[cost4.txt, dated 6/99]

Estimated economic costs of alcohol abuse, 1985 and 1990

----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  1985[1]              1990[2]
                                 ---------      ---------------------
                                 Amount in      Amount in   Percent
Type of Cost                      Millions      Millions  Distribution
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Total                               $70,338      $98,623      100.0

Core Costs                           58,181       80,763       81.9

 Direct Costs                         6,810       10,512       10.7

  Specialty organizations             2,281        3,469        3.5
  Short-stay hospitals                3,017        4,589        4.7
  Office-based physicians               141          240        0.2
  Other professional services           173          329        0.3
  Nursing homes                         703        1,095        1.1
  Support Costs                         495          790        0.8

 Indirect Costs                      51,371       70,251       71.2

  Morbidity                          27,388       36,627       37.1
   Noninstitutionalized population   27,208       36,404       36.9
   Institutionalized population         180          223        0.2

  Mortality[3]                       23,983       33,624       34.1

Other Related Costs                  10,546       15,771       16.0

 Direct Costs                         7,380       10,436       10.6

  Crime                               4,251        5,807        5.9
  Motor vehicle crashes               2,584        3,876        3.9
  Fire destruction                      457          633        0.6
  Social welfare administration          88          120        0.1

 Indirect Costs                       3,166        5,335        5.4

  Victims of crime                      465          576        0.6
  Incarceration                       2,701        4,759        4.8

Special Diseases
 Fetal alcohol syndrome               1,611        2,089        2.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Rice, D.P.  The economic costs of alcohol abuse and
        dependence 1990.  ALCOHOL HEALTH & RESEARCH WORLD, 17(1),
        10-11, 1993.

[1] Rice, D.P.; Kelman, S.; Miller, L.S.; Dunmeyer, S.  THE ECONOMIC
    COSTS OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE AND MENTAL ILLNESS, 1985.  Report
    for ADAMHA prepared by the Institute for Health and Aging,
    University of California, San Francisco, 1990.  DHHS Pub. No.
    90-1694.

[2] 1990 costs are based on socioeconomic indexes applied to 1985
    estimates.

[3] Discounted at 6 percent.