Scientific Data Documentation
Linked Birth/Infant Death File, 1986-1987
Linked Natality 86-87 Data Set Names (DSNs):
CC36.NATAL86.LINK
CC36.NATAL86.DENOM
CC36.NATAL87.LINK
CC36.NATAL87.DENOM
ABSTRACT
Linked Birth/Infant Death (Numerator) File and
Birth (Denominator) File
Table of Contents
1. Introduction, Methodology, and Classification of Data.
2. Machine used, file and data characteristics.
3. List of data elements and locations.
4. Record layout and definition of items and codes.
5. County geographic codes available on the public-use file.
6. City geographic codes available on the public-use file.
7. Titles and codes for the 61 cause-of-death list.
8. Documentation tables 1-6.
9. Technical Appendix for the 1986 Natality file.
10. Technical Appendix for the 1986 Mortality file.
11. Technical Appendix for the 1987 Mortality file.
Symbols Used in Tables
Symbol Explanation
--- Data not available.
... Category not applicable
- Quantity zero
0.0 Quantity more than 0 but less than 0.05
* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision
Introduction
The Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set consists of two separate data
files. The first file includes linked records of live births and infant
deaths for the 1986 birth cohort -- also referred to as the numerator
file. The second file is the live birth file for 1986 -- referred to as
the denominator file. The files are offered as a numerator/denominator
data set to give users the means to compute infant mortality rates.
The 1986 linked file is comprised of deaths to infants born in 1986 who
died in 1986 or 1987 before their first birthday. Infant death records
were extracted from the 1986 and 1987 National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) mortality statistical files. Linked birth records were
extracted from a denominator file that Linked birth records were extracted
from a denominator file that contained the 1986 NCHS natality statistical
file and a small number of late-filed birth certificates. Refer to the
Methodology section for a more detailed explanation of records added to
the statistical file. The denominator file is not identical with the NCHS
natality statistical file.
The linked file of live births and infant deaths includes linked records
for births and deaths that occurred in the United States to U.S. residents
and to U.S. nonresidents. Excluded are deaths that occurred outside the
United States to infants born in the U.S.; deaths that occurred in the
United States to foreign-born infants; and births and deaths that occurred
outside the United States to U.S. residents.
Sources for denominator data and for birth records included in the
numerator file are described in detail in the 1986 Technical Appendix from
the Natality Annual Volume; sources for death records included in the
numerator file are described in detail in the 1986 and 1987 Technical
Appendices, from the Mortality Annual Volumes. Copies of these Technical
Appendices are included in the this tape documentation.
Because of confidentiality concerns, only those counties of 250,000 or
more population and only those cities of 250,000 or more population are
identified in this data set. The population counts are based on the
results of the 1980 census. Users should refer to the geographic code
outline in this document for the list of available areas and codes.
In tabulations of linked data and denominator data, events occurring in
the United States to U.S. nonresidents are included in tabulations that
are by place of occurrence, and excluded from tabulations by place of
residence. For linked data, these exclusions are based on the usual place
of residence item of the Mother. This item is contained in both the
denominator file and the birth section of the numerator (linked) file.
U.S. nonresidents are identified by a code 4 in location 11 of these
files.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used to create the national file of linked birth and
infant death records takes advantage of two existing data sources:
1. State linked files for the identification of linked birth and
infant death certificates; and
2. NCHS natality and mortality computerized statistical files, the
source of computer records for the two linked certificates.
Virtually all States routinely link infant death certificates to their
corresponding birth certificates for legal and statistical purposes. When
the birth and death of an infant occur in different States, linking the
two records that are filed in different jurisdictions requires State
cooperation for the exchange of records. In accordance with the terms of
the "Association for Vital Records and Health Statistics Agreement for
Administering the Vital Records Exchange System," copies of the records
are exchanged by the State of death and State of birth in order to effect
a link. In addition, if a third State is identified as the State of
residence at the time of birth or death, that State is also sent a copy of
the appropriate certificate by the State where the birth or death
occurred.
The NCHS natality and mortality files, produced annually, include
statistical data from birth and death certificates that are provided to
NCHS by States under the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program (VSCP). The
data have been coded according to uniform coding specifications, have
passed rigid quality control standards, have been edited and reviewed, and
are the basis for official U.S. birth and death statistics.
To initiate processing, NCHS obtained computerized linked files from
States that had them and extracted only the birth and death certificate
numbers for linked records and State and year of occurrence. The States
of Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, Indiana, and Nevada provided linkage
information by posting birth certificate numbers on a computer-generated
list of infant death certificate numbers that was provided by NCHS. A
file that contained only State-provided identifiers for linked
certificates was then matched to the NCHS mortality and natality
statistical files. Individual birth and death records were selected from
their respective files and linked into a single statistical record,
thereby establishing a national linked record file.
After the initial linkage, NCHS returned to the States of death copies or
computer lists of unlinked infant death certificates for followup linking.
If the birth occurred in a State different from the State of death, the
State of birth identified on the death certificate was contacted to obtain
the linking birth certificate.
If the linking birth certificate from another State had been renumbered,
the State of death requested the original certificate number from the
State of birth. If the linked birth certificate had been filed after NCHS
closed its statistical files, States provided NCHS a copy of the
late-filed birth certificate. These certificates were coded, keyed,
processed, added to the denominator file and then linked to the infant
death record. Approximately 300 late-filed records were added to the
denominator.
The birth record in the denominator file includes an item in tape location
1 that identifies whether or not the record is linked to an infant death.
This item is included in the denominator record for users who would want
to identify individual records for which the infant died in the first year
of life, or survived.
The 1986 birth cohort linked file includes 37,966 linked records representing
98.0 percent of the infant deaths to the 1986 birth cohort. After followup,
records for some 780 infant deaths, or 2.0 percent of the deaths to the birth
cohort, remained unlinked and are not included in the linked file because
they were not linked with their corresponding birth certificates. It is
included for users who may want information about the total birth cohort of
infant deaths. The table shows counts of unlinked records by race and age
at death for each State of residence. The items are based on information
reported at the time of birth. For more information, see discussions about
race and residence in the Natality Appendix and about infant deaths in the
Mortality Technical Appendix in this documentation.
1DEMOGRAPHIC AND MEDICAL CLASSIFICATION
The documents listed below described in detail the procedures employed for
demographic classification on both the birth and death records and medical
classification on death records. While not absolutely essential to the
proper interpretation of the data for a number of general applications,
these documents should nevertheless be studied carefully prior to any
detailed analysis of demographic or medical (especially multiple cause)
data variables. In particular, there are a number of exceptions to the
ICD rules in multiple cause-of-death coding which, if not treated
properly, may result in faulty analysis of the data.
A. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases,
Injuries, and the Cause-of-Death, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) Volumes 1
and 2.
B. NCHS Instruction Manual Data Preparation Part 2a, Vital Statistics
Instructions for Classifying the Underlying Cause-of Death, 1986.
C. NCHS Instruction Manual Data Preparation, Part 2b, Vital Statistics,
Instructions for Classifying Multiple Cause-of-Death, 1986.
D. NCHS Instruction Manual Data Preparation, Part 2c, Vital Statistics
ICD- 9 ACME Decision Tables for Classifying Underlying
Causes-of-Death, 1986.
E. NCHS Instruction Manual Data Preparation, Part 2d, Vital Statistics
NCHS Procedures for Mortality Medical Data System File Preparation
and Maintenance, Effective 1979.
F. NCHS Instruction Manual Data Tabulation, Part 2f, Vital Statistics
ICD-9 TRANSAX Disease Reference Tables for Classifying Multiple
Causes-of- Death, 1982-86.
G. NCHS Instruction Manual Data Preparation, Part 3a, Vital Statistics
Classification and Coding Instructions for Live Birth Records, 1986.
H. NCHS Instruction Manual Data Preparation, Part 4, Vital Statistics
Demographic Classification and Coding Instructions for Death records,
1986.
I. NCHS Instruction Manual Tabulation, Part 11, Vital Statistics
Computer Edits for Mortality Data, Effective, 1979.
Volumes 1 and 2 of the ICD-9 may be purchased from WHO Publication Center
USA, 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, New York, 12210. The remaining documents
may be requested from the Chief, Data Preparation Branch, Division of Data
Processing, National Center for Health Statistics, P.O. Box 12214,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
In addition, the user should refer to the Technical Appendices of the
Vital Statistics of the United States for information on the source of
data, coding procedures, quality of the data, etc. The Technical
Appendices for natality and mortality are part of this documentation
package.
CAUSE-OF-DEATH DATA
Mortality data are traditionally analyzed and published in terms of
underlying cause-of-death. The underlying cause-of-death data are coded
and classified as described in the 1986 and 1987 Mortality Technical
Appendices. NCHS has augmented underlying cause-of-death data with data
on multiple causes reported on the death certificate. The linked file
includes both underlying and multiple causes-of-death data.
The multiple cause of death codes were developed with two objectives in
mind. First, to facilitate etiological studies of the relationships among
conditions, it was necessary to reflect accurately in coded form each
condition and its location on the certification in the exact manner given
by the certifier. Secondly, coding needed to be carried out in a manner
by which the underlying cause-of-death could be assigned through computer
applications. The approach was to suspend the linkage provisions of the
ICD for the purpose of condition coding and code each entity with minimum
regard to other conditions present on the certification. This general
approach is hereafter called entity coding.
Unfortunately, the set of multiple cause codes produced by entity coding
is not conducive to a third objective -- the generation of person based
multiple cause statistics. Person based analysis requires that each
condition be coded within the context of every other condition on the same
certificate and modified or linked to such conditions as provided by
ICD-9. By definition, the entity data cannot meet this requirement since
the linkage provisions distort the character and placement of the
information originally recorded by the certifying physician.
Since the two objectives are incompatible, NCHS has chosen to create from
the original set of entity codes a new code set called record axis
multiple cause data. Essentially, the axis of classification has been
converted from an entity basis to a record (or person) basis. The record
axis codes are assigned in terms of the set of codes that best describe
the overall medical certification portion of the death certificate.
This translation is accomplished by a computer system called TRANSAX
(TRANSLATION OF AXIS) through selective use of traditional linkage and
modification rules for mortality coding. Underlying cause linkages which
simply prefer one code over another for purposes of underlying cause
selection are not included. Each entity code on the record is examined
and modified or deleted as necessary to create a set of codes which are
free of contradictions and are the most precise within the constraints of
contradictions and are the most precise within the constraints of ICD-9
and medical information on the record. Repetitive codes are deleted. the
process may (1) combine two entity axis categories together to a new
category thereby eliminating a contradiction or standardizing the data; or
(2) eliminate one category in favor of another to promote specificity of
the data or resolve contradictions. The following examples from ICD-9
illustrate the effect of this translations.
Case 1: When reported on the same record as separate entities, cirrhosis
of liver and alcoholism are coded to 5715 (cirrhosis of liver
without mention of alcohol) and 303 (alcohol dependence
syndrome). Tabulation of records with 5715 would on the surface
falsely imply that such records had no mention of alcohol. A
preferable codification would be 5712 (alcoholic cirrhosis of
liver) in lieu of both 5715 and 303.
Case 2: If "gastric ulcer" and "bleeding gastric ulcer" are reported on
a record they are coded to 5319 (gastric ulcer, unspecified as
acute or chronic, without mention of hemorrhage or perforation)
and 5314 (gastric ulcer, chronic or unspecified, with
hemorrhage). A more concise codification would be to code 5314
only since the 5314 shows both the gastric ulcer and the
bleeding.
A. Entity Axis Codes
The original conditions coded for selection of the underlying
cause-of- death are reformatted and edited prior to creating the
public-use tape. The following paragraphs describe the format and
application of entity axis data.
FORMAT: Each entity-axis code is displayed as an overall seven byte code
with subcomponents as follows:
1. Line indicator: This first byte represents the line of the
certificate on which the code appears. Six
lines (1-6) are allowable with the fourth
and fifth denoting one or two written in
"due to"s beyond the three lines provided in
Part I of the U.S. standard death
certificate. Line "6" represents Part II of
the certificate.
2. Position indicator: The next bye indicates the position of the
code on the line, i.e., it is the first (1),
second (2), third (3),... eighth (8) code
on the line.
3. Cause category: The next four bytes represent the ICD- 9
cause code.
4. Nature of injury flag: ICD-9 uses the same series of numbers
(800-999) to indicate nature of injury (N
codes) and external cause codes (E codes).
This flag distinguishes between the two with
a one (1) representing nature of injury
codes and a zero (0) representing all other
cause codes.
A maximum of 20 of these seven byte codes are captured on a record for
multiple cause purposes. This may consist of a maximum of 8 codes on any
given line with up to 20 codes distributed across three or more lines
depending on where the subject conditions are located on the certificate.
Codes may be omitted from one or more lines, e.g., line 1 with one or more
codes, line 2 with no codes, line 3 with one or more codes.
In writing out these codes, they are ordered as follows: line 1 first
code, line 1 second code, etc. ----- line 2 first code, line 2 second
code, etc. ------ line 3 ----- line 4 ----- line 5 ----- line 6. Any
space remaining in the field is left blank. The specifics of locations
are contained in the record layout given later in this document.
EDIT: The original conditions are edited to remove invalid codes,
reverify the coding of certain rare causes of death, and assure age/cause
and sex/cause compatibility. Detailed information relating to the edit
criteria and the sets of cause codes which are valid to underlying cause
coding and multiple cause coding are provided in Part 11 of the NCHS Vital
Statistics Instruction Manual Series.
ENTITY AXIS APPLICATIONS: The entity axis multiple cause data is
appropriate to analyses which require that each condition be coded as a
stand alone entity without linkage to other conditions and/or require
information on the placement of such conditions in the certificate.
Within this framework, the entity data are appropriate to the examination
of etiological relationships among conditions, accuracy of certification
reporting, and the validity of traditional assumptions in underlying cause
selection. Additionally, the entity data provide in certain categories a
more detailed code assignment which is linked out in the creation of
record axis data. Where such detail is needed for a study, the user
should selectively employ entity data. Finally, the researcher may not
wish to be bound by the assumptions used in the axis translation process
preferring rather to investigate hypotheses of his own predilection.
By definition, the main limitation of entity axis data is that an entity
codes does not necessarily reflect the best code for a condition when
considered with the context of the medical certification as a whole. As a
result certain entity codes can be misleading or even contradict other
codes in the record. For example, category 5750 is titled "Acute
cholecystitis without mention of calculus". Within the framework of
entity codes this is interpreted to mean that the codable entity itself
contained no mention of calculus rather than that calculus was not
mentioned anywhere on the record. Tabulation of records with a "5750" as
a count of persons having acute cholecystitis without mention of calculus
would therefore be erroneous. This illustrates the fact that under entity
coding the ICD-9 titles cannot be taken literally. the user must study
the rules for entity coding as they relate to his/her research prior to
utilization of entity data. The user is further cautioned that the
inclusion notes in ICD-9 which relate to modifying and combining
categories are seldom applicable to entity coding (except where provided
in Part 2b of the Vital Statistics Instruction Manual Series).
In tabulating the entity axis data, one may count codes with the resultant
tabulation of an individual code representing the number of times the
disease(s) represented by the code appears in the file. In this kind of
tabulation of morbid condition prevalence, the counts among categories may
be added together to produce counts for groups of codes. Alternatively,
subject to the limitations given above, one may count persons having
mention of the disease represented by a code or codes. In this instance
it is not correct to add counts for individual codes to create person
counts for groups of codes. Since more than one code in the researcher's
interest may appear together on the certificate, totaling must account for
higher order interactions among codes. Up to 20 codes may be assigned on
a record; therefore, a 20-way interaction is theoretically possible. All
totaling must be based on mention of one or more of the categories under
investigation.
B. Record Axis Codes
The following paragraphs describe the format and application of record-
axis data. Part 2f of the Vital Statistics Instruction Manual Series
describes the TRANSAX process for creating record axis data from entity
axis data. FORMAT: Each record (or person) axis code is displayed in
five bytes. Location information is not relevant. The Code consists of
the following components:
1. Cause category: The first four bytes represent the ICD-9 cause
code.
2. Nature of injury flag: The last bye contains a 0 or 1 with the 1
indicating that the cause is a nature of injury
category.
Again, a maximum of 20 codes are captured on a record for multiple cause
purposes. The codes are written in a 100-byte field in ascending code
number (5 bytes) order with any unused bytes left blank.
EDIT:The record axis codes are edited for rare causes and age/cause and
se/cause compatibility. Likewise, individual code validity is checked.
The valid code set for record axis coding is the same as that for entity
coding.
RECORD AXIS APPLICATIONS: The record axis multiple cause data set is the
basis for NCHS core multiple cause tabulations. Location of codes is not
relevant to this data set and condition shave been linked in to the most
meaningful categories for the certification. the most immediate
consequence for the user is that the codes on the record already represent
mention of a disease assignable to that particular ICD-9 category. This
is in contrast to the entity code which is assigned each time such a
disease is reported on two different lines of the certification.
Secondly, the linkage implies that within the constraints of ICD-9 the
most meaningful code has been assigned. The translation process creates
for the user a data set which is edited for contradictions, duplicate
codes, and imprecisions. In contrast to entity axis data, record axis
data are classified in a manner comparable to underlying cause of death
classification thereby facilitating joint analysis of these variables.
Likewise, they are comparable to general morbidity coding where the
linkage provisions of ICD-9 are usually utilized. A potential
disadvantage of record axis data is that some detail is sacrificed in a
number of the linkages.
The user can take the record axis codes as literally represen0000000e
information conveyed in ICD-9 category titles. While knowledge of the
rules for combining and linking and coding conditions is useful, it is
not a prerequisite to meaningful analysis of the data as long as one is
willing to accept the assumptions of the axis translation process. The
user is cautioned, however, that due to special rules in mortality coding,
not all linkage notes in ICD-9 are utilized. (See part 2f of the Vital
Statistics Instruction Manual Series). The user should proceed with
caution in using record axis data to count conditions as opposed to people
with conditions since linkages have been invoked and duplicate codes have
been eliminated. As with entity data, person based tabulations which
combine individual cause categories must take into account the possible
interaction of up to 20 codes on a single certificate.
In using the NCHS multiple cause data, the user is urged to review the
information in this document and its references. the instructional
material does change from year to year and revision to revision. The user
is cautioned that coding of specific ICD-9 categories should be checked in
the appropriate instruction manual. What may appear on the surface to be
the correct code by ICD-9 may in fact not be correct as given in the
instruction manuals.
If on the surface it is not obvious whether entity axis or record axis
data should be employed in a given application, detailed examination of
Part 2f of the Vital Statistics Instruction Manual Series and its
attachments will probably provide the necessary information to make a
decision. It allows the user to determine information to make a decision.
It allows the user to determine the extent of the trade-offs between the
two sets of data in terms of specific categories and the assumptions of
axis translation. In certain situations, a combination of entity and
record axis data may be the more appropriate alternative.
MACHINE/FILE/DATA CHARACTERISTICS
I. Denominator File:
A. Machine used: IBM/3091
B. Language used: PL/I
C. File Organization: One file, multiple reels
D. Record format: Blocked, fixed format
E. Record count: 3,760,997
F. Record length: 91
G. Blocksize: 31941
H. Recording mode: IBM/EBCDIC 8-bit code
I. Code scheme: Numeric/Alphabetic/Blank
J. Last block: May be a short block
K. Data counts: a. By occurrence: 3,760,997
b. By residence: 3,756,849
c. To foreign residents: 4,148
II. Numerator File:
A. Machine used: IBM/3091
B. Language used: PL/I
C. File Organization: One file, multiple reels
D. Record format: Blocked, fixed format
E. Record count: 37,966
F. Record length: 500
G. Blocksize: 32000
H. Recording mode: IBM/EBCDIC 8-bit code
I. Code Scheme: Numeric/Alphabetic/Blank
J. Last Block: May be a short block
K. Data counts: a. By occurrence: 37,966
b. By residence: 37,940
c. To foreign residents: 26
LIST OF DATA ELEMENTS AND LOCATIONS
DenominatorNumerator File
Data Items File Birth Death
1. General
a. Match status 1 1 -
b. Year of birth 2-5 2-5 -
c. Year of death - - 194-197
d. Record type 10 10 198
e. Resident status 11 11 199
f. Record weight 91 91 -
2. Occurrence
a. Region 12 12 200
b. Division 13 13 201
c. Expanded state 15-16 15-16 203-204
d. State 17-18 17-18 205-206
e. County 19-21 19-21 207-209
3. Residence
a. Region 22 22 210
b. Division 23 23 211
c. Expanded state 25-26 25-26 213-214
d. State 27-28 27-28 215-216
e. County 29-31 29-31 217-219
f. City 32-34 32-34 220-222
4. Infant
a. Race 36-37 36-37 -
b. Sex 38 38 -
c. Age - - 223-227
d. Gestation 39-42 39-42 -
e. Birth weight 43-49 43-49 -
f. Plurality 50 50 -
g. Apgar score 51-54 51-54 -
5. Mother
a. Origin or descent 55-56 55-56 -
b. Race 57 57 -
c. Age 58-61 58-61 -
d. Education 62-64 62-64 -
e. Marital status 65 65 -
f. State of birth 66-67 66-67 -
6. Father
a. Origin or descent 68-69 68-69 -
b. Race 70 70 -
c. Age 71-72 71-72 -
d. Education 73-74 73-74 -
7. Pregnancy items
a. Interval since last
live birth 75 75 -
b. Outcome of last
pregnancy 76 76 -
c. Interval since last
pregnancy 77 77 -
d. Month prenatal care began 78-80 78-80 -
e. Number of prenatal visits 81-82 81-82 -
f. Total birth order 83-85 83-85 -
g. Live birth order 86-88 86-88 -
8. Medical data
a. Underlying cause - - 231-237
b. Multiple conditions - - 238-481
9. Other items
a. Place of delivery 89 89 -
b. Attendant at birth 90 90 -
c. Hospital & patient status - - 228
d. Autopsy performed - - 229
e. Place of accident - - 230
DENOMINATOR RECORD AND NATALITY SECTION OF LINKED RECORD
1. Match Status
Tape Field
Location Size Item and Code Outline
1 1 Match Status
1 ... Matched Birth/Infant Death Record
2 ... Late Filed Matched Birth/Infant Death Record
3 ... Surviving Infant record
22-91. Birth Certificate Data Information
Residence items in the Denominator Record and in the natality section of
the Numerator (Linked) Record refer to the usual place of residence of the
Mother; whereas in the mortality section of the Numerator (Linked) Record,
these items refer to the residence of the Decedent.
Tape Field
Location Size Item and Code Outline
2-5 4 Year of Birth
1986 ... Born in 1986
6-9 4 Reserved positions
10 1 Record Type
1 ... RESIDENTS
State and County of Occurrence and Residence
are the same.
2 ... NONRESIDENTS
State and/or County of Occurrence and
Residence are different.
11 1 Resident Status
1 ... RESIDENTS
State and County of Occurrence and Residence
are the same.
2 ... INTRASTATE NONRESIDENTS
State of Occurrence and Residence are the
same, but County is different.
3 ... INTERSTATE NONRESIDENTS
State of Occurrence and Residence are
different, but both are in the U.S.
4 ... FOREIGN RESIDENTS
State of Occurrence is one of the 50 States
or the District of Columbia, but Place of
Residence is outside of the U.S.
12-21 10 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE
Refer to the Geographic Code Outline in this document
for a list of areas and codes available o the public-use
file.
12 1 Region of Occurrence
13-14 2 Division and State Subcode of Occurrence
Location 12 is Region. Location 13 is Division and
Location 14 identifies States within that Division.
1 ... NORTHEAST
1 ... New England
1 ... Maine
2 ... New Hampshire
3 ... Vermont
4 ... Massachusetts
5 ... Rhode Island
6 ... Connecticut
2 ... Middle Atlantic
1 ... New York
2 ... New Jersey
3 ... Pennsylvania
2 ... MIDWEST
3 ... East North Central
1 ... Ohio
2 ... Indiana
3 ... Illinois
4 ... Michigan
5 ... Wisconsin
4 ... West North Central
1 ... Minnesota
2 ... Iowa
3 ... Missouri
4 ... North Dakota
5 ... South Dakota
6 ... Nebraska
7 ... Kansas
3 ...SOUTH
5 ... South Atlantic
1 ... Delaware
2 ... Maryland
3 ... District of Columbia
4 ... Virginia
5 ... West Virginia
6 ... North Carolina
7 ... South Carolina
8 ... Georgia
9 ... Florida
6 ... East South Central
1 ... Kentucky
2 ... Tennessee
3 ... Alabama
4 ... Mississippi
7 ... West South Central
1 ... Arkansas
2 ... Louisiana
3 ... Oklahoma
4 ... Texas
4 ...WEST
8 ... Mountain
1 ... Montana
2 ... Idaho
3 ... Wyoming
4 ... Colorado
5 ... New Mexico
6 ... Arizona
7 ... Utah
8 ... Nevada
9 ... Pacific
1 ... Washington
2 ... Oregon
3 ... California
4 ... Alaska
5 ... Hawaii
15-16 2 Expanded State of Occurrence
This item is designed to separately identify New York city
records from upstate New York records.
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... New York city
35 ... North Carolina
36 ... North Dakota
37 ... Ohio
38 ... Oklahoma
39 ... Oregon
40 ... Pennsylvania
41 ... Rhode Island
42 ... South Carolina
43 ... South Dakota
44 ... Tennessee
45 ... Texas
46 ... Utah
47 ... Vermont
48 ... Virginia
49 ... Washington
50 ... West Virginia
51 ... Wisconsin
52 ... Wyoming
17-18 2 State of Occurrence
Late filed birth certificates that were needed to match
to an infant death record, have been included in this
data set.
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... North Carolina
35 ... North Dakota
36 ... Ohio
37 ... Oklahoma
38 ... Oregon
39 ... Pennsylvania
40 ... Rhode Island
41 ... South Carolina
42 ... South Dakota
43 ... Tennessee
44 ... Texas
45 ... Utah
46 ... Vermont
47 ... Virginia
48 ... Washington
49 ... West Virginia
50 ... Wisconsin
51 ... Wyoming
19-21 3 County of Occurrence
Because of confidentiality concerns, counties with a
population less than 250,000 cannot be identified on the
public-use file.
001-nnn ... Counties and county equivalents
(independent and coextensive cities) are
numbered alphabetically within each
State. (Note: To uniquely identify a
county, both the State and county codes
must be used.)
999 ... County with less than 250,000 population
22-35 14 PLACE OF RESIDENCE
Refer to the Geographic Code Outline in this document
for a list of areas and codes available on the
public-use file.
22 1 Region of Residence
23-24 2 Division and State Subcode of Residence
Location 22 is Region. Location 23 is Division and
Location 24 identifies States within that Division.
000 Foreign Resident
1 ... NORTHEAST
1 ... New England
1 ... Maine
2 ... New Hampshire
3 ... Vermont
4 ... Massachusetts
5 ... Rhode Island
6 ... Connecticut
2 ... Middle Atlantic
1 ... New York
2 ... New Jersey
3 ... Pennsylvania
2 ... MIDWEST
3 ... East North Central
1 ... Ohio
2 ... Indiana
3 ... Illinois
4 ... Michigan
5 ... Wisconsin
4 ... West North Central
1 ... Minnesota
2 ... Iowa
3 ... Missouri
4 ... North Dakota
5 ... South Dakota
6 ... Nebraska
7 ... Kansas
3 ...SOUTH
5 ... South Atlantic
1 ... Delaware
2 ... Maryland
3 ... District of Columbia
4 ... Virginia
5 ... West Virginia
6 ... North Carolina
7 ... South Carolina
8 ... Georgia
9 ... Florida
6 ... East South Central
1 ... Kentucky
2 ... Tennessee
3 ... Alabama
4 ... Mississippi
7 ... West South Central
1 ... Arkansas
2 ... Louisiana
3 ... Oklahoma
4 ... Texas
4 ...WEST
8 ... Mountain
1 ... Montana
2 ... Idaho
3 ... Wyoming
4 ... Colorado
5 ... New Mexico
6 ... Arizona
7 ... Utah
8 ... Nevada
9 ... Pacific
1 ... Washington
2 ... Oregon
3 ... California
4 ... Alaska
5 ... Hawaii
25-26 2 Expanded State of Residence
This item is designed to separately identify New York city
records from upstate New York records.
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... New York city
35 ... North Carolina
36 ... North Dakota
37 ... Ohio
38 ... Oklahoma
39 ... Oregon
40 ... Pennsylvania
41 ... Rhode Island
42 ... South Carolina
43 ... South Dakota
44 ... Tennessee
45 ... Texas
46 ... Utah
47 ... Vermont
48 ... Virginia
49 ... Washington
50 ... West Virginia
51 ... Wisconsin
52 ... Wyoming
53-58,60 ... Foreign Residents
53 ... Puerto Rico
54 ... Virgin Island
55 ... Guam
56 ... Canada
57 ... Cuba
58 ... Mexico
60 ... Remainder of the world
27-28 2 State of Occurrence
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... North Carolina
35 ... North Dakota
36 ... Ohio
37 ... Oklahoma
38 ... Oregon
39 ... Pennsylvania
40 ... Rhode Island
41 ... South Carolina
42 ... South Dakota
43 ... Tennessee
44 ... Texas
45 ... Utah
46 ... Vermont
47 ... Virginia
48 ... Washington
49 ... West Virginia
50 ... Wisconsin
51 ... Wyoming
52-57,59 ... Foreign Residents
52 ... Puerto Rico
53 ... Virgin Islands
54 ... Guam
55 ... Canada
56 ... Cuba
57 ... Mexico
59 ... Remainder of the world
29-31 3 County of Residence
Because of confidentiality concerns, counties with a
population less than 250,000 cannot be identified on the
public-use file.
001-nnn ... Counties and county equivalents
(independent and coextensive cities) are
numbered alphabetically within each
State. (Note: To uniquely identify a
county, both the State and county codes
must be used.)
999 ... County with less than 250,000 population
ZZZ ... Foreign residents
32-34 3 City of Residence
Because of confidentiality concerns, cities with a
population less than 250,000 cannot be identified on the
public-use file.
001-nnn ... Cities are numbered alphabetically
within each State. (Note: To uniquely
identify a city, both the State and city
codes must be used.)
999 ... Entire county, Balance of County, or
city less than 250,000 population
ZZZ ... Foreign residents
35 1 Reserved position
36 1 Detail Race of Child
1 ... White
2 ... Black
3 ... American Indian (includes Aleuts and
Eskimos)
4 ... Chinese
5 ... Japanese
6 ... Hawaiian (includes Part-Hawaiian)
7 ... Filipino
8 ... Other Asian or Pacific Islander
0 ... Other races
37 1 Race of Child Recode 3
1 ... White
2 ... Races other than White or Black
3 ... Black
38 1 Sex of Child
1 ... Male
2 ... Female
39-40 2 Detail Gestation in Weeks
17-52 ... 17th through 52nd week of gestation
99 ... Gestation not stated
41-42 2 Gestation Recode 10
01 ... Under 20 weeks
02 ... 20 - 27 weeks
03 ... 28 - 31 weeks
04 ... 32 - 35 weeks
05 ... 36 weeks
06 ... 37 - 39 weeks
07 ... 40 weeks
08 ... 41 weeks
09 ... 42 weeks and over
10 ... Gestation not stated
43-46 4 Birth weight - Detail in Grams
0227-8165 ... Number of grams
9999 ... Birth weight not stated
47-48 2 Birth weight Recode 14
01 ... 499 grams or less
02 ... 500 - 749 grams
03 ... 750 - 999 grams
04 ... 1000 - 1249 grams
05 ... 1250 - 1499 grams
06 ... 1500 - 1999 grams
07 ... 2000 - 2499 grams
08 ... 2500 - 2999 grams
09 ... 3000 - 3499 grams
10 ... 3500 - 3999 grams
11 ... 4000 - 4499 grams
12 ... 4500 - 4999 grams
13 ... 5000 - 8165 grams
14 ... Birth weight not stated
49 1 Birth weight Recode 3
1 ... 2499 grams or less
2 ... 2500 grams or more
3 ... Birth weight not stated
50 1 Plurality - Detail
1 ... Single Birth
2 ... Twin
3 ... Other Multiple Births
51-52 2 One Minute Apgar Score
00-10 ... A score of 0-10
99 ... One minute Apgar score unknown or not
stated
53-54 2 Five Minute Apgar Score
00-10 ... A score of 0-10
99 ... Five minute Apgar score unknown or not
stated
55-56 2 Origin or Descent of Mother
The Technical Appendix contains a table that shows which
States report Detail Ethnicity (codes 01-24, 99), which
States report Hispanic origin or Descent (codes 00-05,
99), and which States do not report either item (code
88).
00 ... Non - spanish
01 ... Mexican
02 ... Puerto Rican
03 ... Cuban
04 ... Central or South American
05 ... Other and Unknown Spanish
06 ... American
07 ... American Indian
08 ... British, Scottish, Welsh, Scotch-Irish
09 ... Irish
10 ... German
11 ... French
12 ... Norwegian, Swedish, Danish
13 ... Polish
14 ... Italian
15 ... Other North, Central and South American
16 ... Other Western European
17 ... Other Northern European
18 ... Other Eastern European
19 ... Other Southern European (excluding Spain)
20 ... Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander
21 ... South Central Asian
22 ... Other Asian
23 ... North African
24 ... Other African
88 ... Origin or descent of Mother not reported
99 ... Origin or descent of Mother not
classifiable
57 1 Detail Race of Mother
1 ... White
2 ... Black
3 ... American Indian (includes Aleuts and
Eskimos
4 ... Chinese
5 ... Japanese
6 ... Hawaiian (includes Part-Hawaiian)
7 ... Filipino
8 ... Other Asian or Pacific Islander
0 ... Other races
9 ... Race of Mother not stated
58-59 2 Detail Age of Mother
10-49 ... Age in single years
60-61 2 Age of Mother Recode 12
01 ... Under 15 years
03 ... 15 years
04 ... 16 years
05 ... 17 years
06 ... 18 years
07 ... 19 years
08 ... 20 - 24 years
09 ... 25 - 29 years
10 ... 30 - 34 years
11 ... 35 - 39 years
12 ... 40 - 44 years
13 ... 45 - 49 years
62 - 63 2 Mother's Education - Detail
00 ... No formal education
01-08 ... Years of elementary school
09 ... 1 year of high school
10 ... 2 years of high school
11 ... 3 years of high school
12 ... 4 years of high school
13 ... 1 year of college
14 ... 2 years of college
15 ... 3 years of college
16 ... 4 years of college
17 ... 5 or more years of college
99 ... Mother's education not stated
64 1 Mother's Education Recode 6
1 ... 0 - 8 years
2 ... 9 - 11 years
3 ... 12 years
4 ... 13 - 15 years
5 ... 16 years and over
6 ... Mother's education not stated
65 1 Marital Status
1 ... Married
2 ... Unmarried
66-67 2 Mother's Place of Birth
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... North Carolina
35 ... North Dakota
36 ... Ohio
37 ... Oklahoma
38 ... Oregon
39 ... Pennsylvania
40 ... Rhode Island
41 ... South Carolina
42 ... South Dakota
43 ... Tennessee
44 ... Texas
45 ... Utah
46 ... Vermont
47 ... Virginia
48 ... Washington
49 ... West Virginia
50 ... Wisconsin
51 ... Wyoming
52 ... Puerto Rico
53 ... Virgin Islands
54 ... Guam
55 ... Canada
56 ... Cuba
57 ... Mexico
59 ... Remainder of the world
99 ... Mother's place of birth not classifiable
68-69 2 Origin or Descent of Father
The Technical Appendix contains a table that shows which
States report Detail Ethnicity (codes 01-24, 99), which
States report Hispanic origin or Descent (codes 00-05,
99), and which States do not report either item (code
88).
00 ... Non - spanish
01 ... Mexican
02 ... Puerto Rican
03 ... Cuban
04 ... Central or South American
05 ... Other and Unknown Spanish
06 ... American
07 ... American Indian
08 ... British, Scottish, Welsh, Scotch-Irish
09 ... Irish
10 ... German
11 ... French
12 ... Norwegian, Swedish, Danish
13 ... Polish
14 ... Italian
15 ... Other North, Central and South American
16 ... Other Western European
17 ... Other Northern European
18 ... Other Eastern European
19 ... Other Southern European (excluding Spain)
20 ... Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander
21 ... South Central Asian
22 ... Other Asian
23 ... North African
24 ... Other African
88 ... Origin or descent of Father not reported
99 ... Origin or descent of Father not
classifiable
70 1 Detail Race of Father
1 ... White
2 ... Black
3 ... American Indian (includes Aleuts and
Eskimos
4 ... Chinese
5 ... Japanese
6 ... Hawaiian (includes Part-Hawaiian)
7 ... Filipino
8 ... Other Asian or Pacific Islander
0 ... Other races
9 ... Race of Father not stated
71-72 2 Detail Age of Father
10-98 ... Age in single years
99 ... Age of Father not stated
73-74 2 Father's Education - Detail
00 ... No formal education
01-08 ... Years of elementary school
09 ... 1 year of high school
10 ... 2 years of high school
11 ... 3 years of high school
12 ... 4 years of high school
13 ... 1 year of college
14 ... 2 years of college
15 ... 3 years of college
16 ... 4 years of college
17 ... 5 or more years of college
99 ... Father's education not stated
75 1 Interval Since Last Live Birth
0 ... Not applicable (no previous live birth)
1 ... Zero Months (plural birth)
2 ... 1 - 11 months
3 ... 12 - 23 months
4 ... 24 - 35 months
5 ... 36 - 47 months
6 ... 48 - 71 months
7 ... 72 months and over
9 ... Interval since last live birth not stated
76 1 Outcome of Last Pregnancy
0 ... Not applicable (no previous pregnancy)
1 ... Last pregnancy was a live birth
2 ... Last pregnancy was some other termination
3 ... Last pregnancy's outcome is unknown
77 1 Interval Since Termination of Last Pregnancy
0 ... Not applicable (no previous pregnancy)
1 ... Zero Months (plural delivery)
2 ... 1 - 11 months
3 ... 12 - 17 months
4 ... 18 - 23 months
5 ... 24 - 35 months
6 ... 36 - 47 months
7 ... 48 - 59 months
8 ... 60 months and over
9 ... Interval since termination of last
pregnancy not stated
78-79 2 Detail Month of Pregnancy Prenatal Care Began
01 ... 1st month
02 ... 2nd month
03 ... 3rd month
04 ... 4th month
05 ... 5th month
06 ... 6th month
07 ... 7th month
08 ... 8th month
09 ... 9th month
00 ... No prenatal care
99 ... Month of pregnancy prenatal care began
not stated
80 1 Month of Pregnancy Prenatal Care Began Recode 6
1 ... 1st - 2nd month
2 ... 3rd month
3 ... 4th - 6th month
4 ... 7th - 9th month
5 ... No prenatal Care
6 ... Month of pregnancy prenatal care began
not stated
81-82 2 Total Number of Prenatal Visits
00 ... No prenatal visits
01-49 ... Stated number of visits
99 ... Number of prenatal visits not stated
83-84 2 Detail Total Birth Order
01-50 ... Total number of live births and other
terminations
99 ... Total birth order unknown or not stated
85 1 Total Birth Order Recode 9
1 ... First Child
2 ... Second Child
3 ... Third Child
4 ... Fourth Child
5 ... Fifth Child
6 ... Sixth Child
7 ... Seventh Child
8 ... Eighth Child and over
9 ... Total birth order not stated
86-87 2 Detail Total Birth Order
01-50 ... Total number of children ever born alive
to mother
99 ... Live birth order unknown or not stated
88 1 Live Birth Order Recode 9
1 ... First Child
2 ... Second Child
3 ... Third Child
4 ... Fourth Child
5 ... Fifth Child
6 ... Sixth Child
7 ... Seventh Child
8 ... Eighth Child and over
9 ... Total birth order not stated
89 1 Place of Delivery
1 ... Hospital Births
2 ... Nonhospital Births
3 ... En route or born on arrival (BOA)
9 ... Place of delivery not classifiable
90 1 Attendant at Birth
1 ... Physician
2 ... Midwife
3 ... Attendant specified other than physician
or midwife
9 ... Attendant at birth unknown
91 1 Record Weight
Numerator (Linked) record
1 ... All records contain a 1
Denominator record
Each record contains a record weight that is used to
inflate totals to national birth figures.
1-2 ... Code range
The denominator record ends in Location 91.
92-193. Numerator (Linked) Record Reserved Positions
92-193 102 These positions are contained in the Numerator (Linked)
Record only and are reserved for possible additional data.
If data are added in the future, they will be included in
both files. The record length of the Denominator file
would expand, but it is expected that the Numerator record
would remain constant.
MORTALITY SECTION OF THE NUMERATOR (LINKED) RECORD
Tape Field
Location Size Item and Code Outline
Locations 194-500 contain data from the Death Certificate
Residence items in the Denominator Record and in the natality section of
the Numerator (Linked) Record refer to the usual Place of residence of the
Mother whereas in the mortality section of the Numerator (Linked) Record,
there items refer to the residence of the Decedent.
194-197 4 Year of Death
1986 ... Death occurred in 1986
1987 ... Death occurred in 1987
198 1 Record Type
1 ... RESIDENTS
State and County of Occurrence and
Residence are the same.
2 ... NONRESIDENTS
State and/or County of Occurrence and
Residence are different.
199 1 Resident Status
1 ... RESIDENTS
State and County of Occurrence and
Residence are the same.
2 ... INTRASTATE NONRESIDENTS
State of Occurrence and Residence are
the same, but County is different.
3 ... INTERSTATE NONRESIDENTS
State of Occurrence and Residence are
different, but both are in the U.S.
4 ... FOREIGN RESIDENTS
State of Occurrence is one of the 50
States or the District of Columbia, but
Place of Residence is outside of the
U.S.
200-209 10 PLACE OF OCCURRENCE
Refer to the Geographic Code Outline in this document
for a list of areas and codes available on the
public-use file.
200 1 Region of Occurrence
201-202 2 Division and State Subcode of Occurrence
Location 200 is Region. Location 201 is Division and
Location 202 identifies States within that Division.
1 ... NORTHEAST
1 ... New England
1 ... Maine
2 ... New Hampshire
3 ... Vermont
4 ... Massachusetts
5 ... Rhode Island
6 ... Connecticut
2 ... Middle Atlantic
1 ... New York
2 ... New Jersey
3 ... Pennsylvania
2 ... MIDWEST
3 ... East North Central
1 ... Ohio
2 ... Indiana
3 ... Illinois
4 ... Michigan
5 ... Wisconsin
4 ... West North Central
1 ... Minnesota
2 ... Iowa
3 ... Missouri
4 ... North Dakota
5 ... South Dakota
6 ... Nebraska
7 ... Kansas
3 ...SOUTH
5 ... South Atlantic
1 ... Delaware
2 ... Maryland
3 ... District of Columbia
4 ... Virginia
5 ... West Virginia
6 ... North Carolina
7 ... South Carolina
8 ... Georgia
9 ... Florida
6 ... East South Central
1 ... Kentucky
2 ... Tennessee
3 ... Alabama
4 ... Mississippi
7 ... West South Central
1 ... Arkansas
2 ... Louisiana
3 ... Oklahoma
4 ... Texas
4 ...WEST
8 ... Mountain
1 ... Montana
2 ... Idaho
3 ... Wyoming
4 ... Colorado
5 ... New Mexico
6 ... Arizona
7 ... Utah
8 ... Nevada
9 ... Pacific
1 ... Washington
2 ... Oregon
3 ... California
4 ... Alaska
5 ... Hawaii
203-204 2 Expanded State of Occurrence
This item is designed to separately identify New York city
records from upstate New York records.
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... New York city
35 ... North Carolina
36 ... North Dakota
37 ... Ohio
38 ... Oklahoma
39 ... Oregon
40 ... Pennsylvania
41 ... Rhode Island
42 ... South Carolina
43 ... South Dakota
44 ... Tennessee
45 ... Texas
46 ... Utah
47 ... Vermont
48 ... Virginia
49 ... Washington
50 ... West Virginia
51 ... Wisconsin
52 ... Wyoming
205-206 2 State of Occurrence
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... North Carolina
35 ... North Dakota
36 ... Ohio
37 ... Oklahoma
38 ... Oregon
39 ... Pennsylvania
40 ... Rhode Island
41 ... South Carolina
42 ... South Dakota
43 ... Tennessee
44 ... Texas
45 ... Utah
46 ... Vermont
47 ... Virginia
48 ... Washington
49 ... West Virginia
50 ... Wisconsin
51 ... Wyoming
207-209 3 County of Occurrence
Due to confidentiality requirements, counties with a
population less than 250,000 cannot be identified on the
public-use file.
001-nnn ... Counties and county equivalents
(independent and coextensive cities) are
numbered alphabetically within each
State. (Note: To uniquely identify a
county, both the State and county codes
must be used.)
999 ... County with less than 250,000 population
210-223 14 PLACE OF RESIDENCE
Refer to the Geographic Code Outline in this document
for a list of areas and codes available on the
public-use file.
210 1 Region of Residence
211-212 2 Division and State Subcode of Residence
Location 210 is Region. Location 211 is Division and
Location 212 identifies States within that Division.
000 Foreign Resident
1 ... NORTHEAST
1 ... New England
1 ... Maine
2 ... New Hampshire
3 ... Vermont
4 ... Massachusetts
5 ... Rhode Island
6 ... Connecticut
2 ... Middle Atlantic
1 ... New York
2 ... New Jersey
3 ... Pennsylvania
2 ... MIDWEST
3 ... East North Central
1 ... Ohio
2 ... Indiana
3 ... Illinois
4 ... Michigan
5 ... Wisconsin
4 ... West North Central
1 ... Minnesota
2 ... Iowa
3 ... Missouri
4 ... North Dakota
5 ... South Dakota
6 ... Nebraska
7 ... Kansas
3 ...SOUTH
5 ... South Atlantic
1 ... Delaware
2 ... Maryland
3 ... District of Columbia
4 ... Virginia
5 ... West Virginia
6 ... North Carolina
7 ... South Carolina
8 ... Georgia
9 ... Florida
6 ... East South Central
1 ... Kentucky
2 ... Tennessee
3 ... Alabama
4 ... Mississippi
7 ... West South Central
1 ... Arkansas
2 ... Louisiana
3 ... Oklahoma
4 ... Texas
4 ...WEST
8 ... Mountain
1 ... Montana
2 ... Idaho
3 ... Wyoming
4 ... Colorado
5 ... New Mexico
6 ... Arizona
7 ... Utah
8 ... Nevada
9 ... Pacific
1 ... Washington
2 ... Oregon
3 ... California
4 ... Alaska
5 ... Hawaii
213-214 2 Expanded State of Residence
This item is designed to separately identify New York city
records from upstate New York records.
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... New York city
35 ... North Carolina
36 ... North Dakota
37 ... Ohio
38 ... Oklahoma
39 ... Oregon
40 ... Pennsylvania
41 ... Rhode Island
42 ... South Carolina
43 ... South Dakota
44 ... Tennessee
45 ... Texas
46 ... Utah
47 ... Vermont
48 ... Virginia
49 ... Washington
50 ... West Virginia
51 ... Wisconsin
52 ... Wyoming
53-58,60 ... Foreign Residents
53 ... Puerto Rico
54 ... Virgin Island
55 ... Guam
56 ... Canada
57 ... Cuba
58 ... Mexico
60 ... Remainder of the world
215-216 2 State of Occurrence
01 ... Alabama
02 ... Alaska
03 ... Arizona
04 ... Arkansas
05 ... California
06 ... Colorado
07 ... Connecticut
08 ... Delaware
09 ... District of Columbia
10 ... Florida
11 ... Georgia
12 ... Hawaii
13 ... Idaho
14 ... Illinois
15 ... Indiana
16 ... Iowa
17 ... Kansas
18 ... Kentucky
19 ... Louisiana
20 ... Maine
21 ... Maryland
22 ... Massachusetts
23 ... Michigan
24 ... Minnesota
25 ... Mississippi
26 ... Missouri
27 ... Montana
28 ... Nebraska
29 ... Nevada
30 ... New Hampshire
31 ... New Jersey
32 ... New Mexico
33 ... New York
34 ... North Carolina
35 ... North Dakota
36 ... Ohio
37 ... Oklahoma
38 ... Oregon
39 ... Pennsylvania
40 ... Rhode Island
41 ... South Carolina
42 ... South Dakota
43 ... Tennessee
44 ... Texas
45 ... Utah
46 ... Vermont
47 ... Virginia
48 ... Washington
49 ... West Virginia
50 ... Wisconsin
51 ... Wyoming
52-57,59 ... Foreign Residents
52 ... Puerto Rico
53 ... Virgin Islands
54 ... Guam
55 ... Canada
56 ... Cuba
57 ... Mexico
59 ... Remainder of the world
217-219 3 County of Residence
Due to confidentiality requirements, counties with a
population less than 250,000 cannot be identified on the
public-use file.
001-nnn ... Counties and county equivalents
(independent and coextensive cities) are
numbered alphabetically within each
State. (Note: To uniquely identify a
county, both the State and county codes
must be used.)
999 ... County with less than 250,000 population
ZZZ ... Foreign residents
220-222 3 City of Residence
Due to confidentiality requirements, cities with a
population less than 250,000 cannot be identified on the
public-use file.
001-nnn ... Cities are numbered alphabetically within
each State.
(Note: To uniquely identify a city, both
the State and city codes must be used.)
999 ... Entire county, Balance of County, or city
less than 250,000 population
ZZZ ... Foreign residents
223-227 5 AGE
Age is as computed using the dates of birth and death.
For ages less than 2 days and when age could not be
computed, the reported age from the death certificate
was used.
223 1 Infant Age Recode 5
1 ... Under 1 hour
2 ... 1 - 23 hours
3 ... 1 - 6 days
4 ... 7 - 27 days (late neonatal)
5 ... 28 days and over (post neonatal)
224-225 2 Infant Age Recode 76
00 ... Less than 1 day
01-27 ... 1 - 27 days
28 ... 4th week
29 ... 5th week
30 ... 6th week
31-76 ... 7th - 52nd weeks
226-227 2 Infant Age Recode 38
00 ... Less than 1 day
01-27 ... 1 - 27 days
28 ... 1 month
29 ... 2 months
30 ... 3 months
31 ... 4 months
32 ... 5 months
33 ... 6 months
34 ... 7 months
35 ... 8 months
36 ... 9 months
37 ...10 months
38 ...11 months
228 1 Hospital and Patient Status
1 ... Hospital, Clinic or Medical Center -
Inpatient
2 ... Hospital, Clinic or Medical Center -
Outpatient or admitted to Emergency
3 ... Hospital, Clinic or Medical Center -
Dead on Arrival
4 ... Hospital, Clinic or Medical Center -
Patient status unknown
5 ... Hospital, Clinic or Medical Center -
Patient status not on certificate
6 ... Other institution providing patient care
7 ... All other reported entries
8 ... Dead on Arrival - Hospital, Clinic or
Medical Center name not given
9 ... Hospital and patient status not stated
229 1 Autopsy Performed
1 ... Yes
2 ... No
3 ... Autopsy performed not on certificate
4 ... Autopsy performed not stated
230 1 Place of Accident for Causes E850-E929
Blank ... Causes other than E850-E929
0 ... Home
1 ... Farm
2 ... Mine and Quarry
3 ... Industrial Place and Premises
4 ... Place for Recreation and Sport
5 ... Street and Highway
6 ... Public Building
7 ... Resident Institution
8 ... Other Specified Places
9 ... Place of accident not specified
231-237 7 UNDERLYING CAUSE OF DEATH
231-234 4 ICD Code (9th Revision)
See the "International Classification of Diseases", 1975
Revision, Volume 1. For injuries and poisoning, the
external cause is coded (E800-E999) rather than the
Nature of the Injury (800-999). These positions do not
include the letter E for the external cause of injury.
For those causes that do not have a 4th digit, location
234 is blank.
235-237 3 61 Infant Cause Recode
A recode of the ICD cause code into 61 groups for NCHS
publications. Further back in this document is a
complete list of recodes and the causes included.
010-680 ... Code range (not inclusive)
238-481 244 MULTIPLE CONDITIONS
See the "International Classification of Diseases", 1975
Revision, Volume 1. Both the entity-axis and
record-axis conditions are coded according to this
revision (9th).
238-239 2 Number of Entity-Axis Conditions
00-20 ... Code range
240-379 140 ENTITY - AXIS CONDITIONS
Space has been provided for a maximum of 20 conditions.
Each condition takes 7 positions in the record. Records
that do not have 20 conditions are blank in the unused
area.
Position 1: Part/line number on certificate
1 ... Part I, Line 1 (a)
2 ... Part I, Line 2 (b)
3 ... Part I, Line 3 (c)
4 ... Part I, Line 4 (d)
5 ... Part I, Line 5 (e)
6 ... Part II
Position 2: Sequence of condition within part/line
1-7 ... Code range
Position 3 - 6: Condition code (ICD 9th Revision)
Position 7: Nature of Injury Flag
1 ... Indicates that the code in positions 3-6
is a Nature of Injury code
0 ... All other codes
240-246 7 1st Condition
247-253 7 2nd Condition
254-260 7 3rd Condition
261-267 7 4th Condition
268-274 7 5th Condition
275-281 7 6th Condition
282-288 7 7th Condition
289-295 7 8th Condition
296-302 7 9th Condition
303-309 7 10th Condition
310-316 7 11th Condition
317-323 7 12th Condition
324-330 7 13th Condition
331-337 7 14th Condition
338-344 7 15th Condition
345-351 7 16th Condition
352-358 7 17th Condition
359-365 7 18th Condition
366-372 7 19th Condition
373-379 7 20th Condition
380-381 2 Number of Entity-Axis Conditions
00-20 ... Code range
382-481 100 RECORD - AXIS CONDITIONS
Space has been provided for a maximum of 20 conditions.
Each condition takes 5 positions in the record. Records
that do not have 20 conditions are blank in the unused
area.
Position 1-4: Condition Code (ICD 9th Revision)
Position 5: Nature of injury Flag
1 ... Indicates that the code in positions 1-4
is a Nature of injury code
0 ... All other codes
382-386 5 1st Condition
387-391 5 2nd Condition
392-396 5 3rd Condition
397-401 5 4th Condition
402-406 5 5th Condition
407-411 5 6th Condition
412-416 5 7th Condition
417-421 5 8th Condition
422-426 5 9th Condition
427-431 5 10th Condition
432-436 5 11th Condition
437-441 5 12th Condition
442-446 5 13th Condition
447-451 5 14th Condition
452-456 5 15th Condition
457-461 5 16th Condition
462-466 5 17th Condition
467-471 5 18th Condition
472-476 5 19th Condition
477-481 5 20th Condition
482-500 19 Reserved positions
GEOGRAPHIC CODE OUTLINE
Introduction
The following pages show in detail the geographic codes used by the
Division of Vital Statistics in the processing of vital event data
occurring in the United States. For the linked data set, counties and
cities with a population of 250,000 or more are identified. When an event
occurs to a nonresident of the United States, residence data are coded
only to the "State" level; several western hemisphere countries or the
remainder of the world are uniquely identified. The vital statistics
codes are effective with the 1982 data year and are based on results of
the 1980 Census.
To aid the user in interpreting the geographic codes, a brief explanation
of the codes of the column headings/abbreviations shown on the following
pages are:
State: Each State and the District of Columbia are numbered
alphabetically. In addition, several unique codes are used to identify
nonresidents of the U.S.
County: Counties and county equivalents (independent and coextensive
cities) are numbered alphabetically within each State.
City: Cities are numbered alphabetically within each State.
Name: Each State, county, and city name is listed along with its
respective code. In addition, places used to identify nonresidents of the
U.S. are also listed along with their codes.
Listing of Counties Identified in the Linked Data Set
Vital Statistics Geographic Code Outline Effective With 1982 Data
State County State and County Name
01 Alabama
037 Jefferson
049 Mobile
02 Alaska
03 Arizona
007 Maricopa
010 Pima
04 Arkansas
060 Pulaski
05 California
001 Alameda
007 Contra Costa
010 Fresno
015 Kern
019 Los Angeles
027 Monterey
030 Orange
033 Riverside
034 Sacramento
036 San Bernardino
037 San Diego
038 San Francisco, coext. with San Francisco city
039 San Joaquin
041 San Mateo
042 Santa Barbara
043 Santa Clara
049 Sonoma
050 Stanislaus
056 Ventura
06 Colorado
003 Arapahoe
016 Denver, coext. with Denver city
021 El Paso
030 Jefferson
07 Connecticut
001 Fairfield
002 Hartford
003 New Haven
08 Delaware
002 New Castle
09 District of Columbia
001 District of Columbia
10 Florida
005 Brevard
006 Broward
013 Dade
016 Duval
029 Hillsborough
048 Orange
050 Palm Beach
052 Pinellas
053 Polk
064 Volusia
11 Georgia
033 Cobb
044 De Kalb
060 Fulton
12 Hawaii
002 Honolulu
13 Idaho
14 Illinois
016 Cook
022 Du Page
045 Kane
049 Lake
082 St. Clair
099 Will
101101 Winnebago
15 Indiana
002 Allen
045 Lake
049 Marion
16 Iowa
077 Polk
State County State and County Name
17 Kansas
046 Johnson
087 Sedgwick
18 Kentucky
056 Jefferson
19 Louisiana
009 Caddo
017 East Baton Rouge
026 Jefferson
036 Orleans, coext. with New Orleans city
20 Maine
21 Maryland
002 Anne Arundel
003 Baltimore
004 Baltimore city
016 Montgomery
017 Prince George's
22 Massachusetts
003 Bristol
005 Essex
007 Hampden
009 Middlesex
011 Norfolk
012 Plymouth
013 Suffolk
014 Worcester
23 Michigan
025 Genesee
033 Ingham
041 Kent
050 Macomb
063 Oakland
081 Washtenaw
082 Wayne
24 Minnesota
027 Hannepin
062 Ramsey
25 Mississippi
025 Hinds
26 Missouri
048 Jackson
096 St. Louis
097 St. Louis city
27 Montana
28 Nebraska
028 Douglas
29 Nevada
003 Clark
30 New Hampshire
006 Hillsborough
31 New Jersey
002 Bergen
003 Burlington
004 Camden
007 Essex
009 Hudson
011 Mercer
012 Middlesex
013 Monmouth
014 Morris
015 Ocean
016 Passaic
020 Union
32 New Mexico
001 Bernalillo
33 New York
001 Albany
014 Erie
026 Monroe
028 Nassau
029 New York city
031 Oneida
032 Onondaga
034 Orange
040 Rockland
048 Suffolk
056 Westchester
34 North Carolina
041 Guilford
060 Mecklenburg
092 Wake
35 North Dakota
36 Ohio
009 Butler
018 Cuyahoga
025 Franklin
031 Hamilton
047 Lorain
048 Lucas
050 Mahoning
057 Montgomery
076 Stark
077 Summit
37 Oklahoma
055 Oklahoma
072 Tulsa
38 Oregon
020 Lane
026 Multnomah
39 Pennsylvania
002 Allegheny
006 Berks
009 Bucks
015 Chester
023 Delaware
025 Erie
036 Lancaster
039 Lehigh
040 Luzerne
046 Montgomery
051 Philadelphia, coext. with Philadelphia city
065 Westmoreland
067 York
40 Rhode Island
004 Providence
41 South Carolina
010 Charleston
023 Greenville
040 Richland
42 South Dakota
43 Tennessee
019 Davidson
033 Hamilton
047 Knox
079 Shelby
44 Texas
015 Bexar
057 Dallas
071 El Paso
101 Harris
108 Hidalgo
123 Jefferson
178 Nueces
220 Tarrant
227 Travis
45 Utah
018 Salt Lake
State County State and County Name
46 Vermont
47 Virginia
040 Fairfax
088 Norfolk city
127 Virginia Beach city
48 Washington
017 King
027 Pierce
031 Snohomish
032 Spokane
49 West Virginia
50 Wisconsin
013 Dane
041 Milwaukee
068 Waukesha
51 Wyoming
52 ZZZ Puerto Rico
53 ZZZ Virgin Islands
54 ZZZ Guam
55 ZZZ Canada
56 ZZZ Cuba
57 ZZZ Mexico
59 ZZZ Remainder of the World
Listing of Cities Identified in the Linked Data Set
Vital Statistics Geographic Code Outline Effective with 1982 Data
State City State and City Name
01 Alabama
008 Birmingham
02 Alaska
03 Arizona
011 Phoenix
016 Tucson
04 Arkansas
05 California
112 Long Beach
115 Los Angeles
146 Oakland
186 Sacramento
194 San Diego
197 San Francisco
200 San Jose
06 Colorado
009 Denver
07 Connecticut
08 Delaware
09 District of Columbia
001 Washington
10 Florida
033 Jacksonville
047 Miami
086 Tampa
11 Georgia
004 Atlanta
12 Hawaii
004 Honolulu
13 Idaho
14 Illinois
032 Chicago
15 Indiana
002 Allen
045 Lake
049 Marion
16 Iowa
17 Kansas
033 Wichita
18 Kentucky
016 Louisville
19 Louisiana
024 New Orleans
20 Maine
21 Maryland
003 Baltimore
22 Massachusetts
012 Boston
23 Michigan
023 Detroit
24 Minnesota
035 Minneapolis
055 St. Paul
25 Mississippi
26 Missouri
026 Kansas City
044 St. Louis
27 Montana
28 Nebraska
011 Omaha
29 Nevada
30 New Hampshire
33 New York
009 Bronx borough, Bronx county
010 Buffalo
043 Brooklyn borough, Kings county
060 Manhattan borough, New York county
077 Queens borough, Queens county
078 Staten Island borough, Richmond county
34 North Carolina
008 Charlotte
35 North Dakota
36 Ohio
028 Cincinnati
030 Cleveland
032 Columbus
126 Toledo
37 Oklahoma
023 Oklahoma city
031 Tulsa
38 Oregon
39 Pennsylvania
096 Philadelphia
098 Pittsburgh
40 Rhode Island
41 South Carolina
42 South Dakota
43 Tennessee
026 Memphis
030 Nashville
44 Texas
009 Austin
036 Dallas
047 El Paso
052 Fort Worth
066 Houston
121 San Antonio
45 Utah
46 Vermont
47 Virginia
021 Norfolk
032 Virginia Beach
48 Washington
030 Seattle
49 West Virginia
50 Wisconsin
032 Milwaukee
51 Wyoming
52 ZZZ Puerto Rico
53 ZZZ Virgin Islands
54 ZZZ Guam
55 ZZZ Canada
56 ZZZ Cuba
57 ZZZ Mexico
59 ZZZ Remainder of World
Ninth Revision 61 Causes of Death Adapted for Use by DVS
ST: 1 = Subtotal Limited: Sex: 1 = Males: 2 = Females
Length = of Cause Title Age: 1 = 5 & Over: 2 = 10-54:
3 = 28 Days & Over
***** Cause Subtotals are not Identified in this File *****
61 S Limited Len-
Recode T Sex Age gth Cause Title and ICD-9 Codes Included
010 039 Certain intestinal infections (008-009)
020 020 Whooping cough (033)
030 029 Meningococcal infection (036)
040 3 016 Septicemia (038)
050 024 Viral Diseases (045-079)
060 025 Congenital syphilis (090)
070 100 Remainder of infectious and parasitic diseases
(001-007, 010-032, 034-035, 037, 039-041,
080-088, 091-139)
080 089 Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of
lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues (140-208)
090 108 Benign neoplasms, carcinoma in situ, and neoplasms
of uncertain behavior and of unspecified
nature (210-239)
100 030 Diseases of thymus gland (254)
110 023 Cystic fibrosis (277.0)
120 052 Diseases of blood and blood-forming organs (280-
289)
130 020 Meningitis (320-322)
140 059 Other diseases of nervous system and sense organs
(323-389)
150 044 Acute upper respiratory infections (460-465)
160 042 Bronchitis and bronchiolitis (466, 490-491)
170 1 033 Pneumonia and influenza (480-487)
180 021 Pneumonia (480-486)
190 017 Influenza (487)
200 061 Remainder of diseases of respiratory system (470-
478, 492-519)
210 093 Hernia of abdominal cavity and intestinal
obstruction without mention of hernia (550-
553, 560)
220 075 Gastritis, duodenitis, and noninfective enteritis
and colitis (535, 555-558)
230 067 Remainder of diseases of digestive system (520-534,
536-543, 562-579)
240 1 030 Congenital anomalies (740-759)
250 042 Anencephalus and similar anomalies (740)
260 020 Spina bifida (741)
270 034 Congenital hydrocephalus (742.3)
280 092 Other congenital anomalies of central nervous
system and eye (742.0-742.2, 742.4-742.9, 743)
290 041 Congenital anomalies of hear (745-746)
300 056 Other congenital anomalies of circulatory system
(747)
310 050 Congenital anomalies of respiratory system (748)
320 052 Congenital anomalies of digestive system (749-
751)
330 056 Congenital anomalies of genitourinary system
(752-753)
340 058 Congenital anomalies of musculoskeletal system
(754-756)
350 025 Down's syndrome (758.0)
360 043 Other chromosomal anomalies (758.1-758.9)
370 062 All other and unspecified congenital anomalies
(744, 757, 759)
380 1 064 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period (760-779)
390 091 Newborn affected by maternal conditions which may
be unrelated to present pregnancy (760)
400 063 Newborn affected by maternal complications of
pregnancy (761)
410 074 Newborn affected by complications of placenta,
cord, and membranes (762)
420 069 Newborn affected by other complications of labor
and delivery (763)
430 048 Slow fetal growth and fetal malnutrition (764)
440 077 Disorders relating to short gestation and
unspecified low birthweight (765)
450 065 Disorders relating to long gestation and high
birthweight (766)
460 020 Birth trauma (767)
470 1 047 Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia (768)
480 051 Fetal distress in liveborn infant (768.2-
768.4)
490 032 Birth asphyxia (768.5-7768.9)
500 037 Respiratory distress syndrome (769)
510 047 Other respiratory conditions of newborn (770)
520 051 Infections specific to the perinatal period (771)
530 027 Neonatal hemorrhage (772)
540 094 Hemolytic diseases of newborn, due to
isoimmunization, and other perinatal jaundice
(773-774)
550 088 Syndrome of "infant of a diabetic mother" and
neonatal diabetes mellitus (775.2-775.9,
776.1-779)
560 040 Hemorrhagic disease of newborn (776.0)
570 098 All other and ill-defined conditions originating
in the perinatal period (775.2-775.9, 776.1-
779)
580 1 053 Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions (780-
799)
590 038 Sudden infant death syndrome (798.0)
600 075 Symptoms, signs, and all other ill-defined
conditions (780 -797, 798.1-799)
610 1 041 Accidents and adverse effects (E800-E949)
620 118 Inhalation and ingestion of food or other object
causing obstruction of respiratory tract or
suffocation (E911-E912)
630 042 Accidental mechanical suffocation (E913)
640 067 Other accidental causes and adverse effects
(E800-E910, E914-E949)
650 1 020 Homicide (E960-E969)
660 047 Child battering and other maltreatment (E967)
670 038 Other homicide (E960-E966, E968-E969)
680 027 All other causes (Residual)
TABLES
1. Live Births & Infant Deaths by State of Occurrence & Residence
LIVE BIRTHS BY STATE OF OCCURRENCE AND BY STATE RESIDENCE AND
INFANT DEATHS BY STATE OF OCCURRENCE AND BY STATE OF RESIDENCE:
1986 BIRTH COHORT
(RESIDENCE AT BIRTH IS OF THE MOTHER. RESIDENCE AT DEATH IS OF THE DECEDENT)
_____________________________________________________________________________
| |
| LIVE BIRTHS |
|____________________________________________|
AREA | | |
| | |
| OCCURRENCE | RESIDENCE |
| | |
_______________________________|________________________|___________________|
UNITED STATES . . . . . 3,760,997 3,756,849
ALABAMA. . . . . . . . . . 58,205 59,466
ALASKA . . . . . . . . . . 12,007 12,168
ARIZONA. . . . . . . . . . 60,802 60,876
ARKANSAS . . . . . . . . . 33,878 34,394
CALIFORNIA . . . . . . . . 482,605 482,314
COLORADO . . . . . . . . . 55,557 55,152
CONNECTICUT. . . . . . . . 44,776 44,858
DELAWARE . . . . . . . . . 10,100 9,721
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA . . . 19,928 10,047
FLORIDA. . . . . . . . . . 167,518 167,601
GEORGIA. . . . . . . . . . 100,151 98,183
HAWAII . . . . . . . . . . 18,341 18,297
IDAHO. . . . . . . . . . . 16,350 16,451
ILLINOIS . . . . . . . . . 173,430 176,719
INDIANA. . . . . . . . . . 79,296 79,332
IOWA . . . . . . . . . . . 39,203 38,771
KANSAS . . . . . . . . . . 38,086 39,270
KENTUCKY . . . . . . . . . 50,790 51,794
LOUISIANA. . . . . . . . . 78,093 77,955
MAINE. . . . . . . . . . . 16,027 16,711
MARYLAND . . . . . . . . . 62,872 69,547
MASSACHUSETTS. . . . . . . 83,857 82,238 8
MICHIGAN . . . . . . . . . 136,209 137,647 13
MINNESOTA. . . . . . . . . 65,790 65,784
MISSISSIPPI. . . . . . . . 41,242 41,871
MISSOURI . . . . . . . . . 77,133 75,283
________________________________________________________
| |
| INFANT DEATHS |
|________________________________________________________|
| | |
| AT BIRTH | AT DEATH |
|___________________________|____________________________|
| | | | |
| OCCURRENCE | RESIDENCE | OCCURRENCE | RESIDENCE |
|_____________|_____________|______________|_____________|
UNITED STATES.......37,966 37,940 37,966 37,946
ALABAMA.............. 770 789 795 785
ALASKA............... 120 123 113 124
ARIZONA.............. 564 571 565 568
ARKANSAS............. 324 346 325 345
CALIFORNIA...........4,161 4,177 4,165 4,170
COLORADO............. 495 471 530 572
CONNECTICUT.......... 405 405 405 408
DELAWARE............. 120 111 116 111
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 323 199 310 194
FLORIDA..............1,875 1,855 1,875 1,853
GEORGIA..............1,263 1,241 1,250 1,244
HAWAII............... 184 181 181 180
IDAHO................ 179 182 182 180
ILLINOIS.............2,044 2,113 2,013 2,100
INDIANA.............. 842 852 836 863
IOWA................. 329 334 318 335
KANSAS............... 326 339 311 336
KENTUCKY............. 486 514 466 514
LOUISIANA............ 876 867 860 864
MAINE................ 130 133 129 137
MARYLAND............. 632 736 630 737
MASSACHUSETTS........ 700 686 728 684
MICHIGAN.............1,525 1,553 1,532 1,559
MINNESOTA............ 611 611 635 611
MISSISSIPPI.......... 483 507 465 511
MISSOURI............. 854 795 901 802
____________________________________________________________________________
| |
| LIVE BIRTHS |
|____________________________________________|
AREA | | |
| | |
| OCCURRENCE | RESIDENCE |
| | |
_______________________________|________________________|___________________|
MONTANA. . . . . . . . . . 12,432 12,735
NEBRASKA . . . . . . . . . 24,752 24,426
NEVADA . . . . . . . . . . 15,789 15,899
NEW HAMPSHIRE. . . . . . . 15,630 15,898
NEW JERSEY . . . . . . . . 105,924 108,822
NEW MEXICO . . . . . . . . 27,073 27,401
NEW YORK . . . . . . . . . 264,806 264,027
UPSTATE . . . . . . . . 142,801 146,139
CITY. . . . . . . . . . 122,005 117,888
NORTH CAROLINA . . . . . . 90,649 90,254
NORTH DAKOTA . . . . . . . 11,892 10,819
OHIO . . . . . . . . . . . 158,931 158,026
OKLAHOMA . . . . . . . . . 49,374 50,640
OREGON . . . . . . . . . . 40,093 38,871
PENNSYLVANIA . . . . . . . 162,102 161,010
RHODE ISLAND . . . . . . . 14,084 13,444
SOUTH CAROLINA . . . . . . 49,557 50,640
SOUTH DAKOTA . . . . . . . 11,633 11,615
TENNESSEE. . . . . . . . . 70,784 66,249
TEXAS. . . . . . . . . . . 311,019 307,081
UTAH . . . . . . . . . . . 37,371 36,412
VERMONT. . . . . . . . . . 7,899 8,139
VIRGINIA . . . . . . . . . 84,351 87,184
WASHINGTON . . . . . . . . 68,506 69,445
WEST VIRGINIA. . . . . . . 24,256 23,236
WISCONSIN. . . . . . . . . 71,839 72,333
WYOMING. . . . . . . . . . 8,005 8,633
FOREIGN RESIDENTS. . . . . ... 4,148
________________________________________________________
| |
| INFANT DEATHS |
|________________________________________________________|
| | |
| AT BIRTH | AT DEATH |
|___________________________|____________________________|
| | | | |
| OCCURRENCE | RESIDENCE | OCCURRENCE | RESIDENCE |
|_____________|_____________|______________|_____________|
MONTANA............. 117 132 90 129
NEBRASKA............ 245 239 248 239
NEVADA.............. 148 125 129 130
NEW HAMPSHIRE....... 130 154 149 152
NEW JERSEY.......... 971 1,022 896 1,012
NEW MEXICO.......... 219 231 209 229
NEW YORK............ 2,765 2,757 2,776 2,756
UPSTATE......... 1,299 1,354 1,276 1,331
CITY............ 1,466 1,403 1,500 1,425
NORTH CAROLINA...... 1,032 1,032 1,029 1,034
NORTH DAKOTA........ 111 91 115 92
OHIO................ 1,643 1,635 1,661 1,633
OKLAHOMA............ 487 501 476 491
OREGON.............. 351 343 360 345
PENNSYLVANIA........ 1,636 1,602 1,721 1,610
RHODE ISLAND........ 137 117 142 122
SOUTH CAROLINA...... 653 679 648 677
SOUTH DAKOTA........ 154 156 136 152
TENNESSEE........... 800 711 825 722
TEXAS............... 2,787 2,747 2,788 2,747
UTAH................ 353 326 379 330
VERMONT............. 74 74 62 72
VIRGINIA............ 894 913 898 921
WASHINGTON.......... 670 674 682 683
WEST VIRGINIA....... 235 215 230 210
WISCONSIN........... 660 666 655 668
WYOMING............. 73 88 52 86
FOREIGN RESIDENTS... ... 26 ... 20
2. Live Births & Infant Deaths/Mort. Rates by Race, Sex, Birth Wt.
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY RACE OF CHILD,
SEX, AND BIRTH WEIGHT: UNITED STATES. 1986 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | |
RACE OF CHILD AND | | <500 | 500-749 | 750-999 | 1000-1249|
SEX | TOTAL | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|
ALL RACES 1/
BOTH SEXES
LIVE BIRTHS.... 3,756,849 4,890 8,352 9,207 10,620
INFANT DEATHS.. 37,940 4,337 6,008 3,296 1,816
INF.MORT.RATE.. 10.1 886.9 719.3 358.0 171.0
MALE
LIVE BIRTHS.... 1,925,033 2,487 4,318 4,843 5,535
INFANT DEATHS.. 21,699 2,226 3,345 2,074 1,182
INF.MORT.RATE.. 11.3 895.1 774.7 428.2 213.6
FEMALE
LIVE BIRTHS.... 1,831,816 2,403 4,034 4,364 5,085
INFANT DEATHS.. 16,241 2,111 2,663 1,222 634
INF.MORT.RATE.. 9.5 910.9 784.4 466.9 229.0
WHITE
BOTH SEXES
LIVE BIRTHS.... 2,970,620 2,718 4,844 5,472 6,603
INFANT DEATHS.. 25,291 2,444 3,574 2,149 1,229
INF.MORT.RATE.. 8.5 899.2 737.8 392.7 186.1
MALE
LIVE BIRTHS.... 1,524,013 1,369 2,519 2,915 3,467
INFANT DEATHS.. 25,291 2,444 3,574 2,149 794
INF.MORT.RATE.. 9.5 910.9 784.4 466.9 229.0
FEMALE
LIVE BIRTHS.... 1,446,607 1,349 2,325 2,557 3,136
INFANT DEATHS.. 10,792 1,197 1,598 788 435
INF.MORT.RATE.. 7.5 887.3 687.3 308.2 138.7
BLACK
BOTH SEXES
LIVE BIRTHS.... 621,330 2,039 3,278 3,419 3,187
INFANT DEATHS.. 11,151 1,770 2,272 1,032 794
INF.MORT.RATE.. 17.9 868.1 693.1 301.8 138.7
MALE
LIVE BIRTHS.... 315,848 1,056 1,664 1,772 1,871
INFANT DEATHS.. 6,332 924 1,266 645 342
INF.MORT.RATE.. 20.0 875.0 760.8 364.0 182.8
FEMALE
LIVE BIRTHS.... 305,482 983 1,614 1,647 1,792
INFANT DEATHS.. 4,819 846 1,006 387 170
INF.MORT.RATE.. 15.8 860.6 623.3 235.0 94.9
______________________________________________________
| | | | | |
| | <500 | 500-749 | 750-999 | 1000-1249|
| TOTAL | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS |
|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|
12,540 48,402 159,588 2,502,342 4,780
1,316 2,544 3,247 14,807 1,128
104.9 52.6 20.3 4.2 236.0
6,510 23,785 72,908 1,805,121 2,546
818 1,424 1,736 8,744 633
125.7 59.9 23.8 4.8 248.6
6,030 24,617 86,680 1,697,221 2,234
498 1,120 1,511 6,063 495
82.6 45.5 17.4 3.6 221.6
8,026 32,057 108,296 2,819,364 3,679
948 1,807 2,264 10,857 710
118.1 56.4 20.9 3.9 193.0
4,259 16,046 58,533 1,454,116 1,938
586 1,000 1,226 6,536 391
137.6 62.3 24.6 4.5 201.8
3,767 16,011 58,533 1,365,248 1,741
362 807 1,038 4,321 319
96.1 50.4 17.7 3.2 183.2
4,099 14,596 44,710 531,968 859
320 645 845 3,291 373
78.1 44.2 18.9 6.2 434.2
2,023 6,861 20,099 273,056 481
202 361 441 1,819 216
99.9 52.6 21.9 6.7 449.1
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY RACE OF CHILD,
SEX, AND BIRTH WEIGHT: UNITED STATES. 1986 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | |
RACE OF CHILD AND | | <500 | 500-749 | 750-999 | 1000-1249|
SEX | TOTAL | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|
ALL RACES 1/
1/ INCLUDES RACES OTHER THAN WHITE AND BLACK
______________________________________________________
| | | | | |
| | <500 | 500-749 | 750-999 | 1000-1249|
| TOTAL | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS | GRAMS |
|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|
2,076 7,735 24,611 258,912 378
118 284 404 1,472 157
56.8 36.7 16.4 5.7 415.3
3. Live Birth & Infant Death/Mort Rates by Wt,Race,Gestational Age
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1986 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-31 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
ALL RACES 1/
TOTAL. . . . . .
LIVE BIRTHS. . 3,760,833 27,658 40,373 168,271 116,806
INFANT DEATHS. 39,145 11,672 3,561 3,574 1,313
INF.MORT.RATE. 10.4 422.0 88.2 21.2 11.2
LESS THAN 2500 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 253,711 20,821 26.674 68,342 23,019
INFANT DEATHS. 23,210 11,011 3,353 2,608 636
INF.MORT.RATE. 91.5 528.8 125.7 38.2 27.6
LESS THAN 500 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 4,860 3,652 168 51 8
INFANT DEATHS 4,341 3,368 145 34 2
INF.MORT RATE 893.2 922.2 863.1 666.7 250.0
500-749 GRAMS 8,291 5,825 856 195 44
LIVE BIRTHS. 6,137 4,519 534 125 23
INFANT DEATHS 740.2 775.8 623.8 641.0 522.7
INF.MORT RATE
750-999 GRAMS 9,452 5,120 2,131 592 81
LIVE BIRTHS. 3,661 2,195 681 173 21
INFANT DEATHS 387.3 428.7 319.6 292.2 259.3
INF.MORT RATE
1,000-1,249 GRAMS 10,578 2,436 4,651 1,596 158
LIVE BIRTHS. 1,964 584 758 258 29
INFANT DEATHS 185.7 239.7 163.0 161.7 183.5
INF.MORT RATE
1,250-1,499 GRAMS 12,540 1,098 5,447 3,143 415
LIVE BIRTHS. 1,316 171 524 291 43
INFANT DEATHS 104.9 155.7 96.2 92.6 103.6
INF.MORT RATE
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
1,400,106 797,930 551,067 513,233 145,389
7,227 3,085 2,162 2,697 3,854
5.2 3.9 3.9 5.3 26.5
65,210 13,835 8,069 10,761 16,980
1,702 421 314 439 2,726
26.1 30.4 38.9 40.8 160.5
77 40 46 33 785
35 19 22 15 701
454.5 475.0 478.3 454.5 893.0
170 69 55 73 1,004
75 29 23 37 772
441.2 420.3 418.2 506.8 768.9
212 100 54 82 1,080
56 30 13 26 466
264.2 300.3 240.7 317.1 431.5
377 81 73 159 1,047
65 7 13 20 230
172.4 86.4 178.1 125.8 219.7
800 166 127 206 1,138
92 23 22 26 124
115.0 138.6 173.2 126.2 109.0
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1986 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-31 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
ALL RACES 1/ - Continued
1,500-1,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 48,402 1,384 9,124 20,461 3,524
INFANT DEATHS 2,544 116 557 893 170
INF.MORT RATE 52.6 83.8 61.0 43.6 48.2
2,000-2,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 159,588 1,306 4,297 42,304 18,789
INFANT DEATHS 3,247 58 834 834 348
INF.MORT RATE 52.6 44.4 19.7 19.7 18.5
2,500-2,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 595,548 1,901 4,879 43,049 40,817
INFANT DEATHS. 4,553 31 75 489 350
INF.MORT RATE. 7.6 16.3 15.4 11.4 8.6
3,000-3,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 1,378,114 2,492 5,374 35,574 34,926
INFANT DEATHS. 5,734 39 51 269 203
INF.MORT RATE. 4.2 15.7 9.5 7.6 5.8
3,500-3,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 1,110,700 1,388 2,603 16,718 14,019
INFANT DEATHS. 3,203 29 18 97 72
INF.MORT RATE. 2.9 20.9 6.9 5.8 5.1
4,000-4,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 345,358 330 582 3,675 3,260
INFANT DEATHS. 958 20 8 27 19
INF.MORT RATE. 2.8 60.6 13.7 7.3 5.8
4,500-4,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 64,293 94 90 570 575
INFANT DEATHS. 240 30 3 7 3
INF.MORT RATE. 3.7 319.1 33.3 12.3 5.2
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
7,189 1,313 825 1,223 3,359
389 79 53 82 205
54.1 60.2 64.2 67.0 61.0
56,385 12,066 6,889 8,985 8,567
990 234 168 233 228
17.6 19.4 24.4 25.9 26.6
281,897 90,624 50,705 56,258 25,418
1,815 614 371 509 299
6.4 6.8 7.3 9.0 11.8
585,910 302,123 185,533 175,750 50,432
2,243 1,074 703 842 310
3.8 3.6 3.8 4.8 6.1
366,311 283,922 208,010 180,471 37,258
1,049 660 530 603 145
2.9 2.3 2.5 3.3 3.9
85,262 89,870 79,886 71,181 11,312
250 214 166 204 50
2.9 2.4 2.1 2.9 4.4
12,844 15,313 16,458 16,211 2,138
48 40 45 47 17
3.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 8.0
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1986 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-31 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
ALL RACES 1/ - Continued
5,000 GRAMS OR MORE
LIVE BIRTHS. . 8,329 64 32 103 92
INFANT DEATHS. 119 40 10 2 9
INF.MORT RATE. 14.3 625.0 312.5 19.4 54.3
NOT STATED
LIVE BIRTHS. . 4,780 568 139 240 98
INFANT DEATHS. 1,128 472 43 75 25
INF.MORT RATE. 236.0 831.0 309.4 312.5 255.1
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
1,726 1,732 2,075 2,211 294
10 13 8 13 18
5.8 7.5 3.9 5.9 61.2
946 511 331 390 1,557
100 49 25 40 289
116.3 95.9 75.5 102.6 185.6
________________________________________________________
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1986 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-31 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
WHITE
TOTAL. . . . . .
LIVE BIRTHS. . 2,991,521 15,997 24,808 111,827 83,444
INFANT DEATHS. 26,526 7,095 2,446 2,525 916
INF.MORT.RATE. 8.9 443.0 98.6 22.6 11.0
LESS THAN 2500 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 168,478 12,042 16,897 46,774 15,895
INFANT DEATHS. 14,959 6,724 2,327 1,871 440
INF.MORT.RATE. 88.8 558.4 137.7 40.0 27.7
LESS THAN 500 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 2,747 2,087 99 35 4
INFANT DEATHS 2,465 1,941 88 23 1
INF.MORT RATE 897.3 930.0 888.9 657.1 250.0
500-749 GRAMS 4,863 3,413 516 111 25
LIVE BIRTHS. 3,683 2,719 335 71 14
INFANT DEATHS 757.4 796.7 649.2 639.6 560.0
INF.MORT RATE
750-999 GRAMS 5,734 3,092 1,294 377 42
LIVE BIRTHS. 2,402 1,440 457 124 12
INFANT DEATHS 418.9 465.7 353.2 328.9 285.7
INF.MORT RATE
1,000-1,249 GRAMS 6,755 1,549 2,992 1,016 98
LIVE BIRTHS. 1,390 416 554 183 20
INFANT DEATHS 205.8 268.6 185.2 180.1 204.1
INF.MORT RATE
1,250-1,499 GRAMS 8,026 603 3,553 2,023 277
LIVE BIRTHS. 948 110 385 215 32
INFANT DEATHS 118.1 182.4 108.4 106.3 115.5
INF.MORT RATE
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
1,092,654 661,215 467,404 423,786 110,386
5,166 2,247 1,645 2,034 2,452
4.7 3.4 3.5 4.8 22.2
43,946 9,288 5,484 7,265 10,887
1,162 266 212 296 1,661
26.4 28.6 38.7 40.7 152.6
48 29 27 18 400
19 10 9 7 367
395.8 344.8 333.3 388.9 917.5
104 43 33 43 575
45 14 12 23 450
432.7 325.6 363.6 534.9 782.6
130 57 29 50 663
37 15 5 14 298
284.6 263.2 172.4 280.0 449.5
218 53 52 94 683
42 6 9 12 148
192.7 113.2 173.1 127.7 216.7
505 102 95 119 749
61 17 21 17 90
120.8 166.7 221.1 142.9 120.2
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-319 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
WHITE - Continued
1,500-1,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 32,057 648 6,097 2,387 4,816
INFANT DEATHS 1,807 65 400 119 275
INF.MORT RATE 56.4 100.3 65.6 49.9 57.1
2,000-2,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 108,296 650 2,346 29,455 13,062
INFANT DEATHS 2,264 33 108 604 242
INF.MORT RATE 20.9 50.8 46.0 20.5 18.5
2,500-2,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 421,418 966 2,503 28,185 28,834
INFANT DEATHS. 3,145 20 39 335 241
INF.MORT RATE. 7.5 20.7 15.6 11.9 8.4
3,000-3,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 1,079,510 1,415 3,087 21,980 25,139
INFANT DEATHS. 4,171 23 30 176 145
INF.MORT RATE. 3.9 16.3 9.7 8.0 5.8
3,500-3,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 945,835 917 1,746 11,413 10,412
INFANT DEATHS. 2,487 19 9 58 52
INF.MORT RATE. 2.6 20.7 5.2 5.1 5.0
4,000-4,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 307,164 236 400 2,794 2,552
INFANT DEATHS. 779 9 4 22 13
INF.MORT RATE. 2.5 38.1 10.0 7.9 5.1
4,500-4,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 58,046 72 72 441 466
INFANT DEATHS. 193 21 3 5 3
INF.MORT RATE. 3.3 291.7 41.7 11.3 6.4
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
4,816 783 538 820 2,211
275 52 39 53 153
57.1 66.4 72.5 64.6 69.2
38,125 8,221 4,710 6,121 5,606
683 152 117 170 155
17.9 18.5 24.8 27.8 27.6
199,881 66,083 37,476 40,261 17,249
1,217 403 267 356 213
6.4 6.1 7.1 8.8 12.3
454,782 243,737 151,737 139,573 38,022
1,608 822 520 622 225
3.5 3.4 3.4 4.5 5.9
306,648 245,672 182,630 155,449 30,948
799 508 437 493 112
2.6 2.1 2.4 3.2 3.6
73,972 80,599 72,685 64,062 9,864
197 169 147 180 38
2.7 2.1 2.0 2.8 3.9
11,224 13,894 15,176 14,810 1,891
40 32 36 39 14
3.6 2.3 2.4 2.6 7.4
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-31 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
WHITE - Continued
5,000 GRAMS OR MORE
LIVE BIRTHS. . 7,391 42 22 76 1,452
INFANT DEATHS. 82 25 6 4 6
INF.MORT RATE. 11.1 595.2 272.7 52.6 4.1
NOT STATED
LIVE BIRTHS. . 3,679 307 81 175 70
INFANT DEATHS. 710 254 28 56 18
INF.MORT RATE. 193.0 827.4 345.7 320.0 257.1
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
1,452 1,543 1,900 2,033 258
6 11 6 12 10
4.1 7.1 3.2 5.9 38.8
749 419 278 333 1,267
83 36 20 36 179
110.8 85.9 71.9 108.1 141.3
________________________________________________________
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-31 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
BLACK
TOTAL. . . . . .
LIVE BIRTHS. . 608,309 10,835 14,056 48,707 28,094
INFANT DEATHS. 11,140 4,247 985 901 348
INF.MORT.RATE. 18.3 392.0 70.1 18.5 12.4
LESS THAN 2500 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 75,482 8,193 8,913 19,070 6,206
INFANT DEATHS. 7,476 3,977 906 641 175
INF.MORT.RATE. 99.0 485.4 101.6 33.6 28.2
LESS THAN 500 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 1,972 1,461 67 14 4
INFANT DEATHS 1,747 1,328 55 11 1
INF.MORT RATE 885.9 909.0 820.9 785.7 250.0
500-749 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 3,197 2,261 314 79 18
INFANT DEATHS 2,282 1,678 184 50 8
INF.MORT RATE 713.8 742.1 586.0 632.9 444.4
750-999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 3,444 1,894 766 200 37
INFANT DEATHS 1,146 696 195 43 9
INF.MORT RATE 332.8 367.5 254.6 215.0 243.2
1,000-1,249 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 3,464 820 1,510 528 56
INFANT DEATHS 491 152 171 64 9
INF.MORT RATE 141.7 185.4 113.2 121.2 160.7
1,250-1,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 4,099 462 1,725 1,002 128
INFANT DEATHS 320 56 124 62 11
INF.MORT RATE 78.1 121.2 71.9 61.9 85.9
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
241,498 104,336 64,105 70,648 26,030
1,727 702 431 556 1,243
7.2 6.7 6.7 7.9 47.8
18,461 4,002 2,248 3,093 5,296
465 133 96 129 954
25.2 33.2 42.7 41.7 180.1
26 11 18 14 357
15 9 13 7 308
576.9 818.2 722.2 500.0 862.7
62 23 20 28 392
30 15 11 13 293
483.9 652.2 550.0 464.3 747.4
76 36 23 29 383
19 11 8 10 155
250.0 305.6 347.8 344.8 404.7
130 26 17 62 315
16 1 4 8 66
123.1 38.5 235.3 129.0 209.5
266 60 27 79 350
25 5 1 8 28
94.0 83.3 37.0 101.3 80.0
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-319 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
BLACK - Continued
1,500-1,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 14,596 679 2,730 5,972 1,014
INFANT DEATHS 645 42 135 215 45
INF.MORT RATE 44.2 61.9 49.5 36.0 44.4
2,000-2,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. 44,710 616 1,801 11,275 4,949
INFANT DEATHS 845 25 42 196 92
INF.MORT RATE 18.9 40.6 23.3 17.4 18.6
2,500-2,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 143,378 869 2,155 12,875 10,185
INFANT DEATHS. 1,225 15 34 131 98
INF.MORT RATE. 8.5 15.3 15.8 10.2 9.6
3,000-3,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 232,934 983 2,022 11,546 8,101
INFANT DEATHS. 1,293 15 17 77 51
INF.MORT RATE. 5.6 15.3 8.4 6.7 6.3
3,500-3,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 123,198 428 735 4,377 2,913
INFANT DEATHS. 560 10 8 30 12
INF.MORT RATE. 4.5 23.4 10.9 6.9 4.1
4,000-4,499 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 27,436 81 152 678 564
INFANT DEATHS. 144 11 4 5 5
INF.MORT RATE. 5.2 135.8 26.3 7.4 8.9
4,500-4,999 GRAMS
LIVE BIRTHS. . 4,374 20 18 86 88
INFANT DEATHS. 34 9 - 2 -
INF.MORT RATE. 7.8 450.0 - 23.3 -
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
2,093 487 251 360 1,010
99 24 13 28 44
47.3 49.3 51.8 77.8 43.6
15,808 3,359 1,892 2,521 2,489
261 68 46 55 60
16.5 20.2 24.3 21.8 24.1
66,476 20,129 10,927 13,479 6,283
467 185 92 133 75
7.0 9.2 8.4 9.9 11.9
101,892 44,437 26,003 29,056 8,894
527 209 143 180 74
5.2 4.7 5.5 6.2 8.3
44,809 28,058 18,778 18,856 4,244
193 122 72 88 25
4.3 4.3 3.8 4.7 5.9
8,328 6,540 5,108 5,056 929
41 37 15 19 7
4.9 5.7 2.9 3.8 7.5
1,204 978 889 941 150
7 2 7 5 2
5.8 2.0 7.9 5.3 13.3
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND GESTATIONAL AGE:
UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
______________________________________________________________________________
|
| GESTATION
BIRTH WEIGHT AND |________________________________________________________
RACE OF CHILD | | <28 | 28-31 | 32-35 | 36 |
| TOTAL | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS |
_____________________|__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
BLACK - Continued
5,000 GRAMS OR MORE
LIVE BIRTHS. . 648 22 9 25 14
INFANT DEATHS. 35 15 4 - 1
INF.MORT RATE. 54.0 681.8 444.4 - 71.4
NOT STATED
LIVE BIRTHS. . 859 239 52 50 23
INFANT DEATHS. 373 200 12 15 6
INF.MORT RATE. 434.2 836.8 230.8 300.0 260.9
_________________________________________________________
1/ INCLUDES RACES OTHER THAN WHITE AND BLACK
________________________________________________________
GESTATION
________________________________________________________
37-39 | 40 | 41 | 42 WEEKS | NOT |
WEEKS | WEEKS | WEEKS | OR MORE | STATED |
__________|__________|__________|__________|__________|_
187 133 112 125 21
4 2 1 - 8
21.4 15.0 8.9 - 381.0
141 59 40 42 213
23 12 5 2 98
163.1 203.4 125.0 47.6 460.1
________________________________________________________
4. Live Births & Infant Deaths/Mort Rates by Wt,Race,Age at Death
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND AGE AT DEATH UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS;
EARLY NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS;
AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS THROUGH 11 MONTHS)
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD |LIVE BIRTHS | INFANT | TOTAL |
| | DEATHS | NEONATAL |
____________________________________|____________|___________|___________|
ALL RACES 1/
TOTAL (ALL BIRTH WEIGHTS)...NUMBER.. 3,760,833 39,145 25,573
RATE.. 10.4 6.8
LESS THAN 2,500 GRAMS.......NUMBER.. 253,711 23,210 18,804
RATE.. 91.5 74.1
LESS THAN 500 GRAMS.......NUMBER.. 4,860 4,341 4,311
RATE.. 893.2 887.0
500-749 GRAMS.............NUMBER.. 8,291 6,137 5,655
RATE.. 740.2 682.1
750-999 GRAMS.............NUMBER.. 9,452 3,661 2,965
RATE.. 387.3 313.7
1,000-1249 GRAMS..........NUMBER.. 10,578 1,964 1,489
RATE.. 185.7 140.8
1,250-1,499 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 12,540 1,316 935
RATE.. 104.9 74.6
1,500-1,999 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 48,402 2,544 1,656
RATE.. 52.6 34.2
2,000-2,499 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 159,588 3,247 1,793
RATE.. 20.3 11.2
2,500-2,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 595,548 4,553 1,870
RATE.. 7.6 3.1
3,000-3,499 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 1,378,114 5,734 2,079
RATE.. 4.2 1.5
____________________________________
| | | |
| EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|____________|___________|___________|
21,317 4,256 13,572
5.7 1.1 3.6
16,390 2,414 4,406
64.6 9.5 17.4
4,258 53 30
876.1 10.9 6.2
5,175 480 482
624.2 57.9 58.1
2,454 511 696
259.6 54.1 73.6
1,146 343 475
108.3 32.4 44.9
735 200 381
58.6 15.9 30.4
1,277 379 888
26.4 7.8 18.3
1,345 448 1,454
26.4 2.8 9.1
1,285 585 2,683
2.2 1.0 4.5
1,399 680 3,655
1.0 .5 2.7
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND AGE AT DEATH UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS;
EARLY NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS;
AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS THROUGH 11 MONTHS)
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD |LIVE BIRTHS | INFANT | TOTAL |
| | DEATHS | NEONATAL |
____________________________________|____________|___________|___________|
ALL RACES 1/ - Continued
3,500-3,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 1,110,700 3,203 1,155
RATE.. 2.9 1.0
4,000-4,499 GRAMS...... ....NUMBER.. 345,358 958 382
RATE.. 2.8 1.1
4,500-4,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 64,293 240 138
RATE.. 3.7 2.1
5,000 GRAMS OR MORE.........NUMBER.. 8,329 119 96
RATE.. 14.3 11.5
NOT STATED..................NUMBER.. 4,780 1,128 1,049
RATE.. 236.0 219.5
________________________________________
____________________________________
| | | |
| EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|____________|___________|___________|
778 377 2,048
.7 .3 1.8
267 115 576
.8 .3 1.7
117 21 102
1.8 .3 1.6
88 8 23
10.6 1.0 2.8
993 56 79
207.7 11.7 16.5
_____________________________________
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND AGE AT DEATH UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS;
EARLY NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS;
AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS THROUGH 11 MONTHS)
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD |LIVE BIRTHS | INFANT | TOTAL |
| | DEATHS | NEONATAL |
____________________________________|____________|___________|___________|
WHITE
TOTAL (ALL BIRTH WEIGHTS)...NUMBER.. 2,991,521 26,526 17,381
RATE.. 8.9 5.8
LESS THAN 2,500 GRAMS.......NUMBER.. 168,478 14,959 12,368
RATE.. 88.8 73.4
LESS THAN 500 GRAMS.......NUMBER.. 2,747 2,465 2,447
RATE.. 897.3 890.8
500-749 GRAMS.............NUMBER.. 4,863 3,683 3,456
RATE.. 757.4 710.7
750-999 GRAMS.............NUMBER.. 5,734 2,402 2,036
RATE.. 418.9 355.1
1,000-1249 GRAMS..........NUMBER.. 6,755 1,390 1,118
RATE.. 205.8 165.5
1,250-1,499 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 8,026 948 710
RATE.. 118.1 88.5
1,500-1,999 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 32,057 1,807 1,257
RATE.. 56.4 39.2
2,000-2,499 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 108,296 2,264 1,344
RATE.. 20.9 12.4
2,500-2,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 421,418 3,145 1,371
RATE.. 7.5 3.3
3,000-3,499 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 1,079,510 4,171 1,583
RATE.. 3.9 1.5
____________________________________
| | | |
| EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|____________|___________|___________|
14,323 3,058 9,145
4.8 1.0 3.1
10,699 1,669 2,591
63.5 9.9 15.4
2,414 33 18
878.8 12.0 6.6
3,177 279 227
653.3 57.4 46.7
1,681 355 366
293.2 61.9 63.8
873 245 272
129.2 36.3 40.3
550 160 238
68.5 19.9 29.7
978 279 550
30.5 8.7 17.2
1,026 318 920
9.5 2.9 8.5
958 413 1,774
2.3 1.0 4.2
1,079 504 2,588
1.0 .5 2.4
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND AGE ST DEATH UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS;
EARLY NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS;
AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS THROUGH 11 MONTHS)
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD |LIVE BIRTHS | INFANT | TOTAL |
| | DEATHS | NEONATAL |
____________________________________|____________|___________|___________|
WHITE - Continued
3,500-3,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 45,835 2,487 918
RATE.. 2.6 1.0
4,000-4,499 GRAMS...... ....NUMBER.. 307,164 779 315
RATE.. 2.5 1.0
4,500-4,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 58,046 193 104
RATE.. 3.3 1.8
5,000 GRAMS OR MORE.........NUMBER.. 7,391 82 65
RATE.. 11.1 8.8
NOT STATED..................NUMBER.. 3,679 710 657
RATE.. 193.0 178.6
________________________________________
____________________________________
| | | |
| EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|____________|___________|___________|
616 302 2,048
.7 .3 1.8
216 99 576
.7 .3 1.7
86 18 23
1.5 .3 2.8
57 56 79
7.7 11.7 16.5
612 45 53
166.3 12.2 14.4
_____________________________________
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND AGE AT DEATH UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS;
EARLY NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS;
AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS THROUGH 11 MONTHS)
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD |LIVE BIRTHS | INFANT | TOTAL |
| | DEATHS | NEONATAL |
____________________________________|____________|___________|___________|
BLACK
TOTAL (ALL BIRTH WEIGHTS)...NUMBER.. 608,309 11,140 7,339
RATE.. 18.3 12.1
LESS THAN 2,500 GRAMS.......NUMBER.. 75,482 7,476 5,832
RATE.. 99.0 77.3
LESS THAN 500 GRAMS.......NUMBER.. 1,972 1,747 1,735
RATE.. 885.9 879.8
500-749 GRAMS.............NUMBER.. 3,197 2,282 2,039
RATE.. 713.8 637.8
750-999 GRAMS.............NUMBER.. 3,444 1,146 842
RATE.. 332.8 244.5
1,000-1249 GRAMS..........NUMBER.. 3,464 491 308
RATE.. 141.7 88.9
1,250-1,499 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 4,099 320 190
RATE.. 78.1 46.4
1,500-1,999 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 14,596 645 341
RATE.. 44.2 23.4
2,000-2,499 GRAMS.........NUMBER.. 44,710 845 377
RATE.. 18.9 8.4
2,500-2,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 143,378 1,225 438
RATE.. 8.5 3.1
3,000-3,499 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 232,934 1,293 414
RATE.. 5.6 1.8
____________________________________
| | | |
| EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|____________|___________|___________|
6,294 1,045 3,801
10.3 1.7 6.2
5,172 660 1,644
68.5 8.7 21.8
1,718 17 12
871.2 8.6 6.1
1,856 183 243
580.5 57.2 76.0
698 144 304
202.7 41.8 88.3
221 87 183
63.8 25.1 52.8
156 34 130
38.1 8.3 31.7
255 86 304
17.5 5.9 20.8
268 109 468
6.0 2.4 10.5
286 152 787
2.0 1.1 5.5
260 154 879
1.1 .7 3.8
LIVE BIRTHS, INFANT DEATHS, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATES BY BIRTH WEIGHT,
RACE OF CHILD, AND AGE ST DEATH UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS;
EARLY NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS;
AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS THROUGH 11 MONTHS)
(RATES ARE PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD |LIVE BIRTHS | INFANT | TOTAL |
| | DEATHS | NEONATAL |
____________________________________|____________|___________|___________|
BLACK - Continued
3,500-3,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 123,198 560 185
RATE.. 4.5 1.5
4,000-4,499 GRAMS...... ....NUMBER.. 27,436 144 62
RATE.. 5.2 2.3
4,500-4,999 GRAMS...........NUMBER.. 4,374 34 26
RATE.. 7.8 5.9
5,000 GRAMS OR MORE.........NUMBER.. 648 35 30
RATE.. 54.0 46.3
NOT STATED..................NUMBER.. 859 373 352
RATE.. 434.2 409.8
____________________________________________________________________________
1/ INCLUDES RACES OTHER THAN WHITE AND BLACK
____________________________________
| | | |
| EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|____________|___________|___________|
129 56 375
1.0 .5 3.0
50 12 82
1.8 .4 3.0
23 3 8
5.3 .7 1.8
30 - 5
46.3 - 7.7
344 8 21
400.5 9.3 24.4
_____________________________________
25. Live Births & Infant Deaths/Mort. Rates for 10 Leading Causes
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
ALL RACES 1/ ALL BIRTH WEIGHTS
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 3,760,833 39,145
RATE.. 1,040.9
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 8,405
RATE.. 223.5
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 5,242
RATE.. 139.4
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 3,633
RATE.. 96.6
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 3,189
RATE.. 84.8
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 1,309
RATE.. 34.8
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 1,123
RATE.. 29.9
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 867
RATE.. 23.1
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 927
RATE.. 24.6
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 875
RATE.. 23.3
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 677
RATE.. 18.0
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 1,829
RATE.. 48.6
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
25,573 21,317 4,256 13,572
680.0 566.8 113.2 360.9
6,276 5,075 1,201 2,129
166.9 134.9 31.9 56.6
354 38 316 4,888
9.4 1.0 8.4 130.0
3,372 2,788 584 261
89.7 74.1 15.5 6.9
3,155 3,124 31 34
83.9 83.1 .8 .9
1,296 1,286 10 13
34.5 34.2 .3 .3
1,052 897 155 71
28.0 23.9 4.1 1.9
75 30 45 792
2.0 .8 1.2 21.1
885 560 325 42
23.5 14.9 8.6 1.1
866 844 22 9
23.0 22.4 .6 .2
151 73 78 526
4.0 1.9 2.1 14.0
657 407 250 1,172
17.5 10.8 6.6 31.2
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
ALL RACES 1/ LESS THAN 2,500 GRAMS
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 253,711 23,210
RATE.. 9,148.2
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 3,917
RATE.. 1,565.2
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 996
RATE.. 392.6
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 3,408
RATE.. 1,343.3
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 2,873
RATE.. 1,132.4
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 1,170
RATE.. 461.2
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 596
RATE.. 234.9
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 160
RATE.. 63.1
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 625
RATE.. 246.3
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 673
RATE.. 265.3
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 243
RATE.. 95.8
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 806
RATE.. 317.7
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
18,804 16,390 2,414 4,406
7,411.6 6,460.1 951.5 1,736.6
3,242 2,770 472 729
1,277.8 1,091.8 186.0 287.3
49 5 44 947
19.3 2.0 17.3 373.3
3,166 2,662 544 242
1,247.9 1,033.5 214.4 95.4
2,845 2,817 28 28
1,121.4 1,110.3 11.0 11.0
1,162 1,156 6 8
458.0 455.6 2.4 3.2
575 520 55 21
226.6 205.0 21.7 8.3
28 19 9 132
11.0 7.5 3.5 52.0
595 375 220 30
234.5 147.8 86.7 11.8
670 659 11 3
264.1 259.7 4.3 1.2
65 39 26 178
25.6 15.4 10.2 70.2
344 219 125 462
135.6 86.3 49.3 182.1
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
ALL RACES 1/ LESS THAN 2,500 GRAMS OR MORE
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 3,502,342 14,807
RATE.. 422.8
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 4,213
RATE.. 120.3
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 4,239
RATE.. 121.0
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 152
RATE.. 4.3
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 89
RATE.. 2.5
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 39
RATE.. 1.1
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 454
RATE.. 13.0
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 705
RATE.. 20.1
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 292
RATE.. 8.3
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 139
RATE.. 4.0
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 429
RATE.. 12.2
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 995
RATE.. 28.4
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
5,704 3,934 1,786 9,097
163.3 163.3 51.0 259.5
2,830 2,115 715 1,383
80.8 60.4 20.4 39.5
305 33 272 3,934
8.7 8.0 7.8 112.3
135 106 29 17
3.9 3.0 .8 .5
84 81 3 5
2.4 2.3 .1 .1
35 31 4 4
1.0 .9 .1 .1
411 317 94 43
11.7 9.1 2.7 1.2
46 10 36 659
1.3 .3 1.0 18.8
281 178 103 11
8.0 5.1 2.9 .3
133 122 11 6
3.8 3.5 .3 .2
86 34 52 343
2.5 1.0 1.5 9.8
298 176 122 697
8.5 5.0 3.5 19.9
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
ALL RACES 1/ NOT STATED BIRTH WEIGHT
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 4,780 1,128
RATE.. 23,598.3
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 221
RATE.. 4,723.4
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 7
RATE.. 146.4
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 73
RATE.. 1,527.2
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 227
RATE.. 4,749.0
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 100
RATE.. 2,092.1
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 73
RATE.. 1,527.2
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 2
RATE.. 41.8
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 10
RATE.. 209.2
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 63
RATE.. 1,318.0
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 5
RATE.. 1104.6
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 28
RATE.. 585.8
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
1,049 993 56 79
21,945.6 20,774.1 1,171.5 1,652.7
204 190 14 17
4,267.8 3,974.9 292.9 355.6
- - - 7
- - - 146.4
71 60 11 2
1,485.4 1,255.2 230.1 41.8
226 226 - 1
4,728.0 4,728.0 - 20.9
99 99 - 1
2,071.1 2,071.1 - 20.9
66 66 6 7
1,308.8 1,255.2 125.5 146.4
1 1 - 1
20.9 20.9 - 20.9
9 7 2 1
188.3 146.4 41.8 20.9
63 63 - -
1,318.0 1,318.0 - -
- - - 5
- - - 104.6
15 12 3 13
313.8 251.0 62.8 272.0
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
WHITE - ALL BIRTH WEIGHTS
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 2,991,521 26,526
RATE.. 886.7
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 6,598
RATE.. 220.6
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 3,632
RATE.. 121.4
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 2,593
RATE.. 86.7
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 1,769
RATE.. 59.1
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 891
RATE.. 29.8
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 734
RATE.. 24.5
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 569
RATE.. 19.0
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 616
RATE.. 20.6
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 624
RATE.. 20.9
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 422
RATE.. 14.1
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 1,214
RATE.. 40.6
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
17,381 14,323 3,058 9,145
581.0 478.8 102.2 305.7
4,985 4,034 951 1,613
166.6 134.8 31.8 53.9
234 23 211 3,398
7.8 .8 7.1 113.6
2,418 1,968 450 175
80.8 65.8 15.0 5.8
1,750 1,728 22 19
58.5 57.8 .7 .6
885 878 7 6
29.6 29.3 .2 .2
685 571 114 49
22.9 19.1 3.8 1.6
52 20 32 517
1.7 .7 1.1 17.3
592 389 203 24
19.8 13.0 6.8 .8
617 604 13 7
20.6 20.2 .4 .2
102 49 53 320
3.4 1.6 1.8 10.7
469 301 168 745
15.7 10.1 5.6 24.9
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
WHITE - LESS THAN 2,500 GRAMS
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 168,478 14,959
RATE.. 8,878.9
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 3,070
RATE.. 1,822.2
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 579
RATE.. 343.7
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 2,424
RATE.. 1,438.8
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 1,600
RATE.. 949.7
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 799
RATE.. 474.3
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 342
RATE.. 203.0
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 78
RATE.. 46.3
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 396
RATE.. 235.0
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 473
RATE.. 280.7
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 129
RATE.. 76.6
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 491
RATE.. 291.4
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
12,368 10,699 1,669 2,591
7,341.0 6,350.4 990.6 1,537.9
2,558 2,194 364 512
1,518.3 1,302.2 216.1 303.9
24 3 21 555
14.2 1.8 12.5 329.4
2,262 1,848 414 162
1,342.6 1,096.9 245.7 96.2
1,585 1,566 19 15
940.8 929.5 11.3 8.9
795 791 4 4
471.9 469.5 2.4 2.4
331 297 34 11
196.5 176.3 20.2 6.5
19 11 8 59
11.3 6.5 4.7 35.0
379 247 132 17
225.0 146.6 78.3 10.1
472 467 5 1
280.2 277.2 3.0 .6
36 21 15 93
21.4 12.5 8.9 55.2
229 156 73 262
135.9 92.6 43.3 155.5
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
WHITE - 2,500 GRAMS OR MORE
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 2,819,364 10,857
RATE.. 385.1
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 3,354
RATE.. 119.0
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 3,046
RATE.. 108.0
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 124
RATE.. 4.4
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 55
RATE.. 2.0
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 26
RATE.. .9
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 336
RATE.. 11.9
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 489
RATE.. 17.3
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 216
RATE.. 7.7
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 108
RATE.. 3.8
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 291
RATE.. 10.3
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 704
RATE.. 25.0
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
4,356 3,012 1,344 6,501
154.5 106.8 47.7 230.6
2,264 1,687 577 1,090
80.3 59.8 20.5 38.7
210 20 190 2,836
7.4 .7 6.7 100.6
113 87 26 11
4.0 3.1 .9 .4
51 48 3 4
1.8 1.7 .1 .1
24 21 3 2
.9 .7 .1 .1
304 229 75 32
10.8 8.1 2.7 1.1
32 8 24 457
1.1 .3 .9 16.2
210 140 70 6
7.4 5.0 2.5 .2
102 94 8 6
3.6 3.3 .3 .2
66 28 38 225
2.3 1.0 1.3 8.0
230 137 93 474
8.2 4.9 3.3 16.8
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
WHITE - NOT STATED BIRTH WEIGHT
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 3,679 710
RATE.. 19,298.7
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 174
RATE.. 4,729.5
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 7
RATE.. 190.3
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 45
RATE.. 1,223.2
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 114
RATE.. 3,098.7
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 66
RATE.. 1,794.0
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 56
RATE.. 1,522.2
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 2
RATE.. 54.4
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 4
RATE.. 108.7
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 43
RATE.. 1,168.8
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 2
RATE.. 54.4
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 19
RATE.. 516.4
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
657 612 45 53
17,858.1 16,635.0 1,223.2 1,440.6
163 153 10 11
4,430.6 4,158.7 271.8 299.0
- - - 7
- - - 190.3
43 33 10 2
1,168.8 897.0 271.8 54.4
114 114 - -
3,098.7 3,098.7 - -
66 66 - -
1,794.0 1,794.0 - -
50 45 5 6
1,359.1 1,223.2 135.9 163.1
1 1 - 1
27.2 27.2 - 27.2
3 2 1 1
81.5 54.4 27.2 27.2
43 43 - -
1,168.8 1,168.8 - -
- - - 2
- - - 54.4
10 8 2 9
271.8 217.5 54.4 244.6
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
BLACK - ALL BIRTH WEIGHTS
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 608,309 11,140
RATE.. 1,831.8
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 1,475
RATE.. 242.5
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 1,357
RATE.. 223.1
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 927
RATE.. 152.4
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 1,336
RATE.. 219.6
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 388
RATE.. 63.8
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 358
RATE.. 58.9
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 250
RATE.. 41.1
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 287
RATE.. 47.2
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 225
RATE.. 37.8
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 228
RATE.. 37.5
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 526
RATE.. 86.5
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
7,339 6,294 1,045 3,801
1,206.5 1,034.7 171.8 624.8
1,043 841 202 432
171.5 138.3 33.2 71.0
106 11 95 1,251
17.4 1.8 15.6 205.7
853 747 106 74
140.2 122.8 17.4 12.2
1,321 1,313 8 15
217.2 215.8 1.3 2.5
382 379 3 6
62.8 62.3 .5 1.0
337 304 33 21
55.4 50.0 5.4 3.5
19 8 11 231
3.1 1.3 1.8 38.0
270 159 111 17
44.4 26.1 18.2 2.8
223 216 7 2
36.7 35.5 1.2 .3
43 22 21 185
7.1 3.6 3.5 30.4
155 89 66 371
25.5 14.6 10.8 61.0
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
BLACK - LESS THAN 2,500 GRAMS
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 75,482 7,476
RATE.. 9,904.3
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 745
RATE.. 987.0
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 379
RATE.. 502.1
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 875
RATE.. 1,159.2
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 1,195
RATE.. 1,583.2
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 346
RATE.. 458.4
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 244
RATE.. 323.3
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 74
RATE.. 98.0
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 211
RATE.. 279.5
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 180
RATE.. 238.5
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 105
RATE.. 139.1
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 281
RATE.. 372.3
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
5,832 5,172 660 1,644
7,726.3 6,852.0 874.4 2,178.0
555 466 89 190
735.3 617.4 117.9 251.7
22 1 21 357
29.1 1.3 27.8 473.0
806 703 103 69
1,067.8 931.3 136.5 91.4
1,182 1,174 8 13
1,565.9 1,555.3 10.6 17.2
342 340 2 4
453.1 450.4 2.6 5.3
234 215 19 10
310.0 284.8 25.2 13.2
8 7 1 66
10.6 9.3 1.3 87.4
199 118 81 12
263.6 156.3 107.3 15.9
178 173 5 2
235.8 229.2 6.6 2.6
26 17 9 79
34.4 22.5 11.9 104.7
99 55 44 182
131.2 72.9 58.3 241.1
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
BLACK - 2,500 GRAMS OR MORE
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 531,968 3,291
RATE.. 618.6
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 700
RATE.. 131.6
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. 978
RATE.. 183.8
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 25
RATE.. 4.7
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 33
RATE.. 6.2
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 10
RATE.. 1.9
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 99
RATE.. 18.6
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. 176
RATE.. 33.1
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 70
RATE.. 13.2
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 27
RATE.. 5.1
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 120
RATE.. 22.6
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 236
RATE.. 44.4
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
1,555 778 377 2,136
217.1 146.2 70.9 401.5
462 351 111 238
86.8 66.0 20.9 44.7
84 10 74 894
15.8 1.9 13.9 168.1
20 18 2 5
3.8 3.4 .4 .9
32 32 - 1
6.0 6.0 - .2
9 8 1 1
1.7 1.5 .2 .2
89 75 14 10
16.7 14.1 2.6 1.9
11 1 10 165
2.1 .2 1.9 31.0
65 36 29 5
12.2 6.8 5.5 .9
27 25 2 -
5.1 4.7 .4 -
17 5 12 103
3.2 .9 2.3 19.4
51 30 21 185
9.6 5.6 3.9 34.8
LIVE BIRTHS, BY BIRTH WEIGHT AND RACE OF CHILD AND INFANT DEATHS AND, INFANT
MORTALITY RATES BY AGE AT DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD FOR
10 LEADING CAUSES OF INFANT DEATH: UNITED STATES, 1985 BIRTH COHORT
(INFANT DEATHS ARE UNDER 1 YEAR. NEONATAL DEATHS ARE UNDER 28 DAYS; EARLY
NEONATAL, 0-6 DAYS; LATE NEONATAL, 7-27 DAYS; AND POSTNEONATAL, 28 DAYS
THROUGH 11 MONTHS) (RATES ARE PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)
___________________________________________________________________________
| | |
CAUSE OF DEATH, BIRTH WEIGHT, AND RACE OF CHILD | LIVE | INFANT |
| BIRTHS | DEATHS |
_________________________________________________|____________|___________|
BLACK - NOT STATED BIRTH WEIGHT
..ALL CAUSES...........................NUMBER.. 859 373
RATE.. 43,422.6
1 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES (740-759).......NUMBER.. 30
RATE.. 3,492.4
2 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROM (798.0)..NUMBER.. -
RATE.. -
3 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS YSNDROM (769)...NUMBER.. 27
RATE.. 3,143.2
4 PREMATURITY (765)....................NUMBER.. 108
RATE.. 12,572.8
5 MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS (761).........NUMBER.. 32
RATE.. 3,725.3
6 HYPOXIA AND ASPHYXIA (768)...........NUMBER.. 15
RATE.. 1,746.2
7 ACCIDENTS (E800-E949)................NUMBER.. -
RATE.. -
8 INFECTIONS (771).....................NUMBER.. 6
RATE.. 698.5
9 COMPLICATIONS OF PLACENTA,ETC. (762).NUMBER.. 18
RATE.. 2,095.5
10 PNEUMONIA AND INFLUENZ (480-487).....NUMBER.. 3
RATE.. 349.2
..ALL OTHER CAUSES (RESIDUAL)..........NUMBER.. 9
RATE.. 1,047.7
1/ INCLUDES RACES OTHER THAN WHITE AND BLACK
__________________________________________________
| | | | |
| TOTAL | EARLY | LATE | POST- |
| NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL | NEONATAL |
|_____________|____________|___________|___________|
352 344 8 21
40,977.9 40,046.6 931.3 2,444.7
26 24 2 4
3,026.8 2,793.9 232.8 465.7
- - - -
- - - -
27 26 1 -
3,143.2 3,026.8 116.4 -
107 107 - 1
12,456.3 12,456.3 - 116.4
31 31 - 1
3,608.8 3,608.8 - 116.4
14 14 - 1
1,629.8 1,629.8 - 116.4
- - - -
- - - -
6 5 1 -
698.5 582.1 116.4 -
18 18 - -
2,095.5 2,095.5 - -
- - - 3
- - - 349.2
5 4 1 4
582.1 465.7 116.4 465.7
TECHNICAL APPENDIX (LIVE BIRTH)
Definition of Live Birth
Every product of conception that gives a sign of life after birth,
regardless of the length of the pregnancy, is considered a live birth.
This concept is included in the definition set forth by the World Health
Organization (1950, pp. 16-17) as follows:
Live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a
product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy, which,
after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such
as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite
movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been
cut or the placenta is attached; each product of such a birth is
considered liveborn.
This definition distinguishes in precise terms a live birth from a
fetal death ( see section on fetal deaths in the Technical Appendix of
Volume II of this report). In the interest of comparable natality
statistics, both the Statistical Commission of the United Nations and the
National Center of Health Statistics have adopted this definition
(National Office of Vital Statistics, 1950, p. 6; Statistical Office of
the United Nations, 1953, p. 6).
History of Birth-Registration Area
The national birth-registration area was proposed in 1850 and
established in 1915. By 1933 all 48 States and the District of Columbia
were participating in the registration system. The organized territories
of Hawaii and Alaska were admitted in 1929 and 1950, respectively; data
from these areas were prepared separately until they became States-Alaska
in 1959 and Hawaii in 1960. At present the birth-registration system of
the United States covers the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the
independent registration area of New York City, Puerto Rico, the U.S.
Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands, However, in the statistical tabulations, "United States"
refers only to the aggregate of the 50 States (including New York City)
and the District of Columbia. Tabulations for Puerto Rico, the Virgin
Islands, and Guam are shown separately in section 3 of this volume.
The original birth-registration area of 1915 consisted of 10 States
and the District of Columbia. The growth of this area is indicated in
table 4-1. This table also presents for each year through 1932 the
estimated midyear population of the United States and of those States
included in the registration system.
Because of the growth of the area for which data have been collected
and tabulated, a national series of geographically comparable data before
1933 can be obtained only by estimation. Annual estimates of births have
been prepared by P. K. Whelpton (National Office of Vital Statistics,
1954) for the period 1909-34 (table 1-1). These estimates include
adjustment both for underregistration and for States that were not part of
the birth-registration area before 1933.
Sources of Data
Natality Statistics
Since 1985 natality statistics for all States and the District
of Columbia have been based on information from the total file of records
for these areas. The information is received on computer data tapes coded
by the States and provided to the National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS) through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. NCHS receives
these tapes from the registration offices of the States, the District of
Columbia, and New York City. Data for Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
and Guam for 1986 are also based on information from the total file of
records. Information from the Virgin Islands and Guam is received on
microfilm copies of original birth certificates; information from Puerto
Rico is received on computer tapes through the Vital Statistics
Cooperative Program.
Birth statistics presented in this report for years before 1951 and
for 1955 are based on the total file of birth records. Statistics for
1951-54, 1956-66, and 1968-71 are based on 50-percent samples with the
exception of data for Guam and the Virgin Islands, which are based on all
records filed. During the processing of the 1967 data, the sampling rate
was reduced from 50 percent to 20 percent. For details of this procedure
and its consequences for the 1967 data, see Vital Statistics of the United
States, 1967, Volume I, pages 3-9 to 3-11. From 1972 to 1984, statistics
are based on all records filed in the States submitting computer tapes and
on a 50-percent sample of records in all other States. For Puerto Rico
beginning in 1977, statistics are based on all records filed.
Information for years prior to 1970 for Puerto Rico, the Virgin
Islands, and Guam is published in the annual vital statistics reports of
the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the
Department of Public Health of the Virgin Islands, the Department of
Public Health and Social Services of the Government of Guam, and in
selected Vital Statistics of the United States annual reports.
U.S. natality data are limited to births occurring within the United
States, including those occurring to U.S. residents and nonresidents.
Births to nonresidents of the United States have been excluded from all
tabulations by place of residence beginning in 1970. (See "Classification
by occurrence and residence" for further discussion.) Births occurring to
U.S. citizens outside the United States are not included in any
tabulations in this report. Similarly the data for Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, and Guam are limited to births registered in these areas.
Standard Certificate of Live Birth
The U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth, issued by the Public
Health Service, has served for many years as the principal means of
attaining uniformity in the content of the documents used to collect
information on births in the United States. It has been modified in each
State to the extent required by the particular State's needs or by special
provisions of the State's vital statistics law. However, most State
certificates conform closely in content to the standard certificate.
The first standard certificate of birth was developed in 1900. Since
then it has been revised periodically by the national vital statistics
agency through consultation with State health officers and registrars;
Federal agencies concerned with vital statistics; national, State, and
county medical societies; and others working in the fields of public
health, social welfare, demography, and insurance. This procedure has
assured careful evaluation of each item for its current and future
usefulness for legal, medical, demographic, and research purposes. New
items have been added when necessary, and old items have been modified to
ensure better reporting or, in some cases, dropped when their usefulness
appeared to be limited.
1978 revision-Effective January 1, 1978, a revised U.S. Standard
Certificate of Live Birth (figure 4-A) replaced the 1968 revision.
Changes on the 1978 standard certificate included a new item on 1- and
5-minute Apgar scores, the deletion of the item on birth injuries, and
revisions of the items on legitimacy status and previous pregnancies.
The item on legitimacy status was changed to real "Is mother married?"
This is now a factual piece of information about the mother rather than an
attribute ascribed to the child, and the person completing the record does
not have the responsibility for making what may be a legal determination.
The item on previous deliveries was changed to pregnancy history and
expanded to include two categories of fetal loss, before and after 20
completed weeks of gestation. This changes provides information on two
groups that are of interest in medical research and emphasizes the fact
that all previous fetal losses should be included, both spontaneous and
induced, regardless of length of gestation. For further discussion see
individual sections for each item.
Classification of Data
General Information
One of the principal values of vital statistics data is realized
through the presentation of rates that are computed by relating the vital
events of a class to the population of a similarly defined class. Vital
statistics and population statistics must therefore be classified
according to similarly defined systems and tabulated in comparable groups.
Even when the variables common to both, such as geographic area, age,
race, and sex, have been similarly classified and tabulated, differences
between the enumeration method of obtaining population data and the
registration method of obtaining vital statistics data may result in
significant discrepancies.
The general rules used to classify geographic and personal items for
live births are set forth in "Vital Statistics Classification and Coding
Instructions for Live Birth Records, 1986," NCHS Instruction Manual, Part
3a. The classification of certain important items is discussed in the
following pages.
Classification by Occurrence and Residence
All but three tabulations for States and other areas within the United
States are by place of mother's residence. These three tabulations (1-49,
1- 50, and 2-1) show births by place of occurrence. Births to U.S.
residents occurring outside this country are not reallocated to the United
States. In tabulations by place of residence, births occurring within the
United States to U.S. citizens and to resident aliens are allocated to the
usual place of residence of the mother in the United States as reported on
the birth certificate. Beginning in 1970, births to nonresidents of the
United States occurring in the United States have been excluded from these
tabulations. From 1966 to 1969, births occurring in the United States to
mothers who were nonresidents of the United States were considered as
birth to residents of the exact place of occurrence; in 1964 and 1965 all
such births were allocated to "balance of county" of occurrence even if
the birth had occurred in a city.
The change in coding beginning in 1970 to exclude births to
nonresidents of the United States from residence data significantly
affects the comparability of data with years before 1970 only for Texas.
In 1986 births to residents of Mexico constituted 83.0 percent of the
4,148 nonresident births in the United States. No evaluation of the
effect of the change in procedure between 1965 and 1966 has been made.
For the total United States the tabulations by place of residence and
by place of occurrence are not identical. Births to nonresidents of the
United States are included in data by place of occurrence but excluded
from data by place of residence, as previously indicated.
Residence error-A nationwide test of birth-registration completeness
in 1950 provided measures of residence error for natality statistics.
According to this test, errors in residence reporting for the country as a
whole tend to overstate the number of births to residents of urban areas
and to understate the number of births to residents of other areas. This
tendency has assumed special importance because of a concomitant
development-the increased utilization of hospitals in cities by residents
of nearby places-with the result that a number of births are erroneously
reported as having occurred to residents of urban areas. Another factor
that contributes to this overstatement of urban births is the customary
procedure of using "city" addresses for persons living outside the city
limits.
Incomplete residence-Beginning in 1973 where only the State of
residence is reported with no city or county specified, and the State
named is different from the State of occurrence, the birth has been
allocated to the largest city of the State of residence. Before 1973 such
births were allocated to the exact place of occurrence.
Geographic Classification
The rules followed in the classification of geographic areas for live
births are contained in the instruction manual mentioned previously. The
geographic code structure for 1986 is given in another manual, "Vital
Records Geographic Classification, 1982."
United States-In the statistical tabulations, "United States" refers
only to the aggregate of the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
Alaska has been included in the U.S. tabulations since 1959 and Hawaii
since 1960.
Standard metropolitan statistical areas-The standard metropolitan
statistical areas (SMSA's) used in this report are those established by
the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (1981 a, pp. 1-20) from final
1980 census population counts and used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census
except in the New England States.
Except in the New England States, an SMSA is a county or a group of
contiguous counties containing either a city of 50,000 inhabitants or more
or an urbanized area of 50,000 with a total metropolitan population of at
least 100,000. In addition to the county or counties containing such a
city or urbanized area, contiguous counties are included in an SMSA if,
according to specified criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in
character and are socially and economically integrated with the central
city or urbanized area (U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1981b. p.
420).
In the New England States the U. S. Office of Management and Budget
uses towns and cities rather than counties as geographic components of
SMSA's. The National Center for Health Statistics cannot, however, use
the SMSA classification for these States because its data are not coded to
identify all towns. Instead, the New England County Metropolitan Areas
(NECMA's) are used. These areas are established by the U.S. Office of
Management and Budget (1975, pp. 89-90; 1981b, p. 420) are made up o;f
county units.
Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties-Independent cities and
counties included in SMSA's or NECMA's are included in data for
metropolitan counties; all other counties are classified as
nonmetropolitan.
Population-size groups-Beginning in 1982 vital statistics data for
cities and certain other urban places have been classified according to
the population enumerated in the 1980 Census of Population. Data are
available for individual cities and other urban places of 10,000 or more
population. Data for the remaining areas not separately identified are
shown in the tables under the heading "Balance of area" or "Balance of
county." Classification of areas for the years 1970-81 was determined by
the population enumerated in the 1970 Census of Population. As a result
of changes in the enumerated population between 1970 and 1980, some urban
places identified in previous reports are no longer included, and a number
of other urban places have been added.
Urban places other than incorporated cities for which vital statistics
data are shown in this report include the following;
Each town in New England, New York, and Wisconsin and each township in
Michigan, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania that had no incorporated
municipality as a subdivision and had either 25,000 inhabitants or
more or a population of 10,000 to 25,000 and a density of 1,000
persons or more per square mile.
Each county in States other than those indicated above that had no
incorporated municipality within its boundary and had a density of
1,000 persons or more per square mile. (Arlington County, Virginia,
is the only county classified as urban under this rule.)
Each place in Hawaii with 10,000 or more population, as there are no
incorporated cities in the State.
Race or National Origin
The race or national origin shown in a tabulation is that of the
newborn child. Classification of the child's race or national origin for
statistical purposes is based on the race or national origin of the
parents. The categories are "White," "Black," "American Indian,"
"Chinese," "Japanese," "Hawaiian," "Filipino," "Other Asian or Pacific
Islander," and "Other." Before 1978 the category "Other Asian or Pacific
Islander" was not identified separately but included with "Other" races.
The separation of this category allows identification of the category
"Asian or Pacific Islander" by combining the new category "Other Asian or
Pacific Islander" with Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiian, and Filipino.
If the parents are of different races or national origins, the
following rules are used to assign race or national origin to the newborn
child. When only one parent is white, the child is assigned the other
parent's race or national origin. When neither parent is white, the child
is assigned the father's race or national origin with one exception; if
the mother is Hawaiian or part-Hawaiian, the child is assigned to
Hawaiian. If race is missing for one parent, the child is assigned the
race of the parent for whom race is given. When information on race is
missing for both parents, the race of the child is considered not stated
and the birth is allocated according to rules discussed in the section
"Race or national origin not stated."
White-The category "White" comprises births reported as white, and
births where race is reported as Hispanic. Before 1964, all births for
which race or national origin was not stated were classified as white.
Beginning in 1964 changes in the procedures for allocating race when race
or national origin is not stated have changed the composition of this
category. (See discussion on "Race or national origin not stated.")
All other-The category "All Other" comprises black, American Indian,
Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian, Filipino, other Asian or
Pacific Islander including Asian Indian, and "Other." Aleuts and Eskimos
are included in "American Indian."
If the race or national origin of an Asian parent is ill-defined or
not clearly identifiable with one of the categories used in the
classification (for example, if "Oriental" is entered), an attempt is made
to determine the specific race from the entry for place of birth. If the
birthplace is China, Japan, or the Philippines, the parent's race is
assigned to that category. When race cannot be determined from the
birthplace, it is assigned to the category "Other Asian or Pacific
Islander."
Race or national origin not stated-The race of a child is considered
not stated in those cases in which information for both parents is
missing. Before 1964 all such cases were tabulated as white. From 1964
through 1968 the race of the child was allocated by the computer as
follows. If the race on the preceding record were white the assignment
was to white; otherwise the assignment was to black. Beginning in 1969
the race of the child has been allocated electronically according to the
specific race of the child on the preceding record. Consequently, some of
the not-stated frequencies that had previously been assigned to the black
category may now be assigned to one of the other race or national origin
categories.
Nearly all statistics by race or national origin for the United States
as a whole in 1962 and 1963 are affected by a lack of information for New
Jersey, which did not report parents' race in those years. Birth rates by
race for those years are computed on a population base that excludes New
Jersey. (For the method of estimating the U.S. population by age, sex,
and race excluding New Jersey in 1962 and 1963, see Vital Statistics of
the United States, 1963, Volume I, page 4-8). Estimates of births to
unmarried mothers by race for the United States, which include special
estimates for New Jersey for 1962 and 1963, have been prepared and are
shown in table 1-31.
Interracial parentage-Because of interracial parentage, the number of
births for each racial or national origin group classified according to
the child's race by the preceding rules differs from the number of births
classified according to the mother's race. For white and black births,
the differences are relatively small. In 1986 there were 1.6 percent more
white mothers than there were births classified as white and 4.5 percent
fewer black mothers than births classified as black. The number of
mothers of other racial and national origin groups was considerably lower
than the number of births classified according to the child's race:
American Indian, 19.9 percent; Chinese, 8.3 percent; Japanese, 17.8
percent; Hawaiian, 30.8 percent; Filipino, 5.6 percent; Other Asian and
Pacific Islander, 7.7 percent; and Other, 16.3 percent.
Age of Mother
The birth certificate asks for "Age (at time of this birth)." The age
of the mother is edited for upper and lower limits. When mothers are
reported to be under 10 years of age or 50 years and over, the age of the
mother is considered not stated and is assigned as described below.
Age-specific birth rates shown in this report are based on populations
of women by age, which are prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. In
census years the decennial census counts are used. In intercensal years,
estimates of the population of women by age are published by the U.S.
Bureau of the Census in Current Population Reports.
The 1980 Census of Population derived age in completed years as of
April 1, 1980, from the responses to questions on age at last birthday and
month and year of birth, with the latter given preference. In the 1960
and the 1970 Census of Population, age was also derived from month and
year of birth. "Age in completed years" was asked in censuses before
1960. This was nearly the equivalent of the birth certificate question,
which the 1950 test of matched birth and census records confirms by
showing a high degree of consistency in the reporting of age in these two
sources (National Vital Statistics Division, 1962).
Median age of mother-Median age is the value that divides an age
distribution into two equal parts, one-half of the values being less and
one- half being greater. Median ages of mothers for 1960 to the present
have been computed from birth rates for 5-year age groups rather than from
birth frequencies. This method eliminates the effects of changes in the
age composition of the childbearing population over time. Changes in the
median ages from year to year can thus be attributed solely to changes in
the age- specific birth rates.
Not stated age of mother-Beginning in 1964 birth records with age of
mother not stated have been allocated according to the age appearing on
the record previously processed for a mother of identical race and having
the same total-birth order (total of fetal deaths and live births). In
1963 birth records with age not stated were allocated according to the age
appearing on the record previously processed for a mother of identical
race and parity (number of live births). For 1960-62, not stated and
unknown ages were distributed in proportion to the known ages for each
racial group. Before 1960 this was done for age-specific birth rates but
not for the birth frequency tables, which showed a separate category for
age not stated.
Age of Father
Age of father is coded as stated on the birth certificate. If the age
is under 10 years, it is considered not stated and grouped with those
cases for which age is not stated on the certificate. Information on
father's age is often missing on birth certificates of children born to
unwed mothers, greatly inflating the number of "not stated" in all
tabulations by age of father. In computing birth rates by age of father,
births tabulated as age of father not stated are distributed in the same
proportions as births with known age within each 5-year age classification
of the mother. This procedure is done separately by race. The resulting
distributions are summed to form a composite frequency distribution which
is the basis for computing birth rates by age of father. This procedure
avoids the distortion in rates that would result if the relationship
between age of mother and age of father were disregarded.
Live-Birth Order and Parity
Birth order and parity classifications shown in this volume refer to
the total number of live births the mother has had including the 1986
birth. Fetal deaths are excluded.
Birth order indicates what number the present birth represents; for
example, a baby born to a mother who has had two previous live births
(even if one or both are not now living) has a birth order of three.
Parity indicates how many live births a mother has had. Before
delivery a mother having her first baby has a parity of zero and a mother
having her third baby has a parity of two. After delivery the mother of a
baby who is a first live birth has a parity of one and the mother of a
baby who is a third live birth has a parity of three.
Birth order and parity are determined from two items on the birth
certificate, "Live births-now living" and "Live births-now dead."
Not stated birth order-Before 1969 if both of these items were blank,
the birth was considered a first birth. Beginning in 1969, births for
which the pregnancy history items were not completed have been tabulated
as birth order not stated. As a result of this revised procedure, 22,686
births in 1969 that would have been assigned to the "First birth order"
category under the old rules were assigned to the "Not stated" category.
All births tabulated in the "Not stated birth order" category are
excluded from the computation of percents. In computing birth rates by
live- birth order, births tabulated as birth order not stated are
distributed in the same proportion as births of known live-birth order.
Dates of Last Live Birth and Last Fetal Death
Date of last live birth and date of last fetal death were added to the
U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth in 1968 for the purpose of
providing information on child spacing and pregnancy intervals.
Tabulations of these items were presented for the first time in 1969. In
1978 the item "Date of last fetal death" was reworded to "Date of last
other termination" to ensure inclusion of both spontaneous fetal deaths
and induced terminations of pregnancy. In 1986 this information was
obtained from all States except Texas.
Intervals since last live birth and last other termination-These data
are computed from the date of birth, date of last live birth, and date of
last other termination. The interval since last live birth is the
difference between the date of last live birth and the date of present
birth; the interval since last other termination is the difference between
the date of last other termination and the date of present birth. For an
interval to be computed, both the month and year of the last live birth or
the last other termination must be valid. These intervals are computed
only for events to mothers who have had at least one previous delivery.
Births for which the interval since last live birth or last other
termination is not stated are excluded from the computation of percents
and means.
Interval since last pregnancy and outcome of last pregnancy-These data
are derived from the computed intervals since the last live birth and the
last other termination.
Before 1982, the outcome of the last pregnancy was considered not
stated if the interval since either the last live birth or the last fetal
death was not computed because only the year of the event was recorded.
Beginning in 1982, the outcome of the last pregnancy has been derived for
such records if the year of the last live birth and the year of the last
fetal death were not the same. The effect of this revised procedure is to
reduce substantially the number of records with outcome of last pregnancy
not stated.
In addition, for such records, the interval since the termination of
the last pregnancy is determined if both the month and year were reported
for the event immediately preceding the current live birth. Before 1982,
the interval since the termination of the last pregnancy was considered
not stated for such births.
Births for which the interval since last pregnancy is not stated are
excluded from the computation of percents and means.
Zero interval-An interval of zero months since the last live birth or
fetal death indicates the second born of a set of twins, the second or
third born of a set of triplets, and so forth. Births with an interval of
zero months are excluded from the computation of mean intervals.
Educational Attainment
Data on the educational attainment of both parents were collected
beginning in 1968 and tabulated for publication in 1969 for the first
time. In 1986, data on education were obtained from 47 States and the
District of Columbia, as indicated in table A.
The educational attainment of either parent is defined as "the number
of years of school completed." Only those years completed in "regular"
schools, that is, a formal educational system of public schools or the
equivalent in accredited private or parochial schools, are counted.
Business or trade schools, such as beauty and barber schools, are not
considered "regular" schools for the purposes of this item. No attempt
has been made to convert years of school completed in foreign school
systems, ungraded school systems, and so forth, to equivalent grades in
the American school system. Such entries are included in the category
"Not stated."
Persons who have completed only a partial year in high school or
college are tabulated as having completed the highest preceding grade.
For those certificates on which a specific degree is stated, years of
school completed is coded to the level at which the degree is most
commonly attained; for example, persons reporting B.A., A.B., or B.S.
degrees are considered to have completed 16 years of school.
Education not stated-The category "Not stated" includes all records in
reporting areas for which there is not information on years of school
completed as well as all records for which the information provided is not
compatible with coding specifications.
Births tabulated as education not stated are excluded from the
computations of percents.
Marital Status
Beginning with 1980 data, national estimates of births to unmarried
women have been derived from two sources. For 41 States and the District
of Columbia, marital status of the mother was reported directly on the
birth certificate in 1986 (see table A); for the remaining 9 States that
lack this item, marital status was inferred from a comparison of the
child's and parents' surnames. This procedure represents a substantial
departure from the previous method used to prepare national estimates,
which assumed that the incidence of births to unmarried women in States
with no direct question on marital status was the same as the incidence in
reporting States in the same geographic division. Ratios of births to
unmarried women were computed by race for the reporting States in each
geographic division, applied to all births in the division, and then
summed to obtain national estimates by race. The figures by race were
summed to yield the totals for the United States.
The new method attempts to use related information on the birth
certificate to improve the quality of national data on this topic, as well
as to provide data for the individual nonreporting States. Beginning in
1980, a birth in a nonreporting State has been classified as occurring to
a married woman if the parents' surnames are the same or if the child's
and father's surnames are the same and the mother's current surname cannot
be obtained from the informant item of the birth certificate. A birth is
classified as occurring to an unmarried woman if the father's name is
missing, if the parents' surnames are different, or if the father's and
child's surnames are different and the mother's current surname is
missing.
Because of the substantial increase in all measures of nonmarital
childbearing in 1986, the intensive evaluation of the national data which
was performed in 1985 was repeated in 1986. There has been continuing
concern that the new method, incorporating data based on a comparison of
surnames, might overstate the number of births to unmarried women,
particularly among women who retained their maiden surname as their legal
surname after marriage. The evaluation included comparisons of trends in
all measures of births to unmarried mothers between 1980, when the new
method was first put into use, and 1986. Trends in States with a marital
status item on the birth certificate were compared with trends in those
States providing inferential data based on a comparison of surnames.
Comparisons were made for white and black births separately and by age of
mother. The results were remarkably similar for both data sets. Nonmarital
births increased at virtually the same rate in each set of States. The
findings were similar for white and black women and for the various
age-of-mother groups.
No adjustments are made during the data processing for errors in the
reporting of marital status on the birth records of the 41 reporting
States and the District of Columbia because the extent of this reporting
problem is unknown. When marital status is not stated on the birth
certificate of a reporting area, the mother is considered married.
When out-of-wedlock births are reported as second or higher order
births, it is not known whether the mother's previous deliveries occurred
out of wedlock, because her marital status at the time of these earlier
births is not available from the birth record.
Rates for 1940 and 1950 are based on decennial census counts. In this
volume, rates for 1955-86 are based on a smoothed series of population
estimates (NCHS, 1980). Because of sampling error, the original U.S.
Bureau of the Census population estimates fluctuate erratically from year
to year; therefore, they have been smoothed so that the rates do not show
similar variations. The rates shown in this volume differ from those
published in issues of Vital Statistics of the United States before 1969,
which were based on the original estimates provided annually by the U. S.
Bureau of the Census. Birth rates by marital status for 1971-79 have been
revised and differ from rates published before 1980 in issues of Vital
Statistics of the United States (see "Computation of Rates and Other
Measures").
Place of Delivery and Attendant at Birth
Births occurring in hospitals, institutions, clinics, centers, or
homes are included in the category "In hospital." In this context the
word "homes" does not refer to the mother's residence but to an
institution such as a home for unwed mothers. Beginning in 1975, the
attendant at birth and place of delivery items have been coded
independently, primarily to permit the identification of the person in
attendance at hospital deliveries. Tables 1- 37 and 1-38 of this report
present this more detailed information for the years 1975-86.
Data shown in this volume for the "In hospital" category for the years
1975-86 include all births in clinics or maternity centers, regardless of
the attendant. Data for 1975-77 published before 1980 included clinic and
center births in the category "In hospital" only when the attendant was a
physician. Data shown for 1975-77 in tables 1-37 and 1-38 therefore
differ from data published before 1980. As a result of this change, for
1975 an additional 12,352 births are now classified as occurring in
hospitals, raising the percent of births occurring in hospitals from 98.7
to 99.1. Similarly, for 1976 the number of births occurring in hospitals
is increased by 14,133 and the percent in hospital raised from 98.6 to
99.1; for 1977, the increase is 15,937 and the percent in hospitals raised
from 98.5 to 99.0. For 1974 and earlier, the "In hospital" category
includes all births in hospitals or institutions and births in clinics,
centers, or maternity homes only when attended by physicians.
For births occurring outside of hospitals, separate classifications
are shown for physicians, midwives, and "Other" attendants. The
"Out-of-hospital" category also includes births for which no information
is reported on place of birth. Before 1975, the category "In hospital"
included births for which the stated place of birth was a "doctor's
office" and delivery was by a physician. Beginning in 1975, births that
were delivered by physician in a "doctor's office" have been tabulated as
"Not in hospital" and included with births delivered by physicians in this
category. Although the actual number of such births is unknown, the
effect of the change is minimal. In 1974, 0.3 percent of all births were
delivered by physicians outside of hospitals; in 1975 this proportion was
0.4 percent.
Babies born on the way to or on arrival at the hospital are classified
as having been born in the hospital. This may account for some of the
hospital births not delivered by physicians or midwives.
The percent distributions by attendant at birth for 1975-81 shown in
table 1-38 have been revised to exclude births for which the attendant was
unspecified. In recent years, the number of births with unspecified
attendant has fluctuated substantially. Excluding these births from the
percent distributions allows for a more meaningful year-to-year comparison
in the proportion of births for each specified attendant.
Birth Weight
Birth weight is reported in some areas in pounds and ounces rather
than in grams. However, the metric system has been used in tabulating and
presenting the statistics to facilitate comparison with data published by
other groups.
The categories for birth weight were changed in 1979 to be consistent
with the recommendations in the Ninth Revision of the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). The revised categories in gram
intervals and their equivalents in pounds and ounces are as follows:
Less than 500 grams = 1 lb 1 oz or less
500 - 999 grams = 1 lb 2 oz- 2 lb 3 oz
1,000 - 1,499 grams = 2 lb 4 oz- 3 lb 4 oz
1,500 - 1,999 grams = 3 lb 5 oz- 4 lb 6 oz
2,000 - 2,499 grams = 4 lb 7 oz- 5 lb 8 oz
2,500 - 2,999 grams = 5 lb 9 oz- 6 lb 9 oz
3,000 - 3,499 grams = 6 lb 10 oz- 7 lb 11 oz
3,500 - 3,999 grams = 7 lb 12 oz- 8 lb 13 oz
4,000 - 4,499 grams = 8 lb 14 oz- 9 lb 14 oz
4,500 - 4,999 grams = 9 lb 15 oz-11 lb 0 oz
5,000 grams or more =11 lb 1 oz or more
The ICD-9 defines low birth weight as less than 2,500 grams. This is
a shift of 1 gram from the previous criterion of 2,500 grams or less,
which was recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1935 and
adopted by the World Health Organization in the Sixth Revision of the
International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death (1948).
After data classified by pounds and ounces are converted to grams,
median wights are computed and rounded before publication. To establish
the continuity of class intervals needed to convert pounds and ounces to
grams, the end points of these intervals are assumed to be half an ounce
less at the lower end and half an ounce more at the upper end. For
example, 2 lb 4 oz - 3 lb 4 oz is interpreted as 2 lb 3 1/2 oz - 3 lb 4
1/2 oz.
Births for which birth weight is not reported are excluded from the
computation of percents and medians.
Period of Gestation
The period of gestation is defined as beginning with the first day of
the last normal menstrual period (LMP) and ending with the day of the
birth. The LMP is used as the initial date as it can be more accurately
determined than the date of conception, which usually occurs 2 weeks after
the LMP.
Births occurring before 37 weeks of gestation are considered to be
"preterm" or "premature" for purposes of classification. At 37-41 weeks
gestation, births are considered to be "term," and at 42 weeks and over,
"post term." These distinctions are according to the ICD-9 definitions.
Before 1981, the period of gestation was computed only when there was
a valid month, day, and year of LMP. However, length of gestation could
not be determined from a substantial number of live birth certificates
each year because the day of LMP was missing. Beginning in 1981 weeks of
gestation have been imputed for records with missing day of LMP when there
is a valid month and year. Each such record is assigned the gestational
period in weeks of the preceding record that has a complete LMP date with
the same computed months of gestation and the same 500-gram birth weight
interval. The effect of the imputation procedure is to increase slightly
the proportion of premature births and to lower the proportion of births
at 39, 40, 41, and 42 weeks of gestation. A more complete discussion of
this procedure and its implications is presented in a previous report
(NCHS, 1982).
The calculated period of gestation in completed weeks is edited for
upper and lower limits. If the interval between date of last normal
menstrual period and date of birth is 16 weeks or less, or 53 weeks or
more, the period of gestation is considered not stated.
Because of post-conception bleeding or menstrual irregularities, the
presumed date of LMP may be in error. In these instances the computed
gestational period may be longer or shorter than the true gestational
period, but the extent of such errors is unknown.
Month of Pregnancy Prenatal Care Began
For those records in which the name of the month is entered for this
item, instead of first, second, third, and so forth, the month of
pregnancy in which prenatal care began is determined from the month named
and the month last normal menses began. For these births, if the item
"Date last normal menses began" is not on the certificate or is not
stated, the month of pregnancy in which prenatal care began is tabulated
as not stated.
Number of Prenatal Visits
Tabulations of the number of prenatal visits were presented for the
first time in 1972. In 1986 these data were collected from the birth
certificates of all States except California.
Apgar Score
One- and 5-minute Apgar scores were added to the U.S. Standard
Certificate of Live Birth in 1978 to evaluate the condition of the newborn
infant at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. The Apgar score is a useful
measure of the need for resuscitation and a predictor of the infant's
chances of surviving the first year of life. It is a summary measure of
the infant's condition based on heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle
tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each of these factors is given a
score of 0, 1, or 2; the sum of these 5 values is the Apgar score, which
ranges from 1 to 10. A score of 10 is optimum, and a low score raises
some doubts about the survival and subsequent health of the infant. In
1986 the 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores were included on the birth
certificates of 46 States and the District of Columbia. See table A for a
listing of reporting areas.
Hispanic Parentage
Concurrent with the 1978 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of
Live Birth, NCHS recommended that States add items to identify the
Hispanic or ethnic origin of the newborn's parents. Two formats were
used: An open-ended item to obtain the specific origin or descent of each
parent, for example, Italian, Mexican, or English; and an item directed
toward the Hispanic population, requesting only the specific Hispanic
origin (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and so forth). In 1986 items
requesting Hispanic or ethnic origin were included on the birth
certificates of 23 States and the District of Columbia (see table A).
Table A
Table A. Areas reporting selected items on the live-birth certificate:
Each State, 1986
| | Dates of | | |
| | last live | | |
| Educational | birth and | Number of | Marital |
| attainment | last | prenatal | status |
| of parents | other | visits | of mother |
| |termination | | |
| | | | |
Alabama | X | X | X | X |
Alaska | X | X | X | X |
Arizona | X | X | X | X |
Arkansas | X | X | X | X |
California | | X | | |
Colorado | X | X | X | X |
Connecticut | X | X | X | |
Delaware | X | X | X | X |
District of Columbia | X | X | X | X |
Florida | X | X | X | X |
Georgia | X | X | X | X |
Hawaii | X | X | X | X |
Idaho | X | X | X | X |
Illinois | X | X | X | X |
Indiana | X | X | X | X |
Iowa | X | X | X | X |
Kansas | X | X | X | X |
Kentucky | X | X | X | X |
Louisiana | X | X | X | X |
Maine | X | X | X | X |
Maryland | X | X | X | |
Massachusetts | X | X | X | X |
Michigan | X | X | X | |
Minnesota | X | X | X | X |
Mississippi | X | X | X | X |
Missouri | X | X | X | X |
Montana | X | X | X | |
Nebraska | X | X | X | X |
Nevada | X | X | X | |
New Hampshire | X | X | X | X |
New Jersey | X | X | X | X |
New Mexico | X | X | X | X |
New York | X | X | X | |
North Carolina | X | X | X | X |
North Dakota | X | X | X | X |
Ohio | X | X | X | |
Oklahoma | X | X | X | X |
Oregon | X | X | X | X |
Pennsylvania | X | X | X | X |
Rhode Island | X | X | X | X |
South Carolina | X | X | X | X |
South Dakota | X | X | X | X |
Tennessee | X | X | X | X |
Texas | | | X | |
Utah | X | X | X | X |
Vermont | X | X | X | X |
Virginia | X | X | X | X |
Washington | | X | X | X |
West Virginia | X | X | X | X |
Wisconsin | X | X | X | X |
Wyoming | X | X | X | X |
1New York City only.
2Excludes New York City.
Table A. Areas reporting selected items on the live-birth certificate:
Each State, 1985
| | | | |
| | | | |
| 1-minute | 5-minute | | |
| Apgar | Apgar | Ethnic | Hispanic |
| score | score | origin | origin |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Alabama | X | X | | |
Alaska | X | X | | |
Arizona | X | X | | X |
Arkansas | X | X | | X |
California | | | | X |
Colorado | X | X | X | |
Connecticut | X | X | | |
Delaware | | | | |
District of Columbia | X | X | | X |
Florida | X | X | X | |
Georgia | X | X | X | |
Hawaii | X | X | | X |
Idaho | X | X | | |
Illinois | X | X | X | |
Indiana | X | X | | X |
Iowa | X | X | | |
Kansas | X | X | X | |
Kentucky | X | X | | |
Louisiana | X | X | | |
Maine | X | X | X | |
Maryland | X | X | | |
Massachusetts | X | X | | |
Michigan | X | X | | |
Minnesota | X | X | | |
Mississippi | X | X | X | |
Missouri | X | X | | |
Montana | X | X | | |
Nebraska | X | X | X | |
Nevada | X | X | X | |
New Hampshire | X | X | | |
New Jersey | X | X | X | |
New Mexico | X | X | | X |
New York | X | X | 1X | 2X |
North Carolina | X | X | | |
North Dakota | X | X | X | |
Ohio | X | X | X | |
Oklahoma | | | | |
Oregon | X | X | | |
Pennsylvania | X | X | | |
Rhode Island | X | X | | |
South Carolina | X | X | | |
South Dakota | X | X | | |
Tennessee | X | X | X | |
Texas | | | | X |
Utah | X | X | | X |
Vermont | X | X | | |
Virginia | X | X | | |
Washington | X | X | | |
West Virginia | X | X | | |
Wisconsin | X | X | | |
Wyoming | X | X | X | |
Quality of Data
General Information
Although vital statistics data are useful for a variety of
administrative and scientific purposes, they cannot be correctly
interpreted unless various qualifying factors and methods of
classification are taken into account. The factors to be considered
depend on the specific purposes for which the data are to be used. It is
not feasible to discuss all the pertinent factors in the use of vital
statistics tabulations, but some of the more important ones should be
mentioned.
Most of the factors limiting the use of data arise from imperfections
in the original records or from the impracticability of tabulating these
data in very detailed categories. These limitations should not be
ignored, but their existence does not vitiate the value of the data for
most general purposes.
Completeness of Registration
An estimated 99.3 percent of all births occurring in the United States
in 1986 were registered; for white births registration was 99.4 percent
complete and for all other births, 98.6 percent complete. These estimates
are based on the results of the 1964-68 test of birth-registration
completeness according to place of delivery (in or out of hospital) and
race and on the 1986 proportions of births in these categories. The
primary purpose of the test was to obtain current measures of registration
completeness for births in and out of hospital by race on a national
basis. Data for States were not available as they had been from the
previous birth-registration tests in 1940 and 1950. A detailed discussion
of the method and results of the 1964-68 birth-registration test is
available (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1973).
The 1964-68 test has provided an opportunity to revise the estimates
of birth-registration completeness for the years since the previous test
in 1950 to reflect the improvement in registration. This has been done
using registration completeness figures from the two tests by place of
delivery and race. Estimates of registration completeness for four groups
(based on place of delivery and race) for 1951-65 were computed by
interpolation between the test results. (It was assumed that the data
from the more recent test are for 1966, the midpoint of the test period).
The results of the 1964-68 test are assumed to prevail for 1966 and later
years. These estimates were used with the proportions of births
registered in these categories to obtain revised numbers of births
adjusted for underregistration for each year. The overall percent of
birth-registration completeness by race was then computed. The figures
for 1951-68 shown in table 1-21 differ slightly from those shown in annual
reports for years prior to 1969.
Data adjusted for underregistration for 1951-59 shown in tables 1-1,
1-3, 1-4, 1-6, and 1-8 have been revised to be consistent with the 1964-68
test results and differ slightly from data shown in annual reports for
years before 1969. For these years the published number of births and
birth rates for both racial groups have been revised slightly downward
because the 1964-68 test indicated that previous adjustments to registered
births were slightly inflated. Because registration completeness figures
by age of mother and by live-birth order are not available from the
1964-68 test, it must be assumed that the relationships among these
variables have not changed since 1950.
Discontinuation of adjustment for underregistration, 1960-Adjustment
for underregistration of births was discontinued in 1960, when birth
registration for the United States was estimated to be 99.1 percent
complete. This removed a bias introduced into age-specific rates when
adjusted births classified by age were used. Age-specific rates are
calculated by dividing the number of births to an age group of mothers by
the population of women tin that age group. Tests have shown that
population figures are likely to be understated through census
undercounts; these errors compensate for underenumeration, biasing the
age-specific rates more than when uncorrected birth and population data
are used. (For further details see Vital Statistics of the United States,
1963, Volume I, page 4-11).
The age-specific rates used in the cohort fertility tables (tables
1-12 through 1-19) are an exception to the above statement. These rates
are computed from births corrected for underregistration and population
estimates adjusted for underenumeration and misstatement of age. Adjusted
births and population estimates are used for the cohort rates because they
are an integral part of a series of rates estimated with a consistent
methodology. It was considered desirable to maintain consistency with
respect to the cohort rates, even though it means that they will not be
precisely comparable with other rates shown for 5-year age groups.
Quality Control Procedures
States in the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program are required to
have an error rate of less than 2.0 percent for each item for 3
consecutive data months during the initial qualifying period. Once a
State is qualified, NCHS monitors the quality of data received through
independent verification of a sample of records to ensure that the item
error rate is not more than approximately 4 percent. In addition, there
is verification at the State level before NCHS is sent the data.
After completion of coding, counts of the taped records are balanced
against control totals for each shipment of records from a registration
area. Impossible codes are eliminated during the editing processes on the
computer and corrected on the basis of reference to the source record or
adjusted by arbitrary code assignment. All subsequent operations involved
in tabulation and table preparation are verified during the computer
processing or by statistical clerks.
Small Frequencies
The numbers of births reported for an area represent complete counts.
As such, they are not subject to sampling error, although they are subject
to errors in the registration process. However, when the figures are used
for analytical purposes, such as the comparison of rates over a time
period or for different areas, the number of events that actually occurred
may be considered as one of a large series of possible results that could
have arisen under the same circumstances. The probable range of values
may be estimated from the actual figures according to certain statistical
assumptions.
In general, distributions of vital events may be assumed to follow the
binomial distribution. Estimates of standard errors and tests of
significance under this assumption are described in most standard
statistics texts. When the number of events is large, the standard error,
expressed as a percent of the number or rate, is usually small.
When the number of events is small (perhaps less than 100) and the
probability of such an event is small, considerable caution must be
observed in interpreting the conditions described by the figures. Events
of rare nature may be assumed to follow a Poison probability distribution.
For this distribution, a simple approximation may be used to estimate the
error as follows:
If N is the number of births and R is the corresponding rate, the
chances are 19 in 20 that
1. The "true" number of events lies between
1/2 1/2
N - 2(N) and N + 2 (N)
2. The "true" rate lies between
R R
R - 2 ---- and R + 2 ----
1/2 1/2
N N
If the rate R corresponding to N events is compared with the rate S
corresponding to M events, the difference between the two rates may be
regarded as statistically significant if it exceeds
/ 2 2 \ 1/2
| R S |
2 | --- + --- |
\ N M /
For example, suppose that the observed birth rate for area A was 15.0
per 1,000 population and that this rate was based on 50 recorded births.
Given prevailing conditions, the chances are 19 in 20 that the "true" or
underlying birth rate for that area lies between 10.8 and 19.2 per 1,000
population. Let it be further supposed that the birth rate for area A of
15.0 per 1,000 population is being compared with a rate of 20.0 per 1,000
population for area B, which is based on 40 recorded births. Although the
difference between the rates for the two areas is 5.0, this difference is
less than twice the standard error of the difference
/ 2 2 \ 1/2
| (15.0) (20.0) |
2| ------ + ------ |
\ 50 40 /
of the two rates that is computed to be 7.6. From this, it is concluded
that the difference between the rates for the two areas is not
statistically significant.
Computation of Rates and Other Measures
Population Bases
The rates shown in this report were computed on the basis of
population statistics prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Rates
for 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980 are based on the population
enumerated as of April 1 in the censuses of those years. Rates for all
other years are based on the estimated midyear (July 1) population for the
respective years. Birth rates for the United States, individual States,
and SMSA's are based on the total resident populations of the respective
areas. Except as noted these populations exclude the Armed Forces abroad
but include the Armed Forces stationed in each area.
The resident population of the birth-and death-registration States for
1900-1932 and for the United States for 1900-1986 is shown in table 4-1.
In addition, the population including Armed Forces abroad is shown for the
United States. Table B shows the sources for these populations.
Population estimates for 1981-86-The population of the United States
by age, race and sex for 1986 is shown in table 4-2. The population for
each State is shown in table 4-3 and the monthly population figures were
published in Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Number 1000.
Comparable data for 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985 were shown in tables 4-2
and 4-3 of Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume I, for those years
and in Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Numbers 931, 949, 961, and
980. Population data by race are consistent with the modified 1980
populations by race.
Populations for 1980-The population of the United States by age, race,
and sex, and the population for each State are shown in tables 4-2 and 4-3
of Vital Statistics of the United States, 1980, Volume I. The figures by
race have been modified as described below. Monthly population figures
were published in Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Number 899.
The racial counts in the 1980 census are affected by changes in racial
reporting practices, particularly by the Hispanic population, and in
coding and classifying racial groups in the 1980 census. One particular
change has created a major inconsistency between the 1980 census data and
historical data series, including censuses and vital statistics. About 40
percent of the Hispanic population counted in 1980, over 5.8 million
persons, did not mark one of the specified races listed on the census
questionnaire but instead marked the "Other" category. In the 1980
census, coding procedures were modified for persons who marked "Other"
race and wrote in a national origin designation of a Latin American
country or a specific Hispanic origin group in response to the racial
question. These persons remained in the "Other" racial category in 1980
census data, in previous censuses and in vital statistics such responses
were almost always coded into the "White" category.
In order to maintain comparability, the "Other" racial category in the
1980 census was reallocated to be consistent with previous procedures.
Persons who marked the "Other" racial category and reported any Spanish
origin on the Spanish origin question (5,840,648 persons) were distributed
to white and black races in proportion to the distribution of persons of
Hispanic origin who reported their race to be white or black. This was
done for each age-sex group.
As a result of this procedure, 5,705,155 persons were added to the
white population and 135,493 persons to the black population. Persons who
marked the "Other" racial category and reported that they were not of
Spanish origin (916,338 persons) were distributed as follows: 20 percent
in each age-sex group were added to the "Asian and Pacific Islander"
category (183,268 persons), and 80 percent were added to the "White"
category (733,070 persons). The count of American Indians, Eskimos, and
Aleuts was not affected by these procedures. Unpublished tabulations of
these modified census counts were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census and used to compute the 1980 rates for this report, except for
tables 1-12 through 1-19.
Population estimates for 1971-79-Birth rates for 1971-79 (except those
for cohorts of women in tables 1-12 through 1-19) have been revised, based
on revised population estimates that are consistent with the 1980 census
levels. The 1980 census counted approximately 5.5 million more persons
than had earlier been estimated for April 1, 1980 (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1982). The revised estimates for the United States by age, race,
and sex were published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in Current
Population Reports, Series P-25, Number 917. Population estimates by
month are based on data published in Current Population Reports, Series
P-25, Number 899. Unpublished revised estimates for States were obtained
from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Population estimates for 1961-69-Birth rates in this volume for
1961-69 (except for those shown in tables 1-4 and 1-5) are based on
revised estimates of the population and thus may differ slightly from
rates published before 1976. The revised estimates used in computing
these rates were published in Current Population Reports, Series P-25,
Number 519. The rates shown in tables 1-4 and 1-5 for 1961-64 are based
on revised estimates of the population published in Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, Numbers 321 and 324 and may differ slightly from
rates published in those years.
Population estimates for 1951-59-Final intercensal estimates of the
population by age, race, and sex and total population by State for 1951-59
are shown in tables 4-4 and 4-5 of Vital Statistics of the United States,
1966, Volume I. Beginning with 1963 these final estimates have been used
to compute birth rates for 1951-59 in all issues of Vital Statistics of
the United States.
Net Census Undercounts and Overcounts
The U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted extensive research to
evaluate the coverage of the U.S. population (including undercount and
overcount and misstatement of age, race, and sex) in the last four
decennial censuses-1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980. These studies provide
estimates of the national population that was not enumerated or
overenumerated in the respective censuses, by age, race, and sex (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1974, 1977, and 1986). The report for 1980 (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1986) includes estimates of net underenumeration and
overenumeration for age, sex, and racial subgroups of the national
population, modified for race consistency with previous population counts
as described in the section "Populations for 1980."
These studies indicate that there is differential coverage in the
censuses among the population subgroups; that is, some age, race, and sex
groups are more completely enumerated than others. To the extent that
these estimates of overcounts or undercounts are valid, that they are
substantial, and that they vary among subgroups and geographic areas,
census miscounts can have consequences for vital statistics measures (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1974). However, the effects of undercounts in the
census are reduced to the extent that there is underregistration of
births. If these two factors are of equal magnitude, rates based on the
unadjusted populations are more accurate than those based on adjusted
populations because the births have not been adjusted for
underregistration.
The impact of net census miscounts on vital statistics measures
includes the effects on levels of the rates and effects on differentials
among groups.
If adjustments were made for persons who were not counted in the
census of population, the size of the denominators would generally
increase and the rates would be smaller than without an adjustment.
Adjusted rates for 1980 can be computed by multiplying the reported rates
by ratios of the 1980 census-level population adjusted for the estimated
net census miscounts, which are shown in table C. A ratio of less than
1.0 indicates a net census undercount and would result in a corresponding
decrease in the rate. A ratio in excess of 1.0 indicates a net census
overcount and would result in a corresponding increase in the rate.
Enumeration of white females in the childbearing ages was at least 99
percent complete for all ages. Among women of races other than white, the
undercount ranges up to 4 percent. Generally, females in the childbearing
ages were more completely enumerated than males for similar race-age
groups.
If vital statistics measures were calculated with adjustments for net
census miscounts for each of these subgroups the resulting rates would
have been differentially changed from their original levels; that is,
rates for those groups with the greatest estimated overcounts or
undercounts would show the greatest relative changes due to these
adjustments. Thus the racial differential in fertility between the white
and the all other population can be affected by such adjustments.
Cohort Fertility Tables
The various fertility measures shown for cohorts of women in tables
1-12 through 1-19 are computed from births adjusted for underregistration
and population estimates corrected for underenumeration and misstatement
of age. The data shown in this volume are not consistent with data
published in annual reports before 1974. These data use revised
population estimates prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and have
been expanded to include data for the two major racial groups. Heuser
(NCHS, 1976) has prepared a detailed description of the methods used in
deriving these measures as well as more detailed data for earlier years.
Age-Sex-Adjusted Birth Rates
The age-sex-adjusted birth rates shown in table 1-3 are computed by
the direct method. The age distribution of women aged 10-49 years as
enumerated in 1940 and the total population of the United States for that
year are used as the standard populations. The birth rates by age of
mother and race that are used to compute these adjusted rates are shown in
table 1-6. The age-sex- adjusted birth rates show differences in the
level of fertility independent of differences in the age and sex
composition of the population. It is important not to confuse these
adjusted rates with the crude rates shown in other tables.
Total Fertility Rate
The total fertility rate is the sum of the birth rates by age of
mother (in 5-year age groups) multiplied by 5. It is an age-adjusted rate
because it is based on the assumption that there are the same number of
women in each age group. In table 1-6 the rate of 1,836 in 1986, for
example, means that if a hypothetical group of 1,000 women were to have
the same birth rates in each age group that were observed in the actual
childbearing population in 1986, they would have a total of 1,836 children
by the time they reached the end of the reproductive period (taken here as
age 50), assuming that all of the women survived to that age.
Intrinsic Vital Rates
The intrinsic vital rates shown in table 1-5 are calculated from a
stable population. A stable population is that hypothetical population,
closed to external migration, which would become fixed in age-sex
structure after repeated applications of a constant set of age-sex
specific birth and death rates. For the mathematical derivation of
intrinsic vital rates, see Vital Statistics of the United States, 1962,
Volume I, pages 4-13 and 4-14. The technique of calculating intrinsic
vital rates is described by Barclay (1958, pp. 216-222).
Parity Distribution
The percent distribution of women by parity (number of children ever
born alive to mother) shown in tables 1-13 and 1-17 is derived from
cumulative birth rates by order of birth, which are shown in tables 1-15
and 1-19. The percent of zero-parity women is found by subtracting the
cumulative first birth rate from 1,000 and dividing by 10. The
proportions of women at parities one through six are found from the
following formula:
(cum. rate, order N) - (cum. rate, order N + 1)
Percent at N parity = ------------------------------------------------
10
The percent of women at seventh and higher parities is found by
dividing the cumulative rate for seventh-order births by 10.
Seasonal Adjustment of Rates
The seasonally adjusted birth and fertility rates shown in table 1-23
are computed from the X-11 variant of Census Method II (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1965). This method of seasonal adjustment used since 1964 differs
slightly from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Seasonal Factor Method,
which was used for Vital Statistics of the United States, 1964. The
fundamental technique is the same in that it is an adaptation of the
ratio-to-moving- average method. Before 1964 the method of seasonal
adjustment was based on the X-9 variant and other variants of Census
Method II. A comparison of the Census Method II with the BLS Seasonal
Factor Method shows the differences in the seasonal patterns of births to
be negligible.
Computation of Percents, Medians, and Means
Percent distributions, medians, and means are computed using only
events for which the characteristic is reported. The "Not stated"
category is subtracted from the total before computation of these
measures.
Table B
Table B. Sources for resident population and population including Armed
Forces abroad: Birth- and death- registration States, 1900-1932, and
United States, 1900-1986
Year Source
1986-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 1022, Mar. 1988.
1985-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 1000, Feb. 1987.
1984-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 985, Apr. 1986.
1983-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 965, Mar. 1985.
1982-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 949, May 1984
1981-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 929, May 1983
1980-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population:
1980, Number of Inhabitants, PC80-1-A1, United States
Summary, 1983.
1971-79--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 917, July 1982.
1970-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population:
1970, Number of Inhabitants, Final Report PC(1)-A1.
United States Summary, 1971.
1961-69--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 519, April 1974
1960-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population:
1960, Number of Inhabitants, PC80-1-A1, United States
Summary, 1964.
1951-59--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 310, June 30, 1965.
1940-50--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 499, May 1973.
1930-39--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 499, May 1973, and National
Office of Vital Statistics, Vital Statistics Rates in
the United State, 1900-1940, 1947.
1920-29--------------National Office of Vital Statistic, Vital Statistics
Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, 1947.
1917-19--------------Same as for 1930-39
1900-1916------------Same as for 1920-29
Symbols Used in Tables
Data not available _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Category not applicable_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . .
Quantity zero_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05 _ _ _ 0.0
Figure does not meet standards of reliability
or precision _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ *
References
Barclay, G. W. 1958. Techniques of Population Analysis. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
National Center for Health Statistics, R. Heuser, 1976, Fertility
Tables for Birth Cohorts by Color: United States, 1917-73. DHEW Pub. No.
(HRA) 76- 1152. Health Resources Administration. Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
National Center for Health Statistics, S. J. Ventura, 1980. Trends
and differentials in births to unmarried women, United States, 1970-76.
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80-1914. Public Health Service. Washington: U.S. Government Printing
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National Center for Health Statistics, S. Taffel, D. Johnson, and R.
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Printing Office.
National Office of Vital Statistics. 1950. International
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No. 39. Public Health Service. Washington: U.S. Government Printing
Office.
National Office of Vital Statistics. 1954. Births and birth rates in
the entire United States, 1909 to 1948. Vital Statistics-Special Reports,
Vol. 33. No. 8, 1950. Public Health Service. Washington: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
National Vital Statistics Division, J. Schachter, 1962. Matched
record comparison of birth certificate and census information in the
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Statistical Office of the United Nations, 1953. Principles for a
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Standardization of Vital Statistics. Doc. ST/STAT/SERM/19. New York:
United Nations.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1967. The X-11 Variant of the Census
Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program. Technical Paper No. 15, 1967
revision. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1973. Test of Birth-registration
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U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1974. Estimates of coverage of the
population by sex, race, and age-demographic analysis. 1970 Census of
Population and Housing. Evaluation and Research Program. PHC(E)-4.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1977. Developmental estimates of the
coverage of the population of States in the 1970 census-demographic
analysis. Current Population Reports. Series P-23, No. 65. Washington:
U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982. Coverage of the national population
in the 1980 census by age, sex, and race. Preliminary estimates by
demographic analysis. Current Population Reports. Series P-23, No. 115.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1986. Estimates of the population of the
United States, by age, sex, and race: 1980 to 1985. Current Population
Reports. Series P-25, No. 985. Washington: U.S. Government Printing
Office.
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1975. Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Areas, rev. ed. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1981a. Standard metropolitan
statistical areas and standard consolidated areas. Statistical Reporter.
pp. 1-20. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1981b. 36 new standard
metropolitan statistical areas. Statistical Reporter. Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
World Health Organization, 1950. Official Records, No. 28 (WHA 3.6),
Third World Health Assembly. Geneva: World Health Organization.
TECHNICAL APPENDIX (DEATH AND FETAL DEATH)
Sources of Data
Death and Fetal-Death Statistics
Mortality statistics for 1986 are, as for all previous years except
1972, based on information from records of all deaths occurring in the
United States. Fetal-death statistics for every year are based on all
reports of fetal death received by the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS).
The death-registration system and the fetal-death reporting system of
the United States encompass the 50 States, the District of Columbia, New
York City (which is independent of New York State for the purpose of death
registration), Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In the statistical
tabulations of this publication, United States refers only to the
aggregate of the 50 States (including New York City) and the District of
Columbia. Tabulations for Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are
shown separately in this volume. No data have ever been included for
American Samoa or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
The Virgin Islands was admitted to the "registration area" for deaths
in 1924: Puerto Rico, in 1932: and Guam, in 1970. Tabulations of death
statistics for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were regularly shown in
the annual volumes of Vital Statistics of the United States from the year
of their admission through 1971 except for the years 1967 through 1969,
and tabulations for Guam were included for 1970 and 1971. Death
statistics for Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam were not included
in the 1972 volume but have been included in section 8 of the volumes for
each of the years 1973-78 and in section 9 beginning with 1979.
Information for 1972 for these three areas was published in the respective
annual vital statistics reports of the Department of Health of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Department of Health of the Virgin
Islands, and the Department of Public Health and Social Services of the
Government of Guam.
Procedures used by NCHS to collect death statistics have changed over
the years. Before 1971, tabulations of deaths and fetal deaths were based
solely on information obtained by NCHS from copies of the original
certificates. The information from these copies was edited, coded, and
tabulated. For 1960- 70, all mortality information taken from these
records was transferred by NCHS to magnetic tape for computer processing.
Beginning with 1971, an increasing number of States have provided
NCHS with computer tapes of data coded according to NCHS specifications
and provided to NCHS through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program.
The year in which State-coded demographic data were first transmitted on
computer tape to NCHS is shown below for each of the States, New York
City, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, all of which now furnish
demographic or non-medical data on tape.
1971 1977
Florida Alaska
Idaho
1972 Massachusetts
New York City
Maine Ohio
Missouri Puerto Rico
New Hampshire
Rhode Island 1978
Vermont
Indiana
1973 Utah
Washington
Colorado
Michigan 1979
New York (except
New York City) Connecticut
Hawaii
1974 Mississippi
New Jersey
Illinois Pennsylvania
Iowa Wyoming
Kansas
Montana 1980
Nebraska
Oregon Arkansas
South Carolina New Mexico
South Dakota
1975
1982
Louisiana
Maryland North Dakota
North Carolina
Oklahoma 1985
Tennessee
Virginia Arizona
Wisconsin California
Delaware
1976 Georgia
District of
Alabama Columbia
Kentucky
Minnesota
Nevada
Texas
West Virginia
For the Virgin Islands and Guam mortality statistics for 1986 are
based on information obtained directly by NCHS from copies of the original
certificates received from the registration offices.
In 1974, States began coding medical (cause-of-death) data on
computer tapes according to NCHS specifications. The year in which
State-coded medical data were first transmitted to NCHS is shown below for
the 22 States now furnishing such data.
1974 1981
Iowa Maine
Michigan
1983
1975
Minnesota
Louisiana
Nebraska 1984
North Carolina
Virginia Maryland
Wisconsin New York State (except
New York City)
1980 Vermont
Colorado 1986
Kansas
Massachusetts California
Mississippi Florida
New Hampshire Texas
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
For 1986 and previous years except 1972, NCHS coded the medical
information from copies of the original certificates received from the
registration offices for all deaths occurring in those States that were
not furnishing NCHS with medical data coded according to NCHS
specifications. For 1981 and 1982, it was necessary to change these
procedures because of a backlog in coding and processing that resulted
from personnel and budgetary restrictions. To produce the mortality files
on a timely basis with reduced resources, NCHS used State-coded underlying
cause-of-death information supplied by 19 States for 50 percent of the
records; for the other 50 percent of the records for these States as well
as for 100 percent of the records for the remaining 21 registration areas,
NCHS coded the medical information.
Mortality statistics for 1972 were based on information obtained from
a 50-percent sample of death records instead of from all records as in
other years. The sample resulted from personnel and budgetary
restrictions. Sampling variation associated with the 50-percent sample is
described below in the section "Estimates of errors arising from
50-percent sample for 1972."
Fetal-death data are obtained directly from copies of original
reports of fetal deaths received by NCHS, except New York State (excluding
New York City), which submitted State-coded data in 1986. Fetal-death
data are not published by NCHS for the Virgin Islands and Guam.
2Standard Certificates and Reports
The U.S. Standard Certificate of Death and the U.S. Standard Report
of Fetal Death, issued by the Public Health Service, have served for many
years as the principal means of attaining uniformity in the content of
documents used to collect information on these events. They have been
modified in each State to the extent required by the particular needs of
the State or by special provisions of the State vital statistics law.
However, the certificates or reports of most States conform closely in
content and arrangement to the standards.
The first issue of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death appeared in
1900. Since then, it has been revised periodically by the national vital
statistics agency through consultation with State health officers and
registrars; Federal agencies concerned with vital statistics; national,
State, and county medical societies; and others working in such fields as
public health, social welfare, demography, and insurance. This revision
procedure has assured careful evaluation of each item in terms of its
current and future usefulness for legal, medical and health, demographic,
and research purposes. New items have been added when necessary, and old
items have been modified to ensure better reporting, or in some cases have
been dropped when their usefulness appeared to be limited.
New revisions of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death and the U.S.
Standard Report of Fetal Death were recommended for State use beginning
January 1, 1978. The U.S. Standard Certificate of Death and the U.S.
Standard Report of Fetal Death are shown in figures 7-A and 7-B. The
certificate of death shown in figure 7-A is for use by a physician, a
medical examiner, or a coroner. Two other forms of the U.S. Standard
Certificate of Death are available; they are similar to the one shown
except that the section on certification is designed for the physician's
signature on one, and for the medical examiner's or coroner's signature on
the other.
Among the changes in the new revision were the additions of (1) an
item asking "If Hosp. or Inst. Indicate DOA, OP/Emer. Rm., Inpatient" and
(2) an item "Was Decedent Ever in U.S. Armed Forces?" The latter item was
previously on the certificate but was deleted during 1968 through 1977.
An item on whether autopsy findings were considered for determining cause
of death was dropped.
History
The first death statistics published by the Federal Government
concerned events in 1850 and were based on statistics collected during the
decennial census of that year. In 1880 a national "registration area" was
created for deaths. Originally consisting of two States (Massachusetts
and New Jersey), the District of Columbia, and several large cities having
efficient systems for death registrations, the death-registration area
continued to expand until 1933, when it included the entire United States
for the first time. Tables that show data for death-registration States
include the District of Columbia for all years; registration cities in
nonregistration States are not included. For more details on the history
of the death-registration area, see the Technical Appendix in Vital
Statistics of the United States, 1979, Volume II, Mortality, Part A,
Section 7, pages 3-4, and the section "History and Organization of the
Vital Statistics System," chapter 1, Vital Statistics of the United
States, 1950, Volume I, pages 2-19.
Statistics on fetal deaths were first published for the
birth-registration area in 1918, and then every year beginning with 1922.
Classification of Data
General Information
The principal value of vital statistics data is realized through the
presentation of rates, which are computed by relating the vital events of
a class to the population of a similarly defined class. Vital statistics
and population statistics must therefore be classified according to
similarly defined systems and tabulated in comparable groups. Even when
the variables common to both, such as geographic area, age, sex, and race,
have been similarly classified and tabulated, differences between the
enumeration method of obtaining population data and the registration
method of obtaining vital statistics data may result in significant
discrepancies.
The general rules used in the classification of geographic and
personal items for deaths and fetal deaths for 1986 are set forth in two
instruction manuals (NCHS, 1986a, 1986b).
A discussion of the classification of certain important items is
presented below.
Classification by Occurrence and Residence
Tabulations for the United States and specific geographic areas in
this volume are by place of residence unless stated as by place of
occurrence. Before 1970, resident mortality statistics for the United
States included all deaths occurring in the United States, with deaths of
"nonresidents of the United States" assigned to place of death. "Deaths
of nonresidents of the United States" refers to deaths that occur in the
United States of nonresident aliens, nationals residing abroad, and
residents of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and other territories
of the United States. Beginning with 1970, deaths of nonresidents of the
United States are not included in tables by place of residence.
Tables by place of occurrence, on the other hand, include deaths of
both residents and nonresidents of the United States. Consequently, for
each year beginning with 1970, the total number of deaths in the United
States by place of occurrence was somewhat greater than the total by place
of residence. For 1986 this difference amounted to 3,023 deaths.
Mortality statistics by place of occurrence are shown in tables 1-10,
1-18, 1-19, 1-28, 1-29, 3-1, 3-8, 8-1, and 8-7.
Before 1970, except for 1964 and 1965, deaths of nonresidents of the
United States occurring in the United States were treated as deaths of
residents of the exact place of occurrence, which in most instances was an
urban area. In 1964 and 1965, deaths of nonresidents of the United States
occurring in the United States were allocated as deaths of residents of
the balance of the county in which they occurred.
Residence error-Results of a 1960 study showed that the
classification of residence information on the death certificates
corresponded closely to the residence classification of the census records
for the decedents whose records were matched (NCHS, 1969).
A comparison of the results of this study of deaths with those of a
previous matched record study of births (National Vital Statistics
Division, 1962) showed that the quality of residence data had considerably
improved between 1950 and 1960. Both studies found that events in urban
areas were overstated by the NCHS classification in comparison with the
U.S. Bureau of the Census classification. The magnitude of the difference
was substantially less for deaths in 1960 than it was for births in 1950.
The improvement is attributed to an item added in 1956 to the U.S.
Standard Certificates of Birth and of Death, asking if residence was
inside or outside city limits. This new item aided in properly allocating
the residence of persons living near cities but outside the corporate
limits.
Geographic Classification
The rules followed in the classification of geographic areas for
deaths and fetal deaths are contained in the two instruction manuals
referred to previously (NCHS, 1986a, 1986b).
The geographic codes assigned by the National Center for Health
Statistics during data reduction of source information on birth, death,
and fetal-death records are given in another instruction manual (NCHS,
1985). Beginning with 1982 data, the geographic codes were modified to
reflect results of the 1980 census. For 1970-81, codes area based on
results of the 1970 census.
Standard metropolitan statistical areas-The standard metropolitan
statistical areas (SMSA's) used in this volume are those established by
the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (1981a, pp. 1-20) from final 1980
census population counts and used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, except
in the New England States.
Except in the New England States, an SMSA is a county or a group of
contiguous counties containing a city of 50,000 inhabitants or more or an
urbanized area of 50,000 with a total metropolitan population of at least
100,000. In addition to the county or counties containing such a city or
urbanized area, contiguous counties are included in an SMSA if, according
to specified criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and
are socially and economically integrated with the central city or
urbanized area (U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1981b, p. 420).
In the New England States the U.S. Office of Management and Budget
uses towns and cities rather than counties as geographic components of
SMSA's. The National Center for Health Statistics cannot, however, use
the SMSA classification for these States because its data are not coded to
identify all towns. Instead, NCHS uses New England County Metropolitan
Areas (NECMA's). Made up of county units, these areas are established by
the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (1975, pp. 89-90; 1981b, p. 420).
Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties-Independent cities and
counties included in SMSA's or in NECMA's are included in data for
metropolitan counties, all other counties are classified as
nonmetropolitan.
Population-size groups-Vital statistics data for cities and certain
other urban places in 1986 are classified according to the population
enumerated in the 1980 Census of Population. Data are available for
individual cities and other urban places of 10,000 or more population.
Data for the remaining areas not separately identified are shown in the
tables under the heading "balance of area" or "balance of county." For
the years 1970-81, classification of areas was determined by the
population enumerated in the 1970 Census of Population. Beginning with
1982 data, as a result of changes in the enumerated population between
1970 and 1980, some urban places identified in previous reports are no
longer included, and a number of other urban places have been added.
Urban places other than incorporated cities for which vital statistics
data are shown in this volume included the following:
Each town in New England, New York, and Wisconsin and each township in
Michigan, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania that had no incorporated
municipality as a subdivision and had either 25,000 inhabitants or more or
a population of 10,000 to 25,000 and a density of 1,000 persons or more
per square mile.
Each county in States other than those indicated above that had no
incorporated municipality within its boundary and had a density of 1,000
persons or more per square mile. (Arlington County, Virginia is the only
county classified as urban under this rule.)
Each place in Hawaii with 10,000 or more population, as there are no
incorporated cities in the State.
Before 1964, places were classified as "urban" or "rural." The
Technical Appendixes for earlier years discuss the previous classification
system.
State or Country of Birth
Mortality statistics by State or country of birth (table 1-32) became
available beginning with 1979. State or country of birth of a decedent is
assigned to 1 of the 50 States or the District of Columbia; or to Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, or Guam-if specified on the death certificate.
The place of birth is also tabulated for Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and for the
Remainder of the World. Deaths for which information on State or country
of birth was unknown, not stated, or not classifiable accounted for a
small proportion of all deaths in 1986, about 0.5 percent.
Early mortality reports published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census
contained tables showing nativity of parents as well as nativity of
decedent. Publication of these tables was discontinued in 1933.
Mortality data showing nativity of decedent were again published in annual
reports for 1939-41 and for 1950.
Age
The age recorded on the death record is the age at last birthday.
With respect to the computation of death rates, the age classification
used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census is also based on the age of the
person in completed years.
Race
For vital statistics in the United States in 1986, deaths are classified
by race-white, black, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Other Asian or
Pacific Islander, and Other. Mortality data for Filipino and Other Asian
or Pacific Islander were shown for the first time in 1979.
The white category includes, in addition to persons reported as
white, those reported as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and all other
Caucasians. The Indian category includes American, Alaskan, Canadian,
Eskimo, and Aleut. If the racial entry on the death certificate indicates
a mixture of Hawaiian and any other race, the entry is coded to Hawaiian.
If the race is given as a mixture of white and any other race, the entry
is coded to the appropriate other race. If a mixture of races other than
white is given (except Hawaiian), the entry is coded to the first race
listed. This procedure for coding the first race listed has been in use
since 1969. Before 1969, if the entry for race was a mixture of black and
any other race except Hawaiian, the entry was coded to black.
Most of the tables in this volume, however, do not show data for this
detailed classification by race. In about half of all the tables the
divisions are white, all other (including black), and black separately.
In other tables by race, where the main purpose is to isolate the major
groups, the classifications are simply white and all other.
Race not stated-For 1986 the number of death records for which race
was unknown, not stated, or not classifiable was 4,583 or 0.2 percent of
the total deaths. Death records with race entry not stated are assigned
to a racial designation as follows: If the preceding record is coded
white, the code assignment is made to white; if the code is other than
white, the assignment is made to black. Before 1964 all records with race
not stated were assigned to white except records of residents of New
Jersey for 1962-64.
New Jersey, 1962-64-New Jersey omitted the race item from its
certificates of live birth, death, and fetal death in use in the beginning
of 1962. The item was restored during the latter part of 1962. However,
the certificate revision without the race item was used for most of 1962
as well as 1963. Therefore figures by race for 1962 and 1963 exclude New
Jersey. For 1964, 6.8 percent of the death records in use for residents
of New Jersey did not contain the race item.
Adjustments made in vital statistics to take into account the
omission of the race item in New Jersey for part of the certificates filed
during 1962 through 1964 are described in the Technical Appendix of Vital
Statistics of the United States for each of those data years.
Hispanic Origin
Mortality statistics for the Hispanic-origin population were
published in 1984 for the first time. They are based on information for
those States and the District of Columbia that included items on the death
certificate to identify Hispanic or ethnic origin of decedents. Data were
obtained from the District of Columbia and the following 22 States:
Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New
Mexico, New York (including New York City), North Dakota, Ohio, Tennessee,
Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. Generally, the reporting States used items
similar to one of two basic formats recommended by NCHS. The first format
is open-ended to obtain the specific origin or descent of the decedent
(for example, Italian, Mexican, Puerto Rican, English, and Cuban). The
second format is directed specifically toward the Hispanic population and
asks whether the decedent is of Spanish origin. If so, the specific
origin-for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban-is to be indicated.
For 1986, mortality data in tables 1-33 and 2-18 are based on deaths
to residents of all 22 reporting States and the District of Columbia. In
tables 1-34, 2-19, 2-20, and 2-21 mortality data for the Hispanic-origin
population are based on deaths to residents of 18 reporting States and the
District of Columbia whose data were at least 90 percent complete on a
place-of- occurrence basis and considered to be sufficiently comparable to
be used for analysis. The 18 States are as follows: Arizona, Arkansas,
California, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas,
Mississippi, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York (including New York City),
North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. Excluded from these tables
are data for New Mexico because the format for the Hispanic item on the
New Mexico death certificate departs sufficiently from that of other areas
to result in noncomparable data. In addition, in tables 1-33 and 1-34 for
New Mexico, no deaths are shown for the category "not stated" origin.
Because of the way in which the item on the death certificate for New
Mexico is worded, it was not possible to determine whether a black entry
represented a response of "non-Hispanic origin" or of "unknown origin."
Accordingly, black entries were coded to "non-Hispanic." Data for the
other three States-Maine, Nevada, and Tennessee-are excluded from tables
1-34, 2-19, 2-20, and 2-21 because of the large proportion of deaths (in
excess of 10 percent) occurring in these States for which Hispanic origin
was not stated or was unknown.
In 1980, the 18 reporting States and the District of Columbia
accounted for about 80 percent of the Hispanic population in the United
States, including about 89 percent of the Mexican population, 78 percent
of the Puerto Rican population, 34 percent of the Cuban population, and 68
percent of the "Other Hispanic" population (U.S. Bureau of the Census,
1982a). Accordingly, caution should be exercised in generalizing
mortality patterns from the reporting area to the Hispanic-origin
population (especially Cubans) of the entire United States. For
qualifications regarding infant mortality of the Hispanic-origin
population, see "Infant deaths."
Marital Status
Mortality statistics by marital status (table 1-31) were published in
1979 for the first time since 1961. (Previously they had been published
in the annual volumes for the years 1949-51 and 1959-61.) Several reports
analyzing mortality by marital status have been published, including the
special study based on 1959-61 special study.
Mortality statistics by marital status are tabulated separately for
never married, married, widowed, and divorced. Certificates in which the
marriage is specified as being annulled are classified as never married.
Where marital status is specified as separated or common-law marriage, it
is classified as married. Of the 2,049,203 resident deaths 15 years of
age and over in 1986, 10,171 certificates (0.5 percent) had marital status
not stated.
Place of Death and Status of Decedent
Mortality statistics by place of death were published in 1979 for the
first time since 1958 (tables 1-28 and 1-29). In addition, mortality data
were also available for the first time in 1979 for the status of decedent
when death occurred in a hospital or medical center (table 1-28). These
data were obtained from the following two items that appear on the U.S.
Standard Certificate of Death:
Item 7c. Hospital or Other Institution-Name (If not in either, give street
and number) Item 7d. If Hosp. or Inst. Indicate DOA, OP/Emer. Rm.,
Inpatient (Specify)
All of the States and the District of Columbia have item 7c (or its
equivalent) on the death certificate. For all States and the District of
Columbia in the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program, NCHS accepts the
State definition, classification, or codes for hospitals medical centers,
or other institutions.
Table 1-28 shows mortality data for the total of the following 43
States (including New York City) that have item 7d or its equivalent on
their death certificates:
Alaska Nevada
Arizona New Hampshire
Arkansas New Jersey
Colorado New Mexico
Connecticut New York
Florida North Carolina
Georgia North Dakota
Hawaii Ohio
Idaho Oregon
Illinois Pennsylvania
Indiana Rhode Island
Iowa South Carolina
Kansas South Dakota
Kentucky Tennessee
Louisiana Utah
Maine Vermont
Michigan Virginia
Mississippi Washington
Missouri West Virginia
Montana Wisconsin
Nebraska Wyoming
Effective with data for 1980, the coding of place of death and status
of decedent was changed. A new coding category was added: "Dead on
arrival- hospital, clinic, medical center name not given." Deaths coded
to this category are tabulated in table 1-28 as "Dead on arrival" and in
table 1-29 as
"Not in hospital or medical center." Had the 1979 coding categories been
used, these deaths would have been tabulated as "Place unknown."
Mortality by Month and Date of Death
Deaths by month have been regularly tabulated and published in the
annual volume for each year beginning with data year 1900. For 1986,
deaths by month are shown in tables 1-19, 1-20, 1-23, 2-12, 2-13, 2-14,
and 3-9.
Date of death was first published for data year 1972. In addition,
unpublished data for selected causes by date of death for 1962 are
available from NCHS.
Numbers of deaths by date of death in this volume are shown in table
1-30 for the total number of deaths and for the number of deaths for the
following three causes, for which the greatest interest in date of
occurrence of death has been expressed: Motor vehicle accidents, Suicide,
and Homicide and legal intervention.
These data show the frequency distribution of deaths for the selected
causes by day of week. They also make it possible to identify holidays
with peak numbers of deaths from specified causes.
3Report of Autopsy
Before 1972, the last year for which autopsy data were tabulated was
1958. Beginning in 1972, all registration areas requested information on
the death certificate as to whether autopsies were performed. For 1986,
autopsies were reported on 257,890 death certificates, 12.2 percent of the
total (table 1-27).
Information as to whether the autopsy findings were used in
determining the cause of death was tabulated for 1972-73 for all but nine
registration areas and from 1974-77 for all but eight registration areas.
The item "autopsy findings used" was deleted from the 1978 U.S. Standard
Certificate of Death.
For eight of the cause-of-death categories shown in table 1-27,
autopsies were reported as performed for 50 percent or more of all deaths
(Whooping cough; Meningococcal infection; Pregnancy with abortive outcome;
Other complications of pregnancy; childbirth, and the puerperium; Motor
vehicle accidents; Suicide; Homicide and legal intervention; and All other
external causes). There were three other categories for which 40 percent
or more of the death certificates reported autopsies. Autopsies were
reported for only 7.8 percent of the Major cardiovascular diseases.
Cause of Death
Cause-of-death classification-Since 1949, cause-of-death statistics
have been based on the underlying cause of death, which is defined as "(a)
the disease or injury which initiated the train of events leading directly
to death, or (b) the circumstances of the accident or violence which
produced the fatal injury" (World Health Organization, 1977).
For each death the underlying cause is selected from an array of
conditions reported in the medical certification section on the death
certificate. This section provides a format for entering the causes of
death in a sequential order. These conditions are translated into medical
codes through use of the classification structure and the selection and
modification rules contained in the applicable revision of the
International Classification of Diseases (ICD) published by the World
Health Organization (WHO). Selection rules provide guidance for
systematically identifying the underlying cause of death. Modification
rules are intended to improve the usefulness of mortality statistics by
giving preference to certain classification categories over others and/or
to consolidate two or more conditions on the certificate into a single
classification category.
As a statistical datum, the underlying cause of death is a simple,
one- dimensional statistic; it is conceptually easy to understand and a
well- accepted measure of mortality. It identifies the initiating cause
of death and is therefore most useful to public health officials in
developing measures to prevent the start of the chain of events leading to
death. The rules for selecting the underlying cause of death are included
with the ICD as a means of standardizing classification, which contributes
toward comparability and uniformity in mortality medical statistics among
countries.
Beginning with data year 1979, the cause-of-death statistics
published by the National Center for Health Statistics have been
classified according to the Ninth Revision of the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) (World Health Organization, 1977). In
addition to specifying that the classification be used,, WHO also
recommends how the data should be tabulated in order to promote
international comparability. The recommended system for tabulating data
in the Ninth Revision allows countries to construct their own mortality
and morbidity tabulation lists from the rubrics of the WHO Basic
Tabulation List as long as rubrics from the WHO mortality an morbidity
lists, respectively, are included. This tabulation system for the Ninth
Revision is more flexible than that of the Eighth Revision in which
specific lists were recommended for tabulating mortality and morbidity
data.
The Basic Tabulation List (BTL) recommended under the Ninth Revision
consists of 57 two-digit rubrics that add to the "all causes" total.
Within each two-digit rubric, up to 9 three-digit rubrics numbered from 0
to 8 are identified, but these do not add to the total of the two-digit
rubric. The two-digit rubrics of the BTL 01 through 46 provide for the
tabulation of nonviolent deaths to ICD categories 001-799. Rubrics
relating to chapter 17 (nature-of-injury causes 47 through 56) are not
used by NCHS for selecting underlying cause of death; rather, preference
is given to rubrics E47 through E56. The 57th two-digit rubric V0 is the
Supplementary Classification of Factors Influencing Health Status and
Contact with Health Services and is not appropriate for the tabulation of
mortality data. The WHO Mortality List, a subset of the titles contained
in the BLT, consists of 50 rubrics which are a minimum for the national
display of mortality data.
Five lists of causes have been developed for tabulation and
publication of mortality data in this volume: The Each-Cause List, List of
282 Selected Causes of Death, List of 72 Selected Causes of Death, List of
61 Selected Causes of Infant Death, and List of 34 Selected Causes of
Death. These lists were designed to be as comparable as possible with the
NCHS lists more recently in use under the Eighth Revision. However,
complete comparability could not always be achieved.
The Each-Cause List is made up of each three-digit category of the
WHO Detailed List to which deaths may be validly assigned and most
four-digit subcategories. The list is used for tabulation for the entire
United States. The published Each-Cause table does not show the
four-digit subcategories provided for Motor vehicle accidents (E810-E825);
however, these subcategories, which identify persons injured, are shown in
the accident tables of this report (section 5). Special fifth-digit
subcategories are also used in the accident tables to identify place of
accident when deaths from nontransport accidents are shown. These are not
shown in the Each-Cause table.
The List of 282 Selected Causes of Death is constructed form BTL
rubrics 01-46 and E47-E56. Each of the 56 BTL two-digit titles can be
obtained either directly or by combining titles in the List. The
three-digit level of the BTL is modified more extensively. Where more
detail was desired, categories not shown in the three-digit rubrics were
added to the List of 282 Selected Causes of Death. Where less detail was
needed, the three-digit rubrics were combined. Moreover, each of the 50
rubrics of the WHO Mortality List can be obtained form the List of 282
Selected Causes of Death.
The List of 72 Selected Causes of Death was constructed by combining
titles in the List of 282 Selected Causes of Death. It is used in tables
published for the United States and each States, and for standard
metropolitan statistical areas.
The List of 61 Selected Causes of Infant Death shows more detailed
titles for Congenital anomalies and Certain conditions originating in the
perinatal period than any other list except the Each-Cause List.
The List of 34 Selected causes of Death was created by combining
titles in the List of 72 Selected Causes. A table using this list is
published for detailed geographic areas.
Effect of list revisions-The International Lists or adaptations of
them, in use in this country since 1900, have been revised approximately
every 10 years so that the disease classification may be consistent with
advances in medical science and with changes in diagnostic practice. Each
revision of the International Lists has produced some break in
comparability of cause-of- death statistics. Cause-of-death statistics
beginning with 1979 are classified by NCHS according to the ICD-9 (World
Health Organization, 1977). For a discussion of each of the
classifications used with death statistics since 1900, see the Technical
Appendix in Vital Statistics of the United States, 1979, Volume II,
Mortality, Part A, section 7, pages 9-14.
A dual coding study was undertaken between the Ninth and the Eighth
Revisions to measure the extent of discontinuity in cause-of-death
statistics resulting from introducing the new Revision. An initial study
for the List of 72 Selected Causes of Death and the List of 10 Selected
Causes of Infant Death has been published (NCHS, 1980). The List of 10
Selected Causes of Infant Death is a basic NCHS tabulation list but is not
used in this volume. Comparability studies were also undertaken between
the Eighth and Seventh, Seventh and Sixth, and Sixth and Fifth Revisions.
For additional information about these studies, again see the 1979
Technical Appendix.
Significant coding changes during the Ninth Revision-Since the
implementation of ICD-9 in the United States, effective with mortality
data for 1979, several coding changes have been introduced. The more
important changes will be discussed below. In early 1983, a change was
made in the coding of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which affected data from 1981
onward. Also effective with data year 1981 was a coding change for
poliomyelitis. For data year 1982, a changes was made in the definition
of child (which affects the classification of deaths to a number of
categories, including Child battering and other maltreatment), and in
guidelines for coding deaths to the category Child battering and other
maltreatment (ICD No. E 967). During the calendar year 1985 detailed
instructions for coding motor vehicle accidents involving all-terrain
vehicles (ATV's) were implemented to ensure consistency in coding these
accidents. Detailed discussion of these changes may be found in the
Technical Appendix for previous volumes.
Coding in 1986-The rules and instructions used in coding the 1986
mortality medical data remained essentially the same as those used for the
1985 data. Notable changes include classifying "primary" and "invasive"
tumors, unspecified, as "malignant" beginning 1986. Previously, these
neoplasms had been classified to Neoplasms of unspecified nature (ICD-0
No. 239).
Medical certification-The use of a standard classification list,
although essential for State, regional, and international comparison, does
not assure strict comparability of the tabulated figures. A high degree
of comparability between areas could be attained only if all records of
cause of death were reported with equal accuracy and completeness. The
medical certification of cause of death can be made only be a qualified
person, usually a physician, a medical examiner, or a coroner. Therefore,
the reliability and accuracy of cause-of-death statistics are, to a large
extent, governed by the ability of the certifier to make the proper
diagnosis and by the care with which he or she records this information on
the death certificate.
A number of studies have been undertaken on the quality of medical
certification on the death certificate. In general, these have been for
relatively small samples and for limited geographic areas. A
bibliography, prepared by NCHS (1982), covering 128 references over a
period of 23 years indicates that no definitive conclusions have been
reached about the quality of medical certification on the death
certificate. No country has a well- defined program for systematically
assessing the quality of medical certifications reported on death
certificates or for measuring the error effects on the levels and trends
of cause-of-death statistics.
One index of the quality of reporting causes of death is the
proportion of death certificates coded to the Ninth Revision Chapter XVI
Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions (ICD-9 Nos. 780-799).
Although there are cases for which it is not possible to determine the
cause of death, this proportion indicates the care and consideration given
to the certification by the medical certifier. It may also be used as a
rough measure of the specificity of the medical diagnoses made by the
certifier in various areas. In 1986, 1.5 percent of all reported deaths
in the United States were assigned to ill- defined or unknown causes.
However, this percentage varied among the States, from 0.3 percent to 4.0
percent.
Automated selection of underlying cause of death-Beginning with data
year 1968, NCHS began using a computer system for assigning the underlying
cause of death. It has been used every year since to select the
underlying cause of death. The system is called "Automated Classification
of Medical Entities" (ACME).
The ACME system applies the same rules for selecting the underlying
cause as applied manually by a nosologist; however, under this system, the
computer consistently applies the same criteria, thus eliminating
intercoder variation in this step of the process.
The ACME computer program requires the coding of all conditions shown
on the medical certification. These codes are matched automatically
against decision tables that consistently select the underlying cause of
death for each record according to the international rules. The decision
tables provide the comprehensive relationships between the conditions
classified by ICD when applying the rules of selection and modification.
The decision tables were developed by NCHS staff on the basis of
their experience in coding underlying causes of death under the earlier
manual coding system and as a result of periodic independent validations.
These tables are periodically updated to reflect additional new
information on the relationship among medical conditions. For 1986, the
content of these tables was identical to that in the 1985 tables. Coding
procedures for selecting the underlying cause of death by the ACME
computer program, as well as the ACME decision tables, are documented in
NCHS instruction manuals (NCHS, 1986c, 1986d, 1986e).
Cause-of-death ranking-Cause-of-death ranking (except for infants) is
based on the List of 72 Selected Causes of Death. Cause-of-death ranking
for infants is based on the List of 61 Selected Causes of Infant Death.
The group titles Major cardiovascular diseases and Symptoms, signs, and
ill-defined conditions are not ranked from the List of 72 Selected Causes;
and Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period and Symptoms,
signs, and ill- defined conditions are not ranked from the List of 61
Selected Causes of Infant Death. In addition, category titles that begin
with the words "Other" or "All other" are not ranked to determine the
leading causes of death. When one of the titles that represents a
subtotal is ranked (such as Tuberculosis), its component parts (in this
case, Tuberculosis of respiratory system and Other tuberculosis) are not
ranked.
Maternal Deaths
Maternal deaths are those for which the certifying physician has
designated a maternal condition as the underlying cause of death.
Maternal conditions are those assigned to Complications of pregnancy,
childbirth, and the puerperium (ICD-9 Nos. 630-676). In the Ninth
Revision, the World Health Organization (1977, p. 764) for the first time
defined a maternal death as follows:
A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or
within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration
and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by
the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental
causes.
Under the Eighth Revision, maternal deaths were assigned to category
title "Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium" (ICDA-8
Nos. 630-678). Although WHO did not define maternal mortality, there was
an NCHS classification rule that limited a maternal death to a death
within a year after termination of pregnancy from any "maternal cause,"
that is, any cause within the range of ICDA-8 Nos. 630-678. This rule
applied only if a duration of time for the condition was given. If no
duration was specified and the underlying cause of death was a maternal
condition, then the duration was assumed to be within a year and the death
was coded by NCHS as a maternal death. The change from an under-1-year
limitation on duration used in the Eighth Revision to an under-42-days
limitation used in the Ninth Revision is not expected to have much effect
on the comparability of maternal mortality statistics. However,
comparability is affected by the following classification change. Under
the Ninth Revision, maternal causes have been expanded to include Indirect
obstetric causes (ICD-9 Nos. 647;-648). These causes include Infective
and parasitic conditions as well as other current conditions in the mother
that are classifiable elsewhere but which complicate pregnancy,
childbirth, and the puerperium, such as Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Diabetes
mellitus, Drug dependence, and Congenital cardiovascular disorders.
Maternal mortality rates are computed on the basis of the number of
live births. The maternal mortality rate indicates the likelihood that a
pregnant woman will die from maternal causes. The number of live births
used in the denominator is an approximation of the population of pregnant
women who are at risk of a maternal death.
Infant Deaths
Age-An infant death is defined as a death under 1 year of age. The
term excludes fetal deaths. Infant deaths are usually divided into two
categories according to age, neonatal and postneonatal. Neonatal deaths
are those that occur during the first 27 days of life, and postneonatal
deaths are those that occur between 28 days and 1 year of age. It has
generally been believed that different factors influencing the child's
survival predominate in these two periods: Factors associated with
prenatal development, heredity, and the birth process were considered
dominant in the neonatal period; and environmental factors, such as
nutrition, hygiene, and accidents, were considered more important in the
postneonatal period. Recently, however, the distinction between these two
periods has blurred due in part to advances in neonatology, which have
enabled more very small, premature infants to survive the neonatal period.
Rates-Infant mortality rates shown in section 2 and section 8 are the
most commonly used index for measuring the risk of dying during the first
year of life, they are calculated by dividing the number of infant deaths
in a calendar year by the number of live births registered for the same
period and are presented as rates per 1,000 or per 100,000 live births.
Infant mortality rates use the number of live births in the denominator to
approximate the population at risk of dying before the first birthday.
This measure is an approximation of the risk of dying in infancy because
some of the live births will not have been exposed to a full year's risk
of dying and some of the infants that die during a year will have been
born in the previous year. The error introduced in the infant mortality
rate by this inexactness is usually small, especially when the birth rate
is relatively constant from year to year (Guralnick and Winter, 1965;
NCHS, 1968a). Other sources of error in the infant mortality rate have
been attributed to differences in applying the definitions for infant
death and fetal death when registering the event (McCarthy, et al, 1980;
National Office of Vital Statistics, 1947).
In contrast to infant mortality rates based on live births, infant
death rates shown in section 1 are based on the estimated population under
1 year of age. Infant death rates, which appear in tabulations of
age-specific death rates, are calculated by dividing the number of infant
deaths in a calendar year by the estimated midyear population of persons
under 1 year of age and are presented as rates per 100,000 population in
this age group. Patterns and trends in the infant death rate may differ
somewhat from those of the more commonly used "infant mortality rate"
mainly because of differences in the nature of the denominator and in the
time reference period. Whereas the population denominator for the infant
death rate is estimated using data on births, infant deaths, and migration
for the 12-month period of July through June, the denominator for the
infant mortality rate is a count of births occurring during the 12 months
of January through December. The difference in the time reference period
can result in different trends between the two indices during periods when
birth rates are markedly moving up or down.
In addition, the infant death rate is also subject to greater
imprecision than is the infant mortality rate because of problems of
enumerating and estimating the population under 1 year of age (National
Office of Vital Statistics, 1947).
Race-Infant mortality rates for specified races other than white or
black may be underestimated, based on results of studies in which race on
the birth and death certificates for the same infant were compared (Frost
and Shy, 1980). The figures should be interpreted with caution because of
possible inconsistencies in reporting of race between the numerator and
denominator of the rates. This reflects differences in the nature of
reporting and processing race on these two vital records. On the birth
certificate, race of parents is reported by the mother at the time of
delivery. On the death certificate, race of the deceased infant is
reported by the funeral director based on observation or on information
supplied by an informant, such as a parent. With respect to processing,
race of infant at birth is coded using coding rules that take account of
the race of each parent (see the Technical Appendix in Vital Statistics of
the United States, 1986, Volume I, Natality, section entitled "Race or
national origin"). For infant deaths, the race of child is coded directly
from the race reported on the death certificate.
Hispanic origin-Infant mortality rates for the Hispanic-origin
population are based on numbers of resident infant deaths reported to be
of Hispanic origin (see section "Hispanic origin") and number of resident
live births by Hispanic origin of mother for the 18 reporting States and
the District of Columbia. In computing infant mortality rates, deaths and
live births of unknown origin are not distributed among the specified
Hispanic and non- Hispanic groups. Because for 1986 the percent of infant
deaths of unknown origin was 8.1 percent and the percent of live births of
unknown origin was 3.1 percent, infant mortality rates by specified
Hispanic origin and race for non-Hispanic origin may be somewhat
underestimated.
Small numbers of infant deaths for specific Hispanic-origin groups
can result in infant mortality rates subject to relatively large random
variation (see section "Random variation in numbers of deaths, death
rates, and mortality rates and ratios").
Tabulation list-Causes of death for infants are tabulated according
to a list of causes that is different from the list of causes for the
population of all ages, except for the Each Cause List. (See section
"Cause-of-death classification").
Fetal Deaths
In May 1950 the World Health Organization recommended the following
definition of fetal death be adopted for international us (National Office
of Vital Statistics, 1950):
Death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a
product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy; the
death is indicated by the fact that after such separation, the fetus does
not breathe or show any other evidence of life such as beating of the
heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary
muscles.
The term "fetal death" was defined on an all-inclusive basis to end
confusion arising from use of such terms as stillbirth, abortion, and
miscarriage.
Shortly thereafter, this definition of fetal death was adopted by the
National Center for Health Statistics as the nationally recommended
standard. Currently all registration areas except Puerto Rico have
definitions similar to the standard definition. Puerto Rico has no formal
definition. (For definitions used by the States and other registration
areas, see NCHS (1981).)
As another step toward increasing the comparability of data on fetal
deaths for different countries, the World Health Organization recommended
that for statistical purposes fetal deaths be classified as early,
intermediate, and late. These groups are defined as follows:
Less than 20 completed weeks of gestation
(early fetal deaths)..................... Group I
20 completed weeks of gestation but less
than 28 (intermediate fetal deaths)..... Group II
28 completed weeks of gestation and over
(late fetal deaths)..................... Group III
Gestation period not classifiable in
groups I, II, and III.................... Group IV
Note that in table 3-13, group IV consists of fetal deaths with gestation
not stated but presumed to be 20 weeks or more gestation.
Until 1939 the nationally recommended procedure for registration of a
fetal death required the filing of both a live-birth and a death
certificate. In 1939 a separate Standard Certificate of Stillbirth (fetal
death) was created to replace the former procedure. This was revised in
1949, 1955, 1956, and 1968. In 1978 the Standard Certificate of Fetal
Death was replaced by the Standard Report of Fetal Death (figure 7-B).
The 1977 revision of the Model State Vital Statistics Act and Model
State Vital Statistics Regulations (NCHS, 1978) recommended that
spontaneous fetal deaths of 20 weeks or more gestation, or a weight of 350
grams or more, and all induced terminations of pregnancy regardless of
gestational age be reported and further that they be reported on separate
forms. These forms are to be considered legally required statistical
reports rather than legal documents.
Beginning with 1970 fetal deaths, procedures were implemented that
attempted to separate reports of spontaneous fetal deaths from those of
induced terminations of pregnancy. These procedures were implemented
because the health implications are different for spontaneous fetal deaths
and induced terminations of pregnancy. These procedures are still in use.
Comparability and completeness of data-Registration area requirements
for reporting fetal deaths vary. Most of these areas require reporting
fetal deaths of gestations of 20 weeks or more. Table A shows the minimum
period of gestation required by each State for fetal-death reporting.
There is substantial evidence that not all fetal deaths for which
reporting is required are reported (Gred, Pauli, and Kirby, 1987).
For registration areas not requiring the reporting of fetal deaths of
all periods of gestation, underreporting is more likely to occur in the
earlier gestational periods. This is illustrated by the fact that for
most areas requiring reporting of fetal deaths of 20 weeks or more, the
total number reported for 20-23 weeks is lower than the numbers reported
for 24-27 and 28- 31 weeks. For areas requiring the reporting of all
fetal deaths, however, the opposite is generally true.
To maximize the comparability of data by year and by State, most of
the tables in section 3 are based on fetal deaths occurring at gestations
of 20 weeks or more. These tables also include fetal deaths of not stated
gestation for those States requiring reporting at 20 weeks or more only.
Beginning with 1969, fetal deaths of not stated gestation were excluded
for States requiring reporting of all products of conception except for
those with a stated birth weight of 500 grams or more. In 1986 this rule
was applied to the following States: Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, New York
(including New York City), Rhode Island, and Virginia. Each year there
are some exceptions to this procedure.
The data in table 3-3 include only fetal deaths to residents of
selected areas in the United States that reported all periods of
gestation. The areas are Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, New York (including
New York City), Rhode Island, and Virginia; excluded are fetal deaths to
residents of Maine.
Arkansas-Since 1971, Arkansas has been using two reporting forms for
fetal deaths: A confidential Spontaneous Abortion form that is not sent to
the National Center for Health Statistics and a Fetal Death Certificate
that is. During the period 1971 through 1980, it is believed that most
spontaneous fetal deaths of less than 20 weeks' gestation were reported on
the confidential form and, therefore, were not reported to NCHS. During
the period 1981 through 1983, Arkansas specified that fetal deaths of less
than 28 weeks' gestation or weighing less than 1,000 grams could be
reported on the confidential form; beginning with 1984 data, the State
specified that fetal deaths of 20 weeks' gestation or weighing 500 grams
be reported on the Fetal Death Certificate. Because of these changes, the
comparability of counts of early fetal deaths may be affected. In
particular, counts of fetal deaths aged 20-27 weeks during 1981-83 were
not comparable between Arkansas and other reporting areas nor with data
for 1984-86. It is believed that reporting has improved but is still not
comparable with data for 1980 and earlier years.
Idaho-Beginning in 1983, Idaho changed its reporting requirements for
spontaneous fetal deaths from "after 20 weeks" to "after 20 weeks or a
weight of 350 grams or more."
Maine-Maine uses two reporting forms for fetal deaths: A Report of
Abortion (Spontaneous and Induced) and a Report of Fetal Death. Most
spontaneous fetal deaths of less than 20 weeks' gestation are reported on
the Report of Abortion and, therefore, are excluded from fetal death
counts in this volume.
Missouri-Beginning in 1984, Missouri changed its reporting
requirements for spontaneous fetal deaths from "after 20 weeks" to "after
20 weeks or a weight of 350 grams or more."
Wisconsin-Beginning in 1986, Wisconsin changed its reporting
requirements for spontaneous fetal deaths from "20 weeks" to "20 weeks or
350 grams."
Period of gestation-The period of gestation is the number of
completed weeks elapsed between the first day of the last normal menstrual
period and the date of delivery. The first day of the last normal
menstrual period (LMP) is used as the initial date because it can be more
accurately determined than the date of conception, which usually occurs 2
weeks after LMP. Data on period of gestation are computed from
information on "date of delivery" and "date last normal menses began." If
"date last normal menses began" is not on the record or the calculated
gestation falls beyond a duration considered biologically plausible,
"gestation in weeks" or "Physician's estimate of gestation is used. When
the period of gestation is reported in months on the report, it is
allocated to gestational intervals in weeks as follows:
1-3 months to under 16 weeks
4 months to 16-19 weeks
5 months to 20-23 weeks
6 months to 24-27 weeks
7 months to 28-31 weeks
8 months to 32-35 weeks
9 months to 40 weeks
10 months and over to 43 weeks and over
All areas reported LMP in 1986 except Delaware, New Mexico, Puerto Rico,
and South Dakata.
Birth weight-Most of the 55 registration areas do not specify how
weight should be given, that is, in pounds and ounces or in grams. In the
tabulation and presentation of birth weight data, the metric system
(grams) has been used to facilitate comparison with other data published
in the United States and internationally. Birth weight specified in
pounds and ounces is assigned the equivalent of the gram intervals as
follows:
Less than 350 grams = 0 lb 12 oz or less
350- 499 grams = 0 lb 13 oz- 1 lb 1 oz
500- 999 grams = 1 lb 2 oz- 2 lb 3 oz
1,000-1,499 grams = 2 lb 4 oz- 3 lb 4 oz
1,500-1,999 grams = 3 lb 5 oz- 4 lb 6 oz
2,000-2,499 grams = 4 lb 7 oz- 5 lb 8 oz
2,500-2,999 grams = 5 lb 9 oz- 6 lb 9 oz
3,000-3,499 grams = 6 lb 10 oz- 7 lb 11 oz
3,500-3,999 grams = 7 lb 12 oz- 8 lb 13 oz
4,000-4,499 grams = 8 lb 14 oz- 9 lb 14 oz
4,500-4,999 grams = 9 lb 15 oz-11 lb 0 oz
5,000 grams or more = 11 lb 1 oz or more
With the introduction of the Ninth Revision, International
Classification of Diseases, the birth-weight classification intervals for
perinatal mortality statistics were shifted downward by 1 gram, as shown
above. Previously, the intervals were, for example, 1,001-1,500;
1,501-2,000; etc.
Race-The race of the fetus is ordinarily classified based on the race
of the parents. If the parents are of different races, the following
rules apply. (1) When only one parent is white, the fetus is assigned the
other parent's race. (2) When neither parent is white, the fetus is
assigned the father's race with one exception: If the mother is Hawaiian
or Part-Hawaiian, the fetus is classified as Hawaiian.
When the race of one parent is missing or ill defined, the race of
the other determines that of the fetus. When race of both parents is
missing, the race of the fetus is allocated to the specific race of the
fetus on the preceding record.
Total-birth order-Total-birth order refers to the sum of the live
births and other terminations (including both spontaneous fetal deaths and
induced terminations of pregnancy) that a woman has had including the
fetal death being recorded. For example, if a woman has previously given
birth to two live babies and to one born dead, the next fetal death to
occur is counted as number four in total-birth order.
In the 1978 revision of the Standard Report of Fetal Death,
total-birth order is calculated from four items on pregnancy history:
Number of previous live births, now living, number of previous live
births, now dead; number of other terminations before 20 weeks; and number
of other terminations after 20 weeks.
All registration areas use the two standard items pertaining to the
number of previous live births. Most areas use the two standard items
pertaining to the number of "other terminations" before and after 20
weeks' gestation, but some areas use other criteria. Total-birth order
for all areas is calculated from the sum of available information. Thus,
information on total-birth order may not be completely comparable among
the registration areas.
Marital status-Table 3-4 shows fetal deaths and fetal-death ratios by
mother's marital status. States excluded from this table are as follows:
California, Connecticut, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, New York (including
New York City), Ohio, Texas, and Vermont. Because live births comprise
the denominator of the ratio, marital status must also be reported for
mothers of live births. Marital status of the mother of the live birth is
inferred for States that did not report it on the birth certificate.
There are no quantitative data on the characteristics of unmarried
women who may misreport their marital status or who fail to register fetal
deaths. Underreporting may be greater for the unmarried group than for
the married group.
Age of mother-The fetal-death report asks for the mother's "age (at
time of delivery)," and the ages are edited in NCHS for upper and lower
limits. When mothers are reported to be under 10 years of age or 50 years
and over, the age of the mother is considered not stated and is assigned
as follows; Age on all fetal-death records with age of mother not stated
is allocated according to the age appearing on the record previously
processed for a mother of identical race and having the same total-birth
order (total of live births and other terminations).
Perinatal Mortality
Perinatal definitions- Beginning with data year 1979, perinatal
mortality data for the United States and each State have been published in
section 4. The World Health Organization in the ninth Revision of the
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) recommended that
"national perinatal statistics should include all fetuses and infants
delivered weighing at least 500 grams (or when birth weight is
unavailable, the corresponding gestational age (22 weeks) or body length
(25 cm crown-hell)), whether alive or dead...." It was further
recommended that "countries should present, solely for international
comparisons, 'standard perinatal statistics' in which both the numerator
and denominator of all rates are restricted to fetuses and infants
weighing 1,000 grams or more (or, where birth weight is unavailable, the
corresponding gestational age (28 weeks) or body length (35 cm
crown-heel))." Because birth weight and gestational age are not reported
on the death certificate in the United States, NCHS was unable to
recommend adopting these definitions. Three definitions of perinatal
mortality are currently used by NCHS: Perinatal Definition I, generally
used for international comparisons, which includes fetal deaths of 28
weeks or more gestation and infant deaths of less than 7 days; Perinatal
Definition II, which includes fetal deaths of 20 weeks or more gestation
and infant deaths of less than 28 days; and Perinatal Definition III,
which includes fetal deaths of 20 weeks or more gestation and infant
deaths of less than 7 days.
Variations in fetal death reporting requirements and practices have
implications for comparing perinatal rates among States. Because
reporting is generally poorer near the lower limit of the reporting
requirement, States that require reporting of all products of pregnancy
regardless of gestation are likely to have more complete reporting of
fetal deaths of 20 weeks or more than are other States. The larger number
of fetal deaths reported by these "all periods" States may result in
higher perinatal rates compared with States whose reporting is less
complete. Accordingly, reporting completeness may account, in part, for
differences among the State perinatal rates, particularly differences for
Definitions II and III, which use data for fetal deaths of 20-27 weeks.
Not stated-Fetal deaths with gestational age not stated are presumed
to be of 20 weeks' gestation or more if (1) the State requires reporting
of all fetal deaths of gestational age 20 weeks or more or (2) the fetus
weighed 500 grams or more, in those States requiring reporting of all
fetal deaths regardless of gestational age. For Definition I, fetal
deaths with gestation not stated but presumed to be 20 weeks or more are
allocated to the category 28 weeks or more, according to the proportion of
fetal deaths with stated gestational age that falls into that category.
For Definitions II and III, fetal deaths with presumed gestation of 20
weeks or more are included with those of stated gestation of 20 weeks or
more.
For all three definitions, following the distribution of gestation
not stated described above, fetal deaths with not-stated sex are allocated
within gestational age groups on the basis of the distribution of stated
cases. The allocation of not-stated gestational age and sex for fetal
deaths is made individually for each State, for metropolitan and
nonmetropolitan areas, and separately for the United States as a whole.
Accordingly, the sum of perinatal deaths for the areas according to
Definition I may not equal the total number of perinatal deaths for the
United States.
Table A
Table A. Period of gestation at which fetal death reporting is required:
Each reporting area, 1986
| | | |
|All periods | | |
| of | 16 | 20 |
| gestation | weeks | weeks |
| | | |
Alabama | | | X |
Alaska | | | X |
Arizona | | | 1X |
Arkansas | X | | |
California | | | X |
Colorado | X | | |
Connecticut | | | X |
Delaware | | | X |
District of Columbia | | | |
Florida | | | X |
Georgia | X | | |
Hawaii | X | | |
Idaho | | | |
Illinois | | | X |
Indiana | | | X |
Iowa | | | X |
Kansas | | | |
Kentucky | | | |
Louisiana | | | |
Maine | X | | |
Maryland | | | 2X |
Massachusetts | | | |
Michigan | | | |
Minnesota | | | X |
Mississippi | | | |
Missouri | | | |
Montana | | | X |
Nebraska | | | X |
Nevada | | | X |
New Hampshire | | | |
New Jersey | | | X |
New Mexico | | | |
New York | | | |
New York excluding New York City | X | | |
New York City | X | | |
North Carolina | | | X |
North Dakota | | | X |
Ohio | | | X |
Oklahoma | | | X |
Oregon | | | 3X |
Pennsylvania | | X | |
Rhode Island | X | | |
South Carolina | | | |
South Dakota | | | |
Tennessee | | | |
Texas | | | X |
Utah | | | X |
Vermont | | | 5X |
Virginia | X | | |
Washington | | | X |
West Virginia | | | X |
Wisconsin | | | |
Wyoming | | | X |
1If gestational age is unknown, weight of 350 grams or more.
2If gestational age is unknown, weight of 500 grams or more.
3If gestational age is unknown, weight of 450 grams or more, or crown-
heel length of 28 centimeters or more.
4If weight is unknown, 22 completed weeks' gestation or more.
5If gestation age is unknown, weight of 400 or more grams, 15 or more
ounces.
Table A. Period of gestation at which fetal death reporting is required:
Each reporting area, 1986 - Continued
| | | |
| 20 weeks | 20 weeks | 20 weeks |
| or | or | or |
| 350 grams | 400 grams | 500 grams |
| | | |
Alabama | | | |
Alaska | | | |
Arizona | | | |
Arkansas | | | |
California | | | |
Colorado | | | |
Connecticut | | | |
Delaware | | | |
District of Columbia | | | X |
Florida | | | |
Georgia | | | |
Hawaii | | | |
Idaho | X | | |
Illinois | | | |
Indiana | | | |
Iowa | | | |
Kansas | | | |
Kentucky | X | | |
Louisiana | X | | |
Maine | | | |
Maryland | | | |
Massachusetts | X | | |
Michigan | | X | |
Minnesota | | | |
Mississippi | X | | |
Missouri | X | | |
Montana | | | |
Nebraska | | | |
Nevada | | | |
New Hampshire | X | | |
New Jersey | | | |
New Mexico | | | |
New York | | | |
New York excluding New York City | | | |
New York City | | | |
North Carolina | | | |
North Dakota | | | |
Ohio | | | |
Oklahoma | | | |
Oregon | | | |
Pennsylvania | | | |
Rhode Island | | | |
South Carolina | X | | |
South Dakota | | | |
Tennessee | | | |
Texas | | | |
Utah | | | |
Vermont | | | |
Virginia | | | |
Washington | | | |
West Virginia | | | |
Wisconsin | X | | |
Wyoming | | | |
1If gestational age is unknown, weight of 350 grams or more.
2If gestational age is unknown, weight of 500 grams or more.
3If gestational age is unknown, weight of 450 grams or more, or crown-
heel length of 28 centimeters or more.
4If weight is unknown, 22 completed weeks' gestation or more.
5If gestation age is unknown, weight of 400 or more grams, 15 or more
ounces.
Table A. Period of gestation at which fetal death reporting is required:
Each reporting area, 1986 - Continued
| | | |
| 5 | 350 | 500 |
| months | grams | grams |
| | | |
Alabama | | | |
Alaska | | | |
Arizona | | | |
Arkansas | | | |
California | | | |
Colorado | | | |
Connecticut | | | |
Delaware | | | |
District of Columbia | | | |
Florida | | | |
Georgia | | | |
Hawaii | | | |
Idaho | | | |
Illinois | | | |
Indiana | | | |
Iowa | | | |
Kansas | | X | |
Kentucky | | | |
Louisiana | | | |
Maine | | | |
Maryland | | | |
Massachusetts | | | |
Michigan | | | |
Minnesota | | | |
Mississippi | | | |
Missouri | | | |
Montana | | | |
Nebraska | | | |
Nevada | | | |
New Hampshire | | | |
New Jersey | | | |
New Mexico | | | X |
New York | | | |
New York excluding New York City | | | |
New York City | | | |
North Carolina | | | |
North Dakota | | | |
Ohio | | | |
Oklahoma | | | |
Oregon | | | |
Pennsylvania | | | |
Rhode Island | | | |
South Carolina | | | |
South Dakota | | | X |
Tennessee | | | 4X |
Texas | | | |
Utah | | | |
Vermont | | | |
Virginia | | | |
Washington | | | |
West Virginia | | | |
Wisconsin | | | |
Wyoming | | | |
1If gestational age is unknown, weight of 350 grams or more.
2If gestational age is unknown, weight of 500 grams or more.
3If gestational age is unknown, weight of 450 grams or more, or crown-
heel length of 28 centimeters or more.
4If weight is unknown, 22 completed weeks' gestation or more.
5If gestation age is unknown, weight of 400 or more grams, 15 or more
ounces.
Quality of Data
Completeness of Registration
All States have adopted laws that require the registration of births
and deaths, and the reporting of fetal deaths. It is believed that over
99 percent of the births and deaths occurring in this country are
registered.
Reporting requirements for fetal deaths vary somewhat from State to
State (see "Comparability and completeness of data"). Overall reporting
completeness is not as good for fetal deaths as for births and deaths, but it
is believed to be relatively complete for fetal deaths of 28 weeks'
gestation or more. National statistical data on fetal deaths include only
those fetal deaths with stated or presumed gestation of 20 weeks or more.
Massachusetts Data
The 1964 statistics for deaths exclude approximately 6,000 events
registered in Massachusetts, primarily to residents of that State.
Microfilm copies of these records were not received by NCHS. Figures for
the United States and the New England Division are also somewhat affected.
Quality Control Procedures
Demographic items on the death certificate-As previously indicated,
for 1986 the mortality data for these items were obtained from two
sources: (1) Microfilm images of the original certificates furnished by
the Virgin Islands and photocopies from Guam; and (2) records on data tape
furnished by the 50 States, the District of Columbia, New York City, and
Puerto Rico. For the Virgin Islands and Guam, which sent only copies of
the original certificates, the demographic items were coded for 100
percent of the death certificates. The demographic coding for 100 percent
of the certificates was independently verified.
As part of the quality control procedures for mortality data, each
registration area has to go through a calibration period during which it
must achieve the specified error tolerance level of 2 percent per item for
3 consecutive months, based on NCHS independent verification of a
50-percent sample of that area's records. Once the area has achieved the
required error tolerance level, a sample of 70-80 records per month is
used to monitor quality of coding. All areas providing data on computer
tapes prior to 1986 have achieved the specified error tolerance;
accordingly, the demographic items on about 70-80 records per area per
month were independently verified by NCHS. The estimated average error
rate for all demographic items in 1986 was 0.25 percent.
These verification procedures involve controlling two types of error
(coding and entering into the data record tape) at the same time, and the
error rates are a combined measure of both types. It may be assumed that
the entering errors are randomly distributed across all items on the
record, but this assumption cannot be made as readily for coding errors.
Although systematic errors in coding infrequent events may escape
detection during sample verification, it is probable that some of these
errors were detected during the initial period when 50 percent of the file
was being verified, thus providing an opportunity to retrain the coders.
Medical items on the death certificate-As for demographic data,
mortality medical data are also subject to quality control procedures
which control for errors of both coding and data entry. Each of the 22
registration areas that furnished NCHS with coded medical information
according to NCHS specifications first had to qualify for sample
verification. During an initial calibration period, the area had to
demonstrate that its staff could achieve a specified error tolerance level
of less than 5 percent for coding all medical items. After the area has
achieved the required error tolerance level, a sample of 70-80 records per
month is used to monitor quality of medical coding. For these 22 States,
the average coding error rate in 1986 was estimated at just over 4
percent.
For the remaining 33 registration areas-28 States, the District of
Columbia, New York City, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Island, and Guam-NCHS
coded the medical items for 100 percent of the death records. A 1-percent
sample of the records was independently coded for quality control
purposes. The estimated average error rate for these areas was about 3
percent.
The ACME system for selecting the underlying cause of death through
computer application contributes to the quality control of medical items
on the death certificate. (See section "Automated selection of underlying
cause of death.")
Demographic items on the report of fetal death-For 1986, all data on
fetal deaths, except for New York State (excluding New York City), were
coded under contract by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Coding and
entering information on data tapes were verified on a 100-percent basis
because of the relatively small number of records involved.
Other control procedures-After coding and entering on data tape are
completed, record counts are balanced against control totals for each
shipment of records from a registration area. Editing procedures ensure
that records with inconsistent or impossible codes are modified.
Inconsistent codes are those, for example, where there is contradiction
between cause of death and age or sex of the decedent. Records so
identified during the computer-editing process are either corrected by
reference to the source record or adjusted by arbitrary code assignment
(NCHS, 1979). Further, conditions specified on a list of infrequent or
rare causes of death need to be confirmed by the certifier or State Health
Officer. For 1985 records, cryptosporidiosis was no longer confirmed by
NCHS although this condition was still on the list of infrequent or rare
causes of death through 1986. Because cryptosporidiosis has increased in
frequency due to its association with the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection, it is no longer considered infrequent. All subsequent
operations in tabulating and in preparing tables are verified during the
computer processing or by statistical clerks.
3Estimates of Errors Arising from 50-Percent Sample for 1972
Death statistics for 1972 in this report (excluding fetal-death
statistics) are based on a 50-percent sample of all deaths occurring in
the 50 States and the District of Columbia.
A description of the sample design and a table of the percent errors
of the estimated numbers of deaths by size of estimate and total deaths in
the area are shown in the Technical Appendix of Vital Statistics of the
United States, 1972, Volume II, Mortality, Part A.
Computation of Rates and Other Measures
Population Bases
The population bases from which death rates shown in this report are
computed are prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Rates for 1940,
1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980 are based on the population enumerated as of
April 1 in the censuses of those years. Rates for all other years use the
estimated midyear (July 1) population. Death rates for the United States,
individual States, and SMSA's are based on the total resident populations
of the respective areas. Except as noted these populations exclude the
Armed Forces abroad but include the Armed Forces stationed in each area.
The resident populations of the birth- and death-registration States
for 1900-32 and of the United States for 1900-86 are shown in table 7-1.
In addition, the population including Armed Forces abroad is shown for the
United States. Table B lists the sources for these populations
Population estimates for 1986-The population of the United States
estimated by age, race, and sex for 1986 is shown in table 7-2, and the
population for each State by broad age groups follows in table 7-3.
Population estimates for 1984-86 incorporate new estimation procedures for
net migration and net undocumented immigration. The 1986 estimates are
comparable with those for 1984 and 1985 but are not strictly comparable
with the postcensal estimates for 1981-83 shown in table 7-2 and 7-3 of
Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume II, for those years.
Although the death rates and estimates of life expectancy for 1984-86 are
not strictly comparable with those for previous years, the trends for the
total population and most age-race-sex groups are not substantially
affected. For additional details, see the Technical Appendix in Vital
Statistics of the United States, 1984, Volume II, and the report of the
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1988). Population data by race are consistent
with the modified (see below) 1980 population by race.
Population for 1980-The population of the United States by age, race,
and sex, and the population for each State by age, are shown in tables 7-2
and 7- 3, respectively, of Vital Statistics of the United States, 1980,
Volume II. The figures by race have been modified as described below.
The racial counts in the 1980 census are affected by changes in
reporting practices, particularly of the Hispanic population, and in
coding and classifying. One particular change created a major
inconsistency between the 1980 census data and historical data series,
including censuses and vital statistics. About 40 percent of the Hispanic
population counted in 1980, over 5.8 million persons did not mark one of
the specified races listed on the census questionnaire but instead marked
the "Other" category.
In the 1980 census, coding procedures were modified for persons who
marked "Other" race and wrote in a national origin designation of a Latin
American country or a specific Hispanic-origin group in response to the
racial question. These persons remained in the "Other" racial category in
1980 census data; in previous censuses and in vital statistics such
responses had almost always been coded into the "White" category.
In order to maintain comparability, the "Other" racial category in
the 1980 census was reallocated to be consistent with previous procedures.
Persons who marked the "Other" racial category and reported any Spanish
origin on the Spanish origin question (5,840,648 persons) were distributed
to white and black races in proportion to the distribution of persons of
Hispanic origin who actually reported their race as "White" or "Black."
This was done for each age-sex group.
As a result of this procedure, 5,705,155 persons (98 percent) were
added to the white population and 135,493 persons (2 percent) to the black
population. Persons who marked the "Other" racial category and reported
that they were not of Spanish origin (916,338 persons) were distributed as
follows: 20 percent in each age-sex group were added to the "Asian and
Pacific Islander" category (183,268 persons), and 80 percent were added to
the "White" category (733,070 persons). The count of American Indians,
Eskimos, and Aleuts was not affected by these procedures. Unpublished
tabulations of these modified census counts were obtained from the U.S.
Bureau of the Census and used to compute the rates for this volume.
Population estimates for 1971-79-Death rates in this volume for
1971-79 used revised population estimates that are consistent with the
1980 census levels. The 1980 census enumerated approximately 5.5 million
more persons than had previously been estimated for April 1, 1980 (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1982b). These revised estimates for the United
States by age, race, and sex are published by the U.S. Bureau of the
Census in Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Number 917.
Unpublished revised estimates for States were obtained from the U.S.
Bureau of the Census. For Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam,
revised estimates are published in Current Population Reports, Series
P-25, Number 919.
Population estimates for 1961-69-Death rates in this volume for
1961-69 are based on revised estimates of the population and thus may
differ slightly from rates published before 1976. The rates shown in
tables 1-1 and 1-2, the life table values in table 6-5, and the population
estimates in table 7-1 for each year in the period 1961-69 have been
revised to reflect modified population bases, as published in the U.S.
Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Number 519.
The data shown in table 1-10 for 1961-69 have not been revised.
Rates and ratios based on live births-Infant and maternal mortality
rates, and fetal death and perinatal mortality ratios, are computed on the
basis of the number of live births. Fetal death and perinatal mortality
rates are computed on the basis of the number of live births and fetal
deaths. Counts of live births are published annually in Vital Statistics
of the United States, Volume I, Natality.
New Jersey-As previously indicated, data by race are not available
for New Jersey for 1962 and 1963. Therefore for 1962 and 1963 the
National Center for Health Statistics estimated a population by age, race,
and sex excluding New Jersey for rates shown by race. The methodology
used to estimate the revised population excluding New Jersey is discussed
in the Technical Appendixes of the 1962 and 1963 volumes.
Net Census Undercount
Just as the underenumeration of deaths and the misreporting of
demographic characteristics on the death certificate can introduce error
into the annual rates, so can enumeration errors in the latest decennial
census. This is because annual population estimates for the postcensal
interval, which are used in the denominator for calculating death rates,
are computed using the decennial census count as a base (U.S. Bureau of
the Census, 1988). Net census undercount is the result of miscounting and
misreporting of demographic characteristics such as age. Age-specific
death rates are affected by both the net census undercount and the
misreporting of age on the death certificate (NCHS, 1968b). To the extent
that the net undercount is substantial and that it varies among subgroups
and geographic areas, it may have important consequences for vital
statistics measures.
Although death rates based on a population adjusted for net census
undercount may be more accurate than rates based on an unadjusted
population, rates in this volume are not adjusted; rather, they are
computed using population estimates that preserve the age pattern of the
net census undercount across the postcensal interval. Thus, it is
important to consider the possible impact of net census undercount on
death rates.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted extensive research on
completeness of coverage of the U.S. population (including
underenumeration and misstatement of age, race, and sex) in the last four
decennial censuses- 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980. From this work have come
estimates of the national population that was not counted by age, race,
and sex (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1974, 1977). The reports for 1980
include estimates of net census undercount using alternative
methodological assumptions for age, race, and sex subgroups of the
national population (Passel and Robinson, 1985). These studies indicate
that, although coverage was improved over previous censuses, there was
differential coverage in the 1980 census among the population subgroups;
that is, some age, race, and sex groups were more completely counted than
others.
Net census undercounts can affect (1) levels of the observed vital
rates, (2) differences among groups, and (3) levels and group differences
shown by summary measures such as age-adjusted death rates and life
expectancy.
Levels and differentials-If adjustments were made for net census
undercount, the size of denominators of the death rates generally would
increase and the rates, therefore, would decrease. The adjusted rates for
1980 can be computed by multiplying the reported rates by ratios of the
census- level resident population to the resident population adjusted for
the estimated net census undercount (table 7-4). A ration of less than
1.0 indicates a net census undercount and, when applied, results in a
corresponding decrease in the death rate. A ratio greater than
1.0-indicating a net census overcount-multiplied by the reported rate
results in an increase in the death rate.
Coverage ratios for all ages show that, in general, females were more
completely enumerated than males and the white population more completely
than the population of all other races in the 1980 Census of Population.
The black population was undercounted relative to the total population of
all other races.
For the total population, underenumeration varied by age group, with
the greatest differences found for persons aged 80-84 and 85 years and
over. All other age groups were overcounted or undercounted by less than
3 percent.
Among the age-sex-race groups, coverage was lowest for black males
aged 40-44 and 45-49 years. Underenumeration for these groups was 19
percent. In contrast, white females in these age groups were essentially
completely enumerated. For black females and white males in these same
age groups, the undercount ranged from 3 to 6 percent. For the
under-1-year age group the white population was overenumerated by 2
percent, whereas infants of other races were underenumerated by 9 percent.
If vital statistics measures were calculated with adjustments for net
census undercounts for each population subgroup, the resulting rates would
be differentially reduced from their original levels; that is, rates for
those groups with the greatest estimated undercounts would show the
greatest relative reductions due to these adjustments. Similar effects
would be evident in the opposite direction for groups with overcounts. As
a consequence, the ratio of mortality between the rates for males and
females, and between the rates for the white population and the population
of other races, or the black population, usually would be reduced.
Similarly, the differences between the death rates among subgroups of
the population by cause of death would be affected by adjustments for net
census undercounts. For example, for the age group 35-39 years in 1980,
the ratio of the death rate for Homicide and legal intervention for black
males to that for white males is 7.3, whereas the ratio of the death rates
adjusted for net census undercount is 6.2. For Ischemic heart disease for
males aged 40-44 years, the ratio of the death rate for the population of
all other races to that for the white population is 1.2 using the
unadjusted rates, but it is 1.1 when adjusted for estimated
under-enumeration.
Summary measures-The effect of net census undercount on age-adjusted
death rates depends on the under-enumeration of each age group and on the
distribution of death by age. Thus, the age-adjusted death rate in 1980
for All causes would decrease from 585.8 to 579.3 per 100,000 population
if the age-specific death rates were corrected for net census undercount.
For Diseases of the heart, the age-adjusted death rate for white
males would decrease from 277.5 to 273.0 per 100,000 population, a decline
of 1.3 percent. For black males the change, from an unadjusted rate of
327.3 to an adjusted rate of 308.3, would amount to 5.8 percent.
If death rates by age were adjusted, then the corresponding life
expectancy at birth computed from these rates would change. The
importance of adjustments varies by age; that is, when calculating life
expectancy, the impact of an undercount or overcount is greatest at the
younger ages. In general, the effect of correcting the death rates is to
increase the estimate of life expectancy at birth. Differential
underenumeration among race-sex groups would lead to greater changes in
life expectancy for some groups than for others. For white females who
were completely enumerated in 1980, revised estimates of life expectancy
would remain roughly constant; those for black males would show the
greatest increase.
Age-Adjusted Death Rates
Age-adjusted death rates shown in this volume are computed by using
the distribution in 10-year intervals of the enumerated population of the
United States in 1940 as the standard population. Each figure represents
the rate that would have existed if the age-specific rates of the
particular year prevailed in a population whose age distribution was the
same as that of the United States in 1940. The rates for the total
population and for each race- sex group were adjusted using the same
standard population. It is important not to compare age-adjusted death
rates with crude rates. The standard 1940 population, on the basis of one
million total population, is as follows:
Age Number
All ages. . . . . . . . . . . 1,000,000
Under 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . 15,343
1-4 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,718
5-14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,355
15-24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . 181,677
25-34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . 162,066
35-44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . 139,237
45-54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . 117,811
55-64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . 80,294
65-74 years. . . . . . . . . . . . 48,426
75-84 years. . . . . . . . . . . . 17,303
85 years and over. . . . . . . . . 2,770
Life Tables
U.S. abridged life tables are constructed by reference to a standard
table (NCHS, 1966). Life tables for the decennial period 1979-81 are used
as the standard life tables in constructing the 1980-86 abridged life
tables. With the availability of the 1979-81 standard life tables,
revised life table values were computed for 1980-82; these appeared for
the first time in Vital Statistics of the United States, 1983.
Life tables for the decennial period 1969-71 are used as the standard
life tables in constructing the 1970-79 abridged life tables. Life table
values for 1970-73 were first revised in Vital Statistics of the United
States, 1977; before 1977, life table values for 1970-73 were constructed
using the 1959-61 decennial life tables. In addition, life table values
for 1951-59, 1961-69, and 1971-79 appearing in this volume are based on
revised intercensal estimates of the populations for those years. As
such, these life table values may differ from life table values for those
years published in previous volumes.
The change in the population estimation methodology (se above section
"Population bases") results in life expectancies at certain 5-year age
intervals for 1984-86 that are lower than those that would have occurred
had they been based on the same methodology used to compute 1983 life
expectancies. For additional details, see Technical Appendix for Vital
Statistics of the United States, 1984, Volume II.
There has been an increasing interest in data on average length of
life () for single calendar years before the initiation of the annual
abridged life table series for selected race-sex groups in 1945. The
figures in table 6-5 for the race and sex groups for the following years
were estimated to meet these needs. For estimating procedures, see
National Office of Vital Statistics (1951).
Race and
Years sex groups
1900-45. . . . . . . . . . . . . Total
1900-47. . . . . . . . . . . . . Male
1900-47. . . . . . . . . . . . . Female
1900-50. . . . . . . . . . . . . White
1900-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . White, male
1900-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . White, female
1900-50. . . . . . . . . . . . . All other
1900-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . All other, male
1900-44. . . . . . . . . . . . . All other, female
The geographic areas covered in life tables before 1929-31 were
limited to the death-registration areas. Life tables for 1900-02 and
1909-11 were constructed using mortality data from the 1900
death-registration States-10 States and the District of Columbia-and for
1919-21 from the 1920 death- registration States-34 States and the
District of Columbia. The tables for 1929-31 through 1958 cover the
conterminous United States. Decennial life table values for the 3-year
period 1959-61 were derived from data that include both Alaska and Hawaii
for each year (table 6-4). Data for each year shown in table 6-5 include
Alaska beginning in 1959 and Hawaii beginning in 1960. It is believed
that the inclusion of these two States does not materially affect life
table values.
Random Variation in No. of Deaths,Death Rates,Mort. Rates/Ratios
Deaths and population-based rates-Except for 1972, the numbers of
deaths reported for a community represent complete counts of such events.
As such, they are not subject to sampling error, although they are subject
to errors in the registration process. However, when the figures are used
for analytical purposes, such as the comparison of rates over a time
period or for different areas, the number of events that actually occurred
may be considered as one of a large series of possible results that could
have arisen under the same circumstances (National Office of Vital
Statistics,1961). The probable range of values may be estimated from the
actual figures according to certain statistical assumptions.
In general, distributions of vital events may be assumed to follow
the binomial distribution. Estimates of standard error and tests of
significance under this assumption are described in most standard
statistics texts. When the number of events is large, the standard error,
expressed as a percent of the number or rate, is usually small.
When the number of events is small (perhaps less than 100) and the
probability of such an event is small, considerable caution must be
observed in interpreting the conditions described by the figures. This is
particularly true for infant mortality rates, cause-specific death rates,
and death rates for counties. Events of a rare nature may be assumed to
follow a Poison probability distribution. For this distribution, a simple
approximation may be used to estimate a confidence interval, as follows.
If N is the number of registered deaths in the population and R is
the corresponding rate, the chances are 19 in 20 that
1/2 1/2
1. N - 2(N) and N + 2(N)
covers the "true" number of events.
R R
2. R - 2 ----- and R + 2 -----
1/2 1/2
N N
If the rate R corresponding to N events is compared with the rate S
corresponding to M events, the difference between the two rates may be
regarded as statistically significant, if it exceeds
/ 2 2 \ 1/2
| R S |
2 | ---- + ---- |
\ N M /
For example, if the observed death rate for Community A were 10.0 per
1,000 population and if this rate were based on 20 recorded deaths, then
the chances are 19 in 20 that the "true" death rate for that community
lies between 5.5 and 14.5 per 1,000 population. If the death rate for
Community A of 10.0 per 1,000 population were being compared with a rate
of 20.0 per 1,000 population for Community B, which is based on 10
recorded deaths, then the difference between the rates for the two
communities is 10.0. This difference is less than twice the standard
error of the difference
/ 2 2 \ 1/2
| (10.0) (20.0) |
2 | --------- + --------- |
\ 20 10 /
of the two rates, which is computed to be 13.4. From this, it is
concluded that the difference between the rats for the two communities is
not statistically significant.
Table B
Table B. Sources for resident population and population including Armed
Forces abroad: Birth- and death- registration States, 1900-1932, and
United States, 1900-1986
Year Source
1986-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 1022, Mar. 1988.
1985-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 1000, Feb. 1987.
1984-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 985, Apr. 1986.
1983-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 965, Mar. 1985.
1982-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 949, May 1984
1981-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 929, May 1983
1980-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population:
1980, Number of Inhabitants, PC80-1-A1, United States
Summary, 1983.
1971-79--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 917, July 1982.
1970-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population:
1970, Number of Inhabitants, Final Report PC(1)-A1.
United States Summary, 1971.
1961-69--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 519, April 1974
1960-----------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population:
1960, Number of Inhabitants, PC80-1-A1, United States
Summary, 1964.
1951-59--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 310, June 30, 1965.
1940-50--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 499, May 1973.
1930-39--------------U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, No. 499, May 1973, and National
Office of Vital Statistics, Vital Statistics Rates in
the United State, 1900-1940, 1947.
1920-29--------------National Office of Vital Statistic, Vital Statistics
Rates in the United States, 1900-1940, 1947.
1917-19--------------Same as for 1930-39
1900-1916------------Same as for 1920-29
Symbols Used in Tables
Data not available _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Category not applicable_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ...
Quantity zero_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05 _ _ _ 0.0
Quantity more than zero but less than 500
where numbers are rounded to thousands _ _ _ Z
Figure does not meet standards of reliability
or precision _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
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