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Duzce, Turkey Earthquake, November 12, 1999 |
| The magnitude 7.2 quake occurred at 6.57 pm local time (16:57 GMT). Duzce lies on the eastern fringe of the region hit by the August 17 quake. Some areas experienced a one-two punch from the 1999 earthquakes. The death toll from the November quake was reported to be 260 people. More than 1,282 were injured and at least 102 buildings were destroyed. |
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The minarets on a mosque near the center of Duzce collapsed. The mosque was constructed in 1976 from reinforced concrete and faced with cut stone blocks. Its minarets collapsed without significantly damaging the central mosque structure, as the arches were braced by steel tie beams. Note that the minaret is partially buried from the force of impact. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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The walls of a much older mosque in Duzce collapsed outward. The mosque was rectangular in plan and was built from massive limestone blocks. The roof system consisted of six copulas supported by four masonry pillars (three are visible in the photo). The roof remained in place. The lower masonry blocks of the pillar in the forefront had shifted by several centimeters but continued to support the roof. A chandelier still hangs from the ceiling in the left center of the picture. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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A five-story concrete-beam bank building on the main street of Duzce failed on one side. The outer, hollow steel tube system buckled (above the red sign) and crumpled. In this part of the town, one in ten structures collapsed. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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Large areas of the city escaped major damage. In these areas, buildings typically were lightly damaged with diagonal cracking. Note damage to windows on the second floor. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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Collapsed building in Duzce. Note the failed beam/column connections in the foreground, the unbroken pane of glass in the window frame on the ground, and the building that still stands in the background. The street has been cleared of rubble. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Collapsed building in Duzce. Note the failed beam/column connections in the foreground, the unbroken pane of glass in the window frame on the ground, and the building that still stands in the background. The street has been cleared of rubble. Collapsed building in Duzce. Note the failed beam/column connections in the foreground, the unbroken pane of glass in the window frame on the ground, and the building that still stands in the background. The street has been cleared of rubble. |
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As the five-story building (in the background) started to fail, the trailing pillars were pulled from the foundation. The smooth steel rods embedded in the foundation had no cohesion within the concrete, nor any hook structure on their free ends to prevent them from being pulled out. Traditional buildings consisting of timber frame with masonry infill (such as the one pictured here) were found standing next to partially collapsed, concrete frame structures. Wooden buildings are generally more capable of withstanding moderate earthquakes than concrete buildings because they bend more easily. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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A close up of the support columns of a five-story building. The support columns had steel reinforcing that was smooth but appeared adequate in thickness, spacing, and number. The horizontal stirrups had evidently unwrapped during earthquake shaking, permitting the columns to fail in compression. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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Detail of a building failure in Duzce. Note the stairs, the plumbing pipes, the hollow clay tile, the failed corner column, and exposed rebar. Also note the house still standing in the background, and the pile of red bricks. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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A structure in Duzce that underwent major structural damage, but did not collapse. Note X cracking, unbroken windows, apparently undamaged buildings in the background, and unbroken windows on the structure with little damage in the foreground. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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A roof and upper story collapse in Duzce. Tents have been erected in the street for shelter. The building at the left was under construction at the time of the earthquake. The pile of bricks is still standing. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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As many as seven 3 to 5 story buildings were involved in a collapse of a 100-m-long block, suggesting that very high accelerations must have prevailed locally. One building was folded into the second stories of two adjacent buildings, indicating that they may have destroyed each other. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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As many as seven 3 to 5 story buildings were involved in a collapse of a 100-m-long block, suggesting that very high accelerations must have prevailed locally. One building collapsed toward the south. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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Police, rescue workers, and rescue dogs are shown here, five days after the main shock. Disaster teams from many countries participated in the relief efforts. Note the Internet sign. Much information about this disaster was quickly available on the Internet. This helped in coordinating disaster relief. Before the Internet, ham radio operators were often the only link between earthquake disaster victims and the outside world. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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A home owner describes his losses to the media. This event gained international media attention because of the devastating earthquake that had occurred three months earlier in nearly the same area. The Izmit, Turkey, earthquake had resulted in over 17,000 deaths. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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Close up of damage to a structure in Duzce. Note that the columns have shifted slightly and infill has fallen out. Also note the unbroken glass windows. The basement area is surrounded by a retaining wall which is typical of the construction in this part of Turkey. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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The northern wing of the Duzce hospital, after the November earthquake. This part of the hospital incurred significant damage in the August earthquake. The structure was judged to be unsafe. The November earthquake resulted in further collapse. This type of collapse is called pancaking and results from inadequate support of heavy overlying floors. Another hospital structure visible on the right remains relatively undamaged. On the day of the earthquake, 500 patients were evacuated, and a nurse was killed. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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The failure of one building along a city street often resulted in the collapse of other closely-spaced buildings. Note the relatively undamaged buildings. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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This traditional building suffered major damage but remained standing. Note the unbroken windows. Traditional building techniques in earthquake-prone areas often prove to be earthquake resistant. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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Many partial collapses of structures occurred due to a soft lower story collapse on only one side of the building. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |
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In Kaynasli, the apartment building on the left collapsed completely, and the one on the right failed laterally, causing it to slide into the building in the center. The columns punched through the roof in the building on the left. A red X indicates buildings to be destroyed. The fault trace passed through this area. Photo credit: Roger Bilham, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado |