Summary (continued)
Availability of Full Report
The full evidence report from which this summary was taken was prepared for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) by the RTI-University of North Carolina
Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-02-0016. Printed copies may be obtained free of charge from the AHRQ Publications Clearinghouse by calling 800-358-9295. Requesters should ask for Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 119, Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening
Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes.
The Evidence Report is also online on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf, or can be downloaded as a PDF File (1.3 MB). PDF Help.
Return to Contents
References
1. Kessler RC. Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Disord 2003; 74(1):5-13.
2. Robins L, Regier D. Psychiatric Disorders in America. New York: Free
Press; 1991.
3. Depression Guideline Panel. Depression in Primary Care: Volume 1.
Detection and Diagnosis. Clinical Practice Guideline, Number 5.
Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1993.
AHCPR Publication No. 93-0550.
4. Burke KC, Burke JD Jr, Rae DS, et al. Comparing age at onset of
major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in
five US community populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48(9):789-95.
5. Murray L, Stein A. The effects of postnatal depression on the infant.
Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 3(4):921-33.
6. Marmorstein NR, Malone SM, Iacono WG. Psychiatric disorders
among offspring of depressed mothers: associations with paternal
psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161(9):1588-94.
7. Burke L. The impact of maternal depression on familial relationships.
Int Rev Psychiatry 2003; 15(3):243-55.
8. Flynn HA, Davis M, Marcus SM, et al. Rates of maternal depression
in pediatric emergency department and relationship to child service
utilization. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004; 26(4):316-22.
9. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment
of patients with major depression (revision). Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(4).
10. Wagner HR, Burns BJ, Broadhead WE, et al. Minor depression in
family practice: functional morbidity, comorbidity, service utilization,
and outcomes. Psychol Med 2000; 30(2):1377-90.
11. Oxman TE, Sengupta A. Treatment of minor depression. Am J
Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10(3):256-64.
12. Judd LL, Rapaport MH, Yonkers KA, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled
trial of fluoxetine for acute treatment of minor depressive
disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161(10):1864-71.
13. Klein M, Essex MJ. Pregnant or depressed? The effect of overlap
between symptoms of depression and somatic complaints of
pregnancy on rates of major depression during the second trimester.
Depression 1994; 2:1994-5.
14. O'Hara MW, Neunaber DJ, Zekoski EM. Prospective study of
postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. J
Abnorm Psychol 1984; 93(2):158-71.
15. Bloch M, Daly RC, Rubinow DR. Endocrine factors in the etiology of
postpartum depression. Compr Psychiatry 2003; 44(3):234-46.
16. Jones I, Craddock N. Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar
disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(6):913-7.
17. O'Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression —
a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996; 8:37-54.
18. Llewellyn AM, Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Depression during
pregnancy and the puerperium. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(Suppl 15):26-32.
19. Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, et al. Onset and persistence of
postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system.
Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(11):1856-63.
20. Gaynes B, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Perinatal Depression:
Feasibility Study. Final Report from the RTI-International-University
of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center to the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality under Contract No. 290-02-0016.
Research Triangle Park, NC; 2003.
21. Cochrane Methods Working Group, Working Group on Systematic
Review of Screening and Diagnostic Tests. Recommended Methods; 1996.
22. Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the
assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and
non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol
Community Health 1998; 52(6):377-84.
23. Affonso DD, Lovett S, Paul SM, et al. A standardized interview that
differentiates pregnancy and postpartum symptoms from perinatal
clinical depression. Birth 1990; 17(3):121-30.
24. Watson JP, Elliott SA, Rugg AJ, et al. Psychiatric disorder in
pregnancy and the first postnatal year. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 144:453-62.
25. Areias ME, Kumar R, Barros H, et al. Comparative incidence of
depression in women and men, during pregnancy and after childbirth.
Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Portuguese
mothers. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169(1):30-5.
26. Berle J, Aarre T, Mykletun A, et al. Screening for postnatal depression.
Validation of the Norwegian version of the Edinburgh Postnatal
Depression Scale, and assessment of risk factors for postnatal
depression. J Affect Disord 2003; 76(1-3):151-6.
27. Campbell SB, Cohn JF. Prevalence and correlates of postpartum
depression in first-time mothers. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100(4):594-9.
28. Cooper PJ, Murray L, Hooper R, et al. The development and
validation of a predictive index for postpartum depression. Psychol
Med 1996; 26(3):627-34.
29. Cox JL, Connor Y, Kendell RE. Prospective study of the psychiatric
disorders of childbirth. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140:111-7.
30. Garcia-Esteve L, Ascaso C, Ojuel J, et al. Validation of the Edinburgh
Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in Spanish mothers. J Affect Disord 2003; 75(1):71-6.
31. Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE, Mount JH, et al. Prevalence rates and
demographic characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy
and the postpartum. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989; 57(2):269-74.
32. Hobfoll SE, Ritter C, Lavin J, et al. Depression prevalence and
incidence among inner-city pregnant and postpartum women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63(3):445-53.
33. Kent GN, Stuckey BG, Allen JR, et al. Postpartum thyroid
dysfunction: clinical assessment and relationship to psychiatric
affective morbidity. Clin Endocrinol 1999; 51(4):429-38.
34. Kitamura T, Shima S, Sugawara M, et al. Psychological and social
correlates of the onset of affective disorders among pregnant women.
Psychol Med 1993; 23:967-75.
35. Kitamura T, Sugawara M, Shima S, et al. Temporal variation of
validity of self-rating questionnaires: improved validity of repeated use
of Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale among women during the
perinatal period. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 1999; 20(2):112-7.
36. Kumar R, Robson KM. A prospective study of emotional disorders in
childbearing women. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 144:35-47.
37. Lee D, Yip A, Chiu H, et al. A psychiatric epidemiological study of
postpartum Chinese women. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(2):220-6.
38. Lee D, Yip A, Chiu H, et al. Screening for postnatal depression: are
specific instruments mandatory? J Affect Disord 2001; 63(1-3):233-8.
39. Lucas A, Pizarro E, Granada ML, et al. Postpartum thyroid
dysfunction and postpartum depression: are they two linked disorders?
Clin Endocrinol 2001; 55(6):809-14.
40. Murray D, Cox JL. Screening for depression during pregnancy with
the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EPDS). J Reprod Infant Psychol 1990; 8(2):99-107.
41. Pop VJ, Essed GG, de Geus CA, et al. Prevalence of post partum
depression—or is it post-puerperium depression? Acta Obstet Gynecol
Scand 1993; 72(5):354-8.
42. Whiffen V. Vulnerability of postpartum depression: a prospective
multivariate study. J Abnorm Psychol 1988; 97(4):467-74.
43. Yamashita H, Yoshida K, Nakano H, et al. Postnatal depression in
Japanese women. Detecting the early onset of postnatal depression by
closely monitoring the postpartum mood. J Affect Disord 2000; 58(2):145-54.
44. Yoshida K, Marks M, Kibe N, et al. Postnatal depression in Japanese
women who have given birth in England. J Affect Disord 1997; 43(1):69-77.
45. Cooper PJ, Campbell EA, Day A, et al. Non-psychotic psychiatric
disorder after childbirth. A prospective study of prevalence, incidence,
course and nature. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152:799-806.
46. Cox JL, Murray D, Chapman G. A controlled study of the onset,
duration and prevalence of postnatal depression. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163:27-31.
47. O'Hara MW, Zekoski EM, Philipps LH, et al. Controlled prospective
study of postpartum mood disorders: comparison of childbearing and
nonchildbearing women. J Abnorm Psychol 1990; 99(1):3-15.
48. Bryan TL, Georgiopoulos AM, Harms RW, et al. Incidence of
postpartum depression in Olmsted County, Minnesota. A population-based,
retrospective study. J Reprod Med 1999; 44(4):351-8.
49. Georgiopoulos AM, Bryan TL, Wollan P, et al. Routine screening for
postpartum depression. J Fam Pract 2001; 50(2):117-22.
50. Ballard CG, Davis R, Cullen PC, et al. Prevalence of postnatal
psychiatric morbidity in mothers and fathers. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164(6):782-8.
51. Beck CT, Gable RK. Comparative analysis of the performance of the
Postpartum Depression Screening Scale with two other depression
instruments. Nurs Res 2001; 50(4):242-50.
52. Boyce P, Stubbs J, Todd A. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale:
validation for an Australian sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1993; 27(3):472-6.
53. Cox J, Chapman G, Murray D, et al. Validation of the Edinburgh
Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women. J Affect Disord 1996; 39(3):185-9.
54. Harris B, Huckle P, Thomas R, et al. The use of rating scales to
identify post-natal depression. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 154:813-7.
55. Leverton TJ, Elliott SA. Is the EPDS a magic wand? 1. A comparison
of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and health visitor report
as predictors of diagnosis on the Present State Examination. J Reprod
Infant Psychol 2000; 18(4):279-96.
56. Murray L, Carothers A. The validation of the Edinburgh Post-natal
Depression Scale on a community sample. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:288-90.
57. Williams JW Jr, Pignone M, Ramirez G, et al. Identifying depression
in primary care: a literature synthesis of case-finding instruments. Gen
Hosp Psych 2002; 24:225-37.
58. Brugha TS, Wheatley S, Taub NA, et al. Pragmatic randomized trial
of antenatal intervention to prevent post-natal depression by reducing
psychosocial risk factors. Psychol Med 2000; 30(6):1273-81.
59. Elliott SA, Leverton TJ, Sanjack M, et al. Promoting mental health
after childbirth: a controlled trial of primary prevention of postnatal
depression. Br J Clin Psychol 2000; 39(Pt 3):223-41.
60. Stamp GE, Williams AS, Crowther CA. Evaluation of antenatal and
postnatal support to overcome postnatal depression: a randomized,
controlled trial. Birth 1995; 22(3):138-43.
61. Zlotnick C, Johnson SL, Miller IW, et al. Postpartum depression in
women receiving public assistance: pilot study of an interpersonal therapy-oriented group intervention. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158(4):638-40.
62. Armstrong K, Fraser J, Dadds M, et al. A randomized, controlled trial
of nurse home visiting to vulnerable families with newborns. J
Paediatr Child Health 1999; 35(3):237-44.
63. Chabrol H, Teissedre F, Saint-Jean M, et al. Prevention and treatment
of post-partum depression: a controlled randomized study on women
at risk. Psychol Med 2002; 32(6):1039-47.
64. Chen CH, Tseng YF, Chou FH, et al. Effects of support group
intervention in postnatally distressed women. A controlled study in
Taiwan. J Psychosom Res 2000; 49(6):395-9.
65. Dennis CL. The effect of peer support on postpartum depression: a
pilot randomized controlled trial. Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48(2):115-24.
66. Fleming AS, Klein E, Corter C. The effects of a social support group
on depression, maternal attitudes and behavior in new mothers. J
Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992; 33(4):685-98.
67. Hiscock H, Wake M. Randomised controlled trial of behavioural
infant sleep intervention to improve infant sleep and maternal mood.
Br Med J 2002; 324(7345):1062-5.
68. Honey KL, Bennett P, Morgan M. A brief psycho-educational group
intervention for postnatal depression. Br J Clin Psychol 2002; 41(Pt 4):405-9.
69. Horowitz JA, Bell M, Trybulski J, et al. Promoting responsiveness
between mothers with depressive symptoms and their infants. J Nurs
Scholarsh 2001; 33(4):323-9.
70. Onozawa K, Glover V, Adams D, et al. Infant massage improves
mother-infant interaction for mothers with postnatal depression. J
Affect Disord 2001; 63(1-3):201-7.
71. Wisner KL, Wheeler SB. Prevention of recurrent postpartum major
depression. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1994; 45(12):1191-6.
72. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of recurrent
postpartum depression: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(2):82-6.
73. Pignone MP, Gaynes BN, Rushton JL, et al. Screening for depression
in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136(10):765-76.
74. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression:
recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136(10):760-4.
75. Hoffbrand S, Howard L, Crawley H. Antidepressant treatment for
post-natal depression. Nurs Times 2001; 97(45):35.
76. Cooper P, Murray L. The impact of psychological treatments of
postpartum depression on maternal mood and infant development.
In: Cooper P and Murray L, editors. Postpartum Depression and Child
Development. New York: Guilford; 1997. p. 201-20.
77. O'Hara MW, Stuart S, Gorman LL, et al. Efficacy of interpersonal
psychotherapy for postpartum depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57(11):1039-45.
Return to Contents
AHRQ Publication Number 05-E006-1
Current as of February 2005
Internet Citation:
Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment:
Number 119. AHRQ Publication Number 05-E006-1, February 2005. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/peridepsum.htm
540 Gaither Road Rockville, MD 20850