References

¹The term "problem" is defined as meeting the diagnostic criteria for treatment for the abuse of or dependence on alcohol and illicit drugs. This definition includes the nonmedical use of prescription drugs and also includes adolescents who meet the diagnostic criteria.

²Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. NSDUH Series H-28. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Publication No. SMA 05-4062. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies.

³DWI is the preferred term at the level of Federal policy. However, States and local jurisdictions use a range of terms, including driving under the influence (DUI), driving while impaired, and operating under the influence.

⁴Shults, R.A., et al. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 21(4 Suppl 1):66–88, 2001.

⁵Hingson, R., and Sleet, D.A. Modifying alcohol use to reduce motor vehicle injury. In Gielen, A.C., et al., eds. Injury and Violence Prevention: Behavioral Science Theories, Methods, and Applications. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2006, 234–256.

⁶More information available at www.nhtsa.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.18e416bf1b09b6bbbf 30811060008a0c/; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁷Senate Report 109-103, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 2006. Childhood Drinking. More information available at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&sid=cp109jlfKK&refer=&r_n=sr103.109&db_id= 109&item=&sel=TOC_701922&; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁸HHS. Teen Drug Use Declines 2003–2004. [News release.] More information available at www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20041221.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

⁹Grant, B.F., and Dawson, D.A. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse 9:103–110, 1997.

¹⁰Kreek, M.J., and Vocci, F. History and current status of opioid maintenance treatments: Blending conference session. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 23:93–105, 2002.

¹¹More information available at http://buprenorphine.samhsa.gov; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹²Watts-Davis, B. Prevention Fellows. [slide presentation.] March 16, 2006. More information available at http://captus.samhsa.gov/western/resources/documents/5-BWD-PreventionFellows-Mar16-2006.ppt; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹³SAMHSA. $54.6 Million for Cooperative Agreements for Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral and Treatment. More information available at www.samhsa.gov/news/newsreleases/061011_SBirt.aspx; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁴SAMHSA. Notice of Funding Availability. Grants to Expand Substance Abuse Treatment Capacity in Targeted Areas of Need. More information available at www.samhsa.gov/grants/2005/nofa/ti05003_TCE.aspx; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁵National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents: A Research-Based Guide for Parents, Educators, and Community Leaders, 2nd ed. NIH Publication No. 04-4212. Bethesda, MD: NIDA, October 2003.

¹⁶National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts: Laws: "Administrative License Revocation." Vol. 2. No. 1. March 2004. More information available at www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/new-fact-sheet03/fact-sheets04/Laws-ALR.pdf ; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁷Greenfield, T.K., and Kerr, W.C. Tracking alcohol consumption over time. Alcohol Research & Health 27(1):2003. More information available at http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/30-38.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁸National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors. Policy Position Paper: Recommendations Related to Closing the Treatment Gap. June 2003. More information available at www.nasadad.org/resource.php?base_id=37; accessed October 31, 2006.

¹⁹Otto-Salaj, L.L., and Stevenson, L.Y. Influence of psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms on HIV risk behavior in adults with serious mental illness. AIDS Reader 11(4):197–204, 206–208, 2001.

²⁰Murphy, E.L., et al. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in United States blood donors. NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS). Hepatology 31(3):756–762, 2000.

²¹Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Drug-Associated HIV Transmission Continues in the United States. [Fact sheet.] May 2002. More information available at www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/print/idu.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

²²Massimo, R., et al., for Italian Study Group on Mother-to-Infant Hepatitis C Virus Transmission. Maternal drug use is a preeminent risk factor for mother-to-child hepatitis C virus transmission: Results from a multicenter study of 1372 mother-infant pairs. Journal of Infectious Diseases 185:567–572, 2002.

²³More information available at www.nida.nih.gov/about/organization/CEWG/CEWGHome.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁴Using State Epidemiology Workgroups to Change Policy and Drive Funding. [slide presentation.] More information available at www.fasdcenter.samhsa.gov/documents/BFSS2006_Ammie_Bonsu_Presentation.ppt ; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁵Hingson, R., et al. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24: Changes from 1998 to 2001. Annual Review of Public Health 26:259–279, 2005.

²⁶Task Force on the National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. A Call to Action: Changing the Culture of Drinking at U.S. Colleges. NIH Publication No. 02-5010. Bethesda, MD: The Task Force, October 2002.

²⁷Volkow, N.D. Exploring the why's of adolescent drug abuse. [Electronic version.] NIDA Notes. 19(3):1–2, September 2004. More information available at www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_notes/NNvol19N3/DirRepVol19N3.html; accessed October 31, 2006.

²⁸National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol and development in youth: A multidisciplinary overview. Alcohol Research & Health 28(3):105–176, 2004–2005.

²⁹Brecht, M.L., et al. Methamphetamine use behaviors and gender differences. Addictive Behaviors 29(1):89–106, 2004.

³⁰National Drug Intelligence Center. National Drug Threat Assessment 2007. October 2006. More information available at www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs21/21137/index.htm; accessed October 31, 2006.

³¹CDC. Public Health Consequences Among First Responders to Emergency Events Associated With Illicit Methamphetamine Laboratories—Selected States, 1996–1999. November 2000. More information available at www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4945a1.htm, accessed October 31, 2006.

³²Partnership for a Drug-Free America. Prescription Medicine Abuse: A Growing Problem. More information available at www.drugfree.org/Parent/Resources/Prescription_Medicine_Misuse; accessed October 31, 2006.

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