The illustration below is from  Vol. 80, pp 50A-64A, 1997 of  the American Journal of Cardiology.



Ketone bodies or insulin increase the efficiency of hydraulic work in heart by 30%. They change most critical parameters of mitochondrial function, most notably, by reducing free NAD and oxidizing the coenzyme Q couple thus increasing the delta-G of ATP and decreasing free radical generation.



Updated: August 2002