Argonne inventions win five R&D 100 Awards
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ARGONNE, Ill. (July 14, 2006) — Five of the world's top 100 scientific
and technological innovations during 2005, as judged by R&D
Magazine, came
from the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory.
Argonne has been consistently on the R&D 100 Awards list, having won 95
of the honors since the magazine began presenting them in 1964.
Argonne director Bob Rosner congratulated the winners, saying, “I am thrilled
that Argonne staff members have been recognized for their important innovations
with these prestigious awards. Winning such awards attests to the high quality
of research at Argonne and to the caliber of our staff.”
"I congratulate the researchers who have won these awards, which highlight
the power and promise of DOE's investments in science and technology," Secretary
of Energy Samuel W. Bodman said. "Through the efforts of dedicated and
innovative scientists and engineers at our national laboratories, DOE is helping
to enhance our nation's energy, economic and national security."
This year's winners from Argonne are:
- The world's fastest commercially producible hydrogen sensor, which will
be used in cars to detect unsafe levels of hydrogen.
- Anti-scatter grids for X-ray imaging and collimators for nuclear imaging,
developed jointly with Creatv
MicroTech, Inc.
- Materials resistant to metal dusting degradation, which will be used to
make more durable equipment in plants that manufacture hydrogen.
- Multiport dryer technology for the forest industry, which will improve
the efficiency of dryers used in paper mills.
- The separative bioreactor for the production and recovery of biobased products,
which will enable biobased chemical products to be used in place of petrochemicals,
developed jointly with Archer
Daniels Midland Company.
Ultrafast hydrogen sensor
Argonne's hydrogen sensor will greatly increase safety for future hydrogen-powered
buses, cars and space applications. Highly flammable hydrogen gas can not be
odorized like natural gas and takes tens to hundreds of seconds to detect by
other more expensive methods. The new sensor detects hydrogen quickly and at
low enough levels to allow closing of safety valves before dangerous concentrations
are reached. The sensors also have applications in space stations, mining and
medical devices.
Argonne's technology outperforms competitors in speed, sensitivity, energy-efficiency
and cost. Based on nanotechnology, the sensors could be made smaller than a
grain of sand and use a simple change in electronic conductivity for detection.
The sensors use siloxane (the same chemical that makes car windshields repel
rain drops) to change the morphology of palladium metal. Without siloxane,
evaporated palladium forms thin sheets that strongly adhere to the glass substrate
and irreproducibly fracture upon exposure to hydrogen. With siloxane, palladium
forms a network of nanometer-sized beads that swell and shift reproducibly,
drastically changing the network's electrical resistance. Argonne's
patent has been licensed and is being commercialized by Makel
Engineering with
the help of Edison Materials
Technology Center.
Developers are Argonne's Glenn Seaborg Postdoctoral Fellow Michael Zach,
Argonne postdoctoral researcher Tao Xu and physicist Zhili Xiao (joint with
Northern Illinois University);
both post-doctoral positions are supported by DOE's Office of Basic Energy
Sciences.
Specific funding for the hydrogen sensor was provided by laboratory discretionary
funding, by the State of Illinois and
by Makel Engineering, with funds provided by Edison
Materials Technology Center.
Anti-scatter grids and collimators for nuclear imaging
This invention improves x-ray imaging, used in mammography, chest x-rays and
other medical imaging applications. As x-rays interact with tissue and bones,
the x-rays scatter at random angles as well as hitting their target, resulting
in noise and fog in each individual image. Anti-scatter grids, placed between
the x-rays and their target, yield higher-quality images.
Nuclear imaging using radiotracers determines the function and chemistry of
organs, rather than the shape and structure as produced by x-ray imaging, and
is important for detecting small tumors. Collimators, similar to grids, are
used for nuclear imaging to direct only the desired radiation to the detector.
These improved images will reduce both false positives and false negatives,
leading to an ultimate result of saved lives and lower costs.
Developers are Derrick Mancini, Ralu Divan and Judi Yaeger at Argonne; Olga
Makarova, Guohua Yang and Cha-Mei Tang at Creatv MicroTech, Inc.; and former
Argonne employees Vladislav N. Zyryanov, now at Illinois Institute of Technology,
and Nicolaie Moldovan, now at Northwestern University. Funding was provided
by DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences and Creatv MicroTech.
Metal dusting
Metal dusting is a type of degradation that occurs at elevated temperatures
in hydrocarbon-containing atmospheres in which carbon activity is high. Such
environments are prevalent in chemical and petrochemical industries such as
hydrogen-, methanol-, and ammonia-reformers and in synthesis gas production
plants. The degradation of metallic component materials into powder form and
the resulting damage make it difficult
to maintain equipment used in these industries. Fifty years of previous research
could not solve this problem, and the only available solution was to quench
the high-temperature gases by lowering the working temperature, which results
in energy loss and decreased product yield.
Argonne scientists Ken Natesan and Zuotao Zeng developed alloys that resist
this type of degradation and can be used to build equipment for these industries.
Such equipment could save 107 million standard cubic meters of hydrogen
production each day, which is equivalent to 13 million standard cubic meters
of natural gas each day. Application of these alloys in the future may also
enable a complete redesign of the reforming systems with improved efficiency.
Financially, this innovation could save $220-290 million per year in the hydrogen
industry alone and could increase industrial productivity by enabling machinery
to function with fewer maintenance shutdowns. Such savings will become
increasingly important as hydrogen is used more as a source of energy.
The research was funded by the Industrial Technologies Program of DOE's Office
of Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy.
Multiport dryers
The basic technology used for drying paper dates back to 1821 when T. B. Crompton
patented a method of drying the paper continuously, using a woven fabric to
hold the sheet against steam-heated drying cylinders. After it had been pressed,
the paper was cut into sheets by a cutter fixed at the end of the last cylinder.
Paper is still dried on heated cylinders today, but at a much faster
rate, passing over 30 to 100 large diameter steam-heated cylinders. This process
requires a lot of energy and associated capital investment.
Argonne's multiport dryer may become a major innovation in drying. This concept
promises to dramatically increase the effectiveness of heat transfer from steam
to the paper, increase productivity, and save energy. The multiport dryer has
a series of longitudinally oriented passages, or "ports," near the
inner surface of the drying cylinders. Steam flows through these ports, in
close contact with the dryer cylinder surface. This increases the rate of heat
transfer and the resulting rate of water evaporation.
Argonne's multiport dryer is being designed so that it may be installed in
existing dryer cylinders at a cost that may be less than 20 percent of the
installed cost of a new dryer.
Developers at Argonne are Stephen U.S. Choi and Ralph Niemann. Other institutions
involved in this project are the University
of Illinois, Chicago, and Kadant
Johnson in Three Rivers, Michigan. Funding was provided by DOE's Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy through its Industrial
Technologies Program.
Separative bioreactors
The U.S. Department of Energy's
Biomass Program analysis indicates that organic acids are among
the most likely candidates for biobased chemicals to replace petrochemicals.
The Separative Bioreactor
enables the efficient production of these organic acids, reducing the cost
of producing biobased products by half from previous methods.
The Separative Bioreactor combines the selectivity of fermentation
reactions, the technical advantages of heterogenous catalysis (where a substance
is used to speed the reaction of another substance in a different phase) and
the energy efficiency of electrically driven separations with the performance
advantages of chromatography in a single operation.
Developers at Argonne are Seth W. Snyder, YuPo J. Lin, Michael P. Henry, Michelle
B. Arora, Edward J. St. Martin, Jamie A. Hestekin (now at Kraft Foods) and James
R. Frank. Developers at Archer Daniels Midland Company are Thomas P. Binder,
Rishi Shukla, K.N. Mani, Ahmad Hilaly, Wuli Bao and William F. Ellis. Argonne
has one patent granted and five additional patent applications related to development
of the Separative Bioreactor. The project development has been jointly
sponsored by the DOE Biomass Program and Archer Daniels Midland. — Eva Sylwester
For more information, please
contact Steve McGregor (630/252-5580 or media@anl.gov)
at Argonne.
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