May 2007 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

NAICS 713200 - Gambling Industries

These national industry-specific occupational employment and wage estimates are calculated with data collected from employers of all sizes, in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in every State and the District of Columbia, in NAICS 713200 - Gambling Industries.

Additional information, including the hourly and annual 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentile wages, percent of establishments reporting the occupation, and the employment percent relative standard error, is available in the downloadable Excel files(XLS).

NAICS Industry 713200 - Gambling Industries is part of: NAICS 713000 - Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries.

Links to OES estimates for other industries

SOC Major Groups in NAICS 713200 - Gambling Industries:

NAICS 713200 - Gambling Industries

All Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
00-0000 All Occupations 146,370 100.00% $10.17 $12.33 $25,640 0.9 %
 
Management Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
11-0000 Management Occupations 4,040 2.76% $30.76 $36.55 $76,020 1.5 %
11-1011 Chief Executives 150 0.10% (5) $75.13 $156,260 5.9 %
11-1021 General and Operations Managers 770 0.53% $38.76 $45.42 $94,470 3.2 %
11-2011 Advertising and Promotions Managers 130 0.09% $27.07 $31.21 $64,920 5.3 %
11-2021 Marketing Managers 190 0.13% $31.44 $36.58 $76,090 3.7 %
11-2022 Sales Managers 60 0.04% $30.02 $39.98 $83,170 7.8 %
11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 190 0.13% $27.69 $30.55 $63,540 2.8 %
11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 50 0.03% $38.38 $38.98 $81,080 3.2 %
11-3031 Financial Managers 270 0.18% $37.85 $40.91 $85,100 2.6 %
11-3041 Compensation and Benefits Managers 100 0.07% $27.01 $30.15 $62,710 3.4 %
11-3049 Human Resources Managers, All Other 60 0.04% $33.17 $36.50 $75,920 4.4 %
11-9051 Food Service Managers 350 0.24% $24.74 $26.50 $55,110 1.8 %
11-9071 Gaming Managers 1,330 0.91% $28.57 $31.16 $64,820 2.0 %
11-9081 Lodging Managers 40 0.03% $24.94 $31.28 $65,060 10.0 %
11-9199 Managers, All Other 240 0.16% $30.45 $33.45 $69,570 3.1 %
 
Business and Financial Operations Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 1,950 1.33% $19.09 $21.38 $44,470 1.8 %
13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products 90 0.06% $18.28 $19.49 $40,550 2.4 %
13-1041 Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and Safety, and Transportation 60 0.04% $21.63 $23.62 $49,140 4.4 %
13-1071 Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists 80 0.05% $17.84 $19.54 $40,650 3.0 %
13-1072 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists 110 0.08% $18.88 $20.39 $42,410 3.3 %
13-1073 Training and Development Specialists 120 0.08% $19.75 $20.43 $42,500 2.9 %
13-1079 Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists, All Other 100 0.07% (8) (8) (8) (8)
13-1121 Meeting and Convention Planners 120 0.08% $15.45 $16.55 $34,430 3.4 %
13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 230 0.16% $17.91 $21.09 $43,860 3.6 %
13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 930 0.64% $19.27 $22.08 $45,920 2.8 %
13-2051 Financial Analysts 40 0.03% $26.30 $27.28 $56,740 4.4 %
 
Computer and Mathematical Science Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Science Occupations (8) (8) $20.24 $22.41 $46,620 1.9 %
15-1021 Computer Programmers (8) (8) $19.75 $24.09 $50,110 10.9 %
15-1041 Computer Support Specialists 210 0.14% $18.06 $18.44 $38,360 1.7 %
15-1051 Computer Systems Analysts 40 0.03% $20.73 $21.51 $44,740 5.6 %
15-1061 Database Administrators 60 0.04% $25.12 $27.29 $56,760 3.7 %
15-1071 Network and Computer Systems Administrators 80 0.05% $23.42 $25.31 $52,650 3.0 %
 
Architecture and Engineering Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 120 0.08% $30.85 $35.14 $73,090 8.8 %
 
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 110 0.08% $15.51 $17.91 $37,260 6.3 %
19-3021 Market Research Analysts 110 0.08% $15.51 $17.91 $37,260 6.3 %
 
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 810 0.55% $16.20 $17.66 $36,740 3.0 %
27-1024 Graphic Designers 30 0.02% $17.98 $19.05 $39,620 4.1 %
27-2023 Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials 150 0.10% (4) (4) $27,990 7.8 %
27-3012 Public Address System and Other Announcers 30 0.02% $13.39 $15.13 $31,470 12.2 %
27-3031 Public Relations Specialists 410 0.28% $17.05 $18.87 $39,260 4.6 %
27-4011 Audio and Video Equipment Technicians (8) (8) $16.79 $16.06 $33,410 7.6 %
 
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations 200 0.14% $13.24 $16.05 $33,390 6.8 %
29-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics 150 0.10% $13.20 $14.18 $29,500 4.2 %
 
Healthcare Support Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
31-0000 Healthcare Support Occupations 30 0.02% $13.92 $14.50 $30,160 6.9 %
 
Protective Service Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
33-0000 Protective Service Occupations 11,210 7.66% $11.61 $13.02 $27,090 1.5 %
33-1099 First-Line Supervisors/Managers, Protective Service Workers, All Other 510 0.35% $19.79 $21.42 $44,550 2.3 %
33-9031 Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators 2,760 1.89% $12.31 $14.02 $29,160 3.1 %
33-9032 Security Guards 7,780 5.32% $11.21 $12.07 $25,100 1.7 %
33-9099 Protective Service Workers, All Other 90 0.06% $16.85 $17.22 $35,810 6.2 %
 
Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
35-0000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 33,030 22.57% $8.94 $9.95 $20,700 1.0 %
35-1011 Chefs and Head Cooks 680 0.46% $17.67 $19.28 $40,100 2.4 %
35-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Food Preparation and Serving Workers 1,550 1.06% $15.78 $16.44 $34,190 1.7 %
35-2011 Cooks, Fast Food 320 0.22% $8.87 $9.09 $18,900 2.3 %
35-2012 Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria 620 0.42% $10.59 $10.53 $21,900 1.9 %
35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 3,750 2.56% $11.44 $11.72 $24,390 1.3 %
35-2015 Cooks, Short Order 900 0.61% $10.48 $10.65 $22,160 2.0 %
35-2019 Cooks, All Other (8) (8) $12.34 $12.71 $26,440 2.2 %
35-2021 Food Preparation Workers 1,690 1.15% $9.17 $9.43 $19,610 2.1 %
35-3011 Bartenders 5,030 3.44% $8.46 $9.41 $19,580 1.5 %
35-3021 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food 1,250 0.85% $8.10 $8.58 $17,840 3.4 %
35-3022 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop 1,050 0.72% $7.89 $8.39 $17,440 2.1 %
35-3031 Waiters and Waitresses (8) (8) $7.77 $8.97 $18,660 1.8 %
35-3041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 470 0.32% $7.18 $7.76 $16,130 4.0 %
35-9011 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 3,170 2.17% $8.02 $8.51 $17,710 1.5 %
35-9021 Dishwashers 1,630 1.11% (8) (8) (8) (8)
35-9031 Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop 1,330 0.91% $8.70 $9.59 $19,940 2.7 %
35-9099 Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other 490 0.33% $8.59 $9.28 $19,290 3.5 %
 
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 9,550 6.52% $9.55 $10.41 $21,660 1.2 %
37-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers 570 0.39% (8) (8) (8) (8)
37-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers 80 0.05% $18.05 $20.81 $43,290 5.3 %
37-2011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 4,430 3.03% $9.45 $10.15 $21,110 2.0 %
37-2012 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 3,890 2.66% $9.12 $9.48 $19,720 1.6 %
37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 520 0.36% $10.91 $11.37 $23,650 3.3 %
 
Personal Care and Service Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
39-0000 Personal Care and Service Occupations 45,050 30.78% $8.99 $11.65 $24,240 1.4 %
39-1011 Gaming Supervisors 5,410 3.70% $20.66 $21.39 $44,480 1.8 %
39-1012 Slot Key Persons 2,920 1.99% $11.51 $13.25 $27,550 2.3 %
39-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Personal Service Workers 390 0.27% $14.71 $16.93 $35,220 6.8 %
39-2021 Nonfarm Animal Caretakers 160 0.11% $15.52 $16.56 $34,440 12.2 %
39-3011 Gaming Dealers 24,170 16.51% $7.96 $9.99 $20,780 2.5 %
39-3012 Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners 4,520 3.09% $8.21 $9.39 $19,520 2.9 %
39-3019 Gaming Service Workers, All Other 2,460 1.68% $11.12 $12.49 $25,990 3.6 %
39-3031 Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers 560 0.38% $7.97 $8.92 $18,550 5.3 %
39-3091 Amusement and Recreation Attendants 1,040 0.71% $9.60 $10.22 $21,260 3.1 %
39-3092 Costume Attendants 60 0.04% $10.88 $11.19 $23,270 4.0 %
39-3093 Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants (8) (8) $7.19 $7.82 $16,260 5.7 %
39-3099 Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other 1,970 1.35% $8.12 $8.66 $18,010 2.4 %
39-6011 Baggage Porters and Bellhops 350 0.24% $8.72 $8.83 $18,360 2.3 %
39-6012 Concierges (8) (8) $11.73 $12.60 $26,220 5.5 %
39-9032 Recreation Workers (8) (8) $7.56 $10.39 $21,610 20.7 %
39-9099 Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other 210 0.14% $9.45 $11.22 $23,330 5.9 %
 
Sales and Related Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 15,800 10.79% $9.44 $10.57 $21,980 1.9 %
41-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Retail Sales Workers 560 0.38% $16.13 $17.59 $36,590 3.2 %
41-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers 100 0.07% $22.58 $29.40 $61,150 14.3 %
41-2011 Cashiers 5,140 3.51% $8.75 $9.46 $19,680 1.7 %
41-2012 Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers 8,880 6.07% $9.64 $10.27 $21,360 2.0 %
41-2021 Counter and Rental Clerks 160 0.11% $9.01 $9.79 $20,370 3.9 %
41-2031 Retail Salespersons 610 0.42% $8.50 $9.91 $20,610 4.4 %
41-3099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 110 0.08% $13.72 $14.03 $29,190 8.9 %
41-9041 Telemarketers (8) (8) $11.04 $10.98 $22,850 4.2 %
41-9099 Sales and Related Workers, All Other 160 0.11% (8) (8) (8) (8)
 
Office and Administrative Support Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 14,950 10.21% $11.51 $12.67 $26,350 1.1 %
43-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support Workers 950 0.65% $18.24 $19.74 $41,060 2.0 %
43-2011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 370 0.25% $10.23 $10.39 $21,620 1.8 %
43-3011 Bill and Account Collectors 50 0.03% $13.47 $15.74 $32,730 5.3 %
43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators 60 0.04% $13.07 $13.47 $28,020 6.2 %
43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 2,300 1.57% $12.54 $13.19 $27,430 1.6 %
43-3041 Gaming Cage Workers 4,620 3.16% $10.93 $11.41 $23,730 1.4 %
43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 270 0.18% $15.42 $15.99 $33,260 1.9 %
43-3061 Procurement Clerks 40 0.03% $12.43 $13.84 $28,780 5.9 %
43-3071 Tellers (8) (8) $10.61 $10.78 $22,420 2.2 %
43-4041 Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks 80 0.05% $12.02 $12.88 $26,780 3.7 %
43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1,740 1.19% $9.68 $11.30 $23,500 4.0 %
43-4081 Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks 310 0.21% $9.38 $9.88 $20,550 3.0 %
43-4151 Order Clerks (8) (8) $19.43 $17.20 $35,770 18.3 %
43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 120 0.08% $14.68 $15.27 $31,750 2.5 %
43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 410 0.28% $10.06 $10.24 $21,300 1.6 %
43-4181 Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks (8) (8) $10.65 $11.48 $23,880 2.9 %
43-4199 Information and Record Clerks, All Other (8) (8) $11.29 $11.80 $24,550 4.1 %
43-5021 Couriers and Messengers 70 0.05% $10.61 $11.14 $23,170 7.1 %
43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 110 0.08% $11.55 $12.13 $25,220 2.6 %
43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks (8) (8) $16.40 $17.20 $35,780 6.6 %
43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 240 0.16% $11.07 $11.45 $23,820 2.5 %
43-5081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 110 0.08% $11.10 $11.31 $23,520 3.1 %
43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants 610 0.42% $16.82 $17.50 $36,400 2.0 %
43-6014 Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 230 0.16% $12.90 $13.00 $27,040 2.6 %
43-9011 Computer Operators (8) (8) $13.73 $15.19 $31,590 12.2 %
43-9051 Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service 50 0.03% $9.37 $10.00 $20,790 6.3 %
43-9061 Office Clerks, General 980 0.67% $11.08 $11.85 $24,640 4.3 %
43-9199 Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other 150 0.10% $16.01 $15.31 $31,850 4.2 %
 
Construction and Extraction Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations 300 0.20% $18.81 $20.59 $42,830 4.3 %
47-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers (8) (8) $30.05 $30.05 $62,510 4.7 %
47-2031 Carpenters 110 0.08% $17.55 $18.96 $39,430 4.5 %
47-2111 Electricians 60 0.04% $20.62 $22.46 $46,710 7.3 %
47-2141 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 50 0.03% $16.86 $17.44 $36,270 3.7 %
 
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 4,940 3.38% $13.99 $15.28 $31,770 1.8 %
49-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 410 0.28% $21.48 $22.10 $45,970 3.1 %
49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 30 0.02% $17.81 $17.88 $37,180 4.3 %
49-9042 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 1,550 1.06% $14.02 $15.00 $31,190 1.8 %
49-9091 Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers 2,600 1.78% $13.54 $14.56 $30,280 2.7 %
49-9098 Helpers—Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers 170 0.12% $10.58 $11.56 $24,040 4.3 %
 
Production Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
51-0000 Production Occupations (8) (8) $10.67 $11.13 $23,160 3.1 %
51-3011 Bakers (8) (8) $10.61 $10.48 $21,800 3.6 %
51-6011 Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers (8) (8) $8.73 $8.97 $18,660 5.1 %
51-6052 Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers 40 0.03% $12.71 $13.32 $27,700 5.7 %
 
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title (click on the occupation title to view an occupational profile) Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 3,530 2.41% $9.58 $11.67 $24,260 1.9 %
53-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand 40 0.03% $14.19 $15.46 $32,160 3.7 %
53-1031 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators 120 0.08% $18.14 $21.29 $44,280 6.9 %
53-3021 Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity 300 0.20% $10.27 $10.88 $22,630 3.7 %
53-3041 Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs 110 0.08% $9.40 $10.08 $20,960 4.6 %
53-5011 Sailors and Marine Oilers 450 0.31% $11.51 $13.33 $27,720 4.3 %
53-5021 Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels 210 0.14% $26.18 $26.18 $54,450 5.5 %
53-6021 Parking Lot Attendants 1,520 1.04% $7.92 $8.66 $18,010 1.9 %
53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 670 0.46% $9.58 $10.57 $21,980 4.1 %

About May 2007 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

(1) Estimates for detailed occupations do not sum to the totals because the totals include occupations not shown separately. Estimates do not include self-employed workers.

(2) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

(3) The relative standard error (RSE) is a measure of the reliability of a survey statistic. The smaller the relative standard error, the more precise the estimate.

(4) Wages for some occupations that do not generally work year-round, full time, are reported either as hourly wages or annual salaries depending on how they are typically paid.

(5) This wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour or $145,600 per year.

(8) Estimates not released.



Other OES estimates and related information:

May 2007 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

May 2007 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

May 2007 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

May 2007 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

List of Occupations in SOC Code Number Order

List of Occupations in Alphabetical Order

Download May 2007 Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates in Zipped Excel files

Technical notes

 

Last Modified Date: May 12, 2008