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| NAS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species |
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Common Name: fishhook waterflea
Synonyms and Other Names: fish-hook water flea
Taxonomy: available through 
Identification: Body size from 1-3 mm in length without tail, 6-13 mm with tail; tail has three pairs of barbs and a characteristic loop near the end.
Size: 6-13 mm including tail
Native Range:
Black, Caspian, Azov, and Aral seas of Europe and Asia (Makarewicz et al., 2001).
Nonindigenous Occurrences: Great Lakes Region: Lake Erie (Presque Isle in 2002). Lake Ontario in 1998, Lake Michigan in 1999 (Charlebois 2001), Finger Lakes and others of New York (Canandaiga, Cayuga, Keuka, Cross, Otisco, Owasco, and Seneca lakes). In the Summer of 2001, C. pengoi was found in Muskegan Lake east of Lake Michigan (Therriault et al. 2002). A single specimen was collected from Lake Superior, but the species is not believed to be established there.
Also introduced into Europe in the Baltic Sea area.
Means of Introduction: Probable ballast water introduction.
Status: Considered established in Lake Ontario, establishing itself quickly (similar to the invasion patterns in Europe) in the other Great Lakes and other inland lakes due to recreational boat traffic and other human activities.
Impact of Introduction: Cercopagis pengoi is a consumer of other zooplankton. As such it competes with other planktivores of the Great Lakes, including the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) (Bushnoe et al., 2003). Its long spine makes it less palatable to planktivorous fish. For these reasons C. pengoi could have a serious effect on the food supply of planktivores. For example, yearling alewife compete directly with C. pengoi because they are planktivorous, and cannot consume C. pengoi due to the caudal appendage. Once alewife reach their first year they are large enough to handle the caudal appendage (Bushnoe et al., 2003). C. pengoi's establishment in Lake Ontario in 1998 corresponded with the lowest alewife populations in twenty years (Makarewicz et al., 2001). C. pengoi also fouls fishing gear.
A 2002 study of the food web impacts of C. pengoi showed that the depth at which C. pengoi exists is depleted of small organisms (<0.15 mg) (Benoit et al., 2002). It is unclear as to whether this is due to predator evasion or C. pengoi consumption, but in either case the smaller organisms are forced into deeper, cooler strata, causing growth rate changes (Benoit et al., 2002). The full impact of C. pengoi on the food web has not yet been extensively studied.
Remarks: Lives in brackish and freshwater lakes. Can reproduce asexually during the summer; sexual reproduction occurs in the fall when water temperatures decline; exhibit diurnal vertical migrations in native range; predatory feeding habits on other zooplankton. C. pengoi has been found in the stomach of some fishes in high percentages in Europe.
References
Anonymous. 2001. Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov, 1891). Regional Biological Invasions Center, Russia. Available on-line at http://www.zin.ru/projects/invasions/gaas/cerpen.htm. Last accessed 12/4/2003.
Benoit, H. P., O. E. Johannsson, D. M. Warner, W. G. Sprules, L. G. Rudstam. 2002. Assessing the impact of a recent predatory invader: The population dynamics, vertical distribution, and potential prey of Cercopagis pengoi in Lake Ontario. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47(3):626-635.
Bushnoe, T. M., D. M. Warner, L. G. Rudstam, and E. L. Mills. 2003. Cercopagis pengoi as a new prey item for Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax) in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 29(2):205-212.
Charlebois, P.M., M. J. Raffenberg, and J. M. Dettmers. 2001. First occurance of Cercopagis pengoi in Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res. 27(2):258-261.
Makarewicz, J. C., I. A. Grigorovich, E. Mills, E. Damaske, M. E. Cristescu, W. Pearsall, M. J. LaVoie, R. Keats, L. Rudstam, P. Hebert, H. Halbritter, T. Kelly, C. Matkovich, and H. J. MacIsaac. 2001. Distribution, fecundity, and genetics of Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) (Crustacea, Cladocera) in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 27(1):19-32.
Telesh, I. V. and H. Ojaveer. 2002. Pages 62-65 In: Leppäkoski, E., S. Gollasch, S. Olenin, The predatory water flea Cercopagis pengoi in the Baltic Sea: invasion history, distribution and implications to ecosystem dynamics. Kluwer Academics Publishers, The Netherlands, 583 pp.
Therriault, T. W., I. A. Grigorvich, D. D. Kane, E. M. Haas, D. A. Culver, and H. J. MacIsaac. 2002. Range Expansion of the exotic zooplankter Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) into western Lake Erie and Muskegon Lake. J. Great Lakes Res. 28(4):698-701.
Other Resources:
Cercopagis pengoi (ANS Clearinghouse Bibliography)
Cercopagis pengoi (Global Invasive Species Database)
Cercopagis pengoi (EPA)
NOAA Sea Grant Nonindigenous Species Site (SGNIS)
Author: Amy Benson, Erynn Maynard, and David Raikow
Contributing Agencies: 
NOAA - GLERL
Revision Date: 4/25/2007 Citation for this information:
Amy Benson, Erynn Maynard, and David Raikow. 2009. Cercopagis pengoi. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
<http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=163> Revision Date: 4/25/2007
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