Click here to skip navigationDepartment of Health and Human Services logo

Expanding the Reach and Impact of
Consumer e-Health Tools

June 2006

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion logo

Table of Contents
Executive Summary (Stand-Alone)
Acknowledgments
Preface: A Vision of e-Health Benefits for All
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Mapping Diversity to Understand Users’ Requirements for e-Health Tools
Chapter 3. Assessing the Evidence Base for e-Health Tools for Diverse Users
Chapter 4. Strategic Factors in Realizing the Potential of e-Health
Chapter 5. Partnerships for Meaningful Access
Conclusion
Appendix 1. Environmental Scan of 40 e-HealthTools
Appendix 2. Project Interviewees, Experts Consulted, and Reviewers
Appendix 3. Chapter 3 Literature Review Summary
Appendix 4. A Comparison of Internet Use and Health Status of Populations That Experience Health Disparities

References

(Please note: All URLs provided in the following references were accessed on April 10, 2006, and were current as of that date.)

Anderson ES, Winett RA, Wojcik JR, Winett SG, Bowden T. A computerized social cognitive intervention for nutrition behavior: direct and mediated effects on fat, fiber, fruits, and vegetables, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations among food shoppers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2001;23:88-100.

Badre AN. Shaping Web usability: interaction design in context. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2002.

Baker L, Wagner TH, Singer S, Bundorf MK. Use of the Internet and e-mail for healthcare information: results from a national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;289:2400-6.

Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Cullen KW, Marsh T, Islam N, Zakeri I, et al. Squire’s Quest! Dietary outcome evaluation of a multimedia game. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003;24:52-61.

Barnes MD, Penrod C, Neiger BB, Merrill RM, Thackeray R, Eggett DL, et al. Measuring the relevance of evaluation criteria among health information seekers on the Internet. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8:71-82.

Barrera M, Glasgow RE, McKay HG, Boles SM, Feil EG. Do Internet-based support interventions change perceptions of social support?: an experimental trial of approaches for supporting diabetes self-management. American Journal of Community Psychology 2002;30:637-54.

Bartlett K. Sams teach yourself cascading style sheets in 24 hours. Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing, 2002.

Baur C. Using the Internet to move beyond the brochure and improve health literacy. In: Understanding health literacy: implications for medicine and public health, JG Schwartzberg, JB VanGeest, CC Wang, eds. Chicago, IL: AMA Press, 2005.

Beebe TJ, Asche SE, Harrison PA, Quinlan KB. Heightened vulnerability and increased risk-taking among adolescent chat room users: results from a statewide school survey. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004;35:116-23.

Berkman ND, DeWalt DA, Pignone MP, Sheridan SL, Lohr KN, Lux L, et al. Literacy and health outcomes. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 87 (Prepared by RTI International – University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-02-0016). AHRQ Publication No. 04-E007-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2004.

Bernhardt JM. Tailoring messages and design in a Web-based skin cancer prevention intervention. International Electronic Journal of Health Education 2001;4:290-7.

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Toward equality of access: the role of public libraries in addressing the digital divide. No date. Available online at www.gatesfoundation.org/nr/Downloads/libraries/
uslibraries/reports/TowardEqualityofAccess.pdf
. EXIT Disclaimer

Birru MS, Monaco VM, Lonelyss C, Drew H, Njie V, Bierria T, et al. Internet usage by low-literacy adults seeking health information: an observational analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2004;6:e25.

Block G, Miller M, Harnack L, Kayman S, Mandel S, Cristofar S. An interactive CD-ROM for nutrition screening and counseling. American Journal of Public Health 2000;90:781-5.

Borzekowski DL, Rickert VI. Adolescent cybersurfing for health information: a new resource that crosses barriers. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 2001;155(7):813-7.

Borzekowski DL, Rickert VI. Urban girls, Internet use, and accessing health information. Journal of Pediatric Adolescent Gynecology 2000;13(2):94-5.

Bowen DJ, Ludwig A, Bush N, Meischke J, Wooldridge JA, Robbins R. Early experience with a Web-based intervention to inform risk of breast cancer. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8:175-86.

Brug J, Oenema A, Campbell M. Past, present, and future of computer-tailored nutrition education. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77(4 Suppl):1028S-34S.

Bull SS, McFarlane M, King D. Barriers to STD/HIV prevention on the Internet. Health Education Research 2001;16(6):661-70.

Bush G. Remarks by the President at the American Association of Community Colleges Annual Convention, Minneapolis Convention Center, Minneapolis, MN, April 26, 2004a.

Bush G. Remarks by the President at Homeownership Expo New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, March 24, 2004b.

Back to Top

Cain M, Sarasohn-Kahn J, Wayne J. Health e-People: the online consumer experience. Five-year forecast. California HealthCare Foundation. 2000. Available online at www.chcf.org/documents/ihealth/
HealthEPeople.pdf
. EXIT Disclaimer

California HealthCare Foundation. National Consumer Health Privacy Survey. 2005. Available online at
www.chcf.org/topics/view.cfm?itemid=115694. EXIT Disclaimer

Campbell MK, Honess-Morreale L, Farrell D, Carbone E, Brasure M. A tailored multimedia nutrition education pilot program for low-income women receiving food assistance. Health Education Research 1999;14:257-67.

Cassell MM, Jackson C, Cheuvront B. Health communication on the Internet: an effective channel for health behavior change? Journal of Health Communication 1998;3(1):71-9.

CDC Wonder. DATA2010. . .the Healthy People 2010 Database. Focus Area 11.1. January 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available online at http://wonder.cdc.gov/.

Celio AA, Winzelberg AJ, Wilfley DE, Eppstein-Herald D, Springer EA, Dev P, et al. Reducing risk factors for eating disorders: comparison of an Internet- and a classroom-delivered psycho-educational program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68:650-7.

Cheh JA, Ribisl KM, Wildemuth BM. An assessment of the quality and usability of smoking cessation information on the Internet. Health Promotion Practice 2003;4(3):278-87.

Chewning B, Mosena P, Wilson D, Erdman H, Potthoff S, Murphy A, et al. Evaluation of a computerized contraceptive decision aid for adolescent patients. Patient Education and Counseling 1999;38:227-39.

Chiang MF, Starren J. Evaluation of consumer health Website accessibility by users with sensory and physical disabilities. Medinfo 2004;11(2):1128-32.

The Children’s Partnership. Online Content for Low-Income and Underserved Americans: The Digital Divide’s New Frontier. 2000. Available online at www.childrenspartnership.org/AM/Template.cfm?
Section=Reports1& CONTENTID=8194&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm
. EXIT Disclaimer

The Children’s Partnership. Online Content for Low-Income and Underserved Americans: An Issue Brief. 2002. Available online at www.childrenspartnership.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Reports1&
TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8195
. EXIT Disclaimer

The Children’s Partnership. The Search for High-Quality Online Content for Low-Income and Underserved Communities: Evaluating and Producing What’s Needed. 2003. Available online at
www.childrenspartnership.org/AM/Template.cfm?
Section=Reports1&CONTENTID=6646&TEMPLATE=/
CM/ContentDisplay.cfm
. EXIT Disclaimer

Cimino JJ, Li J, Mendonca EA, Sengupta S, Patel VL, Kushniruk AW. An evaluation of patient access to their electronic medical records via the WWW. Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association Symposium 2000;151-5.

Clarke G, Reid E, Eubanks D, O’Connor E, DeBar LL, Kelleher C, et al. Overcoming depression on the Internet (ODIN): a randomized controlled trial of an Internet depression skills intervention program. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2002;4:e14.

Cole J. Now is the time to start studying the Internet age. Chronicle of Higher Education, April 2, 2004.

Colvin J, Chenoweth L, Bold M, Harding C. Caregivers of older adults: advantages and disadvantages of Internet-based social support. Family Relations 2004;53:49-57.

Community Technology Policy Council. Access denied: a follow-up report on information and communications technology equity for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. January 2004. Available online at www.ctpcusa.org/AccessDenied2004.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

Connecting for Health. 2004. Connecting Americans to their healthcare. Final report. July 2004. Available online at www.connectingforhealth.org/. EXIT Disclaimer

Czaja SJ, Rubert MP. Telecommunications technology as an aid to family caregivers of persons with dementia. Psychosomatic Medicine 2002;64:469-76.

Back to Top

D’Alessandro D, Kreiter C, Kinzer S, Peterson M. A randomized controlled trial of an information prescription for pediatric patient education on the Internet. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 2004;158:857-62.

Davis JJ. Disenfranchising the disabled: the inaccessibility of Internet-based health information. Journal of Health Communication 2002;7:355-67.

Delichatsios HK, Friedman RH, Glanz K, Tennstedt S, Smigelski C, Pinto BM, et al. Randomized trial of a “talking computer” to improve adults’ eating habits. American Journal of Health Promotion 2001;15:215-24.

Diaz JA, Griffin RA, Ng JJ, Reinert SE, Friedmann PH, Moulton AW. Patients’ use of the Internet for medical information. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2002;17(3):180-5.

DiNoia J, Schinke SP, Pena JB, Schwinn TM. Evaluation of a brief computer-mediated intervention to reduce HIV risk among early adolescent females. Journal of Adolescent Health 2004;35:62-4.

Duncan TE, Duncan SC, Beauchamp N, Wells J, Ary DV. Development and evaluation of an interactive CD-ROM refusal skills program to prevent youth substance use: “refuse to use.” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2000;23:59-72.

Dutta-Bergman M. Trusted online sources of health information: differences in demographics, health beliefs, and health information orientation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2003;5(3):e21.

Echt KV, Morrell RW. Promoting health literacy in older adults: an overview of the promise of interactive technology. Paper for the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003.

eHealth Institute. Summary report, Second Annual eHealth Developers’ Summit. Silver Spring, MD: eHealth Institute, May 2002. Available online at www.ehealthinstitute.org/Summit. EXIT Disclaimer

eHealth Institute. Summary report, Third Annual eHealth Developers’ Summit. Silver Spring, MD: eHealth Institute, April 2003.

eHealth Institute. Summary report, Fourth Annual eHealth Developers’ Summit. Seattle, WA: eHealth Institute, April 2004.

eHealth Institute. Summary report, Fifth Annual eHealth Developers’ Summit. Seattle, WA: eHealth Institute, May 2005.

Eng TR. Population based health technologies: emerging innovations for the health of the public. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2004;26(3):237-42.

Eng TR. The eHealth landscape: a terrain map of emerging information and communication technologies in health and healthcare. Princeton, NJ: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2001.

Eng TR, Maxfield A, Patrick K, Deering MJ, Ratzan S, Gustafson D. Access to health information and support: a public highway or a private road? Journal of the American Medical Association 1998;280:1371-5.

Epstein YM, Rosenberg HS, Grant TV, Hemenway N. Use of the Internet as the only outlet for talking about infertility. Fertility and Sterility 2002;78:507-14.

Erwin BA, Turk DL, Heimberg RG, Fresco DM, Hantula DA. The Internet. Home to a severe population of individuals with social anxiety disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2004;18:629-46.

Escoffery C, McCormick L, Bateman K. Development and process evaluation of a Web-based smoking cessation program for college smokers: innovative tool for education. Patient Education and Counseling 2004;53:217-25.

Evers KE, Prochaska JM, Prochaska JO, Driskell M, Cummin CO, Velicer WF. Strengths and weaknesses of health behavior change programs on the Internet. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8:63-70.

Eysenbach G, Kohler C. How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the World Wide Web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. British Medical Journal 2002;324:573-7.

Eysenbach G, Powell J, Kuss O, Sa ER. Empirical studies assessing the quality of health information for consumers on the World Wide Web: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002;287(20):2691-700.

Back to Top

Fahey D, Weinberg J. LASIK complications and the Internet: is the public being misled? Journal of Medical Internet Research 2003;5:e2.

Fallows D. Search engine users: Internet searchers are confident, satisfied and trusting—but they are also unaware and naïve. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2005. Available online at
www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/146/report_display.asp. EXIT Disclaimer

Feil EG, Glasgow RE, Boles S, McKay HG. Who participates in Internet-based self-management programs? A study among novice computer users in a primary care setting. Diabetes Education 2000;26(5):806-11.

Feil EG, Noell J, Lichtenstein E, Boles SM, McKay HG. Evaluation of an Internet-based smoking cessation program: lessons learned from a pilot study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2003;5:189-94.

Ferguson T. The rise of the medical prosumer. Health World Online, no date. Available online at
www.healthy.net/scr/Article.asp?Id=1039. EXIT Disclaimer

Finkelstein L, O’Connor G, Friedman RH. Development and implementation of the home asthma telemonitoring (HAT) system to facilitate asthma self-care. Medinfo 2001;810-4.

Finn J. An exploration of helping processes in an online self-help group focusing on issues of disability. Health and Social Work 1999;24:220-31.

Fowells L, Lazarus W. What works in closing the technology gap?: lessons from a four-year demonstration in 11 low income California communities. Los Angeles, CA: Community Partners, 2001.

Fox S. Digital divisions. Washington DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, October 5, 2005a. Available online at www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/165/report_display.asp. EXIT Disclaimer

Fox S. Health information online. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, May 17, 2005b. Available online at www.pewinternet.org/topics.asp?c=5. EXIT Disclaimer

Fox S. Older Americans and the Internet. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2004. Available online at www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Seniors_Online_2004.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

Freimuth VS, Mettger W. Is there a “hard-to-reach” audience? Public Health Reports 1990;105(3):232-8.

Frenn M, Malin S, Bansal N, Delgado M, Greer Y, Havice M, et al. Addressing health disparities in middle school students’ nutrition and exercise. Journal of Community Health Nursing 2003;20:1-14.

Back to Top

Glasgow RE, Boles S, McKay G, Feil E, Barrera M. The D-Net diabetes self-management program: long-term implementation, outcomes, and generalization results. Preventive Medicine 2003;36:410-19.

Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ. Brief, computer-assisted diabetes dietary self-management counseling: effects on behavior, physiologic outcomes, and quality of life. Medical Care 2000;38:1062-73.

Goldsmith DM, Silverman LB, Safran C. Pediatric Cancer CareLink—supporting home management of childhood leukemia. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2002;290-4.

Gordon AC, Gordon MT, Moore E, Heuertz L. The Gates legacy. Library Journal. March 1, 2003. Available online at www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA276674?
display=searchResults&stt=001&text=gates+legacy
. EXIT Disclaimer

Graber MA, Roller CM, Kaeble B. Readability levels of patient education materials on the World Wide Web. Journal of Family Practice 1999;48(1):58-61.

Green M, Peterson S, Baker M, Harper G, Friedman L, Rubinstein W, et al. Effect of a computer-based decision aid on knowledge, perceptions, and intentions about genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004;292: 442-52.

Greenberg E, Macias RF, Rhodes D, Chan T. English literacy and language minorities in the United States. U.S. Department of Education NCES 2001-464. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001.

Gustafson D, Hawkins R, Pingree S, McTavish F, Arora N, Mendenhall J, et al. Effect of computer support on younger women with breast cancer. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2001;16:435-45.

Back to Top

Han HR, Belcher AE. Computer-mediated support group use among parents of children with cancer—an exploratory study. Computers in Nursing 2001;19:27-33.

Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro SJ, Gold EC. The feasibility of using Internet support for the maintenance of weight loss. Behavior Modification 2002;26:103-16.

Hassol A, Walker JM, Kidder D, Rokita K, Young D, Pierdon S, et al. Patient experiences and attitudes about access to a patient electronic healthcare record and linked Web messaging. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2004;11:505-13.

Healthcare Informatics. Nine tech trends. February 2005. Available online at www.healthcare-
informatics.com/issues/2005/02/cover.htm
. EXIT Disclaimer

Heffler S, Smith S, Keehan S, Borger C, Clemens MK, Truffer C. Trends: U.S. health spending projections for 2004-2014. Health Affairs 2005;10:1377/hlthaff.ws.74 (Web only). Available online at
http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/hlthaff.w5.74. EXIT Disclaimer

Hesse B. Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). PowerPoint presentation to the National Cancer Institute, 2003.

HHS—See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Hibbard JH. Engaging healthcare consumers to improve the quality of care. Medical Care 2003;41(I Suppl):I61-70.

Hispanic Market Weekly. Who’s on board and what are they doing? A special report on the Hispanic Internet industry. 2006;10(7).

Hoffman R. Exploring new roles for community technology centers: can CTCs serve as nonprofit technology assistance providers? CompuMentor, November 2003. Available online at
www.compumentor.org/communityengagement/CTCreport.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

Hornung RL, Lennon PA, Garrett JM, DeVellis RG, Weinberg PD, Strecher VJ. Interactive computer technology for skin cancer prevention targeting children. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2000;18:69-76.

Houston TK, Allison JJ. Users of Internet health information. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2002;4(2):e7.

Houston TK, Cooper LA, Ford DE. Internet support groups for depression: a 1-year prospective cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002;159:2062-8.

Hsu L Understanding our users: how to better deliver online health information to American Indians and Alaska Natives. Report for the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003a. Available online at www.health.gov/communication.

Hsu L. Understanding our users: how to better deliver online health information to Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders. Report for the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003b. Available online at www.health.gov/communication.

iHealthBeat. WSJ: Patient blogs gain popularity; medical community voices concerns. May 4, 2005. Available online at www.ihealthbeat.org/
index.cfm?Action=dspItem&itemID=110881
. EXIT Disclaimer

Back to Top

Institute of Medicine. Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Promoting health: intervention strategies from social and behavioral research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000.

Institute of Medicine. Committee on Communication for Behavior Change in the 21st Century: Improving the Health of Diverse Populations. Speaking of health: assessing health communication strategies for diverse populations. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2002.

Institute of Medicine. Committee on Health Literacy. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004.

Institute of Medicine. Committee on the Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2001.

Institute of Medicine. Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003.

IOM—See Institute of Medicine. EXIT Disclaimer

Irvine AB, Ary DV, Grove DA, Gilfillan-Morton L. The effectiveness of an interactive multimedia program to influence eating habits. Health Education Research 2004;19:290-305.

Jantz C, Anderson J, Gould SM. Using computer-based assessments to evaluate interactive multimedia nutrition education among low-income predominantly Hispanic participants. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2002;34:252-60.

Kaiser Family Foundation. Children, the digital divide, and Federal policy. An issue brief from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2004.

Kaiser Family Foundation. e-Health and the elderly: how seniors use the Internet for health information—survey, 2005. Available online at www.kff.org/entmedia/7223.cfm. EXIT Disclaimer

 Kaiser Family Foundation. Generation Rx.com: how young people use the Internet for health information. December 2001. Available online at www.kff.org/entmedia/20011211a-index.cfm. EXIT Disclaimer

Kalichman SC, Benotsch EG, Weinhardt LS, Austin J, Luke W. Internet use among people living with HIV/AIDS: association of health information, health behaviors, and health status. AIDS Education and Prevention 2002;14(1):51-61.

Kalichman SC, Benotsch EG, Weinhardt LS, Austin J, Luke W, Cherry C. Health-related Internet use, coping, social support, and health indicators in people living with HIV/AIDS: preliminary results from a community survey. Health Psychology 2003;22(1):111-6.

Kaufman DR, Starren J, Patel VL, Morin PC, Hilliman C, Pevzner J, et al. A cognitive framework for understanding barriers to the productive use of a diabetes home telemedicine system. Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association Symposium 2003;356-60.

Kirsch IS, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy in America: a first look at the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Pub. No. NCES 93275. U.S. Department of Education, 1993. Available online at
http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=93275.

Koyani SJ, Bailey RW, Nall JR. Research-based Web design and usability guidelines. Bethesda, MD: Communication Technologies Branch, National Cancer Institute, 2003. Available online at
www.usability.gov/pdfs/guidelines.html.

Kreps G. Enhancing access to relevant health information. In: Shaping the network society: patterns for participation, action and change, R Carveth, SB Kretchmer, D Schuler, eds. Palo Alto, CA: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 2002, pp. 149-52.

Kreuter M, Farrell D, Olevitch L, Brennan L. Tailoring health messages: customizing communication with computer technology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000.

Krishna S, Francisco B, Balas A, Konig P, Graff G, Madsen R. Internet-enabled interactive multimedia asthma education program: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2003;111:503-10.

Kusec S, Brborovic O, Schillinger D. Diabetes Websites accredited by the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct: readable or not? Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2003;95:655-60.

Back to Top

Lansky D, Kanaan S, Lemieux J. Identifying appropriate Federal roles in the development of electronic personal health records: results of a key informant process. White Paper submitted to the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005.

Lenert L, Cher D. Use of meta-analytic results to facilitate shared decision making. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1999;6:412-9.

Lenert L, Munoz RF, Stoddard J, Delucchi K, Bansod A, Skoczen S, et al. Design and pilot evaluation of an Internet smoking cessation program. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2003;10(1):16-20.

Lenhart A, Horrigan J, Rainie L, Allen K, Boyce A, Madden M, et al. The ever-shifting Internet population. A new look at Internet access and the digital divide. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2003. Available online at www.pewinternet.org/report_display.asp?r=88. EXIT Disclaimer

Lieberman D. Management of chronic pediatric diseases with interactive health games: theory and research findings. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 2001;24:26-38.

Lieberman D, Benet DJ, Lloyd-Kolkin D, Kreuter M, Cheah W, Ortzman M. Literature review about prevention content literature. Produced for the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Contract #0404CT74655. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates, Inc., 2004. Available online at www.health.gov/communication.

Lieberman MA, Golant M, Giese-Davis J, Winzlenberg A, Benjamin H, Humphreys K, et al. Electronic support groups for breast carcinoma: a clinical trial of effectiveness. Cancer 2003;97:920-5.

Liederman EM, Morefield CS. Web-messaging: a new tool for patient-physician communication. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2003;10:260-70.

Madan AK, Frantzides CT, Pesce CE. The quality of information about laparoscopic bariatric surgery on the Internet. Surgical Endoscopy 2003;17:685-7.

Markle Foundation. Attitudes of Americans regarding personal health records and nationwide electronic health information exchange. New York, NY: Markle Foundation, 2005.

Masys D, Baker D, Butros A, Cowles KE. Giving patients access to their medical records via the Internet: the PCASSO experience. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2002;9:181-91.

McGinnis JM, Deering MJ, Patrick K. Public health information and the new media: a view from the Public Health Service. In: Health and the new media, LM Harris, ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.

McKay H, Glasgow R, Feil E, Barrera M. Internet-based diabetes self-management and support: initial outcomes from the Diabetes Network Project. Rehabilitation Psychology 2002;47:31-48.

McKay HG, King D, Eakin EG, Seeley JR, Glasgow RE. The Diabetes Network Internet-based physical activity intervention: a randomized pilot study. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1328-34.

McTavish FM, Pingree S, Hawkins R, Gustafson D. Cultural differences in use of an electronic discussion group. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8:105-17.

Mendelson C. Gentle hugs: Internet listservs as sources of support for women with lupus. Advances in Nursing Science 2003;26:299-306.

Monnier J, Laken M, Carter CL. Patient and caregiver interest in Internet-based cancer services. Cancer Practice 2002;10(6):305-10.

Morrell RW, Dailey SR, Feldman C, Mayhorn DB, Echt KV, Holt BJ, et al. Older adults and information technology: a compendium of scientific research and Website accessibility guidelines. Washington, DC: National Institute on Aging, 2003.

Morrell RW, Mayhorn CB, Bennett J. A survey of World Wide Web use in middle-aged and older adults. Human Factors 2000;42(2):175-82.

Murray E, Burns J, See Tai S, Lai R, Nazareth I. 2006. Interactive health communication applications for people with chronic disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006;2. Available online at
www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004274.html. EXIT Disclaimer

Back to Top

Napolitano MA, Fotheringham M, Tate D, Sciamanna C, Leslie E, Owen N, et al. Evaluation of an Internet-based physical activity intervention: a preliminary investigation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2003;25:92-9.

National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Caregiving in the U.S. 2004. Available online at
http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/us_caregiving.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

National Cancer Institute and The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Online behavior change and disease management: a research dialogue, August 2001. Posted on Health e-Technologies Web site. Available online at www.hetinitiative.org/content/Behav_Chng_and_Disease_Mgt.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. A first look at the literacy of America’s adults in the 21st century. 2005. Available online at http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?
pubid=2006470
.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics. Letter report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services on personal health record systems, 2005a. Available online at www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/050909lt.htm.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics. Hearing of the Subcommittee on Privacy and Confidentiality on privacy and health information. Washington, DC, February 23-24, 2005b. Available online at
www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/050223mn.htm.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics. Information for health: a strategy for building the national health information infrastructure. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001. Available online at www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/nhiilayo.pdf.

NCVHS—See National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics.

Neighbors C, Larimer ME, Lewis MA. Targeting misperceptions of descriptive drinking norms: efficacy of a computer-delivered personalized normative feedback intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72:443-7.

Neuhauser L, Kreps GL. Rethinking communication in the e-health era. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8(1):7-23.

Nielsen J. Designing Web usability: the practice of simplicity. New Riders Press, 1999.

Norman D. The design of everyday things. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002.

Oenema A, Brug J. Feedback strategies to raise awareness of personal dietary intake: results of a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2003;36:429-39.

Oenema A, Brug J, Lechner L. Web-based tailored nutrition education: results of a randomized controlled trial. Health Education Research 2001;16:647-60.

Oermann M, Lowery N, Thornley J. Evaluation of Web sites on management of pain in children. Pain Management Nursing 2003;4:99-105.

One Economy Corporation. Research summary. Washington, DC, 2004. Unpublished.

Back to Top

Paasche-Orlow MK, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nielsen-Bohlman LT, Rudd RR. The prevalence of limited health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2005;20:175-84.

Pagliari C, Sloan D, Gregor P, Sullivan F, Detmer D, Kahan JP, et al. What is ehealth: a scoping exercise to map the field. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2005;7(1):e9. Available online at www.jmir.org/2005/1/e9/. EXIT Disclaimer

Pandey SK, Hart JJ, Tiwary S. Women’s health and the Internet: understanding emerging trends and implications. Social Science and Medicine 2003;56(1):179-91.

Peterson MW, Fretz PC. Patient use of the Internet for information in a lung cancer clinic. Chest 2003;123(2):452-7.

Pinkett RD. Creating community connections: sociocultural constructionism and an asset-based approach to community technology and community building in a low-income community. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, doctoral thesis, February 2002. Available online at
www.bctpartners.com/resources/pinkett_thesis.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

Pinto BN, Friedman R, Marcus BH, Kelley H, Tennstedt S, Gillman MW. Effects of a computer-based, telephone-counseling system on physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;23:113-20.

Preece J, Nennecke B, Andrews D. The top five reasons for lurking: improving community experiences for everyone. Computers and Human Behavior 2004;20:201-23.

Proudfoot J, Goldberg D, Mann A, Everitt B, Marks I, Gray JA. Computerized, interactive, multimedia cognitive-behavioural program for anxiety and depression in general practice. Psychological Medicine 2003;33:217-27.

Public Access Computing Center. Kids have access, enjoy computers: libraries key for many, especially the disadvantaged. Seattle, WA: University of Washington PACC, 2003.

Public Access Computing Center. Sustainability in first ten states to receive Gates awards. Seattle, WA: University of Washington PACC, 2004.

Radvan D, Wiggers J, Hazell T. HEALTH C.H.I.P.S.: opportunistic community use of computerized health information programs. Health Education Research 2004;19:581-90.

Rainie L, Horrigan J. A decade of adoption: how the Internet has woven itself into American life. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2005. Available online at
www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/148/report_display.asp. EXIT Disclaimer

RAND Corporation. Consumer use of information when making treatment decisions. Chicago, IL: BlueCross BlueShield Association, 2005. Available online at
www.bcbs.com/coststudies/reports/Rand_Report_Summary.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

RAND Health. Proceed with caution: a report on the quality of health information on the Internet. Oakland, CA: California HealthCare Foundation, 2001.

Reeves PM. Coping in cyberspace: the impact of Internet use on the ability of HIV-positive individuals to deal with their illness. Journal of Health Communication 2000;5(Suppl):47-59.

Reis J, Riley W, Lokman L, Baer J. Interactive multimedia preventive alcohol education: a technology application in higher education. Journal of Drug Education 2000;30:399-421.

Rideout V. Generation Rx.com: how young people use the Internet for health information. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001. Available online at www.kff.org/entmedia/20011211a-index.cfm. EXIT Disclaimer

Rideout V, Roberts DF, Foehr UG. Generation M: media in the lives of 8-18 year-olds. Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2005. Available online at www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia030905pkg.cfm. EXIT Disclaimer

Rogers E, Scott K. The diffusion of innovations model and outreach from the National Network of Libraries of Medicine to Native American communities. Seattle, WA: National Network of Libraries of Medicine, Seattle Region, 1997. Available online at http://nnlm.gov/pnr/eval/rogers.html.

Ross S, Moore L, Earnest M, Wittevrongel L, Lin C. Providing a Web-based online medical record with electronic communication capabilities to patients with congestive heart failure: randomized trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2004;6:e12.

Rozmovits L, Ziebland S. What do patients with prostate or breast cancer want from an Internet site? A qualitative study of information needs. Patient Education and Counseling 2004;53:57-64.

Ryan R, Kobb R, Hilsen P. Making the right connection: matching patients to technology. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 2003;9:81-8.

Back to Top

Safran C. The collaborative edge: patient empowerment for vulnerable populations. Internal Journal of Medical Informatics 2003;69(2-3):185-90.

Sarasohn-Kahn J. iPods and healthcare. iHealthBeat, November 29, 2005. Available online at
www.ihealthbeat.org/index.cfm?action=dspItem&itemI
D=117137&changedID=117102
. EXIT Disclaimer

Schroeder D, Trowbridge F, Price J. Hispanic Internet use for health information. Roswell, GA: Dr. Tango, Inc. Prepared under contract to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002.

Sciamanna CN, Clark MA. Effects of a fingerprint reader on survey responses of primary care patients. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8:187-92.

Sciamanna CN, Clark MA, Houston TK, Diaz JA. Unmet needs of primary care patients in using the Internet for health-related activities. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2002;4(3):e19.

Seidman J, Steinwachs D, Rubin H. Design and testing of a tool for evaluating the quality of diabetes consumer-information Web sites. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2003;5:e30.

Seidman J, Steinwachs D, Rubin HR. The mysterious maze of the World Wide Web: what makes Internet health information high quality? Washington, DC: Center for Information Therapy, 2004. Available online at www.informationtherapy.org/rs_white_papers.html. EXIT Disclaimer

Semere W, Karamanoukian HL, Levitt M, Edwards T, Murero M, D’Ancona G, et al. A pediatric surgery study: parent usage of the Internet for medical information. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2003;28(4):560-4.

Shaller D. Consumers in healthcare: the burden of choice. Oakland, CA: California HealthCare Foundation, 2005. Available online at www.chcf.org/topics/view.cfm?itemid=115327. EXIT Disclaimer

Shaw BR, McTavish F, Hawkins R, Gustafson DH, Pingree S. Experiences of women with breast cancer: exchanging social support over the CHESS computer network. Journal of Health Communication 2000;5:135-59.

Shaw LH, Gant LM. In defense of the Internet: the relationship between Internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support. Cyberpsychology and Behavior 2002;5:157-71.

Smith L, Weinert C. Telecommunication support for rural women with diabetes. Diabetes Education 2000;26:645-55.

Smith-Barbaro PA, Licciardone JC, Clarke HF, Coleridge ST. Factors associated with intended use of a Web site among family practice patients. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2001;3(2):e17.

Spooner T, Rainie L. African-Americans and the Internet. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2000. Available online at www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/25/report_display.asp. EXIT Disclaimer

Spooner T, Rainie L, Fox S, Horrigan J, Wellisch J, Lenhart A, et al. Hispanics and the Internet. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2001. Available online at
www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/38/report_display.asp. EXIT Disclaimer

SPRY Foundation. Computer-based technology and caregiving of older adults. Washington, DC: SPRY Foundation, no date.

Stanley L. Beyond access. San Diego Digital Divide Study, 2001. Available online at
www.mediamanage.net/Beyond_Access.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

Back to Top

Tang PC, Black W, Buchanan J, Young CY, Hooper D, Lane SR. PAMFOnline: integrating ehealth with an electronic medical record system. Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association Symposium 2003;649-53.

Tang PC, Lansky D. The missing link: bridging the patient-provider health information gap. Health Affairs 2005;24(5):1290-5.

Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;289:1833-6.

Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;285:1172-7.

Thompson TG, Brailer DJ. The decade of health information technology: delivering consumer-centric and information-rich health care. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004. Available online at www.hhs.gov/healthit/documents/hitframework.pdf.

Tichenor PJ, Donohue GA, Olien CN. Mass media flow and differential growth in knowledge. Public Opinion Quarterly 1970;34(2):159-70.

Tu HA, Hargraves JL. Seeking healthcare information: most consumers still on the sideline. Issue Brief 61. Washington, DC: Center for Studying Health System Change, 2003. Available online at
www.hschange.org/CONTENT/537/.  EXIT Disclaimer

University of Southern California, Annenberg School Center for the Digital Future. The digital future report: ten years, ten trends. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California, 2004. Available online at
www.digitalcenter.org/downloads/DigitalFutureReport-year4-2004.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey. S1603. Characteristics of people who speak a language other than English at home. 2004. Available online at www.census.gov/acs/www/index.html.

U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000, Summary File 3, Tables P19, PCT13 and PCT14. Language use, English ability and linguistic isolation for the population 5 years and over by state: 2000.

U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Falling through the net: defining the digital divide. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999. Available online at www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/.

U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. A nation online: entering the broadband age. 2004. Available online at
www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/anol/NationOnlineBroadband04.htm.

U.S. Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. A nation online: how Americans are expanding their use of the Internet. 2002. Available online at
www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/html/anationonline2.htm.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Communicating health: priorities and strategies for progress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003. Available online at
www.health.gov/communication.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 2000. Available online at www.healthypeople.gov.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National healthcare disparities report. AHRQ Pub. No. 06-0017. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005a. Available online at
www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhdr05/nhdr05.htm.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s call to action to improve health and wellness of persons with disabilities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005b.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health. Wired for health and well-being: the emergence of interactive health communication. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999. Available online at www.health.gov/communication.

USC—See University of Southern California. EXIT Disclaimer

Back to Top

Valdez A, Banerjee K, Ackerson L, Fernandez M. A multimedia breast cancer education intervention for low-income Latinas. Journal of Community Health 2002;27:33-51.

Versel N. Patient “Smart Cards” work, says New York study. Health-IT World News, September 22, 2004. Available online at www.eprescribingnews.com/archives/
2004/09/patient_smart_c.html
. EXIT Disclaimer

The Wall Street Journal Online. Poll indicates strong support for new medical technologies. October 7, 2005. Available online at http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB112862766275261910
-6zvnFPlXTEOE7jFI3fGQPoAnHm8_20061008.html?mod=blogs
. EXIT Disclaimer

Walther J, Wang Z, Loh T. The effect of top-level domains and advertisements on health Web-site credibility. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2004;6:e24.

Wehmeyer ML. Assistive technology and students with mental retardation: utilization and barriers. Journal of Special Education Technology 1999;14(1):48-58.

Wehmeyer ML. National survey of the use of assistive technology by adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation 1998;36:44-51.

Weis R, Stamm K, Smith C, Nilan M, Clark F, Weis J, et al. Communities of care and caring: the case of MSWatch.com. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8:135-48.

Westin A. How the public views health privacy: survey findings from 1978 to 2005. Privacy & American Business 2005. Available online at www.pandab.org/HealthSrvyRpt.pdf. EXIT Disclaimer

Wilkie D, Huang H, Berry D, Schwartz A, Lin Y, Ko N, et al. Cancer symptom control: feasibility of a tailored, interactive computerized program for patients. Family and Community Health 2001;24:48-62.

Wilkie D, Judge M, Berry D, Dell J, Zong S, Gilespie R. Usability of a computerized PAINReportIt in the general public with pain and people with cancer pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2003;25:213-24.

Williams K, Alkalimat A. A census of public computing in Toledo, Ohio. Unpublished. 2002.

Winzelberg AJ, Classen C, Alpers GW, Roberts H, Koopman C, Adams RE, et al. Evaluation of an Internet support group for women with primary breast cancer. Cancer 2003;97:1164-73.

Womble LG, Wadden TA, McGuckin BG, Sargent SL, Rothman RA, Krauthamer-Ewing, ES. A randomized controlled trial of a commercial Internet weight loss program. Obesity Research 2004;12:1011-8.

Wood F, Sahali R, Press N, Burroughs C, Mala TA, Siegel ER, et al. Tribal connections health information outreach: results, evaluation and challenges. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2003;90(1):57-66.

Woodruff SI, Edward CC, Conway TL, Elliott SP. Pilot test of an Internet virtual world chat room for rural teen smokers. Journal of Adolescent Health 2001;29:239-43.

Zarcadoolas C, Blanco M, Boyer JF, Pleasant A. Unweaving the Web: an exploratory study of low-literate adults’ navigation skills on the World Wide Web. Journal of Health Communication 2002;7(4):309-24.

Zeng X, Parmanto B. Web content accessibility of consumer health information Web sites for people with disabilities: a cross sectional evaluation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2004;6(2):e19.

Zimmerman DE, Akerelrea CA, Buller DB, Hau B, Leblanc M. Integrating usability testing into the development of a 5 a day nutrition Website for at-risk populations in the American Southwest. Journal of Health Psychology 2003;8:119-34.

Back to Top