• Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [ Time Frame: 1 month ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ Time Frame: 1 month ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [ Time Frame: 1 month ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• MATRICS+ neurocognitive battery [ Time Frame: 1 month ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  
• Polysomnographic Measures [ Time Frame: 1 month ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Rationale/Study Hypothesis:

Rationale for study of sodium oxybate is twofold: first, sleep dysfunction is an important and overlooked aspect of schizophrenia intrinsically linked to cognitive and functional impairments, and, second, GABAB receptors regulate dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in vivo, suggesting that GABAB agonists may be therapeutically beneficial in schizophrenia.

We are aware of three previous trials of GHB in schizophrenia, two of which did not show any overall benefit in psychopathology. We noted multiple limitations in the controlled trials, including:

1. requirement of cumbersome dosing patterns (up to six times a day) that could have led to incomplete compliance,
2. lack of objective measures of subjective sleep or sleep architecture,
3. lack of objective cognitive testing,
4. use of GHB as monotherapy or only in conjunction with only low dose antipsychotics,
5. short trial duration (less than 4 weeks),
6. relatively low overall night-time dose of GHB, and
7. a heterogeneous, small sample.

We propose an open label, proof of concept study evaluating the effect of sodium oxybate on insomnia in schizophrenia. The primary hypothesis of the study is that patients treated with sodium oxybate will show improved subjective sleep as measured by the overall Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Secondarily, we expect superior reduction in total psychopathology and PANSS factor scales (PANSS), polysomnographic measures, and neurocognition (MATRICS).

Design and dosage schedule:

We plan to enroll eight hospitalized patients with DSM-IV-TR schizophrenia and insomnia related to schizophrenia. The study will include: a one-week evaluation period, which will include tapering of any hypnotics, baseline diagnostic, psychopathology, neurocognitive, electrophysiological and polysomnographic measurements. Patients will then begin a four-week trial of adjunctive sodium oxybate, with a three-week taper of sodium oxybate to follow. Hypnotic/sodium oxybate taper may be extended or abbreviated, depending on clinical judgment.

Patients entering the study will be permitted to receive both typical and atypical antipsychotics. Treating psychiatrists will be encouraged to maintain fixed doses of all psychotropic medication throughout the study.

Other than haloperidol and benztropine prn (up to 10 mg/day of haloperidol), the prescription of a new psychotropic will not be permitted. After the second week of study medication, any subject requiring more than 4 doses of haloperidol in one week will be considered to have relapsed, and will be withdrawn from the study.