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Current Bibliographies in Medicine 97-5Malaria: Prevention and Therapy (Emphasis on Africa)January 1993 through September 1997 1712 Citations Prepared by 1997 September U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Library of
Medicine
Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTARtm, POPLINEtm, and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html. 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Return to title page | Return to table of contentsTable of ContentsSeries NoteIntroductionSample CitationsBibliography:MalariaDrug TherapyAntimalarialsVaccinesOther TherapiesPrevention and ControlPlasmodiumDrug EffectsImmunologyPathogenicityAnophelesBiological, Chemical, and Physical ControlReturn to title pageMALARIA: PREVENTION AND THERAPY (EMPHASIS ON AFRICA) Malaria is a major disease in tropical climates causing high rates of mortality. Despite serious efforts to eradicate the disease, malaria is reemerging to take its toll on inhabitants of tropical developing countries. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, approximately 300 to 500 million individuals are infected with malaria, with death totals ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 million annually. The highest incidence of mortality occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily in children less than 5 years old.[1] To further compound the problem, the anopheline vector has become increasingly resistant to insecticides and the parasite to current antimalarial drugs.[2] There are four species of malaria parasites that infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. Of these, Plasmodium falciparum, the predominant malarial parasite found in Africa, is the most virulent as it produces the severest of disease and the highest rates of death.[3] The clinical signs and symptoms of early malaria infection are common to all four species of Plasmodium and appear approximately 8 to 16 days after initial exposure. These include: headache, muscle ache, vague abdominal pain, joint pain, listlessness, fatigue, dysphoria, and fever. Infected children become irritable, lethargic, and anorexic.[4] Drug therapy of malaria depends on the severity of the infection, patient age, the amount of immunity (if any), the likely response to antimalarial drugs, and the cost and availability of the drugs. For these reasons, the recommendations for treatment vary according to geographic region.[5] Due to the growing problem of insecticide resistant vectors and drug-resistant strains of plasmodium, research is being conducted in the area of vaccine development as an alternative method of controlling the spread of malaria. One type of vaccine currently under investigation is the transmission-blocking vaccine. The transmission-blocking vaccine does not directly prevent infection of the recipient nor does it directly reduce parasite load or prevent disease. It does, however, passively immunize the mosquitos. The ultimate goal of the transmission-blocking vaccine program is to eradicate malaria parasites by using an inexpensively produced and easily administered vaccine. Transmission-blocking vaccines will most likely be used with other methods of intervention, i.e., bednets, protective vaccines, and large scale chemotherapy administration, in the attempt to control the spread of malaria.[6] Other vaccine candidates are being evaluated which focus on sporozoites, the stage of the parasite injected by the feeding mosquito, and on the asexual stages of the parasite which account for most of the pathogenicity of the malarial infection. This bibliography is only a partial representation of the journal literature on malaria for the last five years. The focus of this work is on the treatment and prevention and control of malaria in Africa. Criteria for inclusion were citations focusing on drug therapy, antimalarials, vaccines, and other therapies for the treatment of malaria. Citations relating to the drug effects, pathogenicity, and immunology of the Plasmodium organisms were included. Geographic studies outside of Africa were normally not included. The citations contained in this bibliography are to the journal literature published during the period January 1993 to September 1997. The focus is on human malaria. Citations on rodent malaria or other animal models were not included. Excluded also are citations to meeting abstracts, conferences, reports, and books. The bibliography is divided into three subject areas: malaria, the various Plasmodium organisms causing malaria, and the Anopheles vector. Citations within each category are listed alphabetically by author. Items may be indexed to more than one category. Further information regarding the genetic aspects of malaria, the Plasmodiums, and the Anopheles vector may be found by accessing the National Library of Medicine's National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, the GenBank Sequence Database. GenBank is an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences. There are approximately 1,053,000,000 bases in 1,611,000 sequence records as of August 1997. The complete release notes for the current version of GenBank are available from the NCBI Internet home page, with a new release available every two months. GenBank is part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, which is comprised of the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) as well as the GenBank at NCBI. These three organizations exchange data on a daily basis. GenBank can be accessed via the NCBI Internet WWW page at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Detailed information regarding GenBank and its modes of access are available from this Web site. Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must
include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct
format is: [1] Stanley J. Malaria. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1997 Feb;15(1):113-55. [2] White NJ. Malaria. In: Cook GC, editor. Manson's tropical diseases. 20th ed. London: WB Saunders; 1996. p. 1087-164. [3] Krogstad D. Plasmodium species (malaria). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 4th ed. Vol. 2. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p. 2415-27. [4] White NJ. Malaria. In: Cook GC, editor. Manson's tropical diseases. 20th ed. London: WB Saunders; 1996. p. 1087-164. [5] White NJ. N Engl J Med 1996 Sep12;335(11):800-6. [6] Kaslow D. Transmission-blocking vaccines: uses and current status of development. Int J Parasitol 1997;27(2):183-9. Return to title page | Return to table of contentsCitations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus ®. Sample journal citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the titles is placed in brackets and the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Journal Article: Example: Order, with separating punctuation: Example: Order, with separating punctuation: For details of the formats used for references, see the following
publication: MalariaDrug TherapyAbila B, Ezeamuzie IC, Igbigbi PS, Ambakederemo AW, Asomugha L. Effects of two antihistamines on chloroquine and histamine induced weal and flare in healthy African volunteers. Afr J Med Med Sci 1994 Jun;23(2):139-42. Adagu IS, Warhurst DC, Ogala WN, Abdu-Aguye I, Audu LI, Bamgbola FO, Ovwigho UB. Antimalarial drug response of Plasmodium falciparum from Zaria, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995 Jul-Aug;89(4):422-5. Adagu SI, Okoyeh JN, Lege-Oguntoye L, Ogala WN, Ogunrinde GO, Faji JT, Sani AH. Efficacy of a 3-day oral regimen of quinine in an area of northern Nigeria with low-grade resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine. J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Oct;98(5):296-8. Adams PA, Berman PA, Egan TJ, Marsh PJ, Silver J. The iron environment in heme and heme-antimalarial complexes of pharmacological interest. J Inorg Biochem 1996 Jul;63(1):69-77. Agnamey PP, Leroy G, Kouamouo J, Brasseur P. [Sensitivity in vivo and in vitro of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and amodiaquine in Bangangte (west Cameroon)]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1995 Mar;88(4):149-51. (Fre). Akhtar T, Imran M. Sudden deaths while on halofantrine treatments--a report of two cases from peshawar. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc 1994 May;44(5):120-1. Akpede GO, Abiodun PO, Ambe JP. Aetiological considerations in the febrile unconscious child in the rainforest and arid regions of Nigeria. East Afr Med J 1996;73(4):245-50. Albers SE, Glass LF, Fenske NA. Lichen planus subtropicus: direct immunofluorescence findings and therapeutic response to hydroxychloroquine. Int J Dermatol 1994 Sep;33(9):645-7. Alene GD, Bennett S. Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Trop Med Int Health 1996 Dec;1(6):810-5. Alin MH, Ashton M, Kihamia CM, Mtey GJ, Bjorkman A. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of artemisinin monotherapy and in combination with mefloquine in patients with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996 Jun;41(6):587-92. Alin MH, Kihamia CM, Bjorkman A, Bwijo BA, Premji Z, Mtey GJ, Ashton M. Efficacy of oral and intravenous artesunate in male Tanzanian adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and in vitro susceptibility to artemisinin, chloroquine, and mefloquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Dec;53(6):639-45. Ambroise-Thomas P. [For new antimalarial drugs: the methods of fundamental research]. Med Trop (Mars) 1995;55(4 Suppl):23-6. (Fre). Ambroise-Thomas P. [The role of qinghaosu derivatives in the treatment of malaria in 1995]. Med Trop (Mars) 1995;55(3 Suppl):18-20. (Fre). Anabwani GM, Esamai FO, Menya DA. A randomised controlled trial to assess the relative efficacy of chloroquine, amodiaquine, halofantrine and Fansidar in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children. East Afr Med J 1996 Mar;73(3):155-8. Ancelin ML, Vial HJ, Calas M, Giral L, Piquet G, Rubi E, Thomas A, Peters W, Slomianny C, Herrera S, et al. Present development concerning antimalarial activity of phospholipid metabolism inhibitors with special reference to in vivo activity. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1994;89 Suppl 2:85-90. Andersen SL, Ager A, McGreevy P, Schuster BG, Wesche D, Kuschner R, Ohrt C, Ellis W, Rossan R, Berman J. Activity of azithromycin as a blood schizonticide against rodent and human plasmodia in vivo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Feb;52(2):159-61. Anderson SL, Berman J, Kuschner R, Wesche D, Magill A, Wellde B, Schneider I, Dunne M, Schuster BG. Prophylaxis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with azithromycin administered to volunteers. Ann Intern Med 1995 Nov 15;123(10):771-3. Anita-Obong OE, Alaribe AA, Young MU, Bassey A, Etim BV. Chloroquine phosphate suppositories in the treatment of childhood malaria in Calabar, Nigeria. Curr Ther Res 1995;56(9):928-35. Annobil SH, Okeahialam TC, Jamjoom GA, Bassuni WA. Malaria in children: Experience from Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 1994;14(6):467-70. Arnold K. Early treatment of malaria in the community using artemisinin--hope or hazard? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994 Jun;88 Suppl 1:S47-9. Ashton M, Sy ND, Gordi T, Hai T N, Thach DC, Huong NV, Farah MH, Johansson M, Cong LD. Evidence for time-dependent artemisinin kinetics in adults with umcomplicated [uncomplicated] malaria. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 1996;6(3):127-30. Assan R, Perronne C, Assan D, Chotard L, Mayaud C, Matheron S, Zucman D. Pentamidine-induced derangements of glucose homeostasis. Determinant roles of renal failure and drug accumulation. A study of 128 patients. Diabetes Care 1995 Jan;18(1):47-55. Avery MA, Bonk JD, Chong WK, Mehrotra S, Miller R, Milhous W, Goins DK, Venkatesan S, Wyandt C, Khan I, et al. Structure-activity relationships of the antimalarial agent artemisinin. 2. Effect of heteroatom substitution at O-11: synthesis and bioassay of N-alkyl-11-aza-9-desmethylartemisinins. J Med Chem 1995 Dec 22;38(26):5038-44. Avery MA, Fan P, Karle JM, Bonk JD, Miller R, Goins DK. Structure-activity relationships of the antimalarial agent artemisinin. 3. Total synthesis of (+)-13-carbaartemisinin and related tetra- and tricyclic structures. J Med Chem 1996 Apr 26;39(9):1885-97. Avery MA, Mehrotra S, Johnson TL, Bonk JD, Vroman JA, Miller R. Structure-activity relationships of the antimalarial agent artemisinin. 5. Analogs of 10-deoxoartemisinin substituted at C-3 and C-9. J Med Chem 1996 Oct 11;39(21):4149-55. Babiker H, Ranford-Cartwright L, Sultan A, Satti G, Walliker D. Genetic evidence that RI chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum is caused by recrudescence of resistant parasites. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994 May-Jun;88(3):328-31. Balo KP, Mensah A, Mihluedo H. [Chloroquine maculopathy and prevention of malaria]. J Fr Ophtalmol 1996;19(12):770-6. (Fre). Bangchang KN, Karbwang J, Thomas CG, Thanavibul A, Sukontason K, Ward S A, Edwards G. Pharmacokinetics of artemether after oral administration to healthy Thai males and patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994;37(3):249-53. Barennes H, Kahiatani D, Clavier F, Meynard D, Njifountawaouo S, Barennes-Rasoanandrasana F, Amadou M, Soumana M, Mahamansani A, Granic G, et al. [Rectal quinine, an alternative to parenteral injections for the treatment of childhood malaria. Clinical, parasitological and pharmacological study]. Med Trop (Mars) 1995;55(4 Suppl):91-4. (Fre). Barennes H, Kahiatani F, Pussard E, Clavier F, Meynard D, Njifountawouo S, Verdier F. Intrarectal Quinimax (an association of Cinchona alkaloids) for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Niger: efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995 Jul-Aug;89(4):418-21. Barennes H, Pussard E, Mahaman Sani A, Clavier F, Kahiatani F, Granic G, Henzel D, Ravinet L, Verdier F. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a new intrarectal quinine formulation in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996 May;41(5):389-95. Barennes H, Pussard E, Sani AM, Clavier F, Henzel D, Kahiatani F, Granic G, Ravinet L, Verdier F. Intrarectal Quinimax (a combination of cinchona alkaloids) administered at 3 different dosages to children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Niger. Clin Drug Invest 1996;11(3):154-8. Barradell LB, Fitton A. Artesunate. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of malaria. Drugs 1995 Oct;50(4):714-41. Barrett PJ, Emmins PD, Clarke PD, Bradley DJ. Comparison of adverse events associated with use of mefloquine and combination of chloroquine and proguanil as antimalarial prophylaxis: postal and telephone survey of travellers. BMJ 1996 Aug 31;313(7056):525-8. Comment in: BMJ 1996 Dec 14;313(7071):1552; BMJ 1996 Dec 14;313(7071):1552-3; BMJ 1996 Dec 14;313(7071):1553; discussion 1554; BMJ 1996 Dec 14;313(7071):1553-4. Bartel PR, Roux P, Robinson E, Anderson IF, Brighton SW, van der Hoven HJ, Becker PJ. Visual function and long-term chloroquine treatment. S Afr Med J 1994 Jan;84(1):32-4. Basco LK, Andersen SL, Milhous WK, Le Bras J, Vennerstrom JL. In vitro activity of bisquinoline WR268,668 against African clones and isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994 Feb;50(2):200-5. Basco LK, Eldin de Pecoulas P, Wilson CM, Le Bras J, Mazabraud A. Point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene and pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995 Jan;69(1):135-8. Basco LK, Le Bras J. In vitro activity of mitochondrial ATP synthetase inhibitors against Plasmodium falciparum. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994 May-Jun;41(3):179-83. Basco LK, Le Bras J. In vitro reversal of chloroquine resistance with chlorpheniramine against African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1994 Feb;47(1):59-63. Basco LK, Le Bras J. In vitro susceptibility of Cambodian isolates of Plasmodium falciparum to halofantrine, pyronaridine and artemisinin derivatives. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1994 Apr;88(2):137-44. Basco LK, Marquet F, Makler MM, Le Bras J. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax: lactate dehydrogenase activity and its application for in vitro drug susceptibility assay. Exp Parasitol 1995 Mar;80(2):260-71. Basco LK, Peytavin G, Gimenez F, Genissel B, Farinotti R, Le Bras J. In vitro activity of the enantiomers of N-desbutyl derivative of halofantrine. Trop Med Parasitol 1994 Mar;45(1):45-6. Basco LK, Ramiliarisoa O, Le Bras J. In vitro activity of atovaquone against the African isolates and clones of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Oct;53(4):388-91. Basco LK, Ramiliarisoa O, Le Bras J. In vitro activity of pyrimethamine, cycloguanil, and other antimalarial drugs against African isolates and clones of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994 Feb;50(2):193-9. Basco LK, Ringwald P. pfmdr1 gene mutation and clinical response to chloroquine in Yaounde, Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997 Mar-Apr;91(2):210-1. Basco LK, Ringwald P, Thor R, Doury JC, Le Bras J. Activity in vitro of chloroquine, cycloguanil, and mefloquine against African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum: presumptive evidence for chemoprophylactic efficacy in Central and West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995 Nov-Dec;89(6):657-8. Batty KT, Davis TM, Thu LT, Binh TQ, Anh TK, Ilett KF. Selective high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of artesunate and alpha- and beta-dihydroartemisinin in patients with falciparum malaria. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996 Mar 3;677(2):345-50. Baudon D. [Decision making policies on the utilization of antimalarials in response to a modification of chloroquine efficacity. Applications to Africa]. Med Trop (Mars) 1995;55(4 Suppl):37-40. (Fre). Bauer LA, Horn JR, Pettit H. Mixed-effect modeling for detection and evaluation of drug interactions: digoxin-quinidine and digoxin-verapamil combinations. Ther Drug Monit 1996 Feb;18(1):46-52. Beck HP, Felger I, Kabintik S, Tavul L, Genton B, Alexander N, Bhatia KK, Al-Yaman F, Hii J, Alpers M. Assessment of the humoral and cell-mediated immunity against the Plasmodium falciparum vaccine candidates circumsporozoite protein and SPf66 in adults living in highly endemic malarious areas of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;51(3):356-64. Benito A, Roche J, Molina R, Amela C, Alvar J. Application and evaluation of QBC malaria diagnosis in a holoendemic area. Appl Parasitol 1994;35(4):266-72. Benito A, Roche J, Molina R, Amela C, Alvar J. In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinine, mefloquine, and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in Equatorial Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Nov;53(5):526-31. Berclaz PY, Benedek C, Jequier E, Schutz Y. Changes in protein turnover and resting energy expenditure after treatment of malaria in Gambian children. Pediatr Res 1996 Mar;39(3):401-9. Berger BJ, Martiney J, Slater AF, Fairlamb AH, Cerami A. Chloroquine resistance is not associated with drug metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum. J Parasitol 1995 Dec;81(6):1004-8. Berger BJ, Paciorkowski A, Suskin M, Dai WW, Cerami A, Ulrich P. Antimalarial activity of novel arylene bis(methylketone) compounds. J Infect Dis 1996 Sep;174(3):659-62. Bhavnani SM, Preston SL. Monitoring of intravenous quinidine infusion in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Ann Pharmacother 1995 Jan;29(1):33-5. Bich NN, De Vries PJ, Van Thien H, Phong TH, Hung LN, Eggelte TA, Anh TK, Kager PA. Efficacy and tolerance of artemisinin in short combination regimens for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996 Oct;55(4):438-43. Bierhaus A, Hemmer CJ, Mackman N, Kutob R, Ziegler R, Dietrich M, Nawroth PP. Antiparasitic treatment of patients with P. falciparum malaria reduces the ability of patient serum to induce tissue factor by decreasing NF-kappa B activation. Thromb Haemost 1995 Jan;73(1):39-48. Birkett DJ, Rees D, Andersson T, Gonzalez FJ, Miners JO, Veronese ME. In vitro proguanil activation to cycloguanil by human liver microsomes is mediated by CYP3A isoforms as well as by S-mephenytoin hydroxylase. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994 May;37(5):413-20. Blanchard TJ, Mabey DC, Hunt-Cooke A, Edwards G, Hutchinson DB, Benjamin S, Chiodini PL. Multiresistant falciparum malaria cured using atovaquone and proguanil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994 Nov-Dec;88(6):693. Blom GJ, Baboo KS, Athale UH, van der Werf TS. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in vivo drug sensitivity in Lusaka, Zambia. Cent Afr J Med 1995 Jan;41(1):6-10. Blumenfeld H, Cha JH, Cudkowicz ME. Trimethoprim and sulfonamide-associated meningoencephalitis with MRI correlates. Neurology 1996 Feb;46(2):556-8. Bogaerts J, Kestens L, Martinez Tello W, Akingeneye J, Mukantabana V, Verhaegen J, Van Dyck E, Piot P. Failure of treatment for chancroid in Rwanda is not related to human immunodeficiency virus infection: in vitro resistance of Haemophilus ducreyi to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Clin Infect Dis 1995 Apr;20(4):924-30. Bonington A, Davidson RN, Winstanley PA, Pasvol G. Fatal quinine cardiotoxicity in the treatment of falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996 May-Jun;90(3):305-7. Bouchaud O, Basco LK, Gillotin C, Gimenez F, Ramiliarisoa O, Genissel B, Bouvet E, Farinotti R, Le Bras J, Coulaud JP. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of micronized halofantrine for the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in nonimmune patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994 Aug;51(2):204-13. Bourahla A, Martin C, Gimenez F, Singhasivanon V, Attanath P, Sabchearon A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Farinotti R. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in young children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996;50(3):241-4. Bouree P. [Malaria: what treatment today? (editorial)]. Presse Med 1997 Feb 15;26(4):156-7. (Fre). Bradley DJ, Warhurst DC. Malaria prophylaxis: guidelines for travellers from Britain. BMJ 1995 Mar 18;310(6981):709-14. Brasseur P, Agnamey P, Ekobo AS, Samba G, Favennec L, Kouamouo J. Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to amodiaquine and chloroquine in central Africa: a comparative study in vivo and in vitro. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995 Sep-Oct;89(5):528-30. Bray PG, Boulter MK, Ritchie GY, Howells RE, Ward SA. Relationship of global chloroquine transport and reversal of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994 Jan;63(1):87-94. Bray PG, Hawley SR, Mungthin M, Ward SA. Physicochemical properties correlated with drug resistance and the reversal of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Pharmacol 1996 Dec;50(6):1559-66. Brooks DR, Wang P, Read M, Watkins WM, Sims PF, Hyde JE. Sequence variation of the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine. Eur J Biochem 1994 Sep 1;224(2):397-405. Buckling AG, Taylor LH, Carlton JM, Read AF. Adaptive changes in Plasmodium transmission strategies following chloroquine chemotherapy. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997 Apr 22;264(1381):553-9. Bunnag D, Kanda T, Karbwang J, Thimasarn K, Pungpak S, Harinasuta T. Artemether or artesunate followed by mefloquine as a possible treatment for multidrug resistant falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996 Jul-Aug;90(4):415-7. Bunnag D, Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K, Thanavibul A, Chittamas S, Harinasuta T. Quinine-tetracycline for multidrug resistant falciparum malaria. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1996;27(1):15-8. Bunnag D, Karbwang J, Thanavibul A, Chittamas S, Ratanapongse Y, Chalermrut K, Bangchang KN, Harinasuta T. High dose of primaquine in primaquine resistant vivax malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994 Mar-Apr;88(2):218-9. Published erratum appears in Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994 Sep-Oct;88(5):584. Burgmann H, Looareesuwan S, Viravan C, Vanijanonta S, Zedwitz-Liebenstein K, Vorbach H, Graninger W. Serum laminin and basic fibroblast growth factor concentrations in patients with complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Clin Immunol 1996 Sep;16(5):278-82. Bustos MD, Gay F, Diquet B. In-vitro tests on Philippine isolates of Plasmodium falciparum against four standard antimalarials and four qinghaosu derivatives. Bull World Health Organ 1994;72(5):729-35. Bustos MD, Gay F, Diquet B, Thomare P, Warot D. The pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of chloroquine in healthy subjects. Trop Med Parasitol 1994 Jun;45(2):83-6. Cabantchik ZI, Glickstein H, Golenser J, Loyevsky M, Tsafack A. Iron chelators: mode of action as antimalarials. Acta Haematol 1996;95(1):70-7. Cardoso B da S, Dourado HV, Pinheiro M da C, Crescente JA, Amoras WW, Baena J, Saraty S. [An efficacy and tolerance study of oral artesunate alone and in combination with mefloquine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an endemic area of Para, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1996 May-Jun;29(3):251-7. (Por). Cardoso MA, Ferreira MU, Camargo LM, Szarfarc SC. Anaemia, iron deficiency and malaria in a rural community in Brazilian Amazon. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48(5):326-32. 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