DEA/OD/ODE
Introduction:
Clenbuterol is a potent, long-lasting
bronchodilator that is prescribed for human use outside of the U.S. It is
abused generally by bodybuilders and athletes for its ability to increase lean
muscle mass and reduce body fat (i.e., repartitioning effects). However,
clenbuterol is also associated with significant adverse cardiovascular and
neurological effects.
Licit Uses:
In the U.S., clenbuterol is not approved
for human use; the only approved use is for horses. In 1998, the FDA approved
the clenbuterol-based Ventipulmin Syrup, manufactured by Boehringer Ingelheim
Vetmedica, Inc., as a prescription-only drug for the treatment of airway
obstruction in horses (0.8-3.2 m g/kg twice daily).
This product is not intended for human use or for use in food-producing
animals.
Outside the U.S., clenbuterol is
available by prescription for the treatment of bronchial asthma in humans. It
is available in tablets (0.01 or 0.02 mg per tablet) and liquid preparations.
The recommended dosage is 0.02-0.03 mg twice daily.
Chemistry and Pharmacology:
Clenbuterol is a beta2-adrenergic
agonist. Stimulation of the beta2-adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth
muscle produces bronchodilation. However, clenbuterol also stimulates
beta2-adrenergic receptors in other tissues, as well as beta1-adrenergic
receptors, producing adverse cardiovascular and neurological effects, such as
heart palpitations, muscle tremors, and nervousness. Activation of beta-adrenergic
receptors also accounts for clenbuterol’s ability to increase lean muscle
mass and reduce body fat, although the downstream mechanisms by which it does
so have yet to be clearly defined.
After ingestion, clenbuterol is readily
absorbed (70-80%) and remains in the body for awhile (25-39 hours). As a
result of its long half life, the adverse effects of clenbuterol are often
prolonged.
Illicit Uses:
Clenbuterol is abused for its ability to
alter body composition by reducing body fat and increasing skeletal muscle
mass. It is typically abused by athletes and bodybuilders at a dose of 60-120 m
g per day. It is often used in combination with other performance enhancing
drugs, such as anabolic steroids and growth hormone.
It is also illicitly administered to
livestock for its repartitioning effects. This has resulted in several
outbreaks of acute illness in Spain, France, Italy, China, and Portugal 0.5-3
hours after individuals ingested liver and meat containing clenbuterol
residues. The symptoms, which included increased heart rate, nervousness,
headache, muscular tremor, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills,
typically resolved within 2 to 6 days. Consequently, the U.S. and Europe
actively monitor urine and tissue samples from livestock for the presence of
clenbuterol.
There have also been reports of
clenbuterol-tainted heroin and cocaine. Although no deaths were attributed to
the clenbuterol exposures, the individuals were hospitalized for up to several
days due to clenbuterol intoxication.
User Population:
Clenbuterol is typically abused by
athletes. It is thought to be more popular among female athletes as the
repartitioning effects are not associated with the typical androgenic side
effects (i.e., facial hair, deepening of the voice, and thickening of the
skin) of anabolic steroids. Professional athletes in several different sports
have recently tested positive for clenbuterol. Clenbuterol is also marketed
and abused for weight-loss purposes.
Illicit Distribution:
Clenbuterol is readily available on the
Internet as tablets, syrup, and an injectable formulation. The drug is
purportedly obtained by illegal importation from other countries where it is
approved for human use.
According to the System to Retrieve
Information on Drug Evidence (STRIDE) data, since 2000 DEA forensic
laboratories analyzed 109 clenbuterol drug items from 77 different law
enforcement cases. The analyzed drug exhibits comprised of 39,643 tablets,
17,704.11 grams of powder and 1,828.7 ml liquid. Since 2000, according to
National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS), state and local
forensic laboratories analyzed 68 clebuterol drug items from 53 different law
enforcement cases. These relatively small numbers are likely a reflection of
the non-controlled status of clenbuterol in the U.S. Clenbuterol is often
seized in cases that also involve anabolic steroids and other performance
enhancing drugs (i.e. human growth hormone.)
Control status:
Clenbuterol is currently not controlled
under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, clenbuterol is listed by
the World Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee as a
performance enhancing drug and therefore athletes are barred from its use. At
present, no states have placed clenbuterol under control.
Comments and additional information are welcomed by the
Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, FAX 202-353-1263 or telephone
202-307-7183.