SPECIES: Pinus radiata
SPECIES: Pinus radiata Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Cope, Amy B. 1993. Pinus radiata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [].
ABBREVIATION : PINRAD SYNONYMS : Pinus insignis Dougl. ex Loud. Pinus muricata D. Don var. cedrosensis Howell SCS PLANT CODE : PIRA2 COMMON NAMES : Monterey pine insignis pine radiata pine Cambria pine Guadalupe Island pine Cedros Island pine TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name of Monterey pine is Pinus radiata D. Don [12,31,32,33,43]. There are three recognized varieties [10,38]: Pinus radiata var. radiata Pinus radiata var. binata Lemmon Pinus radiata var. cedrosensis (Howell) Axelrod. Monterey pine hybridizes with knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata) and bishop pine (Pinus muricata) [12,32,25]. LIFE FORM : Tree FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : Notice of Review, Category 2 OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY
SPECIES: Pinus radiata DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : The typical variety of Monterey pine occurs along the coast of California in three disjunct populations in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties, Monterey County, and San Luis Obispo County. Pinus radiata var. binata occurs on Guadalupe Island, Mexico [12,32,33,35,42]. Pinus radiata var. cedrosensis is found on Cedros Island, Mexico [10,12,38]. Monterey pine is cultivated for timber in Maui, Hawaii [33]. It is also widely planted for timber in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, Spain, and the British Isles [33,35,41,46,51]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub STATES : CA HI MEXICO BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 3 Southern Pacific Border KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K009 Pine - cypress forest K030 California oakwoods SAF COVER TYPES : 255 California coast live oak SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : Monterey pine is part of the coastal closed-cone coniferous woodland [23]. It is named as a dominant canopy member in the following publications: Terrestrial natural communities of California [23] A vegetation classification system applied to southern California [44] Vascular plant communities of California [50] The closed cone pines and cypress [52] Associated trees not mentioned in distribution and occurrence are Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana var. goveniana), Monterey cypress (C. macrocarpa), Santa Cruz cypress (C. goveniana var. abramsiana), Tecate cypress (C. guadalupensis var. forbesii), bishop pine (Pinus muricata), and Pacific madrone (Arbutus mensiesii) [23,36,50,52]. Understory associates include woolyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos tomentosa), California huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversiloba), El Dorado bedstraw (Galium californicum), thingrass (Agrostis diegoensis), and blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus) [23,52].
SPECIES: Pinus radiata MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : Monterey pine wood is light, soft, and coarse grained [35,43]. It is of little commercial value in the United States except as fuelwood [35]. In other parts of the world it is used for general construction, flooring, furniture, joinery, plywood, reconstituted panel products, and paper. When treated with preservatives it cab be used for siding, decking, external trim, poles, piles, fencing, and railroad ties [4]. IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Goats, black-tailed deer, and porcupine browse Monterey pine. Porcupine also eat the bark [27,30,35]. Birds and small mammals consume the seeds [35]. PALATABILITY : NO-ENTRY NUTRITIONAL VALUE : NO-ENTRY COVER VALUE : NO-ENTRY VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Monterey pine is planted for erosion control [35]. Ease of establishment and a widespreading root system make it a good species for stabilizing soils on steep slopes [28]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : Monterey pine is valued for shade and as an ornamental [33,35]. It provides a barrier to wind and noise [35,53]. It is also used for Christmas trees [35]. OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Cone processing and nursery practices are discussed in the literature [11,25]. Monterey pine is affected by many pests such as western dwarf mistletoe, western gall rust, various needle blights, and moths [2,35,44]. Monterey pine is moderately windfirm on deep soils [35]. Goats have nearly eradicated all natural regeneration of Montery pine on Gudalupe Island [27,35]. Much of the Monterey pine planted as ornamentals comes from New Zealand stock. This stock originated from native California populations several generations ago. In Cambria and Monterey, California, this imported stock is crossbreeding with native individuals. The genetic effects of this crossbreeding on native trees is unknown, and preserving genotypes of native individuals is a point of management concern [39]. Monterey pine is the subject of a genetic conservation program [27].
SPECIES: Pinus radiata BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Monterey pine is a native, evergreen conifer. It attains a height of 49.5 to 115.5 feet (15-35 m) and a d.b.h. of 24 to 36 inches (60-90 cm) [43]. The outer bark is narrowly ridged and the inner bark is resinous [33,43]. The needles occur in clusters of three and are 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) long. They persist for approximately 3 years [11,33,43]. Cones are 3 to 5.5 inches (7.5-14 cm) long and occur in one or more clusters of three to five around the branch [16,33,43,54]. Monterey pine lives a maximum of 80 to 90 years [49]. Monterey pine has a low frost tolerance [35]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : The minimum seed-bearing age for Monterey pine is between 5 and 10 years. Maximum seed production beings at 15 or 20 years of age if trees are open-grown, and later if stands are dense [11,25,35]. Cones are produced annually, with good cone crops produced every other year [25]. Mature cones remain attached to the branch. They may remain closed for several years, depending upon temperature and humidity. Cones open and release seed during warm, dry periods and close rapidly when temperature drops and relative humidity increases. This results in a constant but meager seed rain [52]. The cones of native populations open infrequently because their habitat is typically cool and moist. Seedfall is heaviest in warm, dry years [35]. Unreleased seed remains viable for decades. Seeds from cones up to 24 years of age have germinated; however, germinative capacity appears to fall off with progressing years [52]. Seeds can be exposed to a temperature of 203 degrees Fahrenheit (95 deg C) before germination is significantly reduced [29]. Seedling recruitment is best on mineral soil [52]. Details of growth are discussed in the literature [11]. Monterey pine does not reproduce by sprouting [14,35]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : The climate where Monterey pine occurs is humid with mild year-round temperatures. Winters are wet. Rain does not usually fall in July and August, but tree crowns collect moisture from summer fog moving inland [35]. On Guadalupe and Cedros islands the climate is mediterranean [23,35]. Soils in which Monterey pine grows are often deep, sandy loams with a clay layer 20 to 33 inches (50-80 cm) below the surface. Good sites have a top layer of organic soil. Soils are generally acidic [35]. Slopes are typically gentle and often north facing [35]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Facultative Seral Species Monterey pine normally invades dry sites with poor, shallow soils. It also invades oldfields after land clearance, grazing, fire, or logging [48]. Trees establish in even-aged stands [52]. Monterey pine has intermediate shade tolerance [6,35]. As it matures it becomes even less tolerant of shade, and shows optimal growth in full sunlight [5]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Pollination occurs from January to February but may be extended due to high temperatures [15,25,35]. Cones open and seeds are dispersed in the first warm, moist days of late winter and early spring. Cones may open and close several times as moisture and temperature conditions fluctuate [35].
SPECIES: Pinus radiata FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Monterey pine cones are serotinous; seeds are released when cones are exposed to heat such as fire or high air temperature [19,31,37,53]. Fire is particularly effective for opening cones and releasing seeds. It also creates a favorable seedbed. Reproduction rates are greatest after surface fire in which the parent trees survive [52]. The foliage of Monterey pine is low in volatile terpenes [10]. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Tree without adventitious-bud root crown Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
SPECIES: Pinus radiata FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Monterey pine is killed by severe surface or crown fire. Trees survive crown scorch unless it is extensive. In South Africa Monterey pine survived a surface wildfire except where crown scorch was greater than 90 percent [13,14]. Trees are damaged by direct heat. Exposure to a temperature of 424 degrees Fahrenheit (200 deg C) for more than half a minute resulted in cambium death wherever heat was applied [13,52]. Such localized burning or scorching of bark of mature trees causes scarring but may not result in tree death [52]. Young, thin-barked Monterey pine are often killed by fire, particularly when stands are dense and crown fire occurs [52]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Monterey pine cones open and release seed after fire [19]. In California, White [in 52] reported a seedling density of 196 per acre (490/ha) the January following a spring wildfire. Seedlings were 12 to 22.4 inches (30-56 cm) tall. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : NO-ENTRY FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Thinning and pruning in Monterey pine plantations result in accumulation of flammable fuels [8]. Crown scorch and cambium damage are reduced when slash is mechanically reduced before burning [8].
SPECIES: Pinus radiata REFERENCES
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