions to GDP, 189–192 DUI/DWI legislation, 140 employment, transportation-related, 213, 333, 447–448 expenditures, transportation-related, 184, 186, 187, 188, 454, 455 revenues, transportation-related, 223, 450–451, 452–453 highway, 331 licensing and registration, 331, 336 road ownership, 332 transit subsidies, 347 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 439 Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 420 Storage tank leaks, 316 Substance abuse. See Alcohol-related incidents; Drug abuse Sulfur dioxide emissions, 300, 467, 468 Supplement to Producer Price Indexes, 443 Surface Transportation Board, 403, 407–408, 416, 421, 446, 464, 465 Survey of Current Business, 436, 449, 451 Sweden, motor vehicle production, 26–28 Switzerland air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 System mileage Amtrak, 3, 353, 367 data sources/analysis, 403–406 gas pipeline, 3, 9, 362, 367 highway/roadway, 3, 6, 7, 8, 332–333, 367 navigable channels, 3, 356, 367 oil pipeline, 3, 9, 361, 367 rail, 3, 353, 367 transit, 3, 367
T Taiwan, 60, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Tanker ships, 29, 40, 41, 76, 315, 356, 357, 358, 359, 377 Taxes data sources, 452–453 fuel, 200, 224, 225, 331, 462 natural gas pipeline, 362 transportation-related revenues, 223–225, 340 See also Government, revenues, transportation-related Taxis consumer spending, 336 employment trends, 212, 215 fleet characteristics, 20 as means of transport to work, 50 personal consumption expenditures, 203 See also Demand responsive transit Tennessee airports/water ports, 58, 71 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303, 304 urban traffic delays, 87 Texas airports/water ports, 58, 59, 70 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309 international trade gateways, 66, 67, 68 Mexican border crossings, 63 port tonnage, 71 roadway congestion, 89, 90 cost values, 92, 93 fuel wasted due to, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269 urban air pollution, 302, 303, 305 urban traffic delays, 86, 87 Texas Transportation Institute, 427, 428, 465–466 Theft, 155 Tires, 203, 204, 336 Tolls, 203 Tonnage/ton-miles air, 56, 64, 374 data sources, 420 hazardous materials transport, 77 revenues, 210 all modes, 64 growth, 72 hazardous materials transport, 77 petroleum, 76, 377 revenues, 210 by commodity, 73–74 data sources, 420–421, 423–424 freight revenue tons, 56, 354 freight ton-miles, 64, 374 revenue per ton-mile, 210 growth, 72 hazardous material transport, 77, 78 mail, 56, 72 national trends, 194 petroleum products, 64, 76, 374, 377 pipelines, 64, 374 data sources, 420 petroleum, 64, 76, 374, 377 revenues, 210 rail, 64, 354, 374 data sources, 420 growth, 72 hazardous materials transport, 77 petroleum, 76, 377 revenues, 210 revenues, 210 truck, 64, 341, 374 data sources, 420 growth, 72 hazardous materials transport, 77 petroleum, 76, 377 revenues, 210 waterborne, 64, 69, 357–358, 374, 376 data sources, 420 growth, 72 hazardous materials transport, 77 petroleum, 76, 377 revenues, 210 top U.S. ports, 70–71 Towboats/tugboats, 40, 41, 357, 359 Toxic material shipments, 78 Traffic Monitoring Guide, 417–418 Trains. See Railroads Transborder Surface Freight Data, 424 Transit vehicles/systems accidents/incidents, 105, 147–153, 352, 432–433 age of vehicles, 38, 416 average trip length, 351 data sources/analysis, 405, 411, 413, 416, 418–419, 432–433, 445–446, 464 demand responsive, 197 accidents and injuries, 148–153 criminal behavior in, 154–158 economic indices, 347, 348 economic indices, 181, 182, 211, 347–348, 445–446 employment trends, 212, 349 wages and salaries, 216–218 energy consumption, 238, 240, 250, 351–352, 379, 381, 389 efficiency/intensity, 257, 262, 393, 399, 465 fatalities, 99, 108, 147–153, 345, 352, 432–433 government expenditures, 226, 347, 454 government revenues, 453 injuries, 102, 147–153, 352, 432–433 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of systems, 349 number of vehicles, 13, 349, 411 operating expenses, 347–348 operating revenue, 211, 347, 445–446 passenger fare trends, 205, 348, 445–446 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 350, 372 personal consumption expenditures, 197, 203, 347, 348 system mileage, 3, 367, 405 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 350, 369, 418–419 accident and injury rate, 147, 149–150, 152–153 vehicle speed, 351 See also specific mode Transportation Energy Data Book, 414 Transportation in America, 405, 407, 420, 421 Transport Economics, 421 Travel, long-distance. See Long-distance travel Travel agencies, 201 Trespassing, 157, 162, 355 Trolley buses, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352 age of vehicles, 38 new vehicles, sales/delivery of, 15 number of, 13 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 372 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 369 Truck Inventory and Use Survey, 418 Trucks and trucking accidents, 105, 136, 342 See also Trucks and trucking, fatalities; Trucks and trucking, injuries age of vehicles, 33, 415 commercial vehicle production, 21 data sources/analysis, 408, 410–411, 414, 415, 420, 421, 425, 446 economic indices, 181, 182, 211, 340 employment trends, 212, 340 productivity, 219 professional operators, 215, 217 wages and salaries, 216–218 energy consumption, 240, 381 exhaust emissions federal standards, 283–284 rates, 292, 293, 294 fatalities, 99, 108, 132, 136, 342 fleet characteristics, 20 freight transportation, 420 domestic length of haul, 65, 375 expenditures, 198 growth, 72 hazardous materials, 77 intercity ton-miles, 64, 374 number of international gateway crossings, 68 oil/petroleum products, 76, 377, 425 revenue per ton-mile, 210 fuel consumption, 238, 248, 249, 341, 379, 388 efficiency/intensity, 25, 248, 249, 341, 388 hazardous materials shipments, 77 injuries, 102, 136 See also Trucks and trucking, fatalities interstate carriers, number of, 4, 408 labor productivity, 219 length of haul, 342 number of, 13, 410–411 number of commercial establishments, 340 oil transport, 76, 377 operating revenue, 211 passenger-miles traveled, 48, 341, 372 personal consumption expenditures, 203 producer price indices, 201 sales, 15, 25 taxes paid, 340 use characteristics, 20 vehicle-miles traveled, 45, 248, 249, 341, 342, 369, 388 accident and injury rate, 136 See also Light trucks Trust funds, federal, 224, 225, 227, 331, 452, 453 Tugboats, 40, 41, 357, 359 Turkey, motor vehicle production, 26–28
U Uniform Statistical Report, 406, 407 United Kingdom air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 motor vehicle production, 26–28 Urban areas air pollution trends, 302–305, 468 bridges, condition of, 37 population distribution, xvii population trends, xvii roadways conditions, 35–36, 333 congestion, 89–91, 264–269, 427–428, 466 fatalities, 130–131 government ownership, 332 miles of road, 7, 8, 332, 333 traffic delays, 86–88 vehicle-miles traveled, 47, 334, 336, 337, 341, 344, 371 See also specific state Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report, 427 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 405, 408, 411, 417, 421, 423, 425, 446, 454 U.S. Coast Guard, 114, 408, 411, 412, 434, 469, 470 search and rescue efforts, 173, 434 U.S. Customs Service, 423, 425 U.S. Department of Commerce, 412, 414, 420, 422, 424, 436, 448, 449 U.S. Department of Defense, 422, 423, 463, 464–465 U.S. Department of Energy, 405, 407, 422, 425, 439, 440, 457, 459, 462, 464, 468 U.S. Department of Labor, 443, 447 U.S. Department of the Interior, 408, 439 U.S. Department of Transportation, 405, 407, 417, 426, 447–448, 449–450, 453 See also specific administration, bureau, or office U.S. Department of Treasury, 422, 424 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 467, 468, 470 Utah, 58 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 266, 269 urban air pollution, 304 urban traffic delays, 87 Utility vehicles, 20
V Vacation and pleasure travel, trip characteristics, 52–53 Vandalism, 156 Vans/vanpools, 25, 38 accidents and injuries, 148–153 average trip length, 351 vehicle speed, 351 Vehicle-miles traveled air transport, 45, 369, 417 average length of haul, 65, 375 fuel consumption, 243, 384 general aviation, 329, 417 revenue miles, 322 safety performance, 117, 119 Amtrak, 354 data sources, 417–419 fuel consumption, 243, 244, 246, 248–252, 260, 262, 384–389, 399 highway, 45, 334, 336–337, 341, 342, 344, 345, 369 average length of haul, 65, 375 exhaust emission rates, 292–294 exhaust emission standards, 273–282 fuel consumption, 244, 246, 248, 249, 260, 385–389 by roadway type, 47, 336–337, 371 safety performance, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, 338, 342 long-distance personal-use, 51–55 rail, 45, 354, 369 average length of haul, 65, 375 fuel consumption, 251, 262, 390, 399 safety performance, 164, 165, 166 transit, 350 by roadway type, 47, 336–337, 371 transit, 45, 350, 369, 418–419 fuel consumption, 250 safety performance, 147 by vehicle type, 45, 369 water vessels, 65, 375 Vehicle trips, long-distance personal-use, 51–55 Venezuela air passenger arrivals from, 60 air passenger departures to, 61 Vermont, 67 Virginia international trade gateways, 66 port tonnage, 70, 71 roadway congestion, 90, 91 cost values, 93, 94 fuel wasted due to, 265, 266, 268, 269 urban air pollution, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 87 Volatile organic compounds, 297, 467
W Wages and salaries, 216–218 Wall Street Journal, 414 Ward’s Automotive Reports, 414 Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures, 414 Washington, D.C. See District of Columbia Washington state airports/water ports, 58, 70, 71 areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309 Canadian border crossings, 62 international trade gateways, 66, 67 roadway congestion, 90, 91 cost values, 93, 94 fuel wasted due to, 266, 269 urban air pollution, 304, 305 urban traffic delays, 87, 88 Waste. See Exhaust emissions; Recycling; Scrap Waterborne Commerce of the United States, 421, 423, 425 Waterborne transportation accidents, 105, 111, 112, 171 age of vessels, 40–41 Coast Guard search and rescue efforts, 173 coastwise shipping, 64, 65, 69, 374, 375, 376 data sources/analysis, 405, 408, 411–412, 413, 417, 421–422, 425, 434, 446, 464 domestic freight length of haul, 65, 375 short tons, 69, 376 ton-miles, 64, 374 economic value, 181, 182 employment trends, 212, 215, 356 wages and salaries, 216–218 federal expenditures, 226, 454 federal revenues from, 224, 225, 453 freight transportation, 421 capacity, 358 expenditures, 198 fleet characteristics/performance, 356, 357, 358, 359 length of haul, 358 revenues, 356 tonnage/ton-miles, 357–358 gasoline demand, 242, 383 growth, 72 hazardous materials, 77 injuries, 102, 171, 359 intraport shipping, 64, 65, 69, 357, 374, 375, 376 lakewise shipping, 64, 65, 357, 358, 374, 375 merchant fleet characteristics, 29 oil/petroleum products, 76, 377, 425 operating revenue, 211, 356 passenger expenditures, 197 passenger revenues, 356 passenger trip characteristics, 51 petroleum products, 76, 377 producer price indices, 201 safety data, 102, 105, 111, 112, 171, 359, 434 tonnage by port, 70–71 See also Marine vessels; Recreational boating Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, 408, 411, 417 Water Pollution Control Act, 434 Waterways data sources, 405 navigable channel miles, 3, 356, 367 petroleum spills, 315, 469–470 Weapons detected at airports, 125 Weather conditions air transit delays and, 85 at time of motor vehicle accidents, 141 West Virginia areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309 port tonnage, 70 urban air pollution, 305 Wholesale/retail trade aircraft sales, 15, 412 economic indices, 189, 190, 191, 192, xviii employment trends in transportation industries, 213 passenger car sales, 22–24, 412, 414 Wisconsin areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309 port tonnage, 70 roadway congestion, 90 cost values, 93 fuel wasted due to, 265, 268 urban air pollution, 303 urban traffic delays, 87 World Bank, 416 Wyoming areas not meeting national air quality standards, 309
Y Yugoslavia, motor vehicle production, 26–28
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