In late 2004, Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) announced a multiyear research agreement with Tenix Investments Pty. Ltd., a partnership that offered the vision of a safer future for the nation's water supplies. The collaboration aspired to develop a method for constantly monitoring water for biological pathogens, including biotoxins, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Now, just two-and-a-half years into the project, Sandia researchers have a working device in place and have demonstrated that the initial dream is, indeed, now a reality.
Sandia's unattended water sensor (UWS) has successfully undergone testing at a large Bay area water utility for more than a year and, just recently, has been deployed to a municipal water station in Arizona for additional observation and adjustments. Staff will perform periodic maintenance and troubleshooting on the system, which is expected to further demonstrate the viability of unattended water monitoring.
"The initial research and development was focused on defining the system, identifying its core capability, and developing a concrete tool that does what we wanted it to do," said Chris Macintosh, Tenix Investment's engineering manager. "Having now met those objectives and proven the capability of the technology, the next phase of the design will be to take this knowledge and develop a product suitable for use by the water industry." Macintosh said that other applications for the UWS include monitoring agricultural water for contaminants, as well as water provided to sports stadiums and other venues.
Field-deployable detection technologies in the nation's water supplies have become a high priority in recent years. "Biological monitoring devices are essential to assess the type and extent of contamination in a suspected water security event," according to an upcoming report by the National Research Council's Water Science and Technology Board. "A broader range of innovative and developing detection technologies for biological agents, including methods that are field deployable… should be considered and evaluated," the report asserts.
Sandia's UWS (measuring 17 inches high by 14 inches wide by 7 inches deep) is a box composed of analytic instruments, pumps, tubes, and small reservoirs to handle minute amounts of fluid. The reservoirs, playfully referred to by Sandia researchers as the "juice bar," contain chemical buffers, fluorescent dyes, proteins, and separation gel. This innovative diagnostic instrumentation package, based on Sandia's well-known MicroChemLab technology, is mounted near the water supply. The box is connected to a small, submerged probe that transports the sample into the system.
Largely due to the automated sample preparation that is the hallmark of the device, the UWS is currently able to achieve sample analysis in just 12 minutes — a marked improvement over the original goal of 30 minutes or less.
According to Brent Haroldsen, who serves as Sandia's lead engineer on the project, the UWS is currently able to detect
protein toxins such as SEB, botulinum, and ricin. Haroldsen said the next phase will be to expand the device's detection capability to include bacteria such as E. coli and protozoa such as Cryptosporidium.
"To detect those kinds of pathogens, we will incorporate more advanced sample preparation techniques, which we have already developed for other projects," said Haroldsen. "This requires us to solubilize, or "break up," the cell into individual proteins. Detecting organisms also requires improved signature recognition capability to accommodate their natural variation."
Sandia researchers, said Haroldsen, need to configure a working database of organism signatures to allow them to accurately distinguish the signatures from one another.
He and his Sandia colleagues are looking at algorithm approaches that will help define the level of specificity the UWS will be able to achieve.
One such method, for example, is the Bayesian approach (Bayesian analysis, according to the International Society for Bayesian Analysis, is a well-known approach to data analysis that casts statistical problems in the framework of decision making). Haroldsen said that the technology used in the UWS could clearly discriminate between types of organisms such as bacteria or viruses "as long as we appropriately account for their natural variability."
Victoria VanderNoot, an analytical chemist at Sandia who serves as the UWS project's lead scientist, also noted the cost-savings advantages that come with using proteins to differentiate between organisms. "It gets us away from having to use expensive primers or antibodies, which are needed with other techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunoassay," she pointed out.
Haroldsen said that ensuring the reliability of the components—which are small and intricate—is a challenge that he and his colleagues have embraced with gusto.
Sandia invented many of the components, such as a suite of microfluidic fittings, manifolds, and interconnects, because no commercial products were available to reproducibly handle slight amounts of fluids.
The UWS is expected to operate for at least three months in Arizona. Sandia and its partners would then like to bring the system to an EPA facility or the U.S. Army's Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, where it can be tested in a realworld environment that includes analysis on bona fide toxic agents situated in authentic water supply conditions. Currently, analysis is conducted in both situations individually (i.e., in a laboratory setting at Sandia or in water supply facilities in Arizona or the Bay area), but not simultaneously.
"We've made really good progress and have proven that the concept works," Haroldsen said. "We're proud of what we've been able to achieve."
Sandia engineer Marci Markel displays the inside of the unattended water sensor. The UWS
diagnostic instrumentation package is composed of analytic instruments, pumps, tubes, and small reservoirs to handle minute amounts of fluid. The technology is largely based on Sandia's wellknown μChemLab. (Click image to enlarge)
Victoria VanderNoot, an analytical chemist at Sandia, observes operational data displayed by the lab's unattended water sensor (UWS), shown here at a large water utility in San Francisco's Bay area. The UWS has undergone testing at the utility site for more than a year and is now deployed at a municipal water station in Arizona, where operating parameters continue to be fine-tuned. (Click image to enlarge)
