This is the seventh annual report summarizing the results of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) pesticide residue monitoring program. The 6 previous reports, which were published in the Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists/Journal of AOAC International, presented results from Fiscal Years (FY) 1987 through 1992. The present report includes findings obtained during FY93 (October 1, 1992 through September 30, 1993) under regulatory and incidence/level monitoring. Selected Total Diet Study results for 1991-1993 are also included. The findings from FY93, as in previous years, continue to indicate that the levels of pesticide residues found in the U.S. food supply are generally well below established limits.
Three federal government agencies share responsibility for the regulation of pesticides (1). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registers (i.e., approves) the use of pesticides and sets tolerances (the maximum amount of a residue that is permitted in or on a food) if use of that particular pesticide may result in residues in or on food (2). Except for meat, poultry, and certain egg products, for which the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible, FDA is charged with enforcing tolerances in imported foods and in domestically produced food shipped in interstate commerce. FDA also acquires incidence/level data on particular commodity/pesticide combinations and carries out its annual market basket survey, the Total Diet Study. In 1990, USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) initiated, through contracts with participating states, a residue testing program directed primarily at raw agricultural products (fruits and vegetables). FSIS and AMS pesticide residue data are reported independently by those agencies.
One aspect of FDA's monitoring program involves the sampling of individual lots of domestically produced and imported foods and analysis of these foods for pesticide residues. Domestic samples are collected as close as possible to the point of production in the distribution system; import samples are collected at the point of entry into U.S. commerce. Emphasis is on the raw agricultural product, which is analyzed as the unwashed, whole, raw commodity, that is, with the peel or skin intact. Processed foods are also included. If illegal residues (above EPA tolerance or no tolerance for that particular food/pesticide combination) are found in domestic samples, FDA can invoke various sanctions, such as a seizure or injunction. For imports, shipments may be stopped at the port of entry when illegal residues are found. "Automatic detention" may be invoked for imports based on the finding of 1 violative shipment if there is reason to believe that the same situation will exist in future lots during the same shipping season for a specific shipper, grower, geographic area, or country.
The food samples collected are classified as either "surveillance" or "compliance." Most samples that FDA collects are the surveillance type; that is, there is no prior knowledge or evidence that a specific food shipment contains illegal pesticide residues. Compliance samples are taken as follow-up to the finding of an illegal residue or when there is other evidence of a pesticide residue problem.
FDA establishes monitoring priorities through development of an annual National Sampling Plan, which is a compilation of 6 Regional Sampling Plans prepared by FDA personnel throughout the United States. Each annual Plan is designed to provide for sampling and pesticide residue analyses of domestic and imported foods of dietary importance, including products from approximately 80 countries, all 50 states, and Puerto Rico. Some deviations from the Plan may occur depending on circumstances in the individual FDA Districts.
Factors considered in preparing the Sampling Plan include review of recently generated FDA residue data and those produced by the states, regional intelligence on pesticide use, dietary importance of the food, information on the amount of imported food and domestic food that enters interstate commerce, chemical characteristics and toxicity of the pesticide, and production volume/pesticide usage patterns.
To analyze the large numbers of samples whose pesticide treatment history is usually unknown, analytical methods capable of simultaneously determining a number of pesticide residues are used. These multiresidue methods (MRMs) can determine about half of the approximately 300 pesticides with EPA tolerances, and many others that have no tolerances. The most commonly used MRMs can also detect many metabolites, impurities, and alteration products of pesticides with and without tolerances (3).
Single residue methods (SRMs) or selective MRMs are used to determine pesticides not covered by an MRM (3). An SRM usually determines 1 pesticide; a selective MRM measures a relatively small number of chemically related pesticides. These types of methods are usually more resource-intensive per residue, and they may require at least as much time to perform as an MRM. They are much less cost efficient than MRMs.
The lower limit of residue measurement in FDA's determination of a specific pesticide is usually well below tolerance levels, which generally range from 0.1 to 50 parts per million (ppm). Residues present at 0.01 ppm and above are usually measurable; however, for individual pesticides, this limit may range from 0.005 to 1 ppm. In this report, the term "trace" is used to indicate residues detected, but at levels below the limit of quantitation.
Personnel in FDA field offices interact with their counterparts in most states to carry out more effective pesticide residue monitoring. The extent of these cooperative efforts varies among the states and depends on the size and scope of the pesticide program in the individual states, i.e., states in which agriculture is a major industry tend to have greater resources and more personnel devoted to agriculture-related programs.
FDA also acquires and uses state-generated pesticide residue data to complement its own and other federally sponsored residue programs. For many years, FDA has supported, through a contract with Mississippi State University (MSU), the "Foodcontam" database, which is a compilation of state-collected residue data.
In addition to monitoring foods for human consumption, FDA also samples and analyzes domestic and imported feeds for pesticide residues. This monitoring is carried out under the direction of FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) via its Feed Contaminants Compliance Program.
CVM also reviews pesticide residue data supplied by various states under "Feedcon," a database operated by MSU under the auspices of the Association of American Feed Control Officials. These data are reviewed periodically by CVM so that potential problems stemming from pesticide residues in foods of animal origin may be identified.
FDA has obtained information on foreign pesticide usage via contract for several years. Under the current contract with Landell Mills (Bath, England), FDA receives pesticide usage data each year for about 30 countries that export food to the United States. These data allow FDA to more accurately target particular pesticide/commodity/country combinations for monitoring.
In 1993, FDA continued to work with foreign governments and food producers to promote pesticide usage practices for foreign-grown foods that are consistent with U.S. registrations and tolerances. In some of these activities, FDA worked closely with staffs from EPA, USDA, and the Agency for International Development (AID) to assist foreign producers and governments in developing countries in understanding the U.S. pesticide regulatory system and in establishing their own pesticide regulatory infrastructure.
These programs were focused primarily on Central America. The activities included work with Guatemalan government and industry officials to establish pesticide usage control and oversight for snowpeas and other vegetables to ensure better compliance of Guatemalan exports with U.S. tolerances. In addition, a multiagency effort by FDA, EPA, and AID was continued throughout Central America to establish new analytical laboratories and improve existing ones so that Central American food exports to the United States and elsewhere could be monitored for compliance with residue tolerances.
For several years, FDA and other U.S. agencies have worked with the Organization of American States' Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), which is headquartered in San Jose, Costa Rica, to promote the development of regulatory infrastructures in the Americas. In 1993, IICA conducted a technical/regulatory seminar series for Andean countries in Quito, Ecuador. Similar training for Caribbean countries is in process.
Canada, Mexico, and the United States continued their longstanding collaboration on pesticide issues. FDA and the other agencies worked extensively on a bilateral basis with both Canada and Mexico to resolve pesticide residue issues, both for food imports into the United States and U.S. exports to these countries. U.S.-Canada pesticide issues were addressed under the auspices of the Canada-United States Trade Agreement's Technical Working Group on Pesticides; U.S.-Mexico issues were covered by FDA, EPA, and USDA in discussions with Mexico's Comision Intersecretarial para el Control del Proceso y Uso de Plaguicidas, Fertilizantes y Substancias Toxicas, known as CICOPLAFEST.
In another area, FDA worked with the government of New Zealand to develop a New Zealand export certification program for selected commodities designed to ensure that only U.S.-registered pesticides are used in their production. This program reflects FDA's recognition of the effectiveness of New Zealand's pesticide usage control procedures, which have resulted in excellent compliance with U.S. tolerances.
FDA also provided technical and regulatory input on pesticide- related activities to Japan and South Korea concerning U.S. exports of rice and wheat to those countries.
A complementary approach to regulatory monitoring, incidence/level monitoring is used to add to FDA's knowledge about certain pesticide/commodity combinations by analyzing particular types of foods to determine the presence and levels of selected pesticides. In 1993, surveys of important aquaculture products and milk were conducted under incidence/level monitoring. In addition, a statistically based monitoring survey of pears and tomatoes, which had been initiated in 1992, was completed.
FDA data acquired under regulatory monitoring are extensive; however, they are not statistically representative of the overall residue situation for a particular pesticide, commodity, or place of origin. In FDA's surveillance sampling for pesticide residues, sampling bias may be incurred by weighting sampling toward such factors as commodity or place of origin with a past history of violations or large volume of production or import shipments. In addition, the total number of samples of a given commodity analyzed for a particular pesticide each year may not be sufficient to draw specific conclusions about the residue situation for the whole volume of that commodity in commerce.
For the statistically based monitoring project, pears and tomatoes were chosen as test commodities because each has a significant domestic and import component, is consumed raw (and often unpeeled), is available year round, and has tolerances for about 90 different pesticide chemicals. The objective of the survey was to determine whether violation rates, frequency of occurrence of residues, and residue levels obtained from such a sampling regimen differed from those obtained through FDA's traditional surveillance approach.
Most FDA Districts participated in collecting the samples. Analyses were performed by the Buffalo (pears) and Minneapolis (tomatoes) District Laboratories. The goal was to collect and analyze about 1600 pear samples and 1600 tomato samples (800 domestic and 800 import of each) during the project.
The Total Diet Study is another major element of FDA's pesticide residue monitoring program (4). In its 6 previous annual pesticide reports (5-10), FDA provided Total Diet Study findings for 1987-1991. In September 1991, FDA implemented revisions to the Total Diet Study that were formulated in 1990 (11). These revisions primarily consisted of collection and analysis of an updated and expanded number (currently 261) of food items, addition of 6 age/sex groups (for a total of 14), and revised analytical coverage. The 1987-88 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey was utilized to revise the food list and diets (11). Additional details of the recent revision are presented elsewhere (12,13).
In carrying out the Total Diet Study, FDA personnel purchase foods from supermarkets or grocery stores 4 times per year, once from each of 4 geographic regions of the country. Between September 1991 and July 1993, 6 market baskets were collected. The 261 foods that comprise each market basket represent over 3500 different foods reported in the USDA food consumption survey; for example, apple pie represents all fruit pies and fruit pastries. Each collection is a composite of like foods purchased in 3 cities in a given region. The foods are prepared table-ready and then analyzed for pesticide residues (as well as radionuclides, industrial chemicals, toxic elements, trace and macro elements, vitamin B (6), and folic acid). The levels of pesticides found, used in conjunction with food consumption data, are used to estimate the dietary intakes of the pesticide residues.
In 1993, 12,751 samples (12,166 surveillance and 585 compliance) were analyzed under regulatory monitoring. Of these, 5926 were domestic and 6825 were imports.
Figure 1 shows the percentage of the 5703 domestic surveillance samples by commodity group with no residues found, nonviolative residues found, and violative residues found. As in earlier years, fruits and vegetables accounted for the largest proportion of the commodities analyzed in 1993; those 2 commodity groups comprised 59% of the total number of domestic surveillance samples. In 1993, no violative residues were found in 99% of all domestic surveillance samples (the same percentage as in 1991 and 1992).
Appendix A contains more detailed data on domestic surveillance monitoring findings by commodity, including the total number of samples analyzed, the percent samples with no residues found, and the percent violative samples. Of the 5703 domestic surveillance samples, 64% had no detectable residues, less than 1% had over- tolerance residues, and 1% had residues of pesticides for which there was no tolerance for that particular pesticide/commodity combination. In the largest commodity groups, fruits and vegetables, 39 and 70% of the samples, respectively, had no residues detected. About 1% of the fruit samples and about 2% of the vegetable samples contained violative residues (Figure 1). In the milk/dairy products/eggs group, 94% of the samples had no residues detected. In the category Other, which includes a variety of foods, 83% of the samples had no residues detected.
Figure 1
Summary of Results (Domestic) by Commodity Group of 1993
Sample Analyses for Pesticide Residues
(Surveillance Samples Only)
Number No Residue Residue
of residue found, found,
samples found not violative
violative
% % %
Grains/grain products 421 65.8 33.0 1.2
Milk/dairy products/eggs 806 94.3 5.6 0.1
Fish/shellfish 947 53.3 46.6 0.1
Fruits 1284 39.3 59.2 1.5
Vegetables 2100 70.0 28.2 1.8
Other 145 83.4 15.9 0.7
The findings by commodity group for the 6463 import surveillance samples are shown in Figure 2. Fruits and vegetables accounted for 79% of these samples. Overall, no violative residues were found in about 97% of the import surveillance samples (98% in 1991 and 96% in 1992).
Figure 2
Summary of Results (Import) by Commodity Group of 1993
Sample Analyses for Pesticide Residues
(Surveillance Samples Only)
Number No Residue Residue
of residue found, found,
samples found not violative
violative
% % %
Grains/grain products 310 81.3 17.4 1.3
Milk/dairy products/eggs 226 96.9 3.1 0
Fish/shellfish 444 84.2 15.8 0
Fruits 2261 60.6 36.1 3.3
Vegetables 2813 68.4 27.7 3.9
Other 409 81.2 13.2 5.6
Appendix B contains detailed data on the import surveillance samples. Of the 6463 samples analyzed, 69% had no residues detected, less than 1% had over-tolerance residues, and 3% had residues for which there was no tolerance for that particular pesticide/commodity combination. Fruits and vegetables had 61 and 68%, respectively, with no residues detected. Each of these groups had less than 1% with over-tolerance residues and 3% with no-tolerance residues. No residues were found in 97% of the milk/dairy products/eggs group and 84% of the fish/shellfish group, and no violative residues were found in either group.
Pesticide monitoring data collected under FDA's regulatory monitoring approach in 1993 are available to the public as a computer database. This database summarizes FDA 1993 regulatory monitoring coverage and findings by country/commodity/pesticide combination. The database also includes the monitoring data by individual sample from which the summary information was compiled. Information on purchase of the database is provided at the end of this report.
Domestic. - In 1993, domestic surveillance samples were collected from all 50 states and Puerto Rico. The largest numbers of samples were collected from the states in which agriculture is a major industry. Import. - Samples representing food shipments from 107 countries were collected. Table 1 lists the numbers of samples collected and the countries from which they originated. Mexico, as usual, was the source of the largest number of samples, reflecting the volume and diversity of commodities imported from that country, especially during the winter months.
Table 1.
Foreign Countries and Number of Samplesa Collected and Analyzed
in 1993
Country No. of Samples
Mexico 1820
Chile 612
Canada 368
Thailand 271
The Netherlands 268
Italy 241
China, People's Rep. of 234
Guatemala 212
Dominican Republic 177
New Zealand 173
Costa Rica 164
Spain 164
Honduras 154
India 126
Colombia 118
Jamaica 103
Argentina 93
Belgium 87
Greece 69
Ecuador 62
Brazil 61
Peru 59
Taiwan 59
Indonesia 58
Turkey 58
Korea, Rep. of 52
Venezuela 49
Germany 48
Japan 47
Australia 46
Israel 44
France 40
United Kingdom 40
Portugal 38
Trinidad & Tobago 38
Philippines 37
Hong Kong 29
Denmark 27
Uruguay 26
Haiti 24
El Salvador 22
Lebanon 22
Pakistan 21
Grenada 19
Panama 18
Hungary 17
Poland 17
Austria 16
Morocco 16
Iceland 15
Singapore 14
Nicaragua 13
Switzerland 13
Egypt 12
Unspecified 17
Ten or fewer samples collected from the following:
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
British Indian Ocean Terr.
British Virgin Islands
Bulgaria
Burma
Cayman Islands
Croatia
Czechoslovakia
Dem. People's Rep. of Korea
Ethiopia
Faeroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
Ghana
Greenland
Guyana
Ireland
Ivory Coast
Jordan
Kenya
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mozambique
Netherlands Antilles
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Papua New Guinea
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Slovenia
South Africa
Soviet Union (former)
Sri Lanka
St. Helena
St. Lucia
Surinam
Sweden
Tanzania
Tonga
Yugoslavia (former)
(a)Surveillance plus compliance samples.
Table 2 (displayed at the end of this report) lists the 325 pesticides that were detectable by the methods used; the 91 pesticides that were actually found are indicated.
FDA conducts ongoing research to expand the pesticide coverage of its monitoring program. This research includes testing the behavior of new or previously untested pesticides through existing analytical methods, and development of new methods to cover pesticides which cannot be determined by existing methods used by FDA. The research encompasses both U.S.-registered pesticides and foreign-use pesticides that are not registered in the United States. The list of pesticides detectable for 1993 (Table 2) reflects the addition of a number of pesticides whose recovery through the analytical methods used was demonstrated as a result of ongoing research.
In 1993, about 19% of the 12,751 samples were analyzed using 1 or more SRMs or selective MRMs. Of those samples, 55% were domestic and 45% were imports. About 9% of the compliance samples and 19% of the surveillance samples were analyzed using SRMs or selective MRMs.
With the rapid growth of world agricultural trade, public concern about the safety of imported foods that could contain pesticide residues with no U.S. tolerance has increased. Over the past several years, an idea has been expounded that pesticides that are not registered for food use in the United States, but which are manufactured in and exported from the United States to other countries, might be used on foods that are then imported into the United States and contain residues of these unregistered pesticides.
FDA regulatory monitoring has routinely covered some of these unregistered pesticides. Others are used on crops that represent relatively low import volumes to the United States and therefore were not identified as appropriate for routine FDA monitoring.
In 1993, FDA targeted some specific U.S.-manufactured unregistered pesticide/commodity/country combinations based on foreign pesticide usage information. A total of 321 samples of imported foods from 25 countries was analyzed for these pesticides. Table 3 shows the pesticides, commodities, and countries that were targeted. No residues of these pesticides were found in the samples analyzed.
Targeted monitoring for U.S.-manufactured pesticides was also directed to domestically produced foods. Table 4 shows the pesticides and commodities that were covered in 1993 under targeted monitoring for domestic foods. A total of 499 samples was analyzed; 25 (5%) of the samples had residues; none were violative. The pesticide/commodity combinations in which below- tolerance residues were found were benomyl in strawberries (2 residues in 6 samples analyzed), formetanate hydrochloride in apples, nectarines, peaches, and strawberries (13 residues in 130 samples analyzed), propargite in apples (7 residues in 20 samples analyzed), and thiabendazole in oranges (3 residues in 51 samples analyzed).
Table 3.
Pesticide/Commodity/Country Targeted Monitoring of Imported Foods
Conducted in 1993
Pesticide Commodity Country
Acetochlor fruit preserves Hungary
Butachlor rice India, Thailand,
United Kingdom
Carbosulfan beans, lentils, peas various
Flusilazole kiwi fruit Chile, New Zealand
Haloxyfop mung beans, pineapples China, Thailand
Nuarimol artichokes, bananas,
cantaloupe,
fruit preserves, olive oil,
olives, pimentos various
Prothiofos apples, cassava,
chayotes, dasheens,
oranges various
Terbumeton kiwi fruit Chile,
New Zealand
Terbuthylazine apples, mango juice,
pineapples, wheat, wine various
Thiometon beans, corn, endive,
grape juice, lentils, peas various
Table 4.
Pesticide/Commodity Targeted Monitoring of Domestic Foods
Conducted in 1993
Pesticide Commodity
Atrazine cucumbers, corn, grapes, pineapples
Benomyl strawberries
Bromoxynil corn, rice
Dinocap apples, grapes, peaches
EPTC dry beans
Formetanate apples, nectarines, peaches, strawberries
hydrochloride
Naled milk, mushrooms
Propargite apples
Propiconazole wheat
Propoxur rice
Simazine cucumbers, grapes
Thiabendazole apples, oranges
In 1993, 223 domestic and 362 import compliance samples were collected and analyzed (Table 5). Because compliance samples are collected when a pesticide residue problem is known or suspected, violation rates are expectedly higher than those for surveillance samples: 17% for domestic (19% in 1992) and 11% for imports (14% in 1992). The corresponding violation rates for surveillance samples were 1.1% for domestic and 3.3% for imports (Figure 3).
Table 5.
Compliance Samples by Commodity Group in 1993
Commodity Total No. Samples Samples
Group of with No Violative
Samples Residues
Found
% %
Domestic
Grains and grain products 21 62 29
Dairy products 4 100 0
Fish/shellfish 36 97 0
Fruits 28 7 29
Vegetables 81 31 30
Other 53 81 0
___
Total 223 55 17
Import
Grains and grain products 20 90 0
Dairy products 9 100 0
Fish 10 90 0
Fruits 96 68 4
Vegetables 199 57 17
Other 28 68 7
___
Total 362 65 11
Figure 3
Domestic and Import Surveillance Sample Violation Rates for 1993
Domestic Import
Number of samples 5703 6463
Number of violative samples 65 211
Not violative, % 98.9 96.7
Violative, % 1.1 3.3
Most of the 1993 compliance samples were collected as follow-up on violative surveillance samples. These included follow-up samples from the same shipment as the violative surveillance sample, follow-up samples from additional product from the same grower or shipper, and audit samples from shipments presented for entry into the United States with a certificate of analysis (i.e., shipments subject to automatic detention).
In 1993, 17 states supplied pesticide residue data via the Foodcontam database. A wide variety of commodities was reflected in the 12,816 samples reported. Table 6 lists the 17 states, the number of samples for each, and the number and percentage of samples with positive and "significant" findings. In this instance, a significant finding indicates a residue that exceeds federal or state regulatory limits, a residue for which there is no tolerance for the particular chemical/commodity combination, or reflects some unusual finding(s). For the 12,816 samples reported, 0.9% of the samples analyzed were classified as significant; this is similar to FDA's domestic surveillance violation rate. Fewer Foodcontam samples were reported by the states in 1993 than in 1992 because there was a net loss of 5 cooperating states due to budgetary constraints which precluded pesticide residue monitoring and because several states directed many of their monitoring activities toward the USDA pesticide data program.
Table 6.
Summary of Foodcontam Findings for 1993
State Total No. Positive No.
Significant(a)
Samples Positive % Significant(a) %
Arkansas 306 17 5.6 0 0
California 4741 1546 32.6 49 1.0
Delaware 11 1 9.1 0 0
Florida 1296 3772 9.1 3 0.2
Georgia 464 90 19.4 4 0.9
Hawaii 184 103 56.0 4 2.2
Indiana 559 469 83.9 0 0
Michigan 217 76 35.0 2 0.9
Minnesota 396 65 16.4 0 0
New York 766 96 12.5 30 3.9
North Carolina 624 178 28.5 3 0.5
Oregon 497 90 18.1 0 0
Pennsylvania 456 223 48.9 10 2.2
Rhode Island 20 4 20.0 4 20.0
Virginia 1413 380 26.9 9 0.6
Washington 87 0 0 0 0
Wisconsin 779 13 1.7 3 0.4
Total 12,816 3728 29.1 121 0.9
(a)A significant finding denotes a residue that either exceeds federal or state regulatory limits, or a residue for which there is no tolerance for the chemical/food combination, or it reflects an unusual finding.
In 1993, 624 domestic feed samples (571 surveillance and 53 compliance) and 75 import feed samples (71 surveillance and 4 compliance) were collected and analyzed by FDA. Of the 571 domestic surveillance samples, 254 (45%) had no pesticide residues detected and 8 (1%) contained violative residues (Table 7). Of the 71 import surveillance samples, 25 (35%) had no pesticide residues detected and 1 (1%) contained violative pesticide residues. The 9 violative domestic and import surveillance samples involved 4 with residues that exceeded a tolerance and 5 with residues for which no tolerance had been established.
Table 7.
Summary of Findings in Domestic Surveillance Feed Samples
in 1993
Type Total No. Samples with Samples
of Feed of Samples No Residues Found Violative
No. % No. %
Whole/ground grains 173 94 54 1 <1
Mixed feed rations 141 20 14 0 -
Plant by-products 125 62 50 3 2
Animal by-products 87 44 51 0 -
Hay & hay products 43 32 74 4 9
Minerals/supplements 2 2 100 0 -
__
Total 571 254 45 8 1
In the 317 domestic surveillance feed samples in which 1 or more pesticides were detected, malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos were most frequently found and accounted for 77% of all residues detected. The findings for these 4 pesticides were as follows:
Pesticide No. of Samples Residue Found, ppm
with Residues Range Mean
malathion 232 trace-5.1 0.05
chlorpyrifos-methyl 103 trace-5.1 0.03
diazinon 45 trace-0.38 0.03
chlorpyrifos 32 trace-0.79 0.02
Summary: Regulatory Monitoring
In summary, no residues were found in 64% of domestic surveillance samples and 69% of import surveillance samples (Figure 4) analyzed under FDA's regulatory monitoring approach in 1993. Less than 1% of domestic and import surveillance samples had residue levels that were over tolerance and 1% of domestic and 3% of import surveillance samples had residues for which there was no tolerance. The findings for 1993 continue to demonstrate that pesticide residue levels in foods are generally well below EPA tolerances, and they corroborate results presented in earlier reports (5-10).
Figure 4
Comparison of Results
for Domestic and Import Surveillance Samples
in 1993
Domestic Import
Total samples 5703 6463
No residues found 3637 4473
Violative samples 65 211
In 1993, 3 projects were carried out under this approach to monitoring.
Aquaculture is the production and harvest of aquatic and marine species in a water environment other than a "wild" harvest. It has become an important segment of the seafood industry in recent years.
FDA initiated an aquaculture survey in 1990 that has been continued in succeeding years. This survey focuses on persistent halogenated pesticides, which, although no longer registered for use on foods, may be present in the water environment as a result of past agricultural uses on land associated with aquaculture activities.
Thirteen FDA Districts collected a total of 308 samples (this number is included in the count under Fish/Shellfish in Appendix A) from important aquaculture areas of the United States and shipped them to the Buffalo District Laboratory for analysis. The 308 samples included 121 catfish, 48 trout, 34 crayfish and shrimp, 31 oysters, 18 salmon, 16 tilapia, and 40 various other fish/shellfish. These species were emphasized because they represent large segments of the commercial aquaculture harvest.
Of the 308 samples, 137 (44%) had no residues detected. Three catfish samples contained trace-0.02 ppm chlorpyrifos; 2 catfish samples had trace levels of diazinon; and 8 catfish samples contained 0.01-0.09 ppm DCPA (an herbicide, trade name Dacthal). There are no tolerances for these chemicals in fish; therefore, the collecting Districts were notified of these findings for possible regulatory follow-up.
The other findings included DDT (total) found in 170 samples at levels ranging from trace to 1.0 ppm (FDA action level is 5 ppm) and chlordane (total) found in 9 samples at levels of 0.01-0.07 ppm (action level is 0.3 ppm).
This survey takes advantage of an existing federal program that collects milk samples throughout the United States for the purpose of monitoring radionuclides in milk. EPA operates the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS), which collects and composites samples of pasteurized whole milk from metropolitan areas throughout the country. These composites are also analyzed for pesticide residues through an FDA-supported contract (14).
In 1993, 308 milk samples from 58 metropolitan areas were analyzed. Samples from 21 of the metropolitan areas had no pesticide residues detected. Of the 308 samples, 109 (35%) had detectable residues. The most frequently found residues were p,p'-DDE (69 findings) and dieldrin (49 findings). The highest residue level found was 0.01 ppm p,p'-DDE (whole milk basis). These results are similar to those found in earlier ERAMS monitoring, and reflect the presence of low levels of these environmentally persistent chemicals in foods of animal origin.
The sample numbers cited above represent about 6 months of collections rather than an entire calendar year since the ERAMS pesticide survey was completed in 1993. The data obtained during the course of the survey have been useful in providing a picture of the pesticide residue situation in milk. FDA will continue to sample and analyze fluid milk through its regulatory monitoring and cooperation with state pesticide authorities.
Pears. The original goal of the project had been to collect 1600 samples of pears (800 domestic and 800 import). For pears, 710 domestic and 949 import samples (these numbers are not included in the counts under Fruits in Appendixes A and B) were collected from 179 pear establishments and analyzed using both MRMs and SRMs. The number of domestic samples is less than planned because some of the targeted firms were no longer in business or pears were not available from a particular firm at the time of FDA's collection visits. The violation rate for the 710 domestic samples was 0.4%, and for the 949 import samples it was 1.3% (FDA, unpublished data, 1994).
Tomatoes. As with the pears, 1600 samples were to be collected (800 domestic and 800 import). However, for the same reasons as noted above for the pears, the numbers of samples varied from those targeted. A total of 1219 domestic and 144 import samples (these numbers are not included in the counts under Vegetables in Appendixes A and B) were collected from 10 packers and 240 repackers and analyzed using both MRMs and SRMs. The violation rate for the 1219 domestic samples was 2.7% and for the 144 import samples it was 3.5% (FDA, unpublished data, 1994).
The violation rates for these 2 commodities for 1993 surveillance samples were pears, domestic, 4%; imports, 10%; and for tomatoes, domestic, 3%; imports, <1% (Appendixes A and B). In some instances, the violation rates found under statistically based monitoring are considerably lower than those found under regulatory monitoring (surveillance samples) mainly because sampling under the latter approach is somewhat biased. (A detailed report describing the statistically based survey and the results is in preparation.)
The findings obtained under this approach, which included the analysis of 308 samples of aquaculture products and 308 samples of milk, were consistent with those obtained under regulatory monitoring. Residues in the aquaculture products and whole milk were, with the exception of no-tolerance residues of 3 pesticides in several catfish samples, within regulatory limits. A statistically based monitoring survey of domestic and imported pears and tomatoes was completed in 1993.
The Total Diet Study is unique in that it determines pesticide residues in foods which have been prepared as they would be consumed (4). Of the nearly 300 chemicals that can be determined by the analytical methods used, 99 pesticide and pesticide- related chemicals were found in the foods analyzed in the 6 collections between September 1991 and July 1993. To measure the low levels of pesticides found in the Total Diet Study foods, the analytical methods used are modified to permit measurement at levels 5-10 times lower than those normally used in regulatory monitoring. In general, residues present at or above 1 part per billion can be measured.
Table 8 lists the 19 most frequently found residues, with the total number of findings and the percent occurrence in the 1566 food items analyzed during the 1991-1993 period. Malathion, which is used on a wide variety of crops both pre- and postharvest, was the most frequently found residue. Low levels of DDT residues (principally p,p'-DDE) associated with animal- derived foods were the next most prevalent.
Table 8.
Frequency of Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Total Diet Study
(1991-1993)(a)
Pesticide(b) Total No. of Findings Occurrence, %
Malathion 332 21
DDE, p,p' 298 19
Chlorpyrifos-methyl 251 16
Endosulfan 162 10
Chlorpyrifos 155 10
Dieldrin 142 9
Chlorpropham 90 6
Methamidophos 83 5
Diazinon 72 5
Carbaryl(c) 66 4
Dicloran 61 4
Dimethoate 57 4
Thiabendazole(d) 50 3
Acephate 48 3
Omethoate 40 3
Lindane 36 2
Permethrin 35 2
Propargite(d) 33 2
Ethion 32 2
(a) Based on 6 market baskets collected between September 1991 and July 1993 consisting of 1566 analyzed items.
(b) Isomers, metabolites, and related compounds have not been listed separately; they are covered under the "parent" pesticide from which they arise.
(c) Reflects overall incidence; however, only 95 selected foods per market basket (i.e., 570 items total) were analyzed for N-methylcarbamates.
(d) Reflects overall incidence; however, only 50 selected foods per market basket (i.e., 300 items total) were analyzed for these sulfur-containing compounds.
Table 9 lists the 29 Total Diet Study food items in which no organic pesticide-related residues were found. A large number of these items are beverages. An even larger number of these "no- residue" foods are either strained or junior foods intended for infants and children or foods consumed in significant amounts by infants and children. An extensive review of FDA's monitoring of pesticide residues in infant foods and adult foods eaten by infants and children has recently been published (15). In that paper, results for 1985-1991 reflecting regulatory, incidence/level, and Total Diet Study monitoring are discussed. Currently, increased monitoring of domestic and imported foods likely to be consumed by children is being implemented by FDA.
Table 9.
Total Diet Food Items in Which No Organic Pesticide-Related
Residues Were Detected (1991-1993)(a)
Bananas with tapioca, strained or junior
Beer
Beets, strained or junior
Beverage, fruit-flavored, carbonated
Coffee, decaffeinated, from instant
Coffee, from ground
Cola carbonated beverage
Corn, creamed, strained or junior
Corn flakes
Cream substitute, frozen
Custard pudding, strained or junior
Gelatin dessert
Honey
Infant formula, milk-based, high iron, ready-to-feed
Infant formula, milk-based, low iron, ready-to-feed
Infant formula, soy-based, ready-to-feed
Kidney beans, dry, boiled
Margarine, stick, regular (salted)
Milk, skim
Onions, mature, raw
Peas, strained or junior
Pineapple juice, from frozen concentrate
Pinto beans, dry, boiled
Sugar, white, granulated
Syrup, pancake
Veal cutlet, pan-cooked
Water, tap
Whiskey
Yogurt, plain lowfat
(a) Based on 6 market baskets collected between September 1991 and July 1993 consisting of 1566 analyzed items. Information obtained through the Total Diet Study is used to estimate dietary intakes of pesticides; these intakes are then compared with established standards. Food consumption data to be used in estimating dietary intakes for the revised food list have not been finalized yet. Therefore, dietary intake information for the market baskets collected during this period will be presented in a future report.
In the 1991-1993 period, the types of pesticide residues found in the Total Diet Study and their frequencies of occurrence are consistent with those given in other FDA reports (5-10,15). Pesticide residue levels were generally very low; 29 food items had no pesticide-related residues detected in the 1991-1993 period assessed. The data for 1993 continue to indicate that consumer exposure to pesticide residues from foods is very low.
A total of 12,751 samples of domestically produced food from all 50 states and Puerto Rico and imported food from 107 countries was analyzed for pesticide residues in 1993. Of these, 12,166 were surveillance samples, which are collected when there is no evidence of a pesticide problem. No residues were found in 64% of the domestic surveillance samples and 69% of the import surveillance samples. Findings in the 585 compliance samples reflect the fact that they are collected and analyzed when a pesticide problem is suspected. Under incidence/level monitoring, 308 samples of aquaculture seafood/shellfish and 308 milk samples were analyzed for pesticide residues. The findings were similar to those from FDA's regulatory monitoring. In addition, a statistically based monitoring survey of pears and tomatoes was completed in 1993. Low violation rates were found for both the domestic and import segments of the 2 commodities. The types of residues found in the Total Diet Study for 1991-1993 were similar to those found in earlier periods.
Table 2.
Pesticides Detectable by the Methods Used and Pesticides
Found(*) in 1993 Regulatory Monitoring(a,b)
Pesticide
Acephate(*)
Acetochlor
Alachlor
Aldicarb(*)
Aldoxycarb
Aldrin(*)
Allethrin
Allidochlor
Alpha-cypermethrin
Ametryn
Aminocarb
Anilazine(*)
Aramite
Atrazine
Azinphos-ethyl
Azinphos-methyl(*)
Bendiocarb
Benfluralin
Benodanil
Benomyl/carbendazim(*c)
Benoxacor
Bensulide
Benzoylprop-ethyl
BHC(*)
Bifenox
Bifenthrin
Binapacryl
Bromacil
Bromophos
Bromophos-ethyl
Bromopropylate
Bromoxynil
Bufencarb
Bupirimate
Butachlor
Butocarboxim
Butralin
Cadusafos
Captafol(*)
Captan(*)
Carbaryl(*)
Carbofuran(*)
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbophenothion(*)
Carbosulfan
Carboxin
Chloramben
Chlorbenside
Chlorbromuron
Chlorbufam
Chlordane(*)
Chlordecone
Chlordimeform(*)
Chlorfenvinphos(*)
Chlorflurecol methyl ester
Chlorimuron ethyl ester
Chlornitrofen
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
3-Chloro-5-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release)
Chloroneb
Chloropropylate
Chlorothalonil(*)
Chloroxuron
Chlorpropham(*)
Chlorpyrifos(*)
Chlorpyrifos-methyl(*)
Chlorthiophos
Clomazone
Coumaphos
Crotoxyphos
Crufomate
Cyanazine
Cyanofenphos
Cyanophos
Cycloate
Cyfluthrin
Cyhexatin
Cypermethrin(*)
Cyprazine
Daminozide
DCPA(*)
DDT(*)
DEF(*)
Deltamethrin
Deltamethrin, trans
Demeton(*)
Dialifor
Di-allate
Diazinon(*)
Dicamba
Dichlobenil(*)
Dichlofenthion
Dichlofluanid
Dichlone
Dichlorvos(*)
Diclobutrazol
Diclofop-methyl
Dicloran(*)
Dicofol(*)
Dicrotophos(*)
Dieldrin(*)
Diethatyl-ethyl
Dimethachlor
Dimethametryn
Dimethoate(*)
Dinitramine
Dinobuton
Dinocap
Dioxabenzofos
Dioxacarb
Dioxathion
Diphenamid
Diphenylamine(*)
Disulfoton(*)
Diuron
Edifenphos
Endosulfan(*)
Endrin(*)
EPN(*)
EPTC
Esfenvalerate(*)
Etaconazole
Ethalfluralin
Ethiofencarb
Ethion(*)
Ethofumesate
Ethoprop(*)
Ethoxyquin
Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates(*d)
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Etridiazole
Etrimfos
Famphur
Fenamiphos
Fenarimol
Fenbuconazole
Fenfuram
Fenitrothion(*)
Fenobucarb
Fenoxaprop ethyl ester
Fenoxycarb
Fenpropathrin
Fenpropimorph
Fenson
Fensulfothion
Fenthion(*)
Fenvalerate
Flamprop-M-isopropyl
Flamprop-methyl
Fluazifop butyl ester
Fluchloralin
Flucythrinate
Flusilazole
Fluvalinate
Folpet(*)
Fonofos(*)
Formetanate hydrochloride(*)
Formothion
Gardona
Haloxyfop
Heptachlor(*)
Heptenophos
Hexachlorobenzene(*)
Hexaconazole
Hexazinone
Imazalil(*)
Imazamethabenz methyl ester
Iprobenfos
Iprodione(*)
Isazofos
Isofenphos
Isoprocarb
Isopropalin
Isoprothiolane
Lactofen
Lambda-cyhalothrin
Leptophos
Lindane(*)
Linuron(*)
Malathion(*)
MCPA
Mecarbam(*)
Mephosfolan
Merphos
Metalaxyl
Metasystox thiol
Metazachlor
Methabenzthiazuron
Methamidophos(*)
Methazole
Methidathion(*)
Methiocarb(*)
Methomyl(*)
Methoprotryne
Methoxychlor(*)
Methylene chloride
Metobromuron
Metolachlor
Metolcarb
Metribuzin
Mevinphos(*)
Mirex(*)
Monocrotophos(*)
Monolinuron
Myclobutanil(*)
Naled
Napropamide
Neburon
Nitralin
Nitrapyrin
Nitrofen
Nitrofluorfen
Nitrothal-isopropyl
Norflurazon
Nuarimol
Octhilinone
Ofurace
Omethoate(*)
Ovex
Oxadiazon(*)
Oxadixyl
Oxamyl(*)
Oxycarboxin
Oxydemeton-methyl
Oxyfluorfen
Oxythioquinox
Paclobutrazol
Parathion(*)
Parathion-methyl(*)
Pebulate
Penconazole
Pendimethalin
Permethrin(*)
Perthane
Phenothrin
Phenthoat(e)
Phenylphenol, ortho-
Phorate(*)
Phosalone(*)
Phosmet(*)
Phosphamidon(*)
Piperonyl butoxide
Piperophos
Pirimicarb
Pirimiphos-ethyl
Pirimiphos-methyl(*)
Pretilachlor
Probenazole
Prochloraz
Procyazine
Procymidone(*)
Prodiamine
Profenofos(*)
Profluralin
Promecarb
Prometryn
Pronamide(*)
Propachlor
Propanil
Propargite(*)
Propazine
Propetamphos
Propham
Propiconazole
Propoxur
Prothiofos
Prothoate
Pyrazon
Pyrazophos
Pyrethrins
Pyridaphenthion
Quinalphos(*)
Quintozene(*)
Quizalofop ethyl ester
R25788
Ronnel
Schradan
Simazine
Simetryn
Strobane
Sulfallate
Sulfotep(*)
Sulfur dioxide(*)
Sulphenone
Sulprofos
TCMTB
TDE(*)
Tebupirimfos(e)
Tecnazene
TEPP
Terbacil
Terbufos(*)
Terbumeton
Terbuthylazine
Terbutryn
Tetradifon(*)
Tetraiodoethylene
Tetrasul
Thiabendazole(*)
Thiobencarb
Thiodicarb
Thiometon
Thionazin
Thiophanate-methyl
Tolylfluani(d)
Toxaphene(*)
Tralomethrin
Triadimefon(*)
Triadimenol(*)
Tri-allate(*)
Triazophos
Trichlorfon
Trichloronat
Tricyclazole
Tridiphane
Triflumizole
Trifluralin
Triflusulfuron methyl ester
Triforine
Trimethacarb
Vernolate
Vinclozolin(*)
XMC
(a)The list of pesticides detectable is expressed in terms of the parent pesticide. However, monitoring coverage and findings may have included metabolites, impurities, and alteration products.
(b)Some of these pesticides are no longer manufactured or registered for use in the United States.
(c)The analytical methodology determines carbendazim, which may result from use of benomyl or carbendazim.
(d)Such as maneb.
(e)Proposed common name.
This report was compiled through the efforts of the following FDA personnel: Norma J. Yess, Marcia G. Houston, Ellis L. Gunderson, Young H. Lee, and Byron O. Bohannon, Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages, Division of Programs and Enforcement Policy, and Sharon A. Schoen, Office of Management Systems, Division of Information Resources Management, Washington, DC.
Address reprint requests to: Norma J. Yess Food and Drug Administration Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages Division of Programs and Enforcement Policy HFS-308, 200 C Street, SW Washington, DC 20204
FDA pesticide monitoring data collected under the regulatory monitoring approach in 1993 are available for purchase on personal computer diskettes from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 (telephone 703-487-4650); order number PB94-501681.
FDA Report: October 1994
References
(1) Lombardo, P., & Yess, N.J. (1991) "The FDA Program on Pesticide Residues in Food" Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 446, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 162-169
(2) Code of Federal Regulations (1993) Title 40, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, Parts 180, 185, and 186
(3) Pesticide Analytical Manual (1968 and revisions) Vols I and II, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC (available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161)
(4) Pennington, J.A.T., & Gunderson, E.L. (1987) "History of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study - 1961 to 1987" J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 70, 772-782
(5) Food and Drug Administration (1988) "Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program - Residues in Foods - 1987" J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 71, 156A-174A
(6) Food and Drug Administration (1989) "Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program - Residues in Foods - 1988" J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 72, 133A-152A
(7) Food and Drug Administration (1990) "Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program - Residues in Foods - 1989" J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 73, 127A-146A
(8) Food and Drug Administration (1991) "Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program - Residues in Foods - 1990" J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 74, 121A-142A
(9) Food and Drug Administration (1992) "Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program - Residue Monitoring - 1991" J. AOAC Int. 75, 136A-158A
(10) Food and Drug Administration (1993) "Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program - Residue Monitoring - 1992" J. AOAC Int. 76, 127A-148A
(11) Pennington, J.A.T. (1992) "The 1990 Revision of the FDA Total Diet Study" J. Nutr. Educ. 24, 173-178
(12) Pennington, J.A.T. (1992) "Total Diet Studies: The Identification of Core Foods in the United States Food Supply" Food Addit. Contam. 9, 253-264
(13) Pennington, J.A.T. (1992) "Appendices for the 1990 Revision of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study" PB92- 176239/AS, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
(14) Trotter, W.J., & Dickerson, R. (1993) "Pesticide Residues in Composited Milk Collected Through the U.S. Pasteurized Milk Network" J. AOAC Int. 76, 1220-1225
(15) Yess, N.J., Gunderson, E.L., & Roy, R.R. (1993) "Food and Drug Administration Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Infant Foods and Adult Foods Eaten by Infants/Children" J. AOAC Int. 76, 492-507
Appendix A.
Analysis of Domestic Surveillance Samples by Commodity Group
in 1993
Samples with Samples Violative, %
Total No. No Residues Over No
Commodity Group of Samples Found, % Tolerance Tolerance
A. Grains
and Grain
Products
Barley 15 60 0 0
Corn &
corn products 65 63 0 0
Oats 17 59 0 0
Rice &
rice products 94 90 0 3
Soybeans 60 85 0 0
Wheat 146 45 <1(a) <1
Cereal products 13 77 0 0
Other grains &
grain products 11 45 0 0
___
Total 421 66 <1(a) <1
B. Milk/Dairy Products/Eggs
Cheese/
cheese products 124 94 0 0
Eggs 265 96 0 0
Milk & cream/
milk products 417 93 0 <1
___
Total 806 94 0 <1
C. Fish/Shellfish
Total 947 53 <1 0
D. Fruits
Blueberries 28 54 0 4
Grapes 55 80 0 0
Raspberries 19 63 0 11
Strawberries 118 29 0 <1
Other berries 18 44 0 0
Grapefruit 28 36 0 0
Lemons 15 20 0 0
Oranges 122 21 0 0
Other
citrus fruits 25 20 0 0
Apples 312 39 0 <1
Pears 26 8 0 4
Apricots 31 6 0 6
Cherries 80 15 0 0
Nectarines 35 14 0 6
Peaches 134 20 4(a) <1
Other
pit fruits 24 71 0 0
Kiwi fruit 20 100 0 0
Papayas 22 91 0 0
Pineapples 13 100 0 0
Other
tropical fruits 7 86 0 0
Cantaloupe 53 43 0 0
Watermelon 55 82 0 0
Other
vine fruits 15 47 0 13
Fruit jams/
jellies/toppings 13 77 0 0
Fruit juices 16 100 0 0
____
Total 1284 39 <1(a) 1
E. Vegetables
Corn 136 97 0 <1
Green/snow/
sugar/sweet peas 61 84 0 0
String beans 90 54 0 0
Other
beans & peas 25 96 0 0
Cucumbers 95 67 0 2
Eggplant 38 55 0 5
Peppers 60 43 0 0
Squash 75 63 0 3
Tomatoes 37 65 3 0
Other fruits
used as
vegetables 8 50 0 0
Asparagus 43 98 0 0
Bok choy 18 83 0 0
Broccoli 60 78 0 2
Cabbage 91 81 0 0
Cauliflower 34 94 0 0
Celery 52 15 0 0
Chinese cabbage 40 90 0 3
Collards 20 75 0 5
Endive/escarole 27 67 0 7
Kale 21 38 5(a) 19
Lettuce 242 57 <1(a) 2
Mustard greens 14 43 0 0
Spinach 41 56 0 2
Other leaf/
stem vegetables 48 67 0 10
Mushroom/
truffle products 11 55 0 0
Carrots 87 82 0 0
Ginger root 14 100 0 0
Onions/leeks/
scallions/shallots 97 89 1 0
Potatoes 213 57 0 0
Radishes 30 90 0 0
Red beets 12 83 0 8
Sugar beets 15 93 0 0
Sweet potatoes 61 69 0 0
Turnips 16 44 0 0
Other root/
tuber vegetables 18 44 0 17
Vegetables,
dried or paste 127 88 0 <1
Other
vegetables/
vegetable products 23 83 0 4
____
Total 2100 70 <1(a) 2
F. Other
Peanuts 34 68 0 0
Other nuts &
related products 19 89 0 0
Vegetable oil 19 95 0 0
Honey 28 96 0 0
Baby foods 16 100 0 0
Other
food products 29 69 0 3
___
Total 145 83 0 <1
A-F Total 5703 64 <1(a) 1
(a)Includes samples that have both residue(s) over tolerance and residue(s) with no tolerance.
Appendix B
Analysis of Import Surveillance Samples by Commodity Group
in 1993
Samples with Samples Violative, %
Total No. No Residues Over No
Commodity Group of Samples Found, % Tolerance Tolerance
A. Grains
and Grain
Products
Rice &
rice products 121 93 0 <1
Wheat &
wheat products 40 75 0 5
Other grains &
grain products 36 81 0 3
Bakery products 24 79 0 0
Macaroni/spaghetti
products 60 65 0 0
Noodles/noodle
products 29 79 0 0
Total 310 81 0 1
B. Milk/
Dairy Products/Eggs
Cheese/
cheese products 215 98 0 0
Milk &
eggs/egg products 11 73 0 0
Total 226 97 0 0
C. Fish/Shellfish
Total 444 84 0 0
D. Fruits
Blackberries 56 57 0 4
Blueberries 49 73 0 0
Cranberries 11 73 0 0
Grapes 119 28 0 5
Raspberries 102 38 0 <1
Strawberries 123 25 0 11
Other berries 7 71 0 14
Clementines 16 0 0 13
Lemons 22 41 0 5
Limes 50 70 0 0
Oranges 41 71 0 0
Tangelos/tangerines 15 53 0 0
Other citrus fruits 13 100 0 0
Apples 99 38 0 3
Pears 91 46 1(a) 9
Avocados 47 100 0 0
Cherries 30 70 0 0
Nectarines 22 14 0 0
Olives, stuffed 27 89 0 0
Olives, other 56 91 0 4
Peaches 59 29 0 0
Plums 47 57 0 0
Other pit fruits 12 83 0 0
Bananas 187 68 0 0
Kiwi fruit 68 53 0 7
Mangoes 90 94 0 0
Papayas 113 80 0 10
Pineapples 144 74 3(a) <1
Plantains 30 93 0 0
Other tropical fruits 69 94 0 6
Cantaloupe 108 35 <1 0
Honeydew 68 22 0 0
Watermelon 52 73 0 4
Other vine fruits 21 62 0 10
Fruit jams & jellies 26 85 0 0
Fruit juices 61 89 0 0
Fruit toppings 23 96 0 0
Fruits, dried or paste 78 83 0 5
Other fruit products 9 78 0 0
Total 2261 61 <1(a) 3
E. Vegetables
Corn 30 97 0 0
Garbanzo beans/
chick peas 13 77 0 0
Green/snow/
sugar/sweet peas 105 63 0 13
Mung beans 11 82 0 0
String beans 67 51 1(a) 10
Other beans,
peas, & corn 51 69 2(a) 2
Cucumbers 101 46 0 0
Eggplant 26 58 0 0
Okra 67 75 0 7
Peppers, hot 329 43 3(a) 5
Peppers, sweet 199 74 <1 0
Pumpkins 18 89 0 0
Squash 155 49 <1(a) 8
Tomatillos 22 41 0 0
Tomatoes 245 61 0 <1
Other fruits
used as vegetables 38 79 0 5
Artichokes 45 87 0 4
Asparagus 146 82 3(a) 1
Bamboo shoots 12 100 0 0
Broccoli 81 73 1 0
Broccoli raab 18 72 0 0
Brussels sprouts 13 69 0 0
Cabbage 34 79 0 3
Cauliflower 24 92 0 0
Celery 15 13 0 0
Chicory 32 100 0 0
Endive/escarole 61 92 0 0
Kale 11 36 0 0
Lettuce 58 53 2(a) 9
Radicchio 49 88 0 0
Spinach 19 58 0 0
Other leaf/
stem vegetables 62 61 0 10
Mushrooms/
truffles, whole 61 89 0 0
Mushrooms/
truffles,
pieces & products 59 90 0 0
Carrots 51 78 0 2
Cassava 12 100 0 0
Garlic,bulb 13 92 0 0
Onions/
leeks/scallions 53 89 0 0
Potatoes 49 51 0 0
Radishes 18 56 0 0
Shallots 17 100 0 0
Sweet potatoes 18 94 0 0
Water chestnuts 28 100 0 0
Other root/tuber
vegetables 59 93 0 3
Vegetables,
dried or paste 182 75 0 4
Vegetables
with sauce 26 85 0 0
Other vegetables/
vegetable products 10 90 0 0
Total 2813 68 <1(a) 3
F. Other
Spices, whole 31 77 0 10
Other spices,
extracts/flavors 9 44 0 11
Cashews 45 67 0 13
Other nuts
& nut products 54 87 0 6
Edible seeds 28 86 0 7
Vegetable oils 30 93 0 3
Beverage bases 21 86 0 0
Coffee/tea 28 93 0 4
Water & ice 30 87 0 0
Honey 88 78 0 1
Other food
products 45 80 0 11
Total 409 81 0 3
A-F Total 6463 69 <1(a) 3
(a)Includes samples that have both residue(s) over tolerance and residue(s) with no tolerance.