Metrology for Wireless Systems
Project Goals
Instrumentation that aids in the refinement and
development of metrology for wireless
communication systems.
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The project supports improved wireless telecommunications
and data transfer for U.S. industry, the public safety community, and the
general public by seeking out measurement methods that are more accurate,
more efficient, and/or more cost-effective. This goal is achieved through
several parallel efforts including: development of improved measurement
methods for wireless systems in the presence of nonlinearities; providing
measurement assurance both from first principles and through comparative
methods; and by developing straightforward, bench-level measurements and
calibrations for improved system performance.
Background
Wireless systems take on many shapes and forms. While
cellular telephones may most readily come to mind, myriad other technologies
are becoming commonplace. These include high-speed local-area and ad-hoc
networks, sensor arrays, RFID tags for applications such as toll payment and
inventory control, and wireless technology for image and video transmission.
These rapidly developing technologies present a host of measurement
challenges, from accurate assessment of the impact of nonlinearities such as
power amplifiers and frequency converters on system performance, to
characterization of the fields corresponding to broadband modulated signals
in real-world environments. These challenges must be met both accurately and
in a cost-effective manner. This project develops methods for improved
measurements of both well-established and newly emerging wireless systems.
Project Tasks
• Develop improved measurement
methods of broadband modulated signals for U.S. industry and the public
safety sector.
• Develop calibrations for
instrumentation used to measure wireless systems and subsystems that include
nonlinear elements.
• Extend measurements of fundamental
parameters such as power and electric field strength to the modulated-signal
domain.
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Project staff and others from the Electromagnetics Division
carry out propagation measurements (using the mobile cart
behind the staff) and investigate methods for weak-signal
detection at a large public building scheduled for implosion
in New Orleans.
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Book Chapters
K.A. Remley, P.D Hale, and D.F. Williams, “Absolute
magnitude and phase calibrations,” Chapter in RF and Microwave Handbook, 2nd
ed., Chapter copies available from remley@boulder.nist.gov
Publications
Test and Calibration Signals
N.B. Carvalho, K.A. Remley, D. Schreurs, K.G. Gard, “Multisine signals for wireless system test and design,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, June 2008, pp. 122-138
M. Myslinksi, D.
Schreurs, K.A. Remley, M.D. McKinley, B. Nauwelaers, “Large-signal
behavioral model of a packaged RF amplifier based on QPSK-like multisine
measurements, ” European Microwave Conference (EuMW), Paris, France,
11-15 October 2005, pp. 185-188
D. Schreurs, K.A. Remley, and D.F. Williams, "A metric for assessing the degree of device nonlinearity and improving experimental design," IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2004, pp. 795-798.
D. Schreurs, K.A. Remley, M. Myslinksi, and R. Vandermissen, "State-space modeling of slow-memory effects based on multisine vector measurements,"
62nd ARFTG Conf. Dig., Dec. 2003, pp. 81-88.
D. Schreurs, M. Myslinski, and K. A. Remley, "RF behavioural modelling from multisine measurements: influence of excitation type,"
Proc. 2003 European Microwave Conf., Oct. 2003, pp. 1011-1014.
D. Schreurs and K.A. Remley, "Use of multisine signals for efficient behavioural modelling of RF circuits with short-memory effects,"
61st ARFTG Conf. Dig., June 2003, pp. 65-72.
K.A. Remley, D. F. Williams, D. Schreurs, G. Loglio, and A. Cidronali, "Phase detrending for measured multisine signals,"
61st ARFTG Conf. Dig., June 2003, pp. 73-83.
K.A. Remley, "Multisine excitation for ACPR measurements,"
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2003, pp. 2141-2144.
Large-Signal Measurements for Wireless System Characterization
M.D. McKinley, K.A. Remley, M.
Myslinski, J.S. Kenney, “Eliminating FFT artifacts in vector signal analyzer
spectra,” Microwave Journal, vol. 49, no. 10, Oct. 2006, pp. 156-164.
K.A. Remley and D.
Schreurs, “Key nonlinear measurement events,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, Aug.
2007, pp. 75-78.
D.F. Williams, P.D.
Hale, K.A. Remley, “The sampling oscilloscope as a microwave instrument,”
IEEE Microwave Magazine, Aug. 2007, pp. 59-68.
Kate A. Remley, Joe Gering, Susan
Sweeney, C. Michael Olsen, Cliff Xie, Dave Walker, Tom McKay, Jack Pekarik,
“Inter-Laboratory Comparison of CMOS Distortion Measurements,” 69th ARFTG
Conf. Dig., Honolulu, HI, June. 2003, pp. 14-26.
M. Myslinski, K.A. Remley, D.
Schreurs, B. Nauwelaers, “RF vector measurement test-bed for evaluation of
behavioral model accuracy under realistic excitation,” 68th ARFTG Conf.
Dig., Nov. 2006, pp. 26-31.
M. Myslinski, D. Schreurs, K.A.
Remley, B. Nauwelaers, “Wideband large-signal RF measurements applied to
behavioral model extraction,” Proc. 36th European Microwave Conference
(EuMW), Manchester, United Kingdom, 11-14 September 2006, pp. 165-168.
K.A. Remley, P.D. Hale,
D.I. Bergman, D. Keenan, “Comparison of multisine measurements from
instrumentation capable of nonlinear system characterization,” 66th ARFTG
Conf. Dig., Dec. 2005, pp. 34-43
K.A. Remley et al.,
“Broadband Measurements for Wireless Telecommunications,” Presentations from
the NIST USMS/ARFTG Nonlinear Measurements Workshop, Washington, D.C., Nov.
30, 2005. Slides used with permission.
J. Verspecht,
D.F. Williams, D. Schreurs, K.A. Remley, and M.D. McKinley, “Linearization
of large-signal scattering functions,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,
vol. 53, no. 4, May 2005, pp. 1369-1376
K.A. Remley, D.F. Williams, D.M.M-P. Schreurs, J. Wood, "Simplifying and interpreting two-tone measurements,"
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 11, Nov. 2004, pp. 2576-2584
D. Schreurs, K.A. Remley, and W.V. Moer, "NVNA Users' Forum: Mission and Overview",
34th European Microwave Conference, 2004, pp. 427-430
K.A. Remley, D. Schreurs, D.F. Williams, J. Wood, "Extended NVNA bandwidth for long-term memory measurements,"
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2004, pp. 1739-1742.
K.A. Remley, J. A. Jargon, D. M. M.-P. Schreurs, D. C. DeGroot, and K. C. Gupta, "Repeat Measurements and Metrics for Nonlinear Model Evaluation,"
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2002, pp. 2169-2172.
D.M.M.-P.
Schreurs, J.A. Jargon, K.A. Remley, D.C. DeGroot, and K.C. Gupta,
"Artificial neural network model for HEMTs constructed from large-signal
time-domain measurements," 59th ARFTG Conf. Dig., June 2002, pp.
31-36
K.A. Remley, D.C. DeGroot, J. A. Jargon, and K. C. Gupta, "A method to compare vector nonlinear network analyzers,"
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., May 2001, pp. 1667-1670.
Mixers and Frequency Converters
D.F. Williams, H. Khenissi, F. Ndagijimana, K.A. Remley, J.P. Dunsmore, P.D. Hale, J.C.M. Wang, and T.S. Clement, “Sampling-oscilloscope measurement of a microwave mixer with single-digit phase accuracy,”
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 3, Mar. 2006, pp. 1210-1217.
D.F. Williams, F. Ndagijimana, K.A. Remley, J.A. Dunsmore, S. Hubert, "Scattering-Parameter Models and Representations for Microwave Mixers"
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53 , no. 1, Jan. 2005, pp. 314-321
A. Cidronali, G. Loglio, J. A. Jargon, K. A. Remley, I. Magrini, D. C. DeGroot, D. M. M.-P. Schreurs, K. C. Gupta, and G. Manes, "RF and IF mixer optimum matching impedances extracted by large-signal vectorial measurements,"
Proc. 2003 European Microwave Conf., Oct. 2003, pp. 61-64.
A. Cidronali, K. C. Gupta, J. A. Jargon, K. A. Remley, D. C. DeGroot, and G. Manes, "Extraction of conversion matrices for P-HEMTs based on vectorial large-signal measurements,"
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2003, pp. 777-780.
Wireless System Measurements for Industry and the Public Safety Sector
K.A. Remley, G. Hough, G. Koepke, R.T. Johnk, D.G. Camell, C. Grosvenor, “Wireless communications in tunnels for urban search and rescue robots,” Proc. 2008 Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems (PerMIS 2008), Gaithersburg, MD, Aug. 2008, pp. tbd.
K.A. Remley, G. Koepke, C.L. Holloway, C. Grosvenor, D.G. Camell, R.T. Johnk “Radio communications for emergency responders in high-multipath outdoor environments,” Proc. 2008 Intl. Symp. Advanced Radio Tech., Boulder, CO, June 2008, pp. 106-111.
C.L. Holloway, W.F. Young, G. Koepke, K.A. Remley, D. Camell, Y. Becquet, “Attenuation of Radio Wave Signals Coupled Into Twelve Large Building Structures,” Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Note 1545, Apr. 2008.
K.A. Remley, G.
Koepke, C.L. Holloway, C. Grosvenor, D. Camell, J. Ladbury, D. Novotny, W.F.
Young, G. Hough, M.D. McKinley, Y. Becquet, J. Korsnes, “Measurements to
Support Broadband Modulated-Signal Radio Transmissions for the Public-Safety
Sector,” Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Note 1546, Apr. 2008.
K. A. Remley, G. Koepke, E.
Messina, A. Jacoff, and G. Hough “Standards Development for Wireless
Communications for Urban Search and Rescue Robots,” Proc. 2007 Intl. Symp.
Advanced Radio Tech., Boulder, CO, Feb. 2007, pp. 66-70.
K. A. Remley, M. Rütschlin, D.
F. Williams, R. T. Johnk, G. Koepke, C. L. Holloway, M. Worrell, and A.
MacFarlane “Radio Communications for Emergency Responders in Large Public
Buildings: Comparing Analog and Digital Modulation,” Proc. 2006 Intl. Symp.
Advanced Radio Tech., Boulder, CO, March 2006, pp. 79-82.
K.A. Remley, C.A. Grosvenor, R.T.
Johnk, D.R. Novotny, P.D. Hale, M.D. McKinley, A. Karygiannis, E.
Antonakakis, “Electromagnetic Signatures of WLAN Cards and Network
Security,” Proc. 2005 IEEE Int. Symp. on Signal Processing and Information
Technology, Athens, Greece, Dec. 19-21, 2005, pp. 484-488.
M. Worrell, K.A.
Remley, A. MacFarlane, “Radio communications in large buildings,”
presentation at APCO International’s 71st Annual Conference and Exposition,
Denver, CO, Aug. 24, 2005.
C.L. Holloway, G. Koepke, D. Camell, K.A. Remley, S.A. Schima, M. McKinley,
R.T. Johnk, "Propagation and Detection of Radio Signals Before, During, and
After the Implosion of a Large Convention Center," Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Note 1542, June 2006.
C.L. Holloway,
G. Koepke, D. Camell, K.A. Remley, D.F. Williams, S.A. Schima, S. Canales,
D.T. Tamura, "Propagation and Detection of Radio Signals Before, During, and
After the Implosion of a Large Sports Stadium (Veterans’ Stadium in
Philadelphia)," Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Note 1541, October 2005.
C.L. Holloway, G. Koepke, D. Camell, K.A. Remley, D.F. Williams, S.A. Schima, S. Canales, D.T. Tamura, "Propagation and Detection of Radio Signals Before, During, and After the Implosion of a 13-Story Apartment Building,"
Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Note 1540, May 2005
W.F. Young, E.F.
Kuester, C.L. Holloway, “Optimized arbitrary wireless devices arrays for
emergency response communications,” Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Note 1538,
March 2005.
C. L. Holloway, G. Koepke, D. Camell, K. A. Remley, and D. Williams, "Radio Propagation Measurements During a Building Collapse: Applications for First Responders,"
Proc. Intl. Symp. Advanced Radio Tech., Boulder, CO, March 2005, pp. 61-63.
M. Rütschlin, K. A. Remley, R. T. Johnk, D. F. Williams, G. Koepke, C. Holloway, A. MacFarlane, and M. Worrell, "Measurement of weak signals using a communications receiver system,"
Proc. Intl. Symp. Advanced Radio Tech., Boulder, CO, March 2005, pp. 199-204.
M. D. McKinley, K.A. Remley, M. Myslinski, J.S. Kenney, D. Schreurs, B. Nauwelaers, "EVM calculation for broadband modulated signals,"
64th ARFTG Conf. Dig., Orlando, FL, Dec. 2004, pp. 45-52.
Nose-to-Nose Phase Calibration and Sampling-Circuit Models
D. F. Williams, T.S. Clement, K.
A. Remley, and P. D. Hale, "Systematic error of the nose-to-nose sampling
oscilloscope calibration," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 55, no.
9, Sept. 2007, pp. 1951-1963. [R8]
K.A. Remley, "The impact of internal sampling circuitry on the phase error of the nose-to-nose oscilloscope calibration,"
Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note
1528, Aug. 2003.
K.A. Remley and D. F. Williams, "Sampling oscilloscope models and calibrations,"
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2003, pp. 1507-1510.
K.A. Remley, "Nose-to-nose oscilloscope calibration phase error inherent in the sampling circuitry,"
60th ARFTG Conf. Dig., Dec. 2002, pp. 85-97.
D.F. Williams and K.A. Remley, "Analytic sampling-circuit model,"
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 49, June 2001, pp. 1013-1019.
K.A. Remley, D. F. Williams, D. C. DeGroot, J. Verspecht, and J. Kerley, "Effects of nonlinear diode junction capacitance on the nose-to-nose calibration,"
IEEE Microwave and Wireless Comp. Lett., vol. 11, May 2001, pp. 196-198.
K.A. Remley, D. F. Williams, and D. C. DeGroot, "Realistic sampling-circuit model for a nose-to-nose calibration," IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 2000, pp. 1473-1476.
D.F. Williams, K.A. Remley, and D. C. DeGroot, "Nose-to-nose response of a 20-GHz sampling circuit,"
54th ARFTG Conf. Dig., Dec. 1999, pp. 64-70.
