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According to 2001 data from the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, almost 15 million Americans work evening shift, night
shift, rotating shifts, or other employer arranged irregular schedules.
The International Labour Office in 2003 reports that working hours in
the United States exceed Japan and most of western Europe. Both shift
work and long work hours have been associated with health and safety
risks. This page provides links to NIOSH publications and other resources
that address demanding work schedules.
NIOSHTIC-2 Search
is
a searchable bibliographic database of occupational safety and health
publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported
in whole or in part by NIOSH.
NIOSHTIC-2
search results on work schedules
NIOSH Publications
Overtime and Extended Work Shifts: Recent Findings
on Illnesses, Injuries and Health Behaviors
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-143
Presents a review of the methods and findings from 52 studies that examined
the relationship between long work hours and selected health outcomes.
Also provides recommendations on issues and priorities to consider in
future research.
Medical Interns’ Risk
for Car Crashes Linked With Extended Shifts in NIOSH-Funded Study—NIOSH
Update
Information on this study can be found in the following journal articles in the New England Journal of Medicine.:
Barger LK, Cade BE, Ayas NT, Cronin JW, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Czeisler CA. 2005. Extended Work Shifts and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crashes among Interns. N Engl J Med 352:125-134.
Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Cronin JW, Kaushal R, Burdick E, Katz JT, Lilly CM, Stone PH, Lockley SW, Bates DW, Czeisler CA. 2004. Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units. N Engl J Med 351:1838-1848.
Lockley SW, Cronin JW, Evans EE, Cade BE, Lee CJ, Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Katz JT, Lilly CM, Stone PH, Aeschbach D, Czeisler CA. 2004. Effect of reducing interns' weekly work hours on sleep and attentional failures. N Engl J Med 351:1829-1837.
Work-related
Roadway Crashes - Prevention Strategies for Employers
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-136
Work-related
Roadway Crashes - Who’s at Risk?
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-137
Companion fact sheets provide information that employers and others
can use for assessing risks for motor vehicle injuries and deaths in
their work settings, and for taking effective steps to reduce those risks.
Work-Related
Roadway Crashes - Challenges and Opportunities for Prevention
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2003-119
Provides a comprehensive view of issues impacting the prevention of work-related
roadway crashes, identifies the groups of workers at greatest risk of
traffic crashes, summarizes key issues that contribute to work-related
roadway crashes, and recommends preventive measures for employers and
other stakeholders.
Plain Language About Shiftwork
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 1997-145
pdf
only 572 KB (47 pages)
Provides basic facts about shiftwork and talks about ways to make shiftwork
life easier. The document is an educational document for the general
public.
Conferences
19th International Symposium on Shiftwork and Working Time Health and Well-being in the 24-h Society
External Link: http://www.shiftwork2009.it
August 2 - 6, 2009 San Servolo Island, Venezia, Italy.
Past NIOSH-Sponsored Events
Long
Working Hours, Safety, And Health: Toward A National Research Agenda
External Link: http://nursing.umaryland.edu/events/archives/longworkhours/index.html
April 29 - 30, 2004, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
Using a multi-disciplinary approach, this conference explored the sociological,
economic, and health dimensions of long work hours.
- Extended Abstracts from Conference Presentations:
- Conference Papers
- Long working hours, occupational health and the changing nature of
work organization. Johnson JV, Lipscomb J. American Journal of Industrial
Medicine. 2006; 49: 921-929.
- Long working hours, safety, and health: Toward a national research
agenda. Caruso CC, Bushnell T, Eggerth D, Heitmann A, Kojola B, Newman
K, Rosa RR, Sauter SL, Vila B. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.
2006; 49: 930-942.
- Long hours of work in the U.S.: Associations with demographic and
organizational characteristics, psychosocial working conditions, and
health. Grosch JW, Caruso CC, Rosa RR, Sauter SL. American Journal
of Industrial Medicine. 2006; 49: 943-952.
- Modeling the impact of the components of long work hours on injuries
and accidents. Folkard S, Lombardi DA. American Journal of Industrial
Medicine. 2006; 49: 953-963.
- Longitudinal relationship of work hours, mandatory overtime, and
on-call to musculoskeletal problems in nurses. Trinkoff AM, Le R, Geiger-Brown
J, Lipscomb J, Lang G. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2006;
49: 964-971.
- Impact of long work hours on police officers and the communities
they serve. Vila B. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2006;
49: 972-980.
Some Strategies Suggested for Coping with Shift Work
How to trick Mother Nature into letting you fly around or stay up all night
Revell VL, Eastman CI. Journal of Biological Rhythms 2005; 20:353-365
Intervention factors for promoting adjustment to nightwork and shiftwork
Rosa RR, Bonnet MH, Bootzin RR, et al. Occupational Medicine 1990; 5:391–415.
Plain Language About Shiftwork
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 1997-145
pdf only 572 KB (47 pages)
Preventive and compensatory measures for shift workers
Knauth P, Hornberger S. Occupational Medicine (Ox) 2003; 53:109-116.
What can the chronobiologist do to help the shift worker?
Monk TH. Journal of Biological Rhythms 2000; 15:86-94.
Some Educational Resources For Workers Available on Other Web Sites
National Sleep Foundation
External Link: http://www.sleepfoundation.org
Helping
yourself to a good night’s sleep
External Link: http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleeplibrary/index.php?secid=&id=55
Strategies for shift workers
External Link: http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleeplibrary/index.php?secid=&id=56
Learn How to Create the Perfect Sleep Environment
External Link: http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleeplibrary/index.php?secid=&id=358
National Institute of Health, National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute
Your Guide to Healthy Sleep. NIH Publication Number 06-5271. 2006. 60
pages
External Link: http://
www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm
Working
the night shift: preparation, survival and recovery. Horrocks, N & Pounder,
R. 2006. London, Royal College of Physicians. 24 pages
External
Link: http://www.npsa.nhs.uk/site/media/documents/1516_nightshiftbooklet.pdf
Related NIOSH Topics
Flight
Crew Research Program at NIOSH
Organization of Work:
Measurement Tools for Research and Practice
Stress at
Work
NORA Organization of Work Research Priority Area
The goal of the NORA
Organization of Work Team is to define and implement
a national occupational research agenda for the next decade. Organization
of work refers to management and supervisory practices and production
processes, and to their influence on the way jobs are designed and
performed in the workplace. Organization of work includes the design
of work schedules. A NORA Long Work Hours Subteam was formed to address
overtime and extended work shifts issues.
Other Resources
Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality
External Link: http://www.ahrq.gov/
National
Institutes for Health, National Center for Sleep Disorders Research
External link http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncsdr/index.htm
National Sleep Foundation
External link http://www.sleepfoundation.org/
Sleep Research
Society
External link http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/site/
Society for Light Treatment
and Biological Rhythms
External link http://www.sltbr.org/
Society for Research on Biological
Rhythms
External link http://www.srbr.org/
Working Time
Society
External link http://www.workingtime.org/
Extramural Research Projects
Search for extramural government funded studies examining work
schedules:
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Work Schedules
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